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.\" ========================================================================
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.\"
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2003-02-10 19:57:56 +00:00
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.IX Title "PKCS12 1"
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2013-02-13 23:07:20 +00:00
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.TH PKCS12 1 "2013-02-11" "1.0.1e" "OpenSSL"
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2010-11-22 18:29:00 +00:00
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.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
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.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
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.if n .ad l
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.nh
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.SH "NAME"
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pkcs12 \- PKCS#12 file utility
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.SH "SYNOPSIS"
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.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
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\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBpkcs12\fR
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[\fB\-export\fR]
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[\fB\-chain\fR]
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[\fB\-inkey filename\fR]
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[\fB\-certfile filename\fR]
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[\fB\-name name\fR]
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[\fB\-caname name\fR]
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[\fB\-in filename\fR]
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[\fB\-out filename\fR]
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[\fB\-noout\fR]
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[\fB\-nomacver\fR]
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[\fB\-nocerts\fR]
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[\fB\-clcerts\fR]
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[\fB\-cacerts\fR]
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[\fB\-nokeys\fR]
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[\fB\-info\fR]
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2012-07-12 19:30:53 +00:00
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[\fB\-des | \-des3 | \-idea | \-aes128 | \-aes192 | \-aes256 | \-camellia128 | \-camellia192 | \-camellia256 | \-nodes\fR]
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[\fB\-noiter\fR]
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2012-07-12 19:30:53 +00:00
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[\fB\-maciter | \-nomaciter | \-nomac\fR]
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[\fB\-twopass\fR]
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[\fB\-descert\fR]
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2012-07-12 19:30:53 +00:00
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[\fB\-certpbe cipher\fR]
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[\fB\-keypbe cipher\fR]
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[\fB\-macalg digest\fR]
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2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
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[\fB\-keyex\fR]
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[\fB\-keysig\fR]
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[\fB\-password arg\fR]
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[\fB\-passin arg\fR]
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[\fB\-passout arg\fR]
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2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
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[\fB\-rand file(s)\fR]
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2012-07-12 19:30:53 +00:00
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[\fB\-CAfile file\fR]
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[\fB\-CApath dir\fR]
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[\fB\-CSP name\fR]
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2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
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.SH "DESCRIPTION"
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.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
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The \fBpkcs12\fR command allows PKCS#12 files (sometimes referred to as
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\&\s-1PFX\s0 files) to be created and parsed. PKCS#12 files are used by several
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programs including Netscape, \s-1MSIE\s0 and \s-1MS\s0 Outlook.
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.SH "COMMAND OPTIONS"
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.IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS"
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There are a lot of options the meaning of some depends of whether a PKCS#12 file
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is being created or parsed. By default a PKCS#12 file is parsed. A PKCS#12
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file can be created by using the \fB\-export\fR option (see below).
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.SH "PARSING OPTIONS"
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.IX Header "PARSING OPTIONS"
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2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
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.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
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2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
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.IX Item "-in filename"
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This specifies filename of the PKCS#12 file to be parsed. Standard input is used
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by default.
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2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
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.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
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2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
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.IX Item "-out filename"
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2012-07-12 19:30:53 +00:00
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The filename to write certificates and private keys to, standard output by
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default. They are all written in \s-1PEM\s0 format.
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2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
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.IP "\fB\-pass arg\fR, \fB\-passin arg\fR" 4
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2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
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.IX Item "-pass arg, -passin arg"
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2012-07-12 19:30:53 +00:00
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the PKCS#12 file (i.e. input file) password source. For more information about
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the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS\s0 \s-1PHRASE\s0 \s-1ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in
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2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
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\&\fIopenssl\fR\|(1).
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.IP "\fB\-passout arg\fR" 4
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2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
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.IX Item "-passout arg"
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2012-07-12 19:30:53 +00:00
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pass phrase source to encrypt any outputed private keys with. For more
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information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS\s0 \s-1PHRASE\s0 \s-1ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section
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in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1).
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2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
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.IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4
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2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
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.IX Item "-noout"
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2012-07-12 19:30:53 +00:00
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this option inhibits output of the keys and certificates to the output file
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version of the PKCS#12 file.
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2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
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.IP "\fB\-clcerts\fR" 4
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2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
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.IX Item "-clcerts"
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only output client certificates (not \s-1CA\s0 certificates).
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2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
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.IP "\fB\-cacerts\fR" 4
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2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
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.IX Item "-cacerts"
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only output \s-1CA\s0 certificates (not client certificates).
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2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
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.IP "\fB\-nocerts\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-nocerts"
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no certificates at all will be output.
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2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
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.IP "\fB\-nokeys\fR" 4
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2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
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.IX Item "-nokeys"
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no private keys will be output.
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2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
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.IP "\fB\-info\fR" 4
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2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
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.IX Item "-info"
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output additional information about the PKCS#12 file structure, algorithms used and
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iteration counts.
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2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
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.IP "\fB\-des\fR" 4
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2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
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.IX Item "-des"
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use \s-1DES\s0 to encrypt private keys before outputting.
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2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
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.IP "\fB\-des3\fR" 4
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2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
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.IX Item "-des3"
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use triple \s-1DES\s0 to encrypt private keys before outputting, this is the default.
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2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
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.IP "\fB\-idea\fR" 4
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2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
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.IX Item "-idea"
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use \s-1IDEA\s0 to encrypt private keys before outputting.
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2012-07-12 19:30:53 +00:00
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.IP "\fB\-aes128\fR, \fB\-aes192\fR, \fB\-aes256\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-aes128, -aes192, -aes256"
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use \s-1AES\s0 to encrypt private keys before outputting.
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.IP "\fB\-camellia128\fR, \fB\-camellia192\fR, \fB\-camellia256\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-camellia128, -camellia192, -camellia256"
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use Camellia to encrypt private keys before outputting.
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2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
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.IP "\fB\-nodes\fR" 4
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2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
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.IX Item "-nodes"
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don't encrypt the private keys at all.
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2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
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.IP "\fB\-nomacver\fR" 4
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2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
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.IX Item "-nomacver"
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don't attempt to verify the integrity \s-1MAC\s0 before reading the file.
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2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
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.IP "\fB\-twopass\fR" 4
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2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
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.IX Item "-twopass"
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prompt for separate integrity and encryption passwords: most software
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always assumes these are the same so this option will render such
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PKCS#12 files unreadable.
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.SH "FILE CREATION OPTIONS"
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.IX Header "FILE CREATION OPTIONS"
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2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
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.IP "\fB\-export\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-export"
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This option specifies that a PKCS#12 file will be created rather than
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parsed.
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2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
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.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
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2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
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.IX Item "-out filename"
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This specifies filename to write the PKCS#12 file to. Standard output is used
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by default.
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2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
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.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
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2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
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.IX Item "-in filename"
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2012-07-12 19:30:53 +00:00
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The filename to read certificates and private keys from, standard input by
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default. They must all be in \s-1PEM\s0 format. The order doesn't matter but one
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private key and its corresponding certificate should be present. If additional
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certificates are present they will also be included in the PKCS#12 file.
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2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
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.IP "\fB\-inkey filename\fR" 4
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2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
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.IX Item "-inkey filename"
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file to read private key from. If not present then a private key must be present
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|
|
in the input file.
|
2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
|
|
|
.IP "\fB\-name friendlyname\fR" 4
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
.IX Item "-name friendlyname"
|
2012-07-12 19:30:53 +00:00
|
|
|
This specifies the \*(L"friendly name\*(R" for the certificate and private key. This
|
|
|
|
name is typically displayed in list boxes by software importing the file.
|
2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
|
|
|
.IP "\fB\-certfile filename\fR" 4
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
.IX Item "-certfile filename"
|
|
|
|
A filename to read additional certificates from.
|
2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
|
|
|
.IP "\fB\-caname friendlyname\fR" 4
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
.IX Item "-caname friendlyname"
|
|
|
|
This specifies the \*(L"friendly name\*(R" for other certificates. This option may be
|
|
|
|
used multiple times to specify names for all certificates in the order they
|
|
|
|
appear. Netscape ignores friendly names on other certificates whereas \s-1MSIE\s0
|
|
|
|
displays them.
|
2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
|
|
|
.IP "\fB\-pass arg\fR, \fB\-passout arg\fR" 4
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
.IX Item "-pass arg, -passout arg"
|
|
|
|
the PKCS#12 file (i.e. output file) password source. For more information about
|
|
|
|
the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS\s0 \s-1PHRASE\s0 \s-1ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in
|
2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
|
|
|
\&\fIopenssl\fR\|(1).
|
|
|
|
.IP "\fB\-passin password\fR" 4
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
.IX Item "-passin password"
|
|
|
|
pass phrase source to decrypt any input private keys with. For more information
|
|
|
|
about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS\s0 \s-1PHRASE\s0 \s-1ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in
|
2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
|
|
|
\&\fIopenssl\fR\|(1).
|
|
|
|
.IP "\fB\-chain\fR" 4
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
.IX Item "-chain"
|
|
|
|
if this option is present then an attempt is made to include the entire
|
|
|
|
certificate chain of the user certificate. The standard \s-1CA\s0 store is used
|
|
|
|
for this search. If the search fails it is considered a fatal error.
|
2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
|
|
|
.IP "\fB\-descert\fR" 4
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
.IX Item "-descert"
|
|
|
|
encrypt the certificate using triple \s-1DES\s0, this may render the PKCS#12
|
|
|
|
file unreadable by some \*(L"export grade\*(R" software. By default the private
|
|
|
|
key is encrypted using triple \s-1DES\s0 and the certificate using 40 bit \s-1RC2\s0.
|
2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
|
|
|
.IP "\fB\-keypbe alg\fR, \fB\-certpbe alg\fR" 4
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
.IX Item "-keypbe alg, -certpbe alg"
|
|
|
|
these options allow the algorithm used to encrypt the private key and
|
2012-07-12 19:30:53 +00:00
|
|
|
certificates to be selected. Any PKCS#5 v1.5 or PKCS#12 \s-1PBE\s0 algorithm name
|
|
|
|
can be used (see \fB\s-1NOTES\s0\fR section for more information). If a a cipher name
|
|
|
|
(as output by the \fBlist-cipher-algorithms\fR command is specified then it
|
|
|
|
is used with PKCS#5 v2.0. For interoperability reasons it is advisable to only
|
|
|
|
use PKCS#12 algorithms.
|
2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
|
|
|
.IP "\fB\-keyex|\-keysig\fR" 4
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
.IX Item "-keyex|-keysig"
|
|
|
|
specifies that the private key is to be used for key exchange or just signing.
|
|
|
|
This option is only interpreted by \s-1MSIE\s0 and similar \s-1MS\s0 software. Normally
|
|
|
|
\&\*(L"export grade\*(R" software will only allow 512 bit \s-1RSA\s0 keys to be used for
|
|
|
|
encryption purposes but arbitrary length keys for signing. The \fB\-keysig\fR
|
|
|
|
option marks the key for signing only. Signing only keys can be used for
|
|
|
|
S/MIME signing, authenticode (ActiveX control signing) and \s-1SSL\s0 client
|
|
|
|
authentication, however due to a bug only \s-1MSIE\s0 5.0 and later support
|
|
|
|
the use of signing only keys for \s-1SSL\s0 client authentication.
|
2012-07-12 19:30:53 +00:00
|
|
|
.IP "\fB\-macalg digest\fR" 4
|
|
|
|
.IX Item "-macalg digest"
|
|
|
|
specify the \s-1MAC\s0 digest algorithm. If not included them \s-1SHA1\s0 will be used.
|
2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
|
|
|
.IP "\fB\-nomaciter\fR, \fB\-noiter\fR" 4
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
.IX Item "-nomaciter, -noiter"
|
|
|
|
these options affect the iteration counts on the \s-1MAC\s0 and key algorithms.
|
|
|
|
Unless you wish to produce files compatible with \s-1MSIE\s0 4.0 you should leave
|
|
|
|
these options alone.
|
|
|
|
.Sp
|
|
|
|
To discourage attacks by using large dictionaries of common passwords the
|
|
|
|
algorithm that derives keys from passwords can have an iteration count applied
|
|
|
|
to it: this causes a certain part of the algorithm to be repeated and slows it
|
|
|
|
down. The \s-1MAC\s0 is used to check the file integrity but since it will normally
|
|
|
|
have the same password as the keys and certificates it could also be attacked.
|
|
|
|
By default both \s-1MAC\s0 and encryption iteration counts are set to 2048, using
|
|
|
|
these options the \s-1MAC\s0 and encryption iteration counts can be set to 1, since
|
|
|
|
this reduces the file security you should not use these options unless you
|
|
|
|
really have to. Most software supports both \s-1MAC\s0 and key iteration counts.
|
|
|
|
\&\s-1MSIE\s0 4.0 doesn't support \s-1MAC\s0 iteration counts so it needs the \fB\-nomaciter\fR
|
|
|
|
option.
|
2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
|
|
|
.IP "\fB\-maciter\fR" 4
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
.IX Item "-maciter"
|
|
|
|
This option is included for compatibility with previous versions, it used
|
|
|
|
to be needed to use \s-1MAC\s0 iterations counts but they are now used by default.
|
2012-07-12 19:30:53 +00:00
|
|
|
.IP "\fB\-nomac\fR" 4
|
|
|
|
.IX Item "-nomac"
|
|
|
|
don't attempt to provide the \s-1MAC\s0 integrity.
|
2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
|
|
|
.IP "\fB\-rand file(s)\fR" 4
|
|
|
|
.IX Item "-rand file(s)"
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
a file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
|
2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
|
|
|
generator, or an \s-1EGD\s0 socket (see \fIRAND_egd\fR\|(3)).
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
Multiple files can be specified separated by a OS-dependent character.
|
2010-11-22 18:29:00 +00:00
|
|
|
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
all others.
|
2012-07-12 19:30:53 +00:00
|
|
|
.IP "\fB\-CAfile file\fR" 4
|
|
|
|
.IX Item "-CAfile file"
|
|
|
|
\&\s-1CA\s0 storage as a file.
|
|
|
|
.IP "\fB\-CApath dir\fR" 4
|
|
|
|
.IX Item "-CApath dir"
|
|
|
|
\&\s-1CA\s0 storage as a directory. This directory must be a standard certificate
|
|
|
|
directory: that is a hash of each subject name (using \fBx509 \-hash\fR) should be
|
|
|
|
linked to each certificate.
|
|
|
|
.IP "\fB\-CSP name\fR" 4
|
|
|
|
.IX Item "-CSP name"
|
|
|
|
write \fBname\fR as a Microsoft \s-1CSP\s0 name.
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
.SH "NOTES"
|
|
|
|
.IX Header "NOTES"
|
|
|
|
Although there are a large number of options most of them are very rarely
|
|
|
|
used. For PKCS#12 file parsing only \fB\-in\fR and \fB\-out\fR need to be used
|
|
|
|
for PKCS#12 file creation \fB\-export\fR and \fB\-name\fR are also used.
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
If none of the \fB\-clcerts\fR, \fB\-cacerts\fR or \fB\-nocerts\fR options are present
|
|
|
|
then all certificates will be output in the order they appear in the input
|
|
|
|
PKCS#12 files. There is no guarantee that the first certificate present is
|
|
|
|
the one corresponding to the private key. Certain software which requires
|
|
|
|
a private key and certificate and assumes the first certificate in the
|
|
|
|
file is the one corresponding to the private key: this may not always
|
|
|
|
be the case. Using the \fB\-clcerts\fR option will solve this problem by only
|
2003-01-28 22:58:14 +00:00
|
|
|
outputting the certificate corresponding to the private key. If the \s-1CA\s0
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
certificates are required then they can be output to a separate file using
|
|
|
|
the \fB\-nokeys \-cacerts\fR options to just output \s-1CA\s0 certificates.
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
The \fB\-keypbe\fR and \fB\-certpbe\fR algorithms allow the precise encryption
|
|
|
|
algorithms for private keys and certificates to be specified. Normally
|
|
|
|
the defaults are fine but occasionally software can't handle triple \s-1DES\s0
|
2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
|
|
|
encrypted private keys, then the option \fB\-keypbe \s-1PBE\-SHA1\-RC2\-40\s0\fR can
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
be used to reduce the private key encryption to 40 bit \s-1RC2\s0. A complete
|
|
|
|
description of all algorithms is contained in the \fBpkcs8\fR manual page.
|
|
|
|
.SH "EXAMPLES"
|
|
|
|
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
|
|
|
|
Parse a PKCS#12 file and output it to a file:
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
.Vb 1
|
2010-11-22 18:29:00 +00:00
|
|
|
\& openssl pkcs12 \-in file.p12 \-out file.pem
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
.Ve
|
2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
|
|
|
.PP
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
Output only client certificates to a file:
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
.Vb 1
|
2010-11-22 18:29:00 +00:00
|
|
|
\& openssl pkcs12 \-in file.p12 \-clcerts \-out file.pem
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
.Ve
|
2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
|
|
|
.PP
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
Don't encrypt the private key:
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
.Vb 1
|
2010-11-22 18:29:00 +00:00
|
|
|
\& openssl pkcs12 \-in file.p12 \-out file.pem \-nodes
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
.Ve
|
2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
|
|
|
.PP
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
Print some info about a PKCS#12 file:
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
.Vb 1
|
2010-11-22 18:29:00 +00:00
|
|
|
\& openssl pkcs12 \-in file.p12 \-info \-noout
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
.Ve
|
2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
|
|
|
.PP
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
Create a PKCS#12 file:
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
.Vb 1
|
2010-11-22 18:29:00 +00:00
|
|
|
\& openssl pkcs12 \-export \-in file.pem \-out file.p12 \-name "My Certificate"
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
.Ve
|
2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
|
|
|
.PP
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
Include some extra certificates:
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
.Vb 2
|
2010-11-22 18:29:00 +00:00
|
|
|
\& openssl pkcs12 \-export \-in file.pem \-out file.p12 \-name "My Certificate" \e
|
|
|
|
\& \-certfile othercerts.pem
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
.Ve
|
|
|
|
.SH "BUGS"
|
|
|
|
.IX Header "BUGS"
|
|
|
|
Some would argue that the PKCS#12 standard is one big bug :\-)
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
Versions of OpenSSL before 0.9.6a had a bug in the PKCS#12 key generation
|
|
|
|
routines. Under rare circumstances this could produce a PKCS#12 file encrypted
|
|
|
|
with an invalid key. As a result some PKCS#12 files which triggered this bug
|
|
|
|
from other implementations (\s-1MSIE\s0 or Netscape) could not be decrypted
|
|
|
|
by OpenSSL and similarly OpenSSL could produce PKCS#12 files which could
|
|
|
|
not be decrypted by other implementations. The chances of producing such
|
|
|
|
a file are relatively small: less than 1 in 256.
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
A side effect of fixing this bug is that any old invalidly encrypted PKCS#12
|
|
|
|
files cannot no longer be parsed by the fixed version. Under such circumstances
|
|
|
|
the \fBpkcs12\fR utility will report that the \s-1MAC\s0 is \s-1OK\s0 but fail with a decryption
|
|
|
|
error when extracting private keys.
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
This problem can be resolved by extracting the private keys and certificates
|
|
|
|
from the PKCS#12 file using an older version of OpenSSL and recreating the PKCS#12
|
|
|
|
file from the keys and certificates using a newer version of OpenSSL. For example:
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
.Vb 2
|
2010-11-22 18:29:00 +00:00
|
|
|
\& old\-openssl \-in bad.p12 \-out keycerts.pem
|
|
|
|
\& openssl \-in keycerts.pem \-export \-name "My PKCS#12 file" \-out fixed.p12
|
2002-05-14 16:06:50 +00:00
|
|
|
.Ve
|
|
|
|
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
|
|
|
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
|
2005-02-25 06:04:12 +00:00
|
|
|
\&\fIpkcs8\fR\|(1)
|