1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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.\"/* Copyright 1988,1990,1993,1994 by Paul Vixie
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.\" * All rights reserved
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.\" *
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.\" * Distribute freely, except: don't remove my name from the source or
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.\" * documentation (don't take credit for my work), mark your changes (don't
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.\" * get me blamed for your possible bugs), don't alter or remove this
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.\" * notice. May be sold if buildable source is provided to buyer. No
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.\" * warrantee of any kind, express or implied, is included with this
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.\" * software; use at your own risk, responsibility for damages (if any) to
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.\" * anyone resulting from the use of this software rests entirely with the
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.\" * user.
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.\" *
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.\" * Send bug reports, bug fixes, enhancements, requests, flames, etc., and
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.\" * I'll try to keep a version up to date. I can be reached as follows:
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.\" * Paul Vixie <paul@vix.com> uunet!decwrl!vixie!paul
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.\" */
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.\"
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1999-08-28 01:35:59 +00:00
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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2001-07-15 08:06:20 +00:00
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.\"
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2020-03-30 03:26:52 +00:00
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.Dd March 29, 2020
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Dt CRONTAB 5
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm crontab
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.Nd tables for driving cron
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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A
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Nm
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1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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file contains instructions to the
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Xr cron 8
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1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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daemon of the general form: ``run this command at this time on this date''.
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Each user has their own crontab, and commands in any given crontab will be
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2004-07-02 23:13:00 +00:00
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executed as the user who owns the crontab.
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Uucp and News will usually have
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1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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their own crontabs, eliminating the need for explicitly running
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Xr su 1
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1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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as part of a cron command.
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Pp
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2004-07-02 23:13:00 +00:00
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Blank lines and leading spaces and tabs are ignored.
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Lines whose first
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1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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non-space character is a pound-sign (#) are comments, and are ignored.
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Note that comments are not allowed on the same line as cron commands, since
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2004-07-02 23:13:00 +00:00
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they will be taken to be part of the command.
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Similarly, comments are not
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1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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allowed on the same line as environment variable settings.
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Pp
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1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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An active line in a crontab will be either an environment setting or a cron
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2004-07-02 23:13:00 +00:00
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command.
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An environment setting is of the form,
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2001-01-19 14:15:40 +00:00
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.Bd -literal
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1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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name = value
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2001-01-19 14:15:40 +00:00
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.Ed
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Pp
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1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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where the spaces around the equal-sign (=) are optional, and any subsequent
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non-leading spaces in
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Em value
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1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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will be part of the value assigned to
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Em name .
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1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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The
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Em value
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1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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string may be placed in quotes (single or double, but matching) to preserve
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leading or trailing blanks.
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2000-03-14 14:51:55 +00:00
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The
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.Em name
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string may also be placed in quote (single or double, but matching)
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2002-12-27 12:15:40 +00:00
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to preserve leading, trailing or inner blanks.
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Pp
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1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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Several environment variables are set up
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automatically by the
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Xr cron 8
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1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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daemon.
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Ev SHELL
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is set to
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.Pa /bin/sh ,
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and
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.Ev LOGNAME
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and
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.Ev HOME
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are set from the
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2001-07-15 08:06:20 +00:00
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.Pa /etc/passwd
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1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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line of the crontab's owner.
|
2020-02-05 04:35:54 +00:00
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|
In addition, the environment variables of the
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2020-03-30 03:26:52 +00:00
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user's login class will be set from
|
2020-02-05 04:35:54 +00:00
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.Pa /etc/login.conf.db
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and
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.Pa ~/.login_conf .
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2020-03-30 03:26:52 +00:00
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(A setting of
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.Ev HOME
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in the login class will override the value from
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.Pa /etc/passwd ,
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but will not change the current directory when the command is
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invoked, which can only be overridden with an explicit setting of
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.Ev HOME
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within the crontab file itself.)
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If
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.Ev PATH
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is not set by any other means, it is defaulted to
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.Pa /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin .
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2005-07-31 13:41:23 +00:00
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.Ev HOME ,
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.Ev PATH
|
1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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and
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2020-02-05 04:35:54 +00:00
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.Ev SHELL ,
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and any variables set from the login class,
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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may be overridden by settings in the crontab;
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.Ev LOGNAME
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may not.
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.Pp
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(Another note: the
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.Ev LOGNAME
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variable is sometimes called
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.Ev USER
|
2001-08-14 10:01:54 +00:00
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on
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.Bx
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systems...
|
2001-08-10 15:03:10 +00:00
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On these systems,
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Ev USER
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will be set also).
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.Pp
|
2020-03-30 03:26:52 +00:00
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If
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Xr cron 8
|
2020-03-30 03:26:52 +00:00
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has any reason to send mail as a result of running commands in
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``this'' crontab, it will respect the following settings which may be
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defined in the crontab (but which are not taken from the login class).
|
2004-07-02 23:13:00 +00:00
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If
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Ev MAILTO
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is defined (and non-empty), mail is
|
2004-06-04 19:24:21 +00:00
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sent to the user so named.
|
2019-04-15 18:53:28 +00:00
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If
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.Ev MAILFROM
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is defined (and non-empty), its value will be used as the from address.
|
2004-06-04 19:24:21 +00:00
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.Ev MAILTO
|
2004-01-12 20:20:29 +00:00
|
|
|
may also be used to direct mail to multiple recipients
|
2008-12-01 17:39:34 +00:00
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|
by separating recipient users with a comma.
|
2004-01-12 20:20:29 +00:00
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|
If
|
1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Ev MAILTO
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is defined but empty (MAILTO=""), no
|
2004-07-02 23:13:00 +00:00
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|
mail will be sent.
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|
Otherwise mail is sent to the owner of the crontab.
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|
This
|
1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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|
option is useful if you decide on
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.Pa /bin/mail
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instead of
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.Pa /usr/lib/sendmail
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|
as
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your mailer when you install cron --
|
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.Pa /bin/mail
|
2005-02-13 22:25:33 +00:00
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does not do aliasing, and UUCP
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|
usually does not read its mail.
|
1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Pp
|
1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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|
The format of a cron command is very much the V7 standard, with a number of
|
2004-07-02 23:13:00 +00:00
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|
upward-compatible extensions.
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|
Each line has five time and date fields,
|
1997-11-02 17:22:20 +00:00
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followed by a user name
|
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(with optional ``:<group>'' and ``/<login-class>'' suffixes)
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|
if this is the system crontab file,
|
2004-07-02 23:13:00 +00:00
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|
followed by a command.
|
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|
Commands are executed by
|
1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
|
|
|
.Xr cron 8
|
1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
|
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|
when the minute, hour, and month of year fields match the current time,
|
1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
|
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|
.Em and
|
1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
|
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|
when at least one of the two day fields (day of month, or day of week)
|
2002-03-24 00:48:07 +00:00
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|
matches the current time (see ``Note'' below).
|
1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
|
|
|
.Xr cron 8
|
1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
|
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|
examines cron entries once every minute.
|
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|
The time and date fields are:
|
1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
|
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
|
|
field allowed values
|
|
|
|
----- --------------
|
|
|
|
minute 0-59
|
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|
|
hour 0-23
|
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|
day of month 1-31
|
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|
month 1-12 (or names, see below)
|
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|
day of week 0-7 (0 or 7 is Sun, or use names)
|
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|
.Ed
|
|
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|
.Pp
|
1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
|
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|
A field may be an asterisk (*), which always stands for ``first\-last''.
|
1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
|
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|
.Pp
|
2004-07-02 23:13:00 +00:00
|
|
|
Ranges of numbers are allowed.
|
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|
Ranges are two numbers separated
|
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|
with a hyphen.
|
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|
The specified range is inclusive.
|
|
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|
For example,
|
1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
|
|
|
8-11 for an ``hours'' entry specifies execution at hours 8, 9, 10
|
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|
and 11.
|
1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
|
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|
.Pp
|
2004-07-02 23:13:00 +00:00
|
|
|
Lists are allowed.
|
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|
A list is a set of numbers (or ranges)
|
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|
separated by commas.
|
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|
Examples: ``1,2,5,9'', ``0-4,8-12''.
|
1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
|
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|
.Pp
|
2004-07-02 23:13:00 +00:00
|
|
|
Step values can be used in conjunction with ranges.
|
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|
Following
|
1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
|
|
|
a range with ``/<number>'' specifies skips of the number's value
|
2004-07-02 23:13:00 +00:00
|
|
|
through the range.
|
|
|
|
For example, ``0-23/2'' can be used in the hours
|
1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
|
|
|
field to specify command execution every other hour (the alternative
|
2004-07-02 23:13:00 +00:00
|
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|
in the V7 standard is ``0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22'').
|
|
|
|
Steps are
|
1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
|
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|
also permitted after an asterisk, so if you want to say ``every two
|
|
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|
hours'', just use ``*/2''.
|
1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
|
|
|
.Pp
|
1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
|
|
|
Names can also be used for the ``month'' and ``day of week''
|
2004-07-02 23:13:00 +00:00
|
|
|
fields.
|
|
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|
Use the first three letters of the particular
|
2005-02-13 22:25:33 +00:00
|
|
|
day or month (case does not matter).
|
2021-03-03 16:35:45 +00:00
|
|
|
Ranges and lists are also allowed.
|
1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
|
|
|
.Pp
|
1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
|
|
|
The ``sixth'' field (the rest of the line) specifies the command to be
|
|
|
|
run.
|
2019-09-25 02:37:40 +00:00
|
|
|
One or more command options may precede the command to modify processing
|
|
|
|
behavior.
|
1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
|
|
|
The entire command portion of the line, up to a newline or %
|
1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
|
|
|
character, will be executed by
|
|
|
|
.Pa /bin/sh
|
|
|
|
or by the shell
|
|
|
|
specified in the
|
|
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|
.Ev SHELL
|
|
|
|
variable of the cronfile.
|
1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
|
|
|
Percent-signs (%) in the command, unless escaped with backslash
|
|
|
|
(\\), will be changed into newline characters, and all data
|
|
|
|
after the first % will be sent to the command as standard
|
|
|
|
input.
|
1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
|
|
|
.Pp
|
2019-09-25 02:37:40 +00:00
|
|
|
The following command options can be supplied:
|
|
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Ds
|
|
|
|
.It Fl n
|
|
|
|
No mail is sent after a successful run.
|
|
|
|
The execution output will only be mailed if the command exits with a non-zero
|
|
|
|
exit code.
|
|
|
|
The
|
|
|
|
.Fl n
|
|
|
|
option is an attempt to cure potentially copious volumes of mail coming from
|
|
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|
.Xr cron 8 .
|
|
|
|
.It Fl q
|
|
|
|
Execution will not be logged.
|
|
|
|
.El
|
|
|
|
.sp
|
|
|
|
Duplicate options are not allowed.
|
|
|
|
.Pp
|
1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
|
|
|
Note: The day of a command's execution can be specified by two
|
2004-07-02 23:13:00 +00:00
|
|
|
fields \(em day of month, and day of week.
|
|
|
|
If both fields are
|
2005-02-13 22:25:33 +00:00
|
|
|
restricted (ie, are not *), the command will be run when
|
1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
|
|
|
.Em either
|
2004-07-02 23:13:00 +00:00
|
|
|
field matches the current time.
|
|
|
|
For example,
|
1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
|
|
|
``30 4 1,15 * 5''
|
|
|
|
would cause a command to be run at 4:30 am on the 1st and 15th of each
|
|
|
|
month, plus every Friday.
|
2000-03-14 14:51:55 +00:00
|
|
|
.Pp
|
|
|
|
Instead of the first five fields,
|
2018-06-07 22:38:40 +00:00
|
|
|
a line may start with
|
|
|
|
.Sq @
|
|
|
|
symbol followed either by one of eight special strings or by a numeric value.
|
|
|
|
The recognized special strings are:
|
2000-03-14 14:51:55 +00:00
|
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
|
|
string meaning
|
|
|
|
------ -------
|
2011-11-25 17:41:12 +00:00
|
|
|
@reboot Run once, at startup of cron.
|
2000-03-14 14:51:55 +00:00
|
|
|
@yearly Run once a year, "0 0 1 1 *".
|
2001-07-25 04:13:01 +00:00
|
|
|
@annually (same as @yearly)
|
2000-03-14 14:51:55 +00:00
|
|
|
@monthly Run once a month, "0 0 1 * *".
|
|
|
|
@weekly Run once a week, "0 0 * * 0".
|
|
|
|
@daily Run once a day, "0 0 * * *".
|
|
|
|
@midnight (same as @daily)
|
|
|
|
@hourly Run once an hour, "0 * * * *".
|
2012-10-25 22:54:29 +00:00
|
|
|
@every_minute Run once a minute, "*/1 * * * *".
|
|
|
|
@every_second Run once a second.
|
2000-03-14 14:51:55 +00:00
|
|
|
.Ed
|
2018-06-07 22:38:40 +00:00
|
|
|
.Pp
|
|
|
|
The
|
|
|
|
.Sq @
|
|
|
|
symbol followed by a numeric value has a special notion of running
|
2019-04-20 02:54:20 +00:00
|
|
|
a job that many seconds after completion of the previous invocation of
|
2018-06-07 22:38:40 +00:00
|
|
|
the job.
|
|
|
|
Unlike regular syntax, it guarantees not to overlap two or more
|
2019-04-20 02:54:20 +00:00
|
|
|
invocations of the same job during normal cron execution.
|
|
|
|
Note, however, that overlap may occur if the job is running when the file
|
|
|
|
containing the job is modified and subsequently reloaded.
|
|
|
|
The first run is scheduled for the specified number of seconds after cron
|
|
|
|
is started or the crontab entry is reloaded.
|
1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
|
|
|
.Sh EXAMPLE CRON FILE
|
|
|
|
.Bd -literal
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1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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1999-07-27 16:39:02 +00:00
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# use /bin/sh to run commands, overriding the default set by cron
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1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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SHELL=/bin/sh
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# mail any output to `paul', no matter whose crontab this is
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MAILTO=paul
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#
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# run five minutes after midnight, every day
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5 0 * * * $HOME/bin/daily.job >> $HOME/tmp/out 2>&1
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# run at 2:15pm on the first of every month -- output mailed to paul
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15 14 1 * * $HOME/bin/monthly
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# run at 10 pm on weekdays, annoy Joe
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0 22 * * 1-5 mail -s "It's 10pm" joe%Joe,%%Where are your kids?%
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23 0-23/2 * * * echo "run 23 minutes after midn, 2am, 4am ..., everyday"
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5 4 * * sun echo "run at 5 after 4 every sunday"
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2018-06-07 22:38:40 +00:00
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# run at 5 minutes intervals, no matter how long it takes
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@300 svnlite up /usr/src
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2019-09-25 02:37:40 +00:00
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# run every minute, suppress logging
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* * * * * -q date
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# run every minute, only send mail if ping fails
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* * * * * -n ping -c 1 freebsd.org
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Ed
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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1997-09-29 19:11:55 +00:00
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.Xr crontab 1 ,
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.Xr cron 8
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Sh EXTENSIONS
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1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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When specifying day of week, both day 0 and day 7 will be considered Sunday.
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2001-08-14 10:01:54 +00:00
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.Bx
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and
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.Tn ATT
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seem to disagree about this.
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Pp
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2004-07-02 23:13:00 +00:00
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Lists and ranges are allowed to co-exist in the same field.
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"1-3,7-9" would
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2001-08-14 10:01:54 +00:00
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be rejected by
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.Tn ATT
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or
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.Bx
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cron -- they want to see "1-3" or "7,8,9" ONLY.
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Pp
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1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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Ranges can include "steps", so "1-9/2" is the same as "1,3,5,7,9".
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Pp
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1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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Names of months or days of the week can be specified by name.
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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.Pp
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2004-07-02 23:13:00 +00:00
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Environment variables can be set in the crontab.
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In
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2001-08-14 10:01:54 +00:00
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.Bx
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or
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.Tn ATT ,
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the
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1997-09-15 06:39:25 +00:00
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environment handed to child processes is basically the one from
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.Pa /etc/rc .
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.Pp
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2001-08-14 10:01:54 +00:00
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Command output is mailed to the crontab owner
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.No ( Bx
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2005-02-13 22:25:33 +00:00
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cannot do this), can be
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mailed to a person other than the crontab owner (SysV cannot do this), or the
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feature can be turned off and no mail will be sent at all (SysV cannot do this
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1994-08-27 13:43:04 +00:00
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either).
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2000-03-14 14:51:55 +00:00
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.Pp
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All of the
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.Sq @
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2018-06-07 22:38:40 +00:00
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directives that can appear in place of the first five fields
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2000-03-14 14:51:55 +00:00
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are extensions.
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2019-09-25 02:37:40 +00:00
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.Pp
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Command processing can be modified using command options.
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The
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.Sq -q
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option suppresses logging.
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The
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.Sq -n
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option does not mail on successful run.
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1998-03-23 08:31:20 +00:00
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.Sh AUTHORS
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2014-06-20 09:57:27 +00:00
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.An Paul Vixie Aq Mt paul@vix.com
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1999-08-11 13:00:19 +00:00
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.Sh BUGS
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2005-02-13 23:45:54 +00:00
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If you are in one of the 70-odd countries that observe Daylight
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2012-04-28 22:48:00 +00:00
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Savings Time, jobs scheduled during the rollback or advance may be
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affected if
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.Xr cron 8
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is not started with the
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.Fl s
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flag.
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2005-02-13 23:45:54 +00:00
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In general, it is not a good idea to schedule jobs during
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2012-04-28 22:48:00 +00:00
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this period if
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.Xr cron 8
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is not started with the
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.Fl s
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flag, which is enabled by default.
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See
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.Xr cron 8
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for more details.
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1999-08-11 13:00:19 +00:00
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.Pp
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2012-01-28 21:06:45 +00:00
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For US timezones (except parts of AZ and HI) the time shift occurs at
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2004-07-02 23:13:00 +00:00
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2AM local time.
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For others, the output of the
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1999-08-11 13:00:19 +00:00
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.Xr zdump 8
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program's verbose
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.Fl ( v )
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option can be used to determine the moment of time shift.
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