1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)route.8 8.3 (Berkeley) 3/19/94
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1999-08-28 00:22:10 +00:00
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.\"
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2001-06-08 12:44:25 +00:00
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.Dd June 8, 2001
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.Dt ROUTE 8
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2001-06-08 12:44:25 +00:00
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.Os
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm route
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1998-07-28 06:25:35 +00:00
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.Nd manually manipulate the routing tables
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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2000-11-20 16:52:27 +00:00
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.Nm
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1998-07-28 06:25:35 +00:00
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.Op Fl dnqtv
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.Ar command
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.Oo
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.Op Ar modifiers
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.Ar args
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.Oc
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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2002-07-06 19:35:14 +00:00
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The
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.Nm
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utility is used to manually manipulate the network
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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routing tables. It normally is not needed, as a
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2003-11-10 14:28:33 +00:00
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system routing table management daemon, such as
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.Xr routed 8 ,
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should tend to this task.
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.Pp
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The
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1998-07-28 06:25:35 +00:00
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.Nm
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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utility supports a limited number of general options,
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but a rich command language, enabling the user to specify
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any arbitrary request that could be delivered via the
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2001-07-15 07:53:42 +00:00
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programmatic interface discussed in
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.Xr route 4 .
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.Pp
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1998-07-28 06:25:35 +00:00
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The following options are available:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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2003-11-10 14:28:33 +00:00
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.It Fl d
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Run in debug-only mode, i.e., do not actually modify the routing table.
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.It Fl n
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1998-07-28 06:25:35 +00:00
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Bypass attempts to print host and network names symbolically
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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when reporting actions. (The process of translating between symbolic
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names and numerical equivalents can be quite time consuming, and
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may require correct operation of the network; thus it may be expedient
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2000-11-26 23:26:51 +00:00
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to forget this, especially when attempting to repair networking operations).
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.It Fl v
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(verbose) Print additional details.
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.It Fl q
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2002-05-25 12:51:34 +00:00
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Suppress all output from the
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.Cm add , delete ,
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and
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.Cm flush
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commands.
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.El
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.Pp
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The
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1998-07-28 06:25:35 +00:00
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.Nm
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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utility provides six commands:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
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.It Cm add
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Add a route.
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.It Cm flush
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Remove all routes.
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.It Cm delete
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Delete a specific route.
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.It Cm change
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Change aspects of a route (such as its gateway).
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.It Cm get
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Lookup and display the route for a destination.
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.It Cm monitor
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Continuously report any changes to the routing information base,
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routing lookup misses, or suspected network partitionings.
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.El
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.Pp
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1998-07-28 06:25:35 +00:00
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The monitor command has the syntax:
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.Pp
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2001-02-07 13:45:30 +00:00
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.Bd -ragged -offset indent -compact
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2000-11-20 16:52:27 +00:00
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.Nm
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.Op Fl n
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.Cm monitor
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.Ed
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.Pp
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1998-07-28 06:25:35 +00:00
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The flush command has the syntax:
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.Pp
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2001-02-07 13:45:30 +00:00
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.Bd -ragged -offset indent -compact
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2000-11-20 16:52:27 +00:00
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.Nm
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.Op Fl n
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.Cm flush
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.Op Ar family
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.Ed
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.Pp
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2001-07-15 07:53:42 +00:00
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If the
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.Cm flush
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2001-07-15 07:53:42 +00:00
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command is specified,
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1998-07-28 06:25:35 +00:00
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.Nm
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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will ``flush'' the routing tables of all gateway entries.
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When the address family may is specified by any of the
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.Fl osi ,
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.Fl xns ,
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1996-07-09 19:02:28 +00:00
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.Fl atalk ,
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1999-12-07 17:39:16 +00:00
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.Fl inet6 ,
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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or
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.Fl inet
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modifiers, only routes having destinations with addresses in the
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delineated family will be deleted.
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.Pp
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The other commands have the following syntax:
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.Pp
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2001-02-07 13:45:30 +00:00
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.Bd -ragged -offset indent -compact
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2000-11-20 16:52:27 +00:00
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.Nm
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.Op Fl n
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.Ar command
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.Op Fl net No \&| Fl host
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.Ar destination gateway
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2000-09-29 10:52:21 +00:00
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.Op Ar netmask
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.Ed
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.Pp
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where
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.Ar destination
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is the destination host or network,
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.Ar gateway
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is the next-hop intermediary via which packets should be routed.
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Routes to a particular host may be distinguished from those to
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a network by interpreting the Internet address specified as the
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2000-09-29 10:52:21 +00:00
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.Ar destination
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argument.
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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The optional modifiers
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.Fl net
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and
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.Fl host
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force the destination to be interpreted as a network or a host, respectively.
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2001-07-15 07:53:42 +00:00
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Otherwise, if the
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.Ar destination
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1999-05-04 18:41:32 +00:00
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has a
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.Dq local address part
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of
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INADDR_ANY
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.Pq Li 0.0.0.0 ,
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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or if the
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.Ar destination
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is the symbolic name of a network, then the route is
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assumed to be to a network; otherwise, it is presumed to be a
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route to a host.
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2000-09-29 10:52:21 +00:00
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Optionally, the
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.Ar destination
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could also be specified in the
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2001-06-08 09:07:34 +00:00
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.Ar net Ns / Ns Ar bits
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2000-09-29 10:52:21 +00:00
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format.
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.Pp
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For example,
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.Li 128.32
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is interpreted as
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.Fl host Li 128.0.0.32 ;
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.Li 128.32.130
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is interpreted as
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.Fl host Li 128.32.0.130 ;
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.Fl net Li 128.32
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is interpreted as
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.Li 128.32.0.0;
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.Fl net Li 128.32.130
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is interpreted as
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2000-09-29 10:52:21 +00:00
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.Li 128.32.130.0;
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and
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2001-06-08 09:07:34 +00:00
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.Li 192.168.64/20
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2000-09-29 10:52:21 +00:00
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is interpreted as
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2001-06-08 09:07:34 +00:00
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.Fl net Li 192.168.64 Fl netmask Li 255.255.240.0 .
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.Pp
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1999-05-04 18:41:32 +00:00
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A
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.Ar destination
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of
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.Ar default
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is a synonym for
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.Fl net Li 0.0.0.0 ,
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which is the default route.
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.Pp
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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If the destination is directly reachable
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via an interface requiring
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2001-07-15 07:53:42 +00:00
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no intermediary system to act as a gateway, the
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.Fl interface
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modifier should be specified;
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the gateway given is the address of this host on the common network,
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indicating the interface to be used for transmission.
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1996-08-13 22:20:20 +00:00
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Alternately, if the interface is point to point the name of the interface
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itself may be given, in which case the route remains valid even
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2001-07-15 07:53:42 +00:00
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if the local or remote addresses change.
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.Pp
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The optional modifiers
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.Fl xns ,
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.Fl osi ,
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1996-07-09 19:02:28 +00:00
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.Fl atalk ,
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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and
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2001-07-15 07:53:42 +00:00
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.Fl link
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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specify that all subsequent addresses are in the
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1996-07-09 19:02:28 +00:00
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.Tn XNS ,
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.Tn OSI ,
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or
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.Tn AppleTalk
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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address families,
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or are specified as link-level addresses,
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and the names must be numeric specifications rather than
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symbolic names.
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.Pp
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The optional
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.Fl netmask
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1997-06-18 06:30:34 +00:00
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modifier is intended
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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to achieve the effect of an
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.Tn OSI
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.Tn ESIS
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redirect with the netmask option,
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or to manually add subnet routes with
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netmasks different from that of the implied network interface
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(as would otherwise be communicated using the OSPF or ISIS routing protocols).
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One specifies an additional ensuing address parameter
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(to be interpreted as a network mask).
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The implicit network mask generated in the AF_INET case
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can be overridden by making sure this option follows the destination parameter.
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.Pp
|
1999-12-07 17:39:16 +00:00
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For
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.Dv AF_INET6 ,
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the
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.Fl prefixlen
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qualifier
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is available instead of the
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.Fl mask
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qualifier because non-continuous masks are not allowed in IPv6.
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For example,
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.Fl prefixlen Li 32
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specifies network mask of
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.Li ffff:ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
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to be used.
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The default value of prefixlen is 64 to get along with
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2001-07-15 07:53:42 +00:00
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the aggregatable address.
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But 0 is assumed if
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1999-12-07 17:39:16 +00:00
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.Cm default
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is specified.
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Note that the qualifier works only for
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.Dv AF_INET6
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address family.
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.Pp
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
|
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Routes have associated flags which influence operation of the protocols
|
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when sending to destinations matched by the routes.
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These flags may be set (or sometimes cleared)
|
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by indicating the following corresponding modifiers:
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.Bd -literal
|
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-cloning RTF_CLONING - generates a new route on use
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-xresolve RTF_XRESOLVE - emit mesg on use (for external lookup)
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-iface ~RTF_GATEWAY - destination is directly reachable
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-static RTF_STATIC - manually added route
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-nostatic ~RTF_STATIC - pretend route added by kernel or daemon
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-reject RTF_REJECT - emit an ICMP unreachable when matched
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-blackhole RTF_BLACKHOLE - silently discard pkts (during updates)
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-proto1 RTF_PROTO1 - set protocol specific routing flag #1
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-proto2 RTF_PROTO2 - set protocol specific routing flag #2
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-llinfo RTF_LLINFO - validly translates proto addr to link addr
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The optional modifiers
|
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.Fl rtt ,
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.Fl rttvar ,
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.Fl sendpipe ,
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.Fl recvpipe ,
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.Fl mtu ,
|
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.Fl hopcount ,
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.Fl expire ,
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and
|
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.Fl ssthresh
|
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|
provide initial values to quantities maintained in the routing entry
|
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by transport level protocols, such as TCP or TP4.
|
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These may be individually locked by preceding each such modifier to
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be locked by
|
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the
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.Fl lock
|
2001-07-15 07:53:42 +00:00
|
|
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meta-modifier, or one can
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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specify that all ensuing metrics may be locked by the
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.Fl lockrest
|
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meta-modifier.
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.Pp
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In a
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.Cm change
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or
|
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.Cm add
|
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|
command where the destination and gateway are not sufficient to specify
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the route (as in the
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.Tn ISO
|
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|
case where several interfaces may have the
|
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same address), the
|
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.Fl ifp
|
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or
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.Fl ifa
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|
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|
modifiers may be used to determine the interface or interface address.
|
|
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|
.Pp
|
2001-06-12 13:31:53 +00:00
|
|
|
The optional
|
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.Fl proxy
|
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|
modifier specifies that the
|
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|
.Dv RTF_LLINFO
|
|
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|
routing table entry is the
|
2001-08-07 15:48:51 +00:00
|
|
|
.Dq published (proxy-only)
|
2001-06-12 13:31:53 +00:00
|
|
|
.Tn ARP
|
|
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|
entry, as reported by
|
|
|
|
.Xr arp 8 .
|
|
|
|
.Pp
|
2003-09-26 17:03:09 +00:00
|
|
|
The optional
|
|
|
|
.Fl genmask
|
|
|
|
modifier specifies that a cloning mask is present.
|
|
|
|
This specifies the mask applied when determining if a child route
|
|
|
|
should be created.
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|
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|
It is only applicable to network routes with the
|
|
|
|
.Dv RTF_CLONING
|
|
|
|
flag set.
|
|
|
|
.Pp
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
|
|
|
All symbolic names specified for a
|
|
|
|
.Ar destination
|
2001-07-15 07:53:42 +00:00
|
|
|
or
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
|
|
|
.Ar gateway
|
|
|
|
are looked up first as a host name using
|
|
|
|
.Xr gethostbyname 3 .
|
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|
|
If this lookup fails,
|
|
|
|
.Xr getnetbyname 3
|
|
|
|
is then used to interpret the name as that of a network.
|
|
|
|
.Pp
|
2002-07-06 19:35:14 +00:00
|
|
|
The
|
|
|
|
.Nm
|
|
|
|
utility uses a routing socket and the new message types
|
2001-06-12 13:31:53 +00:00
|
|
|
.Dv RTM_ADD , RTM_DELETE , RTM_GET ,
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
|
|
|
and
|
2001-06-12 13:31:53 +00:00
|
|
|
.Dv RTM_CHANGE .
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
|
|
|
As such, only the super-user may modify
|
|
|
|
the routing tables.
|
|
|
|
.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
|
2001-04-13 19:59:47 +00:00
|
|
|
.Bl -diag
|
|
|
|
.It "add [host \&| network ] %s: gateway %s flags %x"
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
|
|
|
The specified route is being added to the tables. The
|
|
|
|
values printed are from the routing table entry supplied
|
2001-07-15 07:53:42 +00:00
|
|
|
in the
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
|
|
|
.Xr ioctl 2
|
|
|
|
call.
|
|
|
|
If the gateway address used was not the primary address of the gateway
|
|
|
|
(the first one returned by
|
|
|
|
.Xr gethostbyname 3 ) ,
|
|
|
|
the gateway address is printed numerically as well as symbolically.
|
2001-07-15 07:53:42 +00:00
|
|
|
.It "delete [ host \&| network ] %s: gateway %s flags %x"
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
|
|
|
As above, but when deleting an entry.
|
2001-04-13 19:59:47 +00:00
|
|
|
.It "%s %s done"
|
2001-07-15 07:53:42 +00:00
|
|
|
When the
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
|
|
|
.Cm flush
|
|
|
|
command is specified, each routing table entry deleted
|
|
|
|
is indicated with a message of this form.
|
2001-04-13 19:59:47 +00:00
|
|
|
.It "Network is unreachable"
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
|
|
|
An attempt to add a route failed because the gateway listed was not
|
|
|
|
on a directly-connected network.
|
|
|
|
The next-hop gateway must be given.
|
2001-04-13 19:59:47 +00:00
|
|
|
.It "not in table"
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
|
|
|
A delete operation was attempted for an entry which
|
|
|
|
wasn't present in the tables.
|
2001-04-13 19:59:47 +00:00
|
|
|
.It "routing table overflow"
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
|
|
|
An add operation was attempted, but the system was
|
|
|
|
low on resources and was unable to allocate memory
|
|
|
|
to create the new entry.
|
2001-06-08 12:44:25 +00:00
|
|
|
.It "gateway uses the same route"
|
|
|
|
A
|
|
|
|
.Cm change
|
|
|
|
operation resulted in a route whose gateway uses the
|
|
|
|
same route as the one being changed.
|
|
|
|
The next-hop gateway should be reachable through a different route.
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
|
|
|
.El
|
2001-06-07 13:50:24 +00:00
|
|
|
.Pp
|
2001-08-15 09:09:47 +00:00
|
|
|
.Ex -std
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
|
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
2001-07-06 16:46:48 +00:00
|
|
|
.\".Xr esis 4 ,
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
|
|
|
.Xr netintro 4 ,
|
|
|
|
.Xr route 4 ,
|
2001-06-12 13:31:53 +00:00
|
|
|
.Xr arp 8 ,
|
2001-07-06 16:46:48 +00:00
|
|
|
.Xr IPXrouted 8 ,
|
1996-02-12 04:57:03 +00:00
|
|
|
.Xr routed 8
|
2001-07-06 16:46:48 +00:00
|
|
|
.\".Xr XNSrouted 8
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
|
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
|
|
The
|
|
|
|
.Nm
|
2002-07-06 19:35:14 +00:00
|
|
|
utility appeared in
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
|
|
|
.Bx 4.2 .
|
|
|
|
.Sh BUGS
|
|
|
|
The first paragraph may have slightly exaggerated
|
1998-07-28 06:25:35 +00:00
|
|
|
.Xr routed 8 Ns 's
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
|
|
|
abilities.
|