freebsd-dev/contrib/ntp/html/extern.htm

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<title>External Clock Discipline and the Local Clock Driver</title>
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<h3>External Clock Discipline and the Local Clock Driver</h3>
<hr>
<p>The NTPv4 implementation includes provisions for an external
clock, where the system clock is implemented by some external
hardware device. One implementation might take the form of a bus
peripheral with a high resolution counter disciplined by a GPS
receiver, for example. Another implementation might involve another
synchronization protocol, such as the Digital Time Synchronization
Service (DTSS), where the system time is disciplined to this
protocol and NTP clients of the server obtain synchronization
indirectly via the server. A third implementation might be a
completely separate clock discipline algorithm and synchronization
protocol, such as the Lockclock algorithm used with NIST Automated
Computer Time Service (ACTS) modem synchronized time.</p>
<p>When external clocks are used in conjunction with NTP service,
some way needs to be provided for the external clock driver and NTP
daemon <tt>ntpd</tt> to communicate and determine which discipline
is in control. This is necessary in order to provide backup, for
instance if the external clock or protocol were to fail and
synchronization service fall back to other means, such as a local
reference clock or another NTP server. In addition, when the
external clock and driver are in control, some means needs to be
provided for the clock driver to pass on status information and
error statistics to the NTP daemon.</p>
<p>Control and monitoring functions for the external clock and
driver are implemented using the <a href="driver1.htm">Local Clock
(type 1) driver</a> and the <tt>ntp_adjtime()</tt> system call.
This system call is implemented by special kernel provisions
included in the kernel of several operating systems, including
Solaris, Tru64, FreeBSD and Linux, and possibly others. When the
external clock is disabled or not implemented, the system call is
used to pass time and frequency information, as well as error
statistics, to the kernel. Besides disciplining the system time,
the same interface can be used by other applications to determine
the operating parameters of the discipline.</p>
<p>When the external clock is enabled, <tt>ntpd</tt> does not
discipline the system clock, nor does it maintain the error
statistics. In this case, the external clock and driver do this
using mechanisms unknown to <tt>ntpd</tt>; however, in this case
the kernel state variables are retrieved at 64-s intervals by the
Local Clock driver and used by the clock selection and mitigation
algorithms to determine the system variables presented to other NTP
clients and peers. In this way, downstream clients and servers in
the NTP subnet can make an intelligent choice when more than one
server is available.</p>
<p>In order to implement a reliable mitigation between ordinary NTP
sources and the external clock source, a protocol is necessary
between the local clock driver and the external clock driver. This
is implemented using Boolean variables and certain bits in the
kernel clock status word. The Boolean variables include the
following:</p>
<p>ntp__enable. set/reset by enable command. enables ntp clock
discipline</p>
<p>ntp_control. set during initial configuration if kernel support
is available kern_enable Set/reset by enable commandexit If this
switch is set, the daemon computes the offset, frequency, maximum
error, estimated error, time constand and status bits, then
provides them to the kernel via ntp_adjtime(). If this switch is
set, these values are not passed to the kernel; however, the daemon
retrieves their present values and uses them in place of the values
computed by the daemon. pps_update set in the protocol routine if
the prefer peer has survived and has offset less than 128 ms;
otherwise set to zero. pps_control Updated to the current time by
kernel support if the PPS signal is enabled and working correctly.
Set to zero in the adjust routine if the interval since the last
update exceeds 120 s.</p>
<p>The ntp_enable and kern_enable are set by the configuration
module. Normally, both switches default on, so the daemon can
control the time and the kernel discipline can be used, if
available. The pps_update switch is set by the protocol module when
it believes the PPS provider source is legitimate and operating
within nominals. The ntp_control switch is set during configuration
by interrogating the kernel. If both the kern_enable and
ntp_control siwitches are set, the daemon disciplines the clock via
the kernel and the internal daemon discipline is disabled.</p>
<p>The external clock driver controls the system time and clock
selection in the following way. Normally, the driver adjusts the
kernel time using the ntp_adjtime() system call in the same way as
the daemon. In the case where the kernel discipline is to be used
intact, the clock offset is provided in this call and the loop
operates as specified. In the case where the driver steers only the
frequency, the offset is specified as zero.</p>
<hr>
<a href="index.htm"><img align="left" src="pic/home.gif" alt=
"gif"></a>
<address><a href="mailto:mills@udel.edu">David L. Mills
&lt;mills@udel.edu&gt;</a></address>
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