1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.\" Copyright (c) 1999 Daniel C. Sobral
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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1999-08-28 01:08:13 +00:00
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.\"
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.\" Note: The date here should be updated whenever a non-trivial
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.\" change is made to the manual page.
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.Dd March 14, 1999
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.Dt LOADER 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm loader
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2000-05-18 12:44:50 +00:00
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.Nd kernel bootstrapping final stage
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The program called
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.Nm
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2000-11-14 11:20:58 +00:00
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is the final stage of
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.Fx Ns 's
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kernel bootstrapping process.
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2000-05-18 12:44:50 +00:00
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On IA32 (i386) architectures, it is a
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Pa BTX
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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client.
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It is linked statically to
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1999-05-03 08:32:45 +00:00
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.Xr libstand 3
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and usually located in the directory
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Pa /boot .
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.Pp
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It provides a scripting language that can be used to
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automate tasks, do pre-configuration or assist in recovery
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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procedures.
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This scripting language is roughly divided in
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two main components.
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The smaller one is a set of commands
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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designed for direct use by the casual user, called "builtin
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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commands" for historical reasons.
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The main drive behind these commands is user-friendlyness.
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The bigger component is an
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Tn ANS
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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Forth compatible Forth interpreter based on ficl, by
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.An John Sadler .
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.Pp
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During initialization,
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.Nm
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will probe for a console and set the
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.Va console
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variable, or set it to serial console
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.Pq Dq comconsole
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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if the previous boot stage used that.
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Then, devices are probed,
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Va currdev
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and
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.Va loaddev
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are set, and
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.Va LINES
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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is set to 24.
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Next,
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Tn FICL
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1999-07-28 20:30:59 +00:00
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is initialized, the builtin words are added to its vocabulary, and
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Pa /boot/boot.4th
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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will be processed if it exists.
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No disk switching is possible while that file is being read.
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The inner interpreter
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Nm
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will use with
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.Tn FICL
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is then set to
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.Ic interpret ,
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which is
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.Tn FICL Ns 's
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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default.
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After that,
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Pa /boot/loader.rc
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is processed if available, and, failing that,
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.Pa /boot/boot.conf
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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will be read for historical reasons.
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These files are processed through the
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Ic include
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command, which read all of them into memory before processing them,
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making disk changes possible.
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.Pp
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At this point, if an
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.Ic autoboot
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has not been tried, and if
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.Va autoboot_delay
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is not set to
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.Dq NO
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(not case sensitive), then an
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.Ic autoboot
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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will be tried.
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If the system gets past this point,
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Va prompt
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will be set and
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.Nm
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will engage interactive mode.
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.Sh BUILTIN COMMANDS
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.Nm Loader Ns No 's
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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builtin commands take its parameters from the command line.
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Presently,
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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the only way to call them from a script is by using
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.Pa evaluate
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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on a string.
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If an error condition occurs, an exception will be generated,
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which can be intercepted using
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Tn ANS
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Forth exception handling
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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words.
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If not intercepted, an error message will be displayed and
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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the interpreter's state will be reset, emptying the stack and restoring
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interpreting mode.
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.Pp
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The builtin commands available are:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width Ds -compact -offset indent
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.It Ic autoboot Op Ar seconds
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Proceeds to bootstrap the system after a number of seconds, if not
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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interrupted by the user.
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Displays a countdown prompt
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warning the user the system is about to be booted,
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unless interrupted by a key press.
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The kernel will be loaded first if necessary.
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Defaults to 10 seconds.
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Pp
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.It Ic bcachestat
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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Displays statistics about disk cache usage.
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For depuration only.
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Pp
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.It Ic boot
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.It Ic boot Ar kernelname Op Cm ...
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.It Ic boot Fl flag Cm ...
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Immediately proceeds to bootstrap the system, loading the kernel
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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if necessary.
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Any flags or arguments are passed to the kernel, but they
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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must precede the kernel name, if a kernel name is provided.
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.Pp
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2000-09-08 21:39:31 +00:00
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.Em WARNING:
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The behavior of this builtin is changed if
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.Xr loader.4th 8
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is loaded.
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.Pp
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.It Ic echo Xo
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.Op Fl n
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.Op Aq message
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.Xc
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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Displays a text on the screen.
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A new line will be printed unless
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Fl n
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is specified.
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.Pp
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.It Ic heap
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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Displays memory usage statistics.
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For debugging purposes only.
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Pp
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.It Ic help Op topic Op subtopic
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Shows help messages read from
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.Pa /boot/loader.help .
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The special topic
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.Em index
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will list the topics available.
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.Pp
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.It Ic include Ar file Op Ar
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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Process script files.
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Each file is, at a turn, completely read into memory,
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and then have each of its lines passed to the command line interpreter.
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If any error is returned by the interpreter, the include
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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commands aborts immediately, without reading any other files, and
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returns an error itself (see
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.Sx ERRORS ) .
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.Pp
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.It Ic load Xo
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.Op Fl t Ar type
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.Ar file Cm ...
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.Xc
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Loads a kernel, kernel loadable module (kld), or a file of opaque
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contents tagged as being of the type
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.Ar type .
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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Kernel and modules can be either in a.out or elf format.
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Any arguments passed after the name of the file to be loaded
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will be passed as arguments to that file.
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Notice, though, that, at the present, this does not work for the kernel.
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Pp
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.It Ic ls Xo
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.Op Fl l
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.Op Ar path
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.Xc
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Displays a listing of files in the directory
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.Ar path ,
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or the root directory if
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.Ar path
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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is not specified.
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If
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Fl l
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is specified, file sizes will be shown too.
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.Pp
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.It Ic lsdev Op Fl v
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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Lists all of the devices from which it may be possible to load modules.
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If
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Fl v
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is specified, more details are printed.
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.Pp
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.It Ic lsmod Op Fl v
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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Displays loaded modules.
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If
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Fl v
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is specified, more details are shown.
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.Pp
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.It Ic more Ar file Op Ar
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Display the files specified, with a pause at each
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.Va LINES
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displayed.
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.Pp
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.It Ic pnpscan Op Fl v
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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Scans for Plug-and-Play devices.
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This is not functional at the present.
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Pp
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.It Ic read Xo
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.Op Fl t Ar seconds
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.Op Fl p Ar prompt
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.Op Va variable
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.Xc
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Reads a line of input from the terminal, storing it in
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.Va variable
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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if specified.
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A timeout can be specified with
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Fl t ,
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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though it will be canceled at the first key pressed.
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A prompt may also be displayed through the
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Fl p
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flag.
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.Pp
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.It Ic reboot
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Immediately reboots the system.
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.Pp
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.It Ic set Ar variable
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.It Ic set Ar variable Ns = Ns Ar value
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Set loader's environment variables.
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.Pp
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.It Ic show Op Va variable
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Displays the specified variable's value, or all variables and their
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values if
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.Va variable
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is not specified.
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.Pp
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.It Ic unload
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Remove all modules from memory.
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.Pp
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.It Ic unset Va variable
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Removes
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.Va variable
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from the environment.
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.Pp
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.It Ic \&?
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Same as
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.Dq help index .
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.Pp
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.El
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.Ss BUILTIN ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
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The
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.Nm
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has actually two different kinds of
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.Sq environment
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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variables.
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There are ANS Forth's
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Em environmental queries ,
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and a separate space of environment variables used by builtins, which
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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are not directly available to Forth words.
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It is the later ones that this session covers.
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Pp
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Environment variables can be set and unset through the use of the
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.Ic set
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and
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.Ic unset
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builtins, and have their value interactively examined through the
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use of the
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.Ic show
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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builtin.
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Their values can also be accessed as described in
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Sx BUILTIN PARSER .
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.Pp
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Notice that this environment variables are not inherited by any shell
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after the system has been booted.
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.Pp
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A few variables are set automatically by
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1999-06-23 09:06:18 +00:00
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.Nm loader .
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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Others can affect either
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.Nm
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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or kernel's behavior at boot.
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While some of these may require a value,
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others define behavior just by being set.
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These are described below.
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Bl -tag -width bootfile -offset indent
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.It Va autoboot_delay
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Number of seconds
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.Ic autoboot
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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will wait before booting.
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If this variable is not defined,
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Ic autoboot
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will default to 10 seconds.
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.Pp
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If set to
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.Dq NO ,
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no
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.Ic autoboot
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will be automatically attempted after processing
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.Pa /boot/loader.rc ,
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though explict
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.Ic autoboot Ns 's
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will be processed normally, defaulting to 10 seconds delay.
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.It Va boot_askname
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Instructs the kernel to prompt the user for the name of the root device
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when the kernel is booted.
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.It Va boot_ddb
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Instructs the kernel to start in the DDB debugger, rather than
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proceeding to initialise when booted.
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.It Va boot_gdb
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Selects gdb-remote mode for the kernel debugger by default.
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|
|
.It Va boot_single
|
|
|
|
Prevents the kernel from initiating a multi-user startup, single-user
|
|
|
|
mode will be entered when the kernel has finished device probes.
|
|
|
|
.It Va boot_userconfig
|
|
|
|
Requests that the kernel's interactive device configuration program
|
|
|
|
be run when the kernel is booted.
|
|
|
|
.It Va boot_verbose
|
|
|
|
Setting this variable causes extra debugging information to be printed
|
|
|
|
by the kernel during the boot phase.
|
|
|
|
.It Va bootfile
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
List of semicolon-separated search path for bootable kernels.
|
|
|
|
The default is
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.Li Dq kernel;kernel.old .
|
|
|
|
.It Va console
|
|
|
|
Defines the current console.
|
|
|
|
.It Va currdev
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
Selects the default device.
|
|
|
|
Syntax for devices is odd.
|
1999-04-20 21:15:13 +00:00
|
|
|
.It Va init_path
|
|
|
|
Sets the list of binaries which the kernel will try to run as initial
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
process.
|
|
|
|
The default is
|
1999-05-11 11:20:13 +00:00
|
|
|
.Li Dq /sbin/init:/sbin/oinit:/sbin/init.bak:/stand/sysinstall .
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.It Va interpret
|
|
|
|
Has the value
|
|
|
|
.Li Dq ok
|
|
|
|
if the Forth's current state is interpreting.
|
|
|
|
.It Va LINES
|
|
|
|
Define the number of lines on the screen, to be used by the pager.
|
|
|
|
.It Va module_path
|
|
|
|
Sets the list of directories which will be searched in for modules
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
named in a load command or implicitly required by a dependancy.
|
|
|
|
The default value for this variable is
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.Li Dq /;/boot;/modules .
|
|
|
|
.It Va num_ide_disks
|
|
|
|
Sets the number of IDE disks as a work around for some problems in
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
finding the root disk at boot.
|
|
|
|
This has been deprecated in favour of
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.Va root_disk_unit .
|
|
|
|
.It Va prompt
|
|
|
|
Value of
|
|
|
|
.Nm Ns No 's
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
prompt.
|
|
|
|
Defaults to
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.Li Dq "${currdev}>" .
|
|
|
|
.It Va root_disk_unit
|
|
|
|
If the code which detects the disk unit number for the root disk is
|
|
|
|
confused, eg. by a mix of SCSI and IDE disks, or IDE disks with
|
|
|
|
gaps in the sequence (eg. no primary slave), the unit number can
|
|
|
|
be forced by setting this variable.
|
|
|
|
.It Va rootdev
|
|
|
|
By default the value of
|
|
|
|
.Va currdev
|
|
|
|
is used to set the root filesystem
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
when the kernel is booted.
|
|
|
|
This can be overridden by setting
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.Va rootdev
|
|
|
|
explicitly.
|
|
|
|
.El
|
|
|
|
.Pp
|
2000-06-25 07:12:03 +00:00
|
|
|
Other variables are used to override kernel tunable parameters.
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
The following tunables are available:
|
|
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Va -offset indent
|
|
|
|
.It Va kern.ipc.nmbclusters
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
Set the number of mbuf clusters to be allocated.
|
|
|
|
The value cannot be set below the default
|
|
|
|
determined when the kernel was compiled.
|
|
|
|
Modifies
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.Va NMBCLUSTERS .
|
|
|
|
.It Va kern.vm.kmem.size
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
Sets the size of kernel memory (bytes).
|
|
|
|
This overrides completely the value
|
|
|
|
determined when the kernel was compiled.
|
|
|
|
Modifies
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.Va VM_KMEM_SIZE .
|
|
|
|
.It Va machdep.pccard.pcic_irq
|
|
|
|
Overrides the IRQ normally assigned to a PCCARD controller.
|
|
|
|
Typically the first available interrupt will be allocated,
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
which may conflict with other hardware.
|
|
|
|
If this value is set to 0,
|
|
|
|
an interrupt will not be assigned
|
|
|
|
and the controller will operate in polled mode only.
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.It Va net.inet.tcp.tcbhashsize
|
|
|
|
Overrides the compile-time set value of
|
|
|
|
.Va TCBHASHSIZE
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
or the preset default of 512.
|
|
|
|
Must be a power of 2.
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.El
|
|
|
|
.Ss BUILTIN PARSER
|
|
|
|
When a builtin command is executed, the rest of the line is taken
|
1999-07-28 20:30:59 +00:00
|
|
|
by it as arguments, and it is processed by a special parser which
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
is not used for regular Forth commands.
|
|
|
|
.Pp
|
|
|
|
This special parser applies the following rules to the parsed text:
|
|
|
|
.Pp
|
|
|
|
.Bl -enum
|
|
|
|
.It
|
|
|
|
All backslash characters are preprocessed.
|
|
|
|
.Bl -bullet
|
|
|
|
.It
|
2000-06-25 07:12:03 +00:00
|
|
|
\eb , \ef , \er , \en and \et are processed as in C.
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.It
|
|
|
|
\es is converted to a space.
|
|
|
|
.It
|
|
|
|
\ev is converted to
|
|
|
|
.Tn ASCII
|
|
|
|
11.
|
|
|
|
.It
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
\ez is just skipped.
|
|
|
|
Useful for things like
|
1999-04-25 21:41:09 +00:00
|
|
|
.Dq \e0xf\ez\e0xf .
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.It
|
1999-04-25 21:41:09 +00:00
|
|
|
\e0xN and \e0xNN are replaced by the hex N or NN.
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.It
|
|
|
|
\eNNN is replaced by the octal NNN
|
|
|
|
.Tn ASCII
|
|
|
|
character.
|
|
|
|
.It
|
|
|
|
\e" , \e' and \e$ will escape these characters, preventing them from
|
|
|
|
receiving special semantics on the step 2 described below.
|
|
|
|
.It
|
|
|
|
\e\e will be replaced with a single \e .
|
|
|
|
.It
|
|
|
|
In any other occurance, backslash will just be removed.
|
|
|
|
.El
|
|
|
|
.It
|
|
|
|
Every string between non-escaped quotes or double-quotes will be treated
|
|
|
|
as a single word for the purposes of the remaining steps.
|
|
|
|
.It
|
|
|
|
Replace any
|
|
|
|
.Li $VARIABLE
|
|
|
|
or
|
|
|
|
.Li ${VARIABLE}
|
|
|
|
with the value of the environemnt variable
|
|
|
|
.Va VARIABLE .
|
|
|
|
.It
|
|
|
|
Passes multiple space-delimited arguments to the builtin command called.
|
|
|
|
Spaces can also be escaped through the use of \e\e .
|
|
|
|
.El
|
|
|
|
.Pp
|
|
|
|
An exception to this parsing rule exists, and is described in
|
|
|
|
.Sx BUILTINS AND FORTH .
|
|
|
|
.Ss BUILTINS AND FORTH
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
All builtin words are state-smart, immediate words.
|
|
|
|
If interpreted, they behave exactly as described previously.
|
|
|
|
If they are compiled, though,
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
they extract their arguments from the stack instead of the command line.
|
|
|
|
.Pp
|
|
|
|
If compiled, the builtin words expect to find, at execution time, the
|
|
|
|
following parameters on the stack:
|
|
|
|
.D1 Ar addrN lenN ... addr2 len2 addr1 len1 N
|
|
|
|
where
|
|
|
|
.Ar addrX lenX
|
|
|
|
are strings which will compose the command line that will be parsed
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
into the builtin's arguments.
|
|
|
|
Internally, these strings are concatenated in from 1 to N,
|
|
|
|
with a space put between each one.
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.Pp
|
|
|
|
If no arguments are passed, a 0
|
|
|
|
.Em must
|
|
|
|
be passed, even if the builtin accepts no arguments.
|
|
|
|
.Pp
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
While this behavior has benefits, it has its trade-offs.
|
|
|
|
If the execution token of a builtin is acquired (through
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.Ic No '
|
|
|
|
or
|
|
|
|
.Ic No ['] ) ,
|
|
|
|
and then passed to
|
|
|
|
.Ic catch
|
|
|
|
or
|
|
|
|
.Ic execute ,
|
|
|
|
the builtin behavior will depend on the system state
|
|
|
|
.Bf Em
|
|
|
|
at the time
|
|
|
|
.Ic catch
|
|
|
|
or
|
|
|
|
.Ic execute
|
|
|
|
is processed
|
|
|
|
.Ef
|
|
|
|
\&! This is particular annoying for programs that want or need to
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
treat exceptions.
|
|
|
|
In this case, it is recommended the use of a proxy.
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
For example:
|
|
|
|
.Dl : (boot) boot ;
|
|
|
|
.Sh FICL
|
|
|
|
.Tn FICL
|
|
|
|
is a Forth interpreter written in C, in the form of a forth
|
|
|
|
virtual machine library that can be called by C functions and vice
|
|
|
|
versa.
|
|
|
|
.Pp
|
|
|
|
In
|
1999-05-03 08:32:45 +00:00
|
|
|
.Nm No ,
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
each line read interactively is then fed to
|
|
|
|
.Tn FICL ,
|
|
|
|
which may call
|
|
|
|
.Nm
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
back to execute the builtin words.
|
|
|
|
The builtin
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.Ic include
|
|
|
|
will also feed
|
|
|
|
.Tn FICL ,
|
|
|
|
one line at a time.
|
|
|
|
.Pp
|
|
|
|
The words available to
|
|
|
|
.Tn FICL
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
can be classified in four groups.
|
|
|
|
The
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.Tn ANS
|
|
|
|
Forth standard words, extra
|
|
|
|
.Tn FICL
|
|
|
|
words, extra
|
|
|
|
.Os
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
words, and the builtin commands.
|
|
|
|
The later were already described.
|
|
|
|
The
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.Tn ANS
|
|
|
|
Forth standard words are listed in the
|
|
|
|
.Sx STANDARDS
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
section.
|
|
|
|
The words falling in the two other groups are described in the
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
following subsections.
|
|
|
|
.Ss FICL EXTRA WORDS
|
|
|
|
.Bl -tag -width wid-set-super -offset indent
|
|
|
|
.It Ic .env
|
|
|
|
.It Ic .ver
|
|
|
|
.It Ic -roll
|
|
|
|
.It Ic 2constant
|
|
|
|
.It Ic >name
|
|
|
|
.It Ic body>
|
|
|
|
.It Ic compare
|
2000-08-11 10:32:23 +00:00
|
|
|
This is the STRING word set's
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.Ic compare .
|
|
|
|
.It Ic compile-only
|
|
|
|
.It Ic endif
|
|
|
|
.It Ic forget-wid
|
|
|
|
.It Ic parse-word
|
|
|
|
.It Ic sliteral
|
|
|
|
This is the STRING word set's
|
|
|
|
.Ic sliteral .
|
|
|
|
.It Ic wid-set-super
|
|
|
|
.It Ic w@
|
|
|
|
.It Ic w!
|
|
|
|
.It Ic x.
|
|
|
|
.It Ic empty
|
|
|
|
.It Ic cell-
|
|
|
|
.It Ic -rot
|
|
|
|
.El
|
|
|
|
.Ss FREEBSD EXTRA WORDS
|
2000-05-04 21:18:26 +00:00
|
|
|
.Bl -tag -width XXXXXXXX -offset indent
|
2000-05-04 21:22:55 +00:00
|
|
|
.It Ic \&$ Pq --
|
|
|
|
Evaluates the remainder of the input buffer, after having printed it first.
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.It Ic \&% Pq --
|
|
|
|
Evaluates the remainder of the input buffer under a
|
|
|
|
.Ic catch
|
|
|
|
exception guard.
|
2000-05-23 11:47:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.It Ic .#
|
|
|
|
Works like
|
|
|
|
.Ic .
|
|
|
|
but without outputting a trailing space.
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.It Ic fclose Pq Ar fd --
|
|
|
|
Closes a file.
|
2000-05-04 21:18:26 +00:00
|
|
|
.It Ic fkey Pq Ar fd -- char
|
|
|
|
Reads a single character from a file.
|
|
|
|
.It Ic fload Pq Ar fd --
|
|
|
|
Process file
|
|
|
|
.Em fd .
|
|
|
|
.It Ic fopen Pq Ar addr len -- fd
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
Open a file.
|
|
|
|
Returns a file descriptor, or -1 in case of failure.
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.It Xo
|
|
|
|
.Ic fread
|
|
|
|
.Pq Ar fd addr len -- len'
|
|
|
|
.Xc
|
|
|
|
Tries to read
|
|
|
|
.Em len
|
|
|
|
bytes from file
|
|
|
|
.Em fd
|
|
|
|
into buffer
|
|
|
|
.Em addr .
|
|
|
|
Returns the actual number of bytes read, or -1 in case of error or end of
|
|
|
|
file.
|
2000-05-04 22:51:21 +00:00
|
|
|
.It Ic heap? Pq -- Ar cells
|
|
|
|
Return the space remaining in the dictionary heap, in cells.
|
2000-05-04 21:26:26 +00:00
|
|
|
This is not related to the heap used by dynamic memory allocation words.
|
2000-05-04 21:22:55 +00:00
|
|
|
.It Ic inb Pq Ar port -- char
|
|
|
|
Reads a byte from a port.
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.It Ic key Pq -- Ar char
|
|
|
|
Reads a single character from the console.
|
|
|
|
.It Ic key? Pq -- Ar flag
|
|
|
|
Returns
|
|
|
|
.Ic true
|
|
|
|
if there is a character available to be read from the console.
|
|
|
|
.It Ic ms Pq Ar u --
|
|
|
|
Waits
|
|
|
|
.Em u
|
|
|
|
microseconds.
|
2000-05-04 21:18:26 +00:00
|
|
|
.It Ic outb Pq Ar port char --
|
|
|
|
Writes a byte to a port.
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.It Ic seconds Pq -- Ar u
|
|
|
|
Returns the number of seconds since midnight.
|
2000-05-04 21:18:26 +00:00
|
|
|
.It Ic tib> Pq -- Ar addr len
|
|
|
|
Returns the remainder of the input buffer as a string on the stack.
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.It Ic trace! Pq Ar flag --
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
Activates or deactivates tracing.
|
|
|
|
Does not work with
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
|
.Ic catch .
|
|
|
|
.El
|
|
|
|
.Ss FREEBSD DEFINED ENVIRONMENTAL QUERIES
|
|
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent
|
|
|
|
.It arch-i386
|
|
|
|
.Ic TRUE
|
|
|
|
if the architecture is IA32.
|
|
|
|
.It arch-alpha
|
|
|
|
.Ic TRUE
|
|
|
|
if the architecture is AXP.
|
|
|
|
.It FreeBSD_version
|
|
|
|
.Fx
|
|
|
|
version at compile time.
|
|
|
|
.It loader_version
|
|
|
|
.Nm
|
|
|
|
version.
|
|
|
|
.El
|
|
|
|
.Ss SYSTEM DOCUMENTATION
|
|
|
|
.Sh FILES
|
|
|
|
.Bl -tag -width /dev/loader.helpX -compact
|
|
|
|
.It Pa /boot/loader
|
|
|
|
.Nm
|
|
|
|
itself.
|
|
|
|
.It Pa /boot/boot.4th
|
|
|
|
Additional
|
|
|
|
.Tn FICL
|
|
|
|
initialization.
|
|
|
|
.It Pa /boot/boot.conf
|
|
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.Nm
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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bootstrapping script.
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Deprecated.
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2000-08-24 08:00:29 +00:00
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.It Pa /boot/defaults/loader.conf
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.It Pa /boot/loader.conf
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.It Pa /boot/loader.conf.local
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.Nm
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configuration files, as described in
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.Xr loader.conf 5 .
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.It Pa /boot/loader.rc
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.Nm
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bootstrapping script.
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.It Pa /boot/loader.help
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Loaded by
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.Ic help .
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Contains the help messages.
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.El
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.Sh EXAMPLES
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Boot in single user mode:
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.Pp
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.Dl boot -s
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.Pp
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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Loads kernel's user configuration file.
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Notice that a kernel must be loaded before any other
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Ic load
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command is attempted.
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.Pp
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.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
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load kernel
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load -t userconfig_script /boot/kernel.conf
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.Ed
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.Pp
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Loads the kernel, a splash screen, and then autoboots in five seconds.
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.Pp
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.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
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load kernel
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load splash_bmp
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load -t splash_image_data /boot/chuckrulez.bmp
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autoboot 5
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.Ed
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.Pp
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2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
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Sets the disk unit of the root device to 2, and then boots.
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This would be needed in the case of a two IDE disks system,
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with the second IDE hardwired to wd2 instead of wd1.
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1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
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.Pp
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.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
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set root_disk_unit=2
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boot /kernel
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.Ed
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.Pp
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See also:
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.Bl -tag -width /usr/share/examples/bootforth/X
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.It Pa /boot/loader.4th
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Extra builtin-like words.
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.It Pa /boot/support.4th
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.Pa loader.conf
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processing words.
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.It Pa /usr/share/examples/bootforth/
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Assorted examples.
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.El
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.Sh ERRORS
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The following values are thrown by
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.Nm :
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.Bl -tag -width XXXXX -offset indent
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.It 100
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Any type of error in the processing of a builtin.
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.It -1
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.Ic Abort
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executed.
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.It -2
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.Ic Abort"
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executed.
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.It -56
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.Ic Quit
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executed.
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.It -256
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Out of interpreting text.
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.It -257
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Need more text to succeed -- will finish on next run.
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.It -258
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.Ic Bye
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executed.
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.It -259
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Unspecified error.
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.El
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr libstand 3 ,
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.Xr loader.conf 5 ,
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.Xr boot 8 ,
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.Xr btxld 8
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.Sh STANDARDS
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For the purposes of ANS Forth compliance, loader is an
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.Bf Em
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ANS Forth System with Environmental Restrictions, Providing
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.Ef
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.Bf Li
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.No .( ,
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.No :noname ,
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.No ?do ,
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parse, pick, roll, refill, to, value, \e, false, true,
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.No <> ,
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.No 0<> ,
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compile\&, , erase, nip, tuck
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.Ef
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.Em and
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.Li marker
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.Bf Em
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from the Core Extensions word set, Providing the Exception Extensions
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word set, Providing the Locals Extensions word set, Providing the
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Memory-Allocation Extensions word set, Providing
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.Ef
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.Bf Li
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\&.s ,
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bye, forget, see, words,
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\&[if] ,
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\&[else]
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.Ef
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.Em and
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.Li No [then]
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.Bf Em
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from the Programming-Tools extension word set, Providing the
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Search-Order extensions word set.
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.Ef
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.Sh HISTORY
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.Nm
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first appeared in
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.Fx 3.1 .
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.Sh AUTHORS
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.Bl -item
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.It
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.Nm
|
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was written by
|
1999-05-22 13:18:28 +00:00
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|
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.An Michael Smith Aq msmith@freebsd.org .
|
1999-03-15 08:52:23 +00:00
|
|
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.It
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.Tn FICL
|
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was written by
|
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.An John Sadler Aq john_sadler@alum.mit.edu .
|
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|
.El
|
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|
.Sh BUGS
|
|
|
|
The
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|
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.Ic expect
|
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|
|
and
|
|
|
|
.Ic accept
|
2000-06-22 08:37:22 +00:00
|
|
|
words will read from the input buffer instead of the console.
|
|
|
|
The latter will be fixed, but the former will not.
|