248 lines
7.3 KiB
Perl
248 lines
7.3 KiB
Perl
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.\" Copyright (c) 1985 The Regents of the University of California.
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)0.t 5.1 (Berkeley) 4/17/91
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.\"
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.if n .ND
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.TL
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Measuring and Improving the Performance of Berkeley UNIX*
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.sp
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April 17, 1991
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.AU
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Marshall Kirk McKusick,
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Samuel J. Leffler\(dg,
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Michael J. Karels
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.AI
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Computer Systems Research Group
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Computer Science Division
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Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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University of California, Berkeley
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Berkeley, CA 94720
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.AB
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.FS
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* UNIX is a trademark of AT&T Bell Laboratories.
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.FE
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.FS
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\(dg Samuel J. Leffler is currently employed by:
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Silicon Graphics, Inc.
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.FE
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.FS
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This work was done under grants from
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the National Science Foundation under grant MCS80-05144,
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and the Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DoD) under
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ARPA Order No. 4031 monitored by Naval Electronic System Command under
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Contract No. N00039-82-C-0235.
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.FE
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The 4.2 Berkeley Software Distribution of
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.UX
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for the VAX\(dd
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.FS
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\(dd VAX, MASSBUS, UNIBUS, and DEC are trademarks of
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Digital Equipment Corporation.
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.FE
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had several problems that could severely affect the overall
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performance of the system.
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These problems were identified with
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kernel profiling and system tracing during day to day use.
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Once potential problem areas had been identified
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benchmark programs were devised to highlight the bottlenecks.
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These benchmarks verified that the problems existed and provided
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a metric against which to validate proposed solutions.
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This paper examines
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the performance problems encountered and describes
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modifications that have been made
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to the system since the initial distribution.
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.PP
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The changes to the system have consisted of improvements to the
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performance of the existing facilities,
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as well as enhancements to the current facilities.
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Performance improvements in the kernel include cacheing of path name
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translations, reductions in clock handling and scheduling overhead,
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and improved throughput of the network subsystem.
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Performance improvements in the libraries and utilities include replacement of
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linear searches of system databases with indexed lookup,
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merging of most network services into a single daemon,
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and conversion of system utilities to use the more efficient
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facilities available in 4.2BSD.
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Enhancements in the kernel include the addition of subnets and gateways,
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increases in many kernel limits,
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cleanup of the signal and autoconfiguration implementations,
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and support for windows and system logging.
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Functional extensions in the libraries and utilities include
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the addition of an Internet name server,
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new system management tools,
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and extensions to \fIdbx\fP to work with Pascal.
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The paper concludes with a brief discussion of changes made to
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the system to enhance security.
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All of these enhancements are present in Berkeley UNIX 4.3BSD.
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.AE
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.LP
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.sp 2
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CR Categories and Subject Descriptors:
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D.4.3
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.B "[Operating Systems]":
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File Systems Management \-
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.I "file organization, directory structures, access methods";
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D.4.8
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.B "[Operating Systems]":
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Performance \-
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.I "measurements, operational analysis";
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.sp
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Additional Keywords and Phrases:
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Berkeley UNIX,
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system performance,
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application program interface.
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.sp
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General Terms:
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UNIX operating system,
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measurement,
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performance.
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.de PT
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.lt \\n(LLu
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.pc %
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.nr PN \\n%
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.tl '\\*(LH'\\*(CH'\\*(RH'
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.lt \\n(.lu
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..
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.af PN i
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.ds LH Performance
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.ds RH Contents
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.bp 1
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.if t .ds CF April 17, 1991
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.if t .ds LF DRAFT
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.if t .ds RF McKusick, et. al.
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.ce
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.B "TABLE OF CONTENTS"
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.LP
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.sp 1
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.nf
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.B "1. Introduction"
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.LP
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.sp .5v
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.nf
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.B "2. Observation techniques
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\0.1. System maintenance tools
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\0.2. Kernel profiling
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\0.3. Kernel tracing
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\0.4. Benchmark programs
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.LP
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.sp .5v
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.nf
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.B "3. Results of our observations
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\0.1. User programs
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\0.1.1. Mail system
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\0.1.2. Network servers
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\0.2. System overhead
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\0.2.1. Micro-operation benchmarks
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\0.2.2. Path name translation
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\0.2.3. Clock processing
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\0.2.4. Terminal multiplexors
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\0.2.5. Process table management
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\0.2.6. File system buffer cache
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\0.2.7. Network subsystem
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\0.2.8. Virtual memory subsystem
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.LP
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.sp .5v
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.nf
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.B "4. Performance Improvements
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\0.1. Performance Improvements in the Kernel
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\0.1.1. Name Cacheing
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\0.1.2. Intelligent Auto Siloing
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\0.1.3. Process Table Management
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\0.1.4. Scheduling
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\0.1.5. Clock Handling
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\0.1.6. File System
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\0.1.7. Network
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\0.1.8. Exec
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\0.1.9. Context Switching
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\0.1.10. Setjmp and Longjmp
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\0.1.11. Compensating for Lack of Compiler Technology
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\0.2. Improvements to Libraries and Utilities
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\0.2.1. Hashed Databases
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\0.2.2. Buffered I/O
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\0.2.3. Mail System
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\0.2.4. Network Servers
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\0.2.5. The C Run-time Library
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\0.2.6. Csh
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.LP
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.sp .5v
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.nf
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.B "5. Functional Extensions
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\0.1. Kernel Extensions
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\0.1.1. Subnets, Broadcasts, and Gateways
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\0.1.2. Interface Addressing
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\0.1.3. User Control of Network Buffering
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\0.1.4. Number of File Descriptors
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\0.1.5. Kernel Limits
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\0.1.6. Memory Management
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\0.1.7. Signals
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\0.1.8. System Logging
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\0.1.9. Windows
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\0.1.10. Configuration of UNIBUS Devices
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\0.1.11. Disk Recovery from Errors
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\0.2. Functional Extensions to Libraries and Utilities
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\0.2.1. Name Server
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\0.2.2. System Management
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\0.2.3. Routing
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\0.2.4. Compilers
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.LP
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.sp .5v
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.nf
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.B "6. Security Tightening
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\0.1. Generic Kernel
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\0.2. Security Problems in Utilities
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.LP
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.sp .5v
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.nf
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.B "7. Conclusions
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.LP
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.sp .5v
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.nf
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.B Acknowledgements
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.LP
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.sp .5v
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.nf
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.B References
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.LP
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.sp .5v
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.nf
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.B "Appendix \- Benchmark Programs"
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.de _d
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.if t .ta .6i 2.1i 2.6i
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.\" 2.94 went to 2.6, 3.64 to 3.30
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.if n .ta .84i 2.6i 3.30i
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..
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.de _f
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.if t .ta .5i 1.25i 2.5i
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.\" 3.5i went to 3.8i
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.if n .ta .7i 1.75i 3.8i
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..
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