freebsd-dev/module/zfs/dmu_tx.c

/*
 * CDDL HEADER START
 *
 * The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the
 * Common Development and Distribution License (the "License").
 * You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 *
 * You can obtain a copy of the license at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE
 * or http://www.opensolaris.org/os/licensing.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions
 * and limitations under the License.
 *
 * When distributing Covered Code, include this CDDL HEADER in each
 * file and include the License file at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE.
 * If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with the
 * fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying
 * information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
 *
 * CDDL HEADER END
 */
/*
 * Copyright (c) 2005, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * Copyright 2011 Nexenta Systems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
 * Copyright (c) 2012, 2016 by Delphix. All rights reserved.
 */

#include <sys/dmu.h>
#include <sys/dmu_impl.h>
#include <sys/dbuf.h>
#include <sys/dmu_tx.h>
#include <sys/dmu_objset.h>
#include <sys/dsl_dataset.h> /* for dsl_dataset_block_freeable() */
#include <sys/dsl_dir.h> /* for dsl_dir_tempreserve_*() */
#include <sys/dsl_pool.h>
#include <sys/zap_impl.h> /* for fzap_default_block_shift */
#include <sys/spa.h>
#include <sys/sa.h>
#include <sys/sa_impl.h>
#include <sys/zfs_context.h>
#include <sys/varargs.h>
#include <sys/trace_dmu.h>

typedef void (*dmu_tx_hold_func_t)(dmu_tx_t *tx, struct dnode *dn,
    uint64_t arg1, uint64_t arg2);

dmu_tx_stats_t dmu_tx_stats = {
	{ "dmu_tx_assigned",		KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
	{ "dmu_tx_delay",		KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
	{ "dmu_tx_error",		KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
	{ "dmu_tx_suspended",		KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
	{ "dmu_tx_group",		KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
	{ "dmu_tx_memory_reserve",	KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
	{ "dmu_tx_memory_reclaim",	KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
	{ "dmu_tx_dirty_throttle",	KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
	{ "dmu_tx_dirty_delay",		KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
	{ "dmu_tx_dirty_over_max",	KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
	{ "dmu_tx_quota",		KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
};

static kstat_t *dmu_tx_ksp;

dmu_tx_t *
dmu_tx_create_dd(dsl_dir_t *dd)
{
	dmu_tx_t *tx = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (dmu_tx_t), KM_SLEEP);
	tx->tx_dir = dd;
	if (dd != NULL)
		tx->tx_pool = dd->dd_pool;
	list_create(&tx->tx_holds, sizeof (dmu_tx_hold_t),
	    offsetof(dmu_tx_hold_t, txh_node));
	list_create(&tx->tx_callbacks, sizeof (dmu_tx_callback_t),
	    offsetof(dmu_tx_callback_t, dcb_node));
	tx->tx_start = gethrtime();
#ifdef DEBUG_DMU_TX
	refcount_create(&tx->tx_space_written);
	refcount_create(&tx->tx_space_freed);
#endif
	return (tx);
}

dmu_tx_t *
dmu_tx_create(objset_t *os)
{
	dmu_tx_t *tx = dmu_tx_create_dd(os->os_dsl_dataset->ds_dir);
	tx->tx_objset = os;
	tx->tx_lastsnap_txg = dsl_dataset_prev_snap_txg(os->os_dsl_dataset);
	return (tx);
}

dmu_tx_t *
dmu_tx_create_assigned(struct dsl_pool *dp, uint64_t txg)
{
	dmu_tx_t *tx = dmu_tx_create_dd(NULL);

	ASSERT3U(txg, <=, dp->dp_tx.tx_open_txg);
	tx->tx_pool = dp;
	tx->tx_txg = txg;
	tx->tx_anyobj = TRUE;

	return (tx);
}

int
dmu_tx_is_syncing(dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
	return (tx->tx_anyobj);
}

int
dmu_tx_private_ok(dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
	return (tx->tx_anyobj);
}

static dmu_tx_hold_t *
dmu_tx_hold_dnode_impl(dmu_tx_t *tx, dnode_t *dn, enum dmu_tx_hold_type type,
    uint64_t arg1, uint64_t arg2)
{
	dmu_tx_hold_t *txh;

	if (dn != NULL) {
		refcount_add(&dn->dn_holds, tx);
		if (tx->tx_txg != 0) {
			mutex_enter(&dn->dn_mtx);
			/*
			 * dn->dn_assigned_txg == tx->tx_txg doesn't pose a
			 * problem, but there's no way for it to happen (for
			 * now, at least).
			 */
			ASSERT(dn->dn_assigned_txg == 0);
			dn->dn_assigned_txg = tx->tx_txg;
			(void) refcount_add(&dn->dn_tx_holds, tx);
			mutex_exit(&dn->dn_mtx);
		}
	}

	txh = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (dmu_tx_hold_t), KM_SLEEP);
	txh->txh_tx = tx;
	txh->txh_dnode = dn;
	refcount_create(&txh->txh_space_towrite);
	refcount_create(&txh->txh_space_tofree);
	refcount_create(&txh->txh_space_tooverwrite);
	refcount_create(&txh->txh_space_tounref);
	refcount_create(&txh->txh_memory_tohold);
	refcount_create(&txh->txh_fudge);
#ifdef DEBUG_DMU_TX
	txh->txh_type = type;
	txh->txh_arg1 = arg1;
	txh->txh_arg2 = arg2;
#endif
	list_insert_tail(&tx->tx_holds, txh);

	return (txh);
}

static dmu_tx_hold_t *
dmu_tx_hold_object_impl(dmu_tx_t *tx, objset_t *os, uint64_t object,
    enum dmu_tx_hold_type type, uint64_t arg1, uint64_t arg2)
{
	dnode_t *dn = NULL;
	dmu_tx_hold_t *txh;
	int err;

	if (object != DMU_NEW_OBJECT) {
		err = dnode_hold(os, object, FTAG, &dn);
		if (err) {
			tx->tx_err = err;
			return (NULL);
		}
	}
	txh = dmu_tx_hold_dnode_impl(tx, dn, type, arg1, arg2);
	if (dn != NULL)
		dnode_rele(dn, FTAG);
	return (txh);
}

void
dmu_tx_add_new_object(dmu_tx_t *tx, objset_t *os, dnode_t *dn)
{
	/*
	 * If we're syncing, they can manipulate any object anyhow, and
	 * the hold on the dnode_t can cause problems.
	 */
	if (!dmu_tx_is_syncing(tx))
		(void) dmu_tx_hold_dnode_impl(tx, dn, THT_NEWOBJECT, 0, 0);
}

static int
dmu_tx_check_ioerr(zio_t *zio, dnode_t *dn, int level, uint64_t blkid)
{
	int err;
	dmu_buf_impl_t *db;

	rw_enter(&dn->dn_struct_rwlock, RW_READER);
	db = dbuf_hold_level(dn, level, blkid, FTAG);
	rw_exit(&dn->dn_struct_rwlock);
	if (db == NULL)
		return (SET_ERROR(EIO));
	err = dbuf_read(db, zio, DB_RF_CANFAIL | DB_RF_NOPREFETCH);
	dbuf_rele(db, FTAG);
	return (err);
}

static void
dmu_tx_count_twig(dmu_tx_hold_t *txh, dnode_t *dn, dmu_buf_impl_t *db,
    int level, uint64_t blkid, boolean_t freeable, uint64_t *history)
{
	objset_t *os = dn->dn_objset;
	dsl_dataset_t *ds = os->os_dsl_dataset;
	int epbs = dn->dn_indblkshift - SPA_BLKPTRSHIFT;
	dmu_buf_impl_t *parent = NULL;
	blkptr_t *bp = NULL;
	uint64_t space;

	if (level >= dn->dn_nlevels || history[level] == blkid)
		return;

	history[level] = blkid;

	space = (level == 0) ? dn->dn_datablksz : (1ULL << dn->dn_indblkshift);

	if (db == NULL || db == dn->dn_dbuf) {
		ASSERT(level != 0);
		db = NULL;
	} else {
		ASSERT(DB_DNODE(db) == dn);
		ASSERT(db->db_level == level);
		ASSERT(db->db.db_size == space);
		ASSERT(db->db_blkid == blkid);
		bp = db->db_blkptr;
		parent = db->db_parent;
	}

	freeable = (bp && (freeable ||
	    dsl_dataset_block_freeable(ds, bp, bp->blk_birth)));

	if (freeable) {
		(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_tooverwrite,
		    space, FTAG);
	} else {
		(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_towrite,
		    space, FTAG);
	}

	if (bp) {
		(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_tounref,
		    bp_get_dsize(os->os_spa, bp), FTAG);
	}

	dmu_tx_count_twig(txh, dn, parent, level + 1,
	    blkid >> epbs, freeable, history);
}

/* ARGSUSED */
static void
dmu_tx_count_write(dmu_tx_hold_t *txh, uint64_t off, uint64_t len)
{
	dnode_t *dn = txh->txh_dnode;
	uint64_t start, end, i;
	int min_bs, max_bs, min_ibs, max_ibs, epbs, bits;
	int err = 0;
	int l;

	if (len == 0)
		return;

	min_bs = SPA_MINBLOCKSHIFT;
	max_bs = highbit64(txh->txh_tx->tx_objset->os_recordsize) - 1;
	min_ibs = DN_MIN_INDBLKSHIFT;
	max_ibs = DN_MAX_INDBLKSHIFT;

	if (dn) {
		uint64_t history[DN_MAX_LEVELS];
		int nlvls = dn->dn_nlevels;
		int delta;

		/*
		 * For i/o error checking, read the first and last level-0
		 * blocks (if they are not aligned), and all the level-1 blocks.
		 */
		if (dn->dn_maxblkid == 0) {
			delta = dn->dn_datablksz;
			start = (off < dn->dn_datablksz) ? 0 : 1;
			end = (off+len <= dn->dn_datablksz) ? 0 : 1;
			if (start == 0 && (off > 0 || len < dn->dn_datablksz)) {
				err = dmu_tx_check_ioerr(NULL, dn, 0, 0);
				if (err)
					goto out;
				delta -= off;
			}
		} else {
			zio_t *zio = zio_root(dn->dn_objset->os_spa,
			    NULL, NULL, ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL);

			/* first level-0 block */
			start = off >> dn->dn_datablkshift;
			if (P2PHASE(off, dn->dn_datablksz) ||
			    len < dn->dn_datablksz) {
				err = dmu_tx_check_ioerr(zio, dn, 0, start);
				if (err)
					goto out;
			}

			/* last level-0 block */
			end = (off+len-1) >> dn->dn_datablkshift;
			if (end != start && end <= dn->dn_maxblkid &&
			    P2PHASE(off+len, dn->dn_datablksz)) {
				err = dmu_tx_check_ioerr(zio, dn, 0, end);
				if (err)
					goto out;
			}

			/* level-1 blocks */
			if (nlvls > 1) {
				int shft = dn->dn_indblkshift - SPA_BLKPTRSHIFT;
				for (i = (start>>shft)+1; i < end>>shft; i++) {
					err = dmu_tx_check_ioerr(zio, dn, 1, i);
					if (err)
						goto out;
				}
			}

			err = zio_wait(zio);
			if (err)
				goto out;
			delta = P2NPHASE(off, dn->dn_datablksz);
		}

		min_ibs = max_ibs = dn->dn_indblkshift;
		if (dn->dn_maxblkid > 0) {
			/*
			 * The blocksize can't change,
			 * so we can make a more precise estimate.
			 */
			ASSERT(dn->dn_datablkshift != 0);
			min_bs = max_bs = dn->dn_datablkshift;
		} else {
			/*
			 * The blocksize can increase up to the recordsize,
			 * or if it is already more than the recordsize,
			 * up to the next power of 2.
			 */
			min_bs = highbit64(dn->dn_datablksz - 1);
			max_bs = MAX(max_bs, highbit64(dn->dn_datablksz - 1));
		}

		/*
		 * If this write is not off the end of the file
		 * we need to account for overwrites/unref.
		 */
		if (start <= dn->dn_maxblkid) {
			for (l = 0; l < DN_MAX_LEVELS; l++)
				history[l] = -1ULL;
		}
		while (start <= dn->dn_maxblkid) {
			dmu_buf_impl_t *db;

			rw_enter(&dn->dn_struct_rwlock, RW_READER);
			err = dbuf_hold_impl(dn, 0, start,
			    FALSE, FALSE, FTAG, &db);
			rw_exit(&dn->dn_struct_rwlock);

			if (err) {
				txh->txh_tx->tx_err = err;
				return;
			}

			dmu_tx_count_twig(txh, dn, db, 0, start, B_FALSE,
			    history);
			dbuf_rele(db, FTAG);
			if (++start > end) {
				/*
				 * Account for new indirects appearing
				 * before this IO gets assigned into a txg.
				 */
				bits = 64 - min_bs;
				epbs = min_ibs - SPA_BLKPTRSHIFT;
				for (bits -= epbs * (nlvls - 1);
				    bits >= 0; bits -= epbs) {
					(void) refcount_add_many(
					    &txh->txh_fudge,
					    1ULL << max_ibs, FTAG);
					}
				goto out;
			}
			off += delta;
			if (len >= delta)
				len -= delta;
			delta = dn->dn_datablksz;
		}
	}

	/*
	 * 'end' is the last thing we will access, not one past.
	 * This way we won't overflow when accessing the last byte.
	 */
	start = P2ALIGN(off, 1ULL << max_bs);
	end = P2ROUNDUP(off + len, 1ULL << max_bs) - 1;
	(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_towrite,
	    end - start + 1, FTAG);

	start >>= min_bs;
	end >>= min_bs;

	epbs = min_ibs - SPA_BLKPTRSHIFT;

	/*
	 * The object contains at most 2^(64 - min_bs) blocks,
	 * and each indirect level maps 2^epbs.
	 */
	for (bits = 64 - min_bs; bits >= 0; bits -= epbs) {
		start >>= epbs;
		end >>= epbs;
		ASSERT3U(end, >=, start);
		(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_towrite,
		    (end - start + 1) << max_ibs, FTAG);
		if (start != 0) {
			/*
			 * We also need a new blkid=0 indirect block
			 * to reference any existing file data.
			 */
			(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_towrite,
			    1ULL << max_ibs, FTAG);
		}
	}

out:
	if (refcount_count(&txh->txh_space_towrite) +
	    refcount_count(&txh->txh_space_tooverwrite) >
	    2 * DMU_MAX_ACCESS)
		err = SET_ERROR(EFBIG);

	if (err)
		txh->txh_tx->tx_err = err;
}

static void
dmu_tx_count_dnode(dmu_tx_hold_t *txh)
{
	dnode_t *dn = txh->txh_dnode;
	dnode_t *mdn = DMU_META_DNODE(txh->txh_tx->tx_objset);
	uint64_t space = mdn->dn_datablksz +
	    ((uint64_t)(mdn->dn_nlevels-1) << mdn->dn_indblkshift);

	if (dn && dn->dn_dbuf->db_blkptr &&
	    dsl_dataset_block_freeable(dn->dn_objset->os_dsl_dataset,
	    dn->dn_dbuf->db_blkptr, dn->dn_dbuf->db_blkptr->blk_birth)) {
		(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_tooverwrite,
		    space, FTAG);
		(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_tounref, space, FTAG);
	} else {
		(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_towrite, space, FTAG);
		if (dn && dn->dn_dbuf->db_blkptr) {
			(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_tounref,
			    space, FTAG);
		}
	}
}

void
dmu_tx_hold_write(dmu_tx_t *tx, uint64_t object, uint64_t off, int len)
{
	dmu_tx_hold_t *txh;

	ASSERT(tx->tx_txg == 0);
	ASSERT(len <= DMU_MAX_ACCESS);
	ASSERT(len == 0 || UINT64_MAX - off >= len - 1);

	txh = dmu_tx_hold_object_impl(tx, tx->tx_objset,
	    object, THT_WRITE, off, len);
	if (txh == NULL)
		return;

	dmu_tx_count_write(txh, off, len);
	dmu_tx_count_dnode(txh);
}

void
dmu_tx_hold_write_by_dnode(dmu_tx_t *tx, dnode_t *dn, uint64_t off, int len)
{
	dmu_tx_hold_t *txh;

	ASSERT(tx->tx_txg == 0);
	ASSERT(len <= DMU_MAX_ACCESS);
	ASSERT(len == 0 || UINT64_MAX - off >= len - 1);

	txh = dmu_tx_hold_dnode_impl(tx, dn, THT_WRITE, off, len);
	if (txh == NULL)
		return;

	dmu_tx_count_write(txh, off, len);
	dmu_tx_count_dnode(txh);
}

static void
dmu_tx_count_free(dmu_tx_hold_t *txh, uint64_t off, uint64_t len)
{
	uint64_t blkid, nblks, lastblk;
	uint64_t space = 0, unref = 0, skipped = 0;
	dnode_t *dn = txh->txh_dnode;
	dsl_dataset_t *ds = dn->dn_objset->os_dsl_dataset;
	spa_t *spa = txh->txh_tx->tx_pool->dp_spa;
	int epbs;
	uint64_t l0span = 0, nl1blks = 0;

	if (dn->dn_nlevels == 0)
		return;

	/*
	 * The struct_rwlock protects us against dn_nlevels
	 * changing, in case (against all odds) we manage to dirty &
	 * sync out the changes after we check for being dirty.
	 * Also, dbuf_hold_impl() wants us to have the struct_rwlock.
	 */
	rw_enter(&dn->dn_struct_rwlock, RW_READER);
	epbs = dn->dn_indblkshift - SPA_BLKPTRSHIFT;
	if (dn->dn_maxblkid == 0) {
		if (off == 0 && len >= dn->dn_datablksz) {
			blkid = 0;
			nblks = 1;
		} else {
			rw_exit(&dn->dn_struct_rwlock);
			return;
		}
	} else {
		blkid = off >> dn->dn_datablkshift;
		nblks = (len + dn->dn_datablksz - 1) >> dn->dn_datablkshift;

		if (blkid > dn->dn_maxblkid) {
			rw_exit(&dn->dn_struct_rwlock);
			return;
		}
		if (blkid + nblks > dn->dn_maxblkid)
			nblks = dn->dn_maxblkid - blkid + 1;

	}
	l0span = nblks;    /* save for later use to calc level > 1 overhead */
	if (dn->dn_nlevels == 1) {
		int i;
		for (i = 0; i < nblks; i++) {
			blkptr_t *bp = dn->dn_phys->dn_blkptr;
			ASSERT3U(blkid + i, <, dn->dn_nblkptr);
			bp += blkid + i;
			if (dsl_dataset_block_freeable(ds, bp, bp->blk_birth)) {
				dprintf_bp(bp, "can free old%s", "");
				space += bp_get_dsize(spa, bp);
			}
			unref += BP_GET_ASIZE(bp);
		}
		nl1blks = 1;
		nblks = 0;
	}

	lastblk = blkid + nblks - 1;
	while (nblks) {
		dmu_buf_impl_t *dbuf;
		uint64_t ibyte, new_blkid;
		int epb = 1 << epbs;
		int err, i, blkoff, tochk;
		blkptr_t *bp;

		ibyte = blkid << dn->dn_datablkshift;
		err = dnode_next_offset(dn,
		    DNODE_FIND_HAVELOCK, &ibyte, 2, 1, 0);
		new_blkid = ibyte >> dn->dn_datablkshift;
		if (err == ESRCH) {
			skipped += (lastblk >> epbs) - (blkid >> epbs) + 1;
			break;
		}
		if (err) {
			txh->txh_tx->tx_err = err;
			break;
		}
		if (new_blkid > lastblk) {
			skipped += (lastblk >> epbs) - (blkid >> epbs) + 1;
			break;
		}

		if (new_blkid > blkid) {
			ASSERT((new_blkid >> epbs) > (blkid >> epbs));
			skipped += (new_blkid >> epbs) - (blkid >> epbs) - 1;
			nblks -= new_blkid - blkid;
			blkid = new_blkid;
		}
		blkoff = P2PHASE(blkid, epb);
		tochk = MIN(epb - blkoff, nblks);

		err = dbuf_hold_impl(dn, 1, blkid >> epbs,
		    FALSE, FALSE, FTAG, &dbuf);
		if (err) {
			txh->txh_tx->tx_err = err;
			break;
		}

		(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_memory_tohold,
		    dbuf->db.db_size, FTAG);

		/*
		 * We don't check memory_tohold against DMU_MAX_ACCESS because
		 * memory_tohold is an over-estimation (especially the >L1
		 * indirect blocks), so it could fail.  Callers should have
		 * already verified that they will not be holding too much
		 * memory.
		 */

		err = dbuf_read(dbuf, NULL, DB_RF_HAVESTRUCT | DB_RF_CANFAIL);
		if (err != 0) {
			txh->txh_tx->tx_err = err;
			dbuf_rele(dbuf, FTAG);
			break;
		}

		bp = dbuf->db.db_data;
		bp += blkoff;

		for (i = 0; i < tochk; i++) {
			if (dsl_dataset_block_freeable(ds, &bp[i],
			    bp[i].blk_birth)) {
				dprintf_bp(&bp[i], "can free old%s", "");
				space += bp_get_dsize(spa, &bp[i]);
			}
			unref += BP_GET_ASIZE(bp);
		}
		dbuf_rele(dbuf, FTAG);

		++nl1blks;
		blkid += tochk;
		nblks -= tochk;
	}
	rw_exit(&dn->dn_struct_rwlock);

	/*
	 * Add in memory requirements of higher-level indirects.
	 * This assumes a worst-possible scenario for dn_nlevels and a
	 * worst-possible distribution of l1-blocks over the region to free.
	 */
	{
		uint64_t blkcnt = 1 + ((l0span >> epbs) >> epbs);
		int level = 2;
		/*
		 * Here we don't use DN_MAX_LEVEL, but calculate it with the
		 * given datablkshift and indblkshift. This makes the
		 * difference between 19 and 8 on large files.
		 */
		int maxlevel = 2 + (DN_MAX_OFFSET_SHIFT - dn->dn_datablkshift) /
		    (dn->dn_indblkshift - SPA_BLKPTRSHIFT);

		while (level++ < maxlevel) {
			(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_memory_tohold,
			    MAX(MIN(blkcnt, nl1blks), 1) << dn->dn_indblkshift,
			    FTAG);
			blkcnt = 1 + (blkcnt >> epbs);
		}
	}

	/* account for new level 1 indirect blocks that might show up */
	if (skipped > 0) {
		(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_fudge,
		    skipped << dn->dn_indblkshift, FTAG);
		skipped = MIN(skipped, DMU_MAX_DELETEBLKCNT >> epbs);
		(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_memory_tohold,
		    skipped << dn->dn_indblkshift, FTAG);
	}
	(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_tofree, space, FTAG);
	(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_tounref, unref, FTAG);
}

/*
 * This function marks the transaction as being a "net free".  The end
 * result is that refquotas will be disabled for this transaction, and
 * this transaction will be able to use half of the pool space overhead
 * (see dsl_pool_adjustedsize()).  Therefore this function should only
 * be called for transactions that we expect will not cause a net increase
 * in the amount of space used (but it's OK if that is occasionally not true).
 */
void
dmu_tx_mark_netfree(dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
	dmu_tx_hold_t *txh;

	txh = dmu_tx_hold_object_impl(tx, tx->tx_objset,
	    DMU_NEW_OBJECT, THT_FREE, 0, 0);

	/*
	 * Pretend that this operation will free 1GB of space.  This
	 * should be large enough to cancel out the largest write.
	 * We don't want to use something like UINT64_MAX, because that would
	 * cause overflows when doing math with these values (e.g. in
	 * dmu_tx_try_assign()).
	 */
	(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_tofree,
	    1024 * 1024 * 1024, FTAG);
	(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_tounref,
	    1024 * 1024 * 1024, FTAG);
}

static void
dmu_tx_hold_free_impl(dmu_tx_hold_t *txh, uint64_t off, uint64_t len)
{
	dmu_tx_t *tx;
	dnode_t *dn;
	int err;
	zio_t *zio;

	tx = txh->txh_tx;
	ASSERT(tx->tx_txg == 0);

	dn = txh->txh_dnode;
	dmu_tx_count_dnode(txh);

	if (off >= (dn->dn_maxblkid+1) * dn->dn_datablksz)
		return;
	if (len == DMU_OBJECT_END)
		len = (dn->dn_maxblkid+1) * dn->dn_datablksz - off;

	dmu_tx_count_dnode(txh);

	/*
	 * For i/o error checking, we read the first and last level-0
	 * blocks if they are not aligned, and all the level-1 blocks.
	 *
	 * Note:  dbuf_free_range() assumes that we have not instantiated
	 * any level-0 dbufs that will be completely freed.  Therefore we must
	 * exercise care to not read or count the first and last blocks
	 * if they are blocksize-aligned.
	 */
	if (dn->dn_datablkshift == 0) {
		if (off != 0 || len < dn->dn_datablksz)
			dmu_tx_count_write(txh, 0, dn->dn_datablksz);
	} else {
		/* first block will be modified if it is not aligned */
		if (!IS_P2ALIGNED(off, 1 << dn->dn_datablkshift))
			dmu_tx_count_write(txh, off, 1);
		/* last block will be modified if it is not aligned */
		if (!IS_P2ALIGNED(off + len, 1 << dn->dn_datablkshift))
			dmu_tx_count_write(txh, off+len, 1);
	}

	/*
	 * Check level-1 blocks.
	 */
	if (dn->dn_nlevels > 1) {
		int shift = dn->dn_datablkshift + dn->dn_indblkshift -
		    SPA_BLKPTRSHIFT;
		uint64_t start = off >> shift;
		uint64_t end = (off + len) >> shift;
		uint64_t i;

		ASSERT(dn->dn_indblkshift != 0);

		/*
		 * dnode_reallocate() can result in an object with indirect
		 * blocks having an odd data block size.  In this case,
		 * just check the single block.
		 */
		if (dn->dn_datablkshift == 0)
			start = end = 0;

		zio = zio_root(tx->tx_pool->dp_spa,
		    NULL, NULL, ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL);
		for (i = start; i <= end; i++) {
			uint64_t ibyte = i << shift;
			err = dnode_next_offset(dn, 0, &ibyte, 2, 1, 0);
			i = ibyte >> shift;
			if (err == ESRCH || i > end)
				break;
			if (err) {
				tx->tx_err = err;
				return;
			}

			err = dmu_tx_check_ioerr(zio, dn, 1, i);
			if (err) {
				tx->tx_err = err;
				return;
			}
		}
		err = zio_wait(zio);
		if (err) {
			tx->tx_err = err;
			return;
		}
	}

	dmu_tx_count_free(txh, off, len);
}

void
dmu_tx_hold_free(dmu_tx_t *tx, uint64_t object, uint64_t off, uint64_t len)
{
	dmu_tx_hold_t *txh;

	txh = dmu_tx_hold_object_impl(tx, tx->tx_objset,
	    object, THT_FREE, off, len);
	if (txh == NULL)
		return;
	(void) dmu_tx_hold_free_impl(txh, off, len);
}

void
dmu_tx_hold_free_by_dnode(dmu_tx_t *tx, dnode_t *dn, uint64_t off, uint64_t len)
{
	dmu_tx_hold_t *txh;

	txh = dmu_tx_hold_dnode_impl(tx, dn, THT_FREE, off, len);
	if (txh == NULL)
		return;
	(void) dmu_tx_hold_free_impl(txh, off, len);
}

static void
dmu_tx_hold_zap_impl(dmu_tx_hold_t *txh, int add, const char *name)
{
	dmu_tx_t *tx = txh->txh_tx;
	dnode_t *dn;
	int err;
	int epbs;
	dsl_dataset_phys_t *ds_phys;
	int lvl;

	ASSERT(tx->tx_txg == 0);

	dn = txh->txh_dnode;

	dmu_tx_count_dnode(txh);

	if (dn == NULL) {
		/*
		 * We will be able to fit a new object's entries into one leaf
		 * block.  So there will be at most 2 blocks total,
		 * including the header block.
		 */
		dmu_tx_count_write(txh, 0, 2ULL << fzap_default_block_shift);
		return;
	}

	ASSERT3U(DMU_OT_BYTESWAP(dn->dn_type), ==, DMU_BSWAP_ZAP);

	if (dn->dn_maxblkid == 0 && !add) {
		blkptr_t *bp;

		/*
		 * If there is only one block  (i.e. this is a micro-zap)
		 * and we are not adding anything, the accounting is simple.
		 */
		err = dmu_tx_check_ioerr(NULL, dn, 0, 0);
		if (err) {
			tx->tx_err = err;
			return;
		}

		/*
		 * Use max block size here, since we don't know how much
		 * the size will change between now and the dbuf dirty call.
		 */
		bp = &dn->dn_phys->dn_blkptr[0];
		if (dsl_dataset_block_freeable(dn->dn_objset->os_dsl_dataset,
		    bp, bp->blk_birth)) {
			(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_tooverwrite,
			    MZAP_MAX_BLKSZ, FTAG);
		} else {
			(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_towrite,
			    MZAP_MAX_BLKSZ, FTAG);
		}
		if (!BP_IS_HOLE(bp)) {
			(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_tounref,
			    MZAP_MAX_BLKSZ, FTAG);
		}
		return;
	}

	if (dn->dn_maxblkid > 0 && name) {
		/*
		 * access the name in this fat-zap so that we'll check
		 * for i/o errors to the leaf blocks, etc.
		 */
		err = zap_lookup_by_dnode(dn, name, 8, 0, NULL);
		if (err == EIO) {
			tx->tx_err = err;
			return;
		}
	}

	err = zap_count_write_by_dnode(dn, name, add,
	    &txh->txh_space_towrite, &txh->txh_space_tooverwrite);

	/*
	 * If the modified blocks are scattered to the four winds,
	 * we'll have to modify an indirect twig for each.  We can make
	 * modifications at up to 3 locations:
	 *  - header block at the beginning of the object
	 *  - target leaf block
	 *  - end of the object, where we might need to write:
	 *	- a new leaf block if the target block needs to be split
	 *	- the new pointer table, if it is growing
	 *	- the new cookie table, if it is growing
	 */
	epbs = dn->dn_indblkshift - SPA_BLKPTRSHIFT;
	ds_phys =
	    dsl_dataset_phys(dn->dn_objset->os_dsl_dataset);
	for (lvl = 1; lvl < dn->dn_nlevels; lvl++) {
		uint64_t num_indirects = 1 + (dn->dn_maxblkid >> (epbs * lvl));
		uint64_t spc = MIN(3, num_indirects) << dn->dn_indblkshift;
		if (ds_phys->ds_prev_snap_obj != 0) {
			(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_towrite,
			    spc, FTAG);
		} else {
			(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_tooverwrite,
			    spc, FTAG);
		}
	}
}

void
dmu_tx_hold_zap(dmu_tx_t *tx, uint64_t object, int add, const char *name)
{
	dmu_tx_hold_t *txh;

	ASSERT(tx->tx_txg == 0);

	txh = dmu_tx_hold_object_impl(tx, tx->tx_objset,
	    object, THT_ZAP, add, (uintptr_t)name);
	if (txh == NULL)
		return;
	dmu_tx_hold_zap_impl(txh, add, name);
}

void
dmu_tx_hold_zap_by_dnode(dmu_tx_t *tx, dnode_t *dn, int add, const char *name)
{
	dmu_tx_hold_t *txh;

	ASSERT(tx->tx_txg == 0);
	ASSERT(dn != NULL);

	txh = dmu_tx_hold_dnode_impl(tx, dn, THT_ZAP, add, (uintptr_t)name);
	if (txh == NULL)
		return;
	dmu_tx_hold_zap_impl(txh, add, name);
}

void
dmu_tx_hold_bonus(dmu_tx_t *tx, uint64_t object)
{
	dmu_tx_hold_t *txh;

	ASSERT(tx->tx_txg == 0);

	txh = dmu_tx_hold_object_impl(tx, tx->tx_objset,
	    object, THT_BONUS, 0, 0);
	if (txh)
		dmu_tx_count_dnode(txh);
}

void
dmu_tx_hold_bonus_by_dnode(dmu_tx_t *tx, dnode_t *dn)
{
	dmu_tx_hold_t *txh;

	ASSERT(tx->tx_txg == 0);

	txh = dmu_tx_hold_dnode_impl(tx, dn, THT_BONUS, 0, 0);
	if (txh)
		dmu_tx_count_dnode(txh);
}

void
dmu_tx_hold_space(dmu_tx_t *tx, uint64_t space)
{
	dmu_tx_hold_t *txh;

	ASSERT(tx->tx_txg == 0);

	txh = dmu_tx_hold_object_impl(tx, tx->tx_objset,
	    DMU_NEW_OBJECT, THT_SPACE, space, 0);
	if (txh)
		(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_towrite, space, FTAG);
}

int
dmu_tx_holds(dmu_tx_t *tx, uint64_t object)
{
	dmu_tx_hold_t *txh;
	int holds = 0;

	/*
	 * By asserting that the tx is assigned, we're counting the
	 * number of dn_tx_holds, which is the same as the number of
	 * dn_holds.  Otherwise, we'd be counting dn_holds, but
	 * dn_tx_holds could be 0.
	 */
	ASSERT(tx->tx_txg != 0);

	/* if (tx->tx_anyobj == TRUE) */
		/* return (0); */

	for (txh = list_head(&tx->tx_holds); txh;
	    txh = list_next(&tx->tx_holds, txh)) {
		if (txh->txh_dnode && txh->txh_dnode->dn_object == object)
			holds++;
	}

	return (holds);
}

#ifdef DEBUG_DMU_TX
void
dmu_tx_dirty_buf(dmu_tx_t *tx, dmu_buf_impl_t *db)
{
	dmu_tx_hold_t *txh;
	int match_object = FALSE, match_offset = FALSE;
	dnode_t *dn;

	DB_DNODE_ENTER(db);
	dn = DB_DNODE(db);
	ASSERT(dn != NULL);
	ASSERT(tx->tx_txg != 0);
	ASSERT(tx->tx_objset == NULL || dn->dn_objset == tx->tx_objset);
	ASSERT3U(dn->dn_object, ==, db->db.db_object);

	if (tx->tx_anyobj) {
		DB_DNODE_EXIT(db);
		return;
	}

	/* XXX No checking on the meta dnode for now */
	if (db->db.db_object == DMU_META_DNODE_OBJECT) {
		DB_DNODE_EXIT(db);
		return;
	}

	for (txh = list_head(&tx->tx_holds); txh;
	    txh = list_next(&tx->tx_holds, txh)) {
		ASSERT3U(dn->dn_assigned_txg, ==, tx->tx_txg);
		if (txh->txh_dnode == dn && txh->txh_type != THT_NEWOBJECT)
			match_object = TRUE;
		if (txh->txh_dnode == NULL || txh->txh_dnode == dn) {
			int datablkshift = dn->dn_datablkshift ?
			    dn->dn_datablkshift : SPA_MAXBLOCKSHIFT;
			int epbs = dn->dn_indblkshift - SPA_BLKPTRSHIFT;
			int shift = datablkshift + epbs * db->db_level;
			uint64_t beginblk = shift >= 64 ? 0 :
			    (txh->txh_arg1 >> shift);
			uint64_t endblk = shift >= 64 ? 0 :
			    ((txh->txh_arg1 + txh->txh_arg2 - 1) >> shift);
			uint64_t blkid = db->db_blkid;

			/* XXX txh_arg2 better not be zero... */

			dprintf("found txh type %x beginblk=%llx endblk=%llx\n",
			    txh->txh_type, beginblk, endblk);

			switch (txh->txh_type) {
			case THT_WRITE:
				if (blkid >= beginblk && blkid <= endblk)
					match_offset = TRUE;
				/*
				 * We will let this hold work for the bonus
				 * or spill buffer so that we don't need to
				 * hold it when creating a new object.
				 */
				if (blkid == DMU_BONUS_BLKID ||
				    blkid == DMU_SPILL_BLKID)
					match_offset = TRUE;
				/*
				 * They might have to increase nlevels,
				 * thus dirtying the new TLIBs.  Or the
				 * might have to change the block size,
				 * thus dirying the new lvl=0 blk=0.
				 */
				if (blkid == 0)
					match_offset = TRUE;
				break;
			case THT_FREE:
				/*
				 * We will dirty all the level 1 blocks in
				 * the free range and perhaps the first and
				 * last level 0 block.
				 */
				if (blkid >= beginblk && (blkid <= endblk ||
				    txh->txh_arg2 == DMU_OBJECT_END))
					match_offset = TRUE;
				break;
			case THT_SPILL:
				if (blkid == DMU_SPILL_BLKID)
					match_offset = TRUE;
				break;
			case THT_BONUS:
				if (blkid == DMU_BONUS_BLKID)
					match_offset = TRUE;
				break;
			case THT_ZAP:
				match_offset = TRUE;
				break;
			case THT_NEWOBJECT:
				match_object = TRUE;
				break;
			default:
				cmn_err(CE_PANIC, "bad txh_type %d",
				    txh->txh_type);
			}
		}
		if (match_object && match_offset) {
			DB_DNODE_EXIT(db);
			return;
		}
	}
	DB_DNODE_EXIT(db);
	panic("dirtying dbuf obj=%llx lvl=%u blkid=%llx but not tx_held\n",
	    (u_longlong_t)db->db.db_object, db->db_level,
	    (u_longlong_t)db->db_blkid);
}
#endif

/*
 * If we can't do 10 iops, something is wrong.  Let us go ahead
 * and hit zfs_dirty_data_max.
 */
hrtime_t zfs_delay_max_ns = 100 * MICROSEC; /* 100 milliseconds */
int zfs_delay_resolution_ns = 100 * 1000; /* 100 microseconds */

/*
 * We delay transactions when we've determined that the backend storage
 * isn't able to accommodate the rate of incoming writes.
 *
 * If there is already a transaction waiting, we delay relative to when
 * that transaction finishes waiting.  This way the calculated min_time
 * is independent of the number of threads concurrently executing
 * transactions.
 *
 * If we are the only waiter, wait relative to when the transaction
 * started, rather than the current time.  This credits the transaction for
 * "time already served", e.g. reading indirect blocks.
 *
 * The minimum time for a transaction to take is calculated as:
 *     min_time = scale * (dirty - min) / (max - dirty)
 *     min_time is then capped at zfs_delay_max_ns.
 *
 * The delay has two degrees of freedom that can be adjusted via tunables.
 * The percentage of dirty data at which we start to delay is defined by
 * zfs_delay_min_dirty_percent. This should typically be at or above
 * zfs_vdev_async_write_active_max_dirty_percent so that we only start to
 * delay after writing at full speed has failed to keep up with the incoming
 * write rate. The scale of the curve is defined by zfs_delay_scale. Roughly
 * speaking, this variable determines the amount of delay at the midpoint of
 * the curve.
 *
 * delay
 *  10ms +-------------------------------------------------------------*+
 *       |                                                             *|
 *   9ms +                                                             *+
 *       |                                                             *|
 *   8ms +                                                             *+
 *       |                                                            * |
 *   7ms +                                                            * +
 *       |                                                            * |
 *   6ms +                                                            * +
 *       |                                                            * |
 *   5ms +                                                           *  +
 *       |                                                           *  |
 *   4ms +                                                           *  +
 *       |                                                           *  |
 *   3ms +                                                          *   +
 *       |                                                          *   |
 *   2ms +                                              (midpoint) *    +
 *       |                                                  |    **     |
 *   1ms +                                                  v ***       +
 *       |             zfs_delay_scale ---------->     ********         |
 *     0 +-------------------------------------*********----------------+
 *       0%                    <- zfs_dirty_data_max ->               100%
 *
 * Note that since the delay is added to the outstanding time remaining on the
 * most recent transaction, the delay is effectively the inverse of IOPS.
 * Here the midpoint of 500us translates to 2000 IOPS. The shape of the curve
 * was chosen such that small changes in the amount of accumulated dirty data
 * in the first 3/4 of the curve yield relatively small differences in the
 * amount of delay.
 *
 * The effects can be easier to understand when the amount of delay is
 * represented on a log scale:
 *
 * delay
 * 100ms +-------------------------------------------------------------++
 *       +                                                              +
 *       |                                                              |
 *       +                                                             *+
 *  10ms +                                                             *+
 *       +                                                           ** +
 *       |                                              (midpoint)  **  |
 *       +                                                  |     **    +
 *   1ms +                                                  v ****      +
 *       +             zfs_delay_scale ---------->        *****         +
 *       |                                             ****             |
 *       +                                          ****                +
 * 100us +                                        **                    +
 *       +                                       *                      +
 *       |                                      *                       |
 *       +                                     *                        +
 *  10us +                                     *                        +
 *       +                                                              +
 *       |                                                              |
 *       +                                                              +
 *       +--------------------------------------------------------------+
 *       0%                    <- zfs_dirty_data_max ->               100%
 *
 * Note here that only as the amount of dirty data approaches its limit does
 * the delay start to increase rapidly. The goal of a properly tuned system
 * should be to keep the amount of dirty data out of that range by first
 * ensuring that the appropriate limits are set for the I/O scheduler to reach
 * optimal throughput on the backend storage, and then by changing the value
 * of zfs_delay_scale to increase the steepness of the curve.
 */
static void
dmu_tx_delay(dmu_tx_t *tx, uint64_t dirty)
{
	dsl_pool_t *dp = tx->tx_pool;
	uint64_t delay_min_bytes =
	    zfs_dirty_data_max * zfs_delay_min_dirty_percent / 100;
	hrtime_t wakeup, min_tx_time, now;

	if (dirty <= delay_min_bytes)
		return;

	/*
	 * The caller has already waited until we are under the max.
	 * We make them pass us the amount of dirty data so we don't
	 * have to handle the case of it being >= the max, which could
	 * cause a divide-by-zero if it's == the max.
	 */
	ASSERT3U(dirty, <, zfs_dirty_data_max);

	now = gethrtime();
	min_tx_time = zfs_delay_scale *
	    (dirty - delay_min_bytes) / (zfs_dirty_data_max - dirty);
	min_tx_time = MIN(min_tx_time, zfs_delay_max_ns);
	if (now > tx->tx_start + min_tx_time)
		return;

	DTRACE_PROBE3(delay__mintime, dmu_tx_t *, tx, uint64_t, dirty,
	    uint64_t, min_tx_time);

	mutex_enter(&dp->dp_lock);
	wakeup = MAX(tx->tx_start + min_tx_time,
	    dp->dp_last_wakeup + min_tx_time);
	dp->dp_last_wakeup = wakeup;
	mutex_exit(&dp->dp_lock);

	zfs_sleep_until(wakeup);
}

static int
dmu_tx_try_assign(dmu_tx_t *tx, txg_how_t txg_how)
{
	dmu_tx_hold_t *txh;
	spa_t *spa = tx->tx_pool->dp_spa;
	uint64_t memory, asize, fsize, usize;
	uint64_t towrite, tofree, tooverwrite, tounref, tohold, fudge;

	ASSERT0(tx->tx_txg);

	if (tx->tx_err) {
		DMU_TX_STAT_BUMP(dmu_tx_error);
		return (tx->tx_err);
	}

	if (spa_suspended(spa)) {
		DMU_TX_STAT_BUMP(dmu_tx_suspended);

		/*
		 * If the user has indicated a blocking failure mode
		 * then return ERESTART which will block in dmu_tx_wait().
		 * Otherwise, return EIO so that an error can get
		 * propagated back to the VOP calls.
		 *
		 * Note that we always honor the txg_how flag regardless
		 * of the failuremode setting.
		 */
		if (spa_get_failmode(spa) == ZIO_FAILURE_MODE_CONTINUE &&
		    txg_how != TXG_WAIT)
			return (SET_ERROR(EIO));

		return (SET_ERROR(ERESTART));
	}

	if (!tx->tx_waited &&
	    dsl_pool_need_dirty_delay(tx->tx_pool)) {
		tx->tx_wait_dirty = B_TRUE;
		DMU_TX_STAT_BUMP(dmu_tx_dirty_delay);
		return (ERESTART);
	}

	tx->tx_txg = txg_hold_open(tx->tx_pool, &tx->tx_txgh);
	tx->tx_needassign_txh = NULL;

	/*
	 * NB: No error returns are allowed after txg_hold_open, but
	 * before processing the dnode holds, due to the
	 * dmu_tx_unassign() logic.
	 */

	towrite = tofree = tooverwrite = tounref = tohold = fudge = 0;
	for (txh = list_head(&tx->tx_holds); txh;
	    txh = list_next(&tx->tx_holds, txh)) {
		dnode_t *dn = txh->txh_dnode;
		if (dn != NULL) {
			mutex_enter(&dn->dn_mtx);
			if (dn->dn_assigned_txg == tx->tx_txg - 1) {
				mutex_exit(&dn->dn_mtx);
				tx->tx_needassign_txh = txh;
				DMU_TX_STAT_BUMP(dmu_tx_group);
				return (SET_ERROR(ERESTART));
			}
			if (dn->dn_assigned_txg == 0)
				dn->dn_assigned_txg = tx->tx_txg;
			ASSERT3U(dn->dn_assigned_txg, ==, tx->tx_txg);
			(void) refcount_add(&dn->dn_tx_holds, tx);
			mutex_exit(&dn->dn_mtx);
		}
		towrite += refcount_count(&txh->txh_space_towrite);
		tofree += refcount_count(&txh->txh_space_tofree);
		tooverwrite += refcount_count(&txh->txh_space_tooverwrite);
		tounref += refcount_count(&txh->txh_space_tounref);
		tohold += refcount_count(&txh->txh_memory_tohold);
		fudge += refcount_count(&txh->txh_fudge);
	}

	/*
	 * If a snapshot has been taken since we made our estimates,
	 * assume that we won't be able to free or overwrite anything.
	 */
	if (tx->tx_objset &&
	    dsl_dataset_prev_snap_txg(tx->tx_objset->os_dsl_dataset) >
	    tx->tx_lastsnap_txg) {
		towrite += tooverwrite;
		tooverwrite = tofree = 0;
	}

	/* needed allocation: worst-case estimate of write space */
	asize = spa_get_asize(tx->tx_pool->dp_spa, towrite + tooverwrite);
	/* freed space estimate: worst-case overwrite + free estimate */
	fsize = spa_get_asize(tx->tx_pool->dp_spa, tooverwrite) + tofree;
	/* convert unrefd space to worst-case estimate */
	usize = spa_get_asize(tx->tx_pool->dp_spa, tounref);
	/* calculate memory footprint estimate */
	memory = towrite + tooverwrite + tohold;

#ifdef DEBUG_DMU_TX
	/*
	 * Add in 'tohold' to account for our dirty holds on this memory
	 * XXX - the "fudge" factor is to account for skipped blocks that
	 * we missed because dnode_next_offset() misses in-core-only blocks.
	 */
	tx->tx_space_towrite = asize +
	    spa_get_asize(tx->tx_pool->dp_spa, tohold + fudge);
	tx->tx_space_tofree = tofree;
	tx->tx_space_tooverwrite = tooverwrite;
	tx->tx_space_tounref = tounref;
#endif

	if (tx->tx_dir && asize != 0) {
		int err = dsl_dir_tempreserve_space(tx->tx_dir, memory,
		    asize, fsize, usize, &tx->tx_tempreserve_cookie, tx);
		if (err)
			return (err);
	}

	DMU_TX_STAT_BUMP(dmu_tx_assigned);

	return (0);
}

static void
dmu_tx_unassign(dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
	dmu_tx_hold_t *txh;

	if (tx->tx_txg == 0)
		return;

	txg_rele_to_quiesce(&tx->tx_txgh);

	/*
	 * Walk the transaction's hold list, removing the hold on the
	 * associated dnode, and notifying waiters if the refcount drops to 0.
	 */
	for (txh = list_head(&tx->tx_holds);
	    txh && txh != tx->tx_needassign_txh;
	    txh = list_next(&tx->tx_holds, txh)) {
		dnode_t *dn = txh->txh_dnode;

		if (dn == NULL)
			continue;
		mutex_enter(&dn->dn_mtx);
		ASSERT3U(dn->dn_assigned_txg, ==, tx->tx_txg);

		if (refcount_remove(&dn->dn_tx_holds, tx) == 0) {
			dn->dn_assigned_txg = 0;
			cv_broadcast(&dn->dn_notxholds);
		}
		mutex_exit(&dn->dn_mtx);
	}

	txg_rele_to_sync(&tx->tx_txgh);

	tx->tx_lasttried_txg = tx->tx_txg;
	tx->tx_txg = 0;
}

/*
 * Assign tx to a transaction group.  txg_how can be one of:
 *
 * (1)	TXG_WAIT.  If the current open txg is full, waits until there's
 *	a new one.  This should be used when you're not holding locks.
 *	It will only fail if we're truly out of space (or over quota).
 *
 * (2)	TXG_NOWAIT.  If we can't assign into the current open txg without
 *	blocking, returns immediately with ERESTART.  This should be used
 *	whenever you're holding locks.  On an ERESTART error, the caller
 *	should drop locks, do a dmu_tx_wait(tx), and try again.
 *
 * (3)	TXG_WAITED.  Like TXG_NOWAIT, but indicates that dmu_tx_wait()
 *	has already been called on behalf of this operation (though
 *	most likely on a different tx).
 */
int
dmu_tx_assign(dmu_tx_t *tx, txg_how_t txg_how)
{
	int err;

	ASSERT(tx->tx_txg == 0);
	ASSERT(txg_how == TXG_WAIT || txg_how == TXG_NOWAIT ||
	    txg_how == TXG_WAITED);
	ASSERT(!dsl_pool_sync_context(tx->tx_pool));

	if (txg_how == TXG_WAITED)
		tx->tx_waited = B_TRUE;

	/* If we might wait, we must not hold the config lock. */
	ASSERT(txg_how != TXG_WAIT || !dsl_pool_config_held(tx->tx_pool));

	while ((err = dmu_tx_try_assign(tx, txg_how)) != 0) {
		dmu_tx_unassign(tx);

		if (err != ERESTART || txg_how != TXG_WAIT)
			return (err);

		dmu_tx_wait(tx);
	}

	txg_rele_to_quiesce(&tx->tx_txgh);

	return (0);
}

void
dmu_tx_wait(dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
	spa_t *spa = tx->tx_pool->dp_spa;
	dsl_pool_t *dp = tx->tx_pool;
	hrtime_t before;

	ASSERT(tx->tx_txg == 0);
	ASSERT(!dsl_pool_config_held(tx->tx_pool));

	before = gethrtime();

	if (tx->tx_wait_dirty) {
		uint64_t dirty;

		/*
		 * dmu_tx_try_assign() has determined that we need to wait
		 * because we've consumed much or all of the dirty buffer
		 * space.
		 */
		mutex_enter(&dp->dp_lock);
		if (dp->dp_dirty_total >= zfs_dirty_data_max)
			DMU_TX_STAT_BUMP(dmu_tx_dirty_over_max);
		while (dp->dp_dirty_total >= zfs_dirty_data_max)
			cv_wait(&dp->dp_spaceavail_cv, &dp->dp_lock);
		dirty = dp->dp_dirty_total;
		mutex_exit(&dp->dp_lock);

		dmu_tx_delay(tx, dirty);

		tx->tx_wait_dirty = B_FALSE;

		/*
		 * Note: setting tx_waited only has effect if the caller
		 * used TX_WAIT.  Otherwise they are going to destroy
		 * this tx and try again.  The common case, zfs_write(),
		 * uses TX_WAIT.
		 */
		tx->tx_waited = B_TRUE;
	} else if (spa_suspended(spa) || tx->tx_lasttried_txg == 0) {
		/*
		 * If the pool is suspended we need to wait until it
		 * is resumed.  Note that it's possible that the pool
		 * has become active after this thread has tried to
		 * obtain a tx.  If that's the case then tx_lasttried_txg
		 * would not have been set.
		 */
		txg_wait_synced(dp, spa_last_synced_txg(spa) + 1);
	} else if (tx->tx_needassign_txh) {
		dnode_t *dn = tx->tx_needassign_txh->txh_dnode;

		mutex_enter(&dn->dn_mtx);
		while (dn->dn_assigned_txg == tx->tx_lasttried_txg - 1)
			cv_wait(&dn->dn_notxholds, &dn->dn_mtx);
		mutex_exit(&dn->dn_mtx);
		tx->tx_needassign_txh = NULL;
	} else {
		/*
		 * A dnode is assigned to the quiescing txg.  Wait for its
		 * transaction to complete.
		 */
		txg_wait_open(tx->tx_pool, tx->tx_lasttried_txg + 1);
	}

	spa_tx_assign_add_nsecs(spa, gethrtime() - before);
}

void
dmu_tx_willuse_space(dmu_tx_t *tx, int64_t delta)
{
#ifdef DEBUG_DMU_TX
	if (tx->tx_dir == NULL || delta == 0)
		return;

	if (delta > 0) {
		ASSERT3U(refcount_count(&tx->tx_space_written) + delta, <=,
		    tx->tx_space_towrite);
		(void) refcount_add_many(&tx->tx_space_written, delta, NULL);
	} else {
		(void) refcount_add_many(&tx->tx_space_freed, -delta, NULL);
	}
#endif
}

static void
dmu_tx_destroy(dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
	dmu_tx_hold_t *txh;

	while ((txh = list_head(&tx->tx_holds)) != NULL) {
		dnode_t *dn = txh->txh_dnode;

		list_remove(&tx->tx_holds, txh);
		refcount_destroy_many(&txh->txh_space_towrite,
		    refcount_count(&txh->txh_space_towrite));
		refcount_destroy_many(&txh->txh_space_tofree,
		    refcount_count(&txh->txh_space_tofree));
		refcount_destroy_many(&txh->txh_space_tooverwrite,
		    refcount_count(&txh->txh_space_tooverwrite));
		refcount_destroy_many(&txh->txh_space_tounref,
		    refcount_count(&txh->txh_space_tounref));
		refcount_destroy_many(&txh->txh_memory_tohold,
		    refcount_count(&txh->txh_memory_tohold));
		refcount_destroy_many(&txh->txh_fudge,
		    refcount_count(&txh->txh_fudge));
		kmem_free(txh, sizeof (dmu_tx_hold_t));
		if (dn != NULL)
			dnode_rele(dn, tx);
	}

	list_destroy(&tx->tx_callbacks);
	list_destroy(&tx->tx_holds);
#ifdef DEBUG_DMU_TX
	refcount_destroy_many(&tx->tx_space_written,
	    refcount_count(&tx->tx_space_written));
	refcount_destroy_many(&tx->tx_space_freed,
	    refcount_count(&tx->tx_space_freed));
#endif
	kmem_free(tx, sizeof (dmu_tx_t));
}

void
dmu_tx_commit(dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
	dmu_tx_hold_t *txh;

	ASSERT(tx->tx_txg != 0);

	/*
	 * Go through the transaction's hold list and remove holds on
	 * associated dnodes, notifying waiters if no holds remain.
	 */
	for (txh = list_head(&tx->tx_holds); txh != NULL;
	    txh = list_next(&tx->tx_holds, txh)) {
		dnode_t *dn = txh->txh_dnode;

		if (dn == NULL)
			continue;

		mutex_enter(&dn->dn_mtx);
		ASSERT3U(dn->dn_assigned_txg, ==, tx->tx_txg);

		if (refcount_remove(&dn->dn_tx_holds, tx) == 0) {
			dn->dn_assigned_txg = 0;
			cv_broadcast(&dn->dn_notxholds);
		}
		mutex_exit(&dn->dn_mtx);
	}

	if (tx->tx_tempreserve_cookie)
		dsl_dir_tempreserve_clear(tx->tx_tempreserve_cookie, tx);

	if (!list_is_empty(&tx->tx_callbacks))
		txg_register_callbacks(&tx->tx_txgh, &tx->tx_callbacks);

	if (tx->tx_anyobj == FALSE)
		txg_rele_to_sync(&tx->tx_txgh);

#ifdef DEBUG_DMU_TX
	dprintf("towrite=%llu written=%llu tofree=%llu freed=%llu\n",
	    tx->tx_space_towrite, refcount_count(&tx->tx_space_written),
	    tx->tx_space_tofree, refcount_count(&tx->tx_space_freed));
#endif
	dmu_tx_destroy(tx);
}

void
dmu_tx_abort(dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
	ASSERT(tx->tx_txg == 0);

	/*
	 * Call any registered callbacks with an error code.
	 */
	if (!list_is_empty(&tx->tx_callbacks))
		dmu_tx_do_callbacks(&tx->tx_callbacks, ECANCELED);

	dmu_tx_destroy(tx);
}

uint64_t
dmu_tx_get_txg(dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
	ASSERT(tx->tx_txg != 0);
	return (tx->tx_txg);
}

dsl_pool_t *
dmu_tx_pool(dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
	ASSERT(tx->tx_pool != NULL);
	return (tx->tx_pool);
}

void
dmu_tx_callback_register(dmu_tx_t *tx, dmu_tx_callback_func_t *func, void *data)
{
	dmu_tx_callback_t *dcb;

	dcb = kmem_alloc(sizeof (dmu_tx_callback_t), KM_SLEEP);

	dcb->dcb_func = func;
	dcb->dcb_data = data;

	list_insert_tail(&tx->tx_callbacks, dcb);
}

/*
 * Call all the commit callbacks on a list, with a given error code.
 */
void
dmu_tx_do_callbacks(list_t *cb_list, int error)
{
	dmu_tx_callback_t *dcb;

	while ((dcb = list_head(cb_list)) != NULL) {
		list_remove(cb_list, dcb);
		dcb->dcb_func(dcb->dcb_data, error);
		kmem_free(dcb, sizeof (dmu_tx_callback_t));
	}
}

/*
 * Interface to hold a bunch of attributes.
 * used for creating new files.
 * attrsize is the total size of all attributes
 * to be added during object creation
 *
 * For updating/adding a single attribute dmu_tx_hold_sa() should be used.
 */

/*
 * hold necessary attribute name for attribute registration.
 * should be a very rare case where this is needed.  If it does
 * happen it would only happen on the first write to the file system.
 */
static void
dmu_tx_sa_registration_hold(sa_os_t *sa, dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
	int i;

	if (!sa->sa_need_attr_registration)
		return;

	for (i = 0; i != sa->sa_num_attrs; i++) {
		if (!sa->sa_attr_table[i].sa_registered) {
			if (sa->sa_reg_attr_obj)
				dmu_tx_hold_zap(tx, sa->sa_reg_attr_obj,
				    B_TRUE, sa->sa_attr_table[i].sa_name);
			else
				dmu_tx_hold_zap(tx, DMU_NEW_OBJECT,
				    B_TRUE, sa->sa_attr_table[i].sa_name);
		}
	}
}


void
dmu_tx_hold_spill(dmu_tx_t *tx, uint64_t object)
{
	dnode_t *dn;
	dmu_tx_hold_t *txh;

	txh = dmu_tx_hold_object_impl(tx, tx->tx_objset, object,
	    THT_SPILL, 0, 0);
	if (txh == NULL)
		return;

	dn = txh->txh_dnode;

	if (dn == NULL)
		return;

	/* If blkptr doesn't exist then add space to towrite */
	if (!(dn->dn_phys->dn_flags & DNODE_FLAG_SPILL_BLKPTR)) {
		(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_towrite,
		    SPA_OLD_MAXBLOCKSIZE, FTAG);
	} else {
		blkptr_t *bp;

		bp = DN_SPILL_BLKPTR(dn->dn_phys);
		if (dsl_dataset_block_freeable(dn->dn_objset->os_dsl_dataset,
		    bp, bp->blk_birth)) {
			(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_tooverwrite,
			    SPA_OLD_MAXBLOCKSIZE, FTAG);
		} else {
			(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_towrite,
			    SPA_OLD_MAXBLOCKSIZE, FTAG);
		}
		if (!BP_IS_HOLE(bp)) {
			(void) refcount_add_many(&txh->txh_space_tounref,
			    SPA_OLD_MAXBLOCKSIZE, FTAG);
		}
	}
}

void
dmu_tx_hold_sa_create(dmu_tx_t *tx, int attrsize)
{
	sa_os_t *sa = tx->tx_objset->os_sa;

	dmu_tx_hold_bonus(tx, DMU_NEW_OBJECT);

	if (tx->tx_objset->os_sa->sa_master_obj == 0)
		return;

	if (tx->tx_objset->os_sa->sa_layout_attr_obj)
		dmu_tx_hold_zap(tx, sa->sa_layout_attr_obj, B_TRUE, NULL);
	else {
		dmu_tx_hold_zap(tx, sa->sa_master_obj, B_TRUE, SA_LAYOUTS);
		dmu_tx_hold_zap(tx, sa->sa_master_obj, B_TRUE, SA_REGISTRY);
		dmu_tx_hold_zap(tx, DMU_NEW_OBJECT, B_TRUE, NULL);
		dmu_tx_hold_zap(tx, DMU_NEW_OBJECT, B_TRUE, NULL);
	}

	dmu_tx_sa_registration_hold(sa, tx);

	if (attrsize <= DN_OLD_MAX_BONUSLEN && !sa->sa_force_spill)
		return;

	(void) dmu_tx_hold_object_impl(tx, tx->tx_objset, DMU_NEW_OBJECT,
	    THT_SPILL, 0, 0);
}

/*
 * Hold SA attribute
 *
 * dmu_tx_hold_sa(dmu_tx_t *tx, sa_handle_t *, attribute, add, size)
 *
 * variable_size is the total size of all variable sized attributes
 * passed to this function.  It is not the total size of all
 * variable size attributes that *may* exist on this object.
 */
void
dmu_tx_hold_sa(dmu_tx_t *tx, sa_handle_t *hdl, boolean_t may_grow)
{
	uint64_t object;
	sa_os_t *sa = tx->tx_objset->os_sa;

	ASSERT(hdl != NULL);

	object = sa_handle_object(hdl);

	dmu_tx_hold_bonus(tx, object);

	if (tx->tx_objset->os_sa->sa_master_obj == 0)
		return;

	if (tx->tx_objset->os_sa->sa_reg_attr_obj == 0 ||
	    tx->tx_objset->os_sa->sa_layout_attr_obj == 0) {
		dmu_tx_hold_zap(tx, sa->sa_master_obj, B_TRUE, SA_LAYOUTS);
		dmu_tx_hold_zap(tx, sa->sa_master_obj, B_TRUE, SA_REGISTRY);
		dmu_tx_hold_zap(tx, DMU_NEW_OBJECT, B_TRUE, NULL);
		dmu_tx_hold_zap(tx, DMU_NEW_OBJECT, B_TRUE, NULL);
	}

	dmu_tx_sa_registration_hold(sa, tx);

	if (may_grow && tx->tx_objset->os_sa->sa_layout_attr_obj)
		dmu_tx_hold_zap(tx, sa->sa_layout_attr_obj, B_TRUE, NULL);

	if (sa->sa_force_spill || may_grow || hdl->sa_spill) {
		ASSERT(tx->tx_txg == 0);
		dmu_tx_hold_spill(tx, object);
	} else {
		dmu_buf_impl_t *db = (dmu_buf_impl_t *)hdl->sa_bonus;
		dnode_t *dn;

		DB_DNODE_ENTER(db);
		dn = DB_DNODE(db);
		if (dn->dn_have_spill) {
			ASSERT(tx->tx_txg == 0);
			dmu_tx_hold_spill(tx, object);
		}
		DB_DNODE_EXIT(db);
	}
}

void
dmu_tx_init(void)
{
	dmu_tx_ksp = kstat_create("zfs", 0, "dmu_tx", "misc",
	    KSTAT_TYPE_NAMED, sizeof (dmu_tx_stats) / sizeof (kstat_named_t),
	    KSTAT_FLAG_VIRTUAL);

	if (dmu_tx_ksp != NULL) {
		dmu_tx_ksp->ks_data = &dmu_tx_stats;
		kstat_install(dmu_tx_ksp);
	}
}

void
dmu_tx_fini(void)
{
	if (dmu_tx_ksp != NULL) {
		kstat_delete(dmu_tx_ksp);
		dmu_tx_ksp = NULL;
	}
}

#if defined(_KERNEL) && defined(HAVE_SPL)
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dmu_tx_create);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dmu_tx_hold_write);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dmu_tx_hold_write_by_dnode);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dmu_tx_hold_free);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dmu_tx_hold_free_by_dnode);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dmu_tx_hold_zap);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dmu_tx_hold_zap_by_dnode);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dmu_tx_hold_bonus);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dmu_tx_hold_bonus_by_dnode);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dmu_tx_abort);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dmu_tx_assign);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dmu_tx_wait);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dmu_tx_commit);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dmu_tx_get_txg);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dmu_tx_callback_register);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dmu_tx_do_callbacks);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dmu_tx_hold_spill);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dmu_tx_hold_sa_create);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dmu_tx_hold_sa);
#endif