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This is groff, produced by makeinfo version 4.2 from ./groff.texinfo.
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This manual documents GNU `troff' version 1.18.
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Copyright (C) 1994-2000, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
|
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document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
|
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Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
|
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Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
|
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being `A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
|
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below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
|
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`GNU Free Documentation License."
|
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(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: `You have freedom to copy and
|
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modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by
|
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the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development."
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INFO-DIR-SECTION Miscellaneous
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START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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* Groff: (groff). The GNU troff document formatting system.
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END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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File: groff, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying This Manual
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GNU Free Documentation License
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==============================
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Version 1.1, March 2000
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Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
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Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
|
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of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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0. PREAMBLE
|
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The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
|
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written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
|
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the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
|
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modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily,
|
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|
this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
|
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|
credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
|
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|
modifications made by others.
|
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|
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|
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
|
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|
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
|
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|
It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
|
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|
license designed for free software.
|
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|
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|
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
|
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|
free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
|
|||
|
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
|
|||
|
that the software does. But this License is not limited to
|
|||
|
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
|
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|
of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
|
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|
We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
|
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instruction or reference.
|
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|
|
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|
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
|
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|
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|
This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
|
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|
notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
|
|||
|
under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to
|
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|
any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee,
|
|||
|
and is addressed as "you".
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
|
|||
|
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
|
|||
|
modifications and/or translated into another language.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter
|
|||
|
section of the Document that deals exclusively with the
|
|||
|
relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the
|
|||
|
Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains
|
|||
|
nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject.
|
|||
|
(For example, if the Document is in part a textbook of
|
|||
|
mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.)
|
|||
|
The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with
|
|||
|
the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial,
|
|||
|
philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
|
|||
|
titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
|
|||
|
the notice that says that the Document is released under this
|
|||
|
License.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
|
|||
|
listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
|
|||
|
that says that the Document is released under this License.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
|
|||
|
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
|
|||
|
general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly
|
|||
|
and straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
|
|||
|
composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
|
|||
|
widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
|
|||
|
text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
|
|||
|
formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an
|
|||
|
otherwise Transparent file format whose markup has been designed
|
|||
|
to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not
|
|||
|
Transparent. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
|
|||
|
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
|
|||
|
SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
|
|||
|
standard-conforming simple HTML designed for human modification.
|
|||
|
Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that
|
|||
|
can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML
|
|||
|
or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
|
|||
|
available, and the machine-generated HTML produced by some word
|
|||
|
processors for output purposes only.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
|
|||
|
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
|
|||
|
material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
|
|||
|
works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
|
|||
|
Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
|
|||
|
work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
2. VERBATIM COPYING
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
|
|||
|
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
|
|||
|
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
|
|||
|
applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
|
|||
|
add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
|
|||
|
may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
|
|||
|
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
|
|||
|
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
|
|||
|
distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
|
|||
|
the conditions in section 3.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
|
|||
|
and you may publicly display copies.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than
|
|||
|
100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you
|
|||
|
must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly,
|
|||
|
all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
|
|||
|
Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
|
|||
|
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
|
|||
|
front cover must present the full title with all words of the
|
|||
|
title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material
|
|||
|
on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the
|
|||
|
covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
|
|||
|
satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
|
|||
|
other respects.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
|
|||
|
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
|
|||
|
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
|
|||
|
adjacent pages.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
|
|||
|
numbering more than 100, you must either include a
|
|||
|
machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
|
|||
|
state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly-accessible
|
|||
|
computer-network location containing a complete Transparent copy
|
|||
|
of the Document, free of added material, which the general
|
|||
|
network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
|
|||
|
charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the
|
|||
|
latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
|
|||
|
begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
|
|||
|
this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
|
|||
|
location until at least one year after the last time you
|
|||
|
distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
|
|||
|
retailers) of that edition to the public.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
|
|||
|
the Document well before redistributing any large number of
|
|||
|
copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
|
|||
|
version of the Document.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
4. MODIFICATIONS
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
|
|||
|
under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
|
|||
|
release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
|
|||
|
the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
|
|||
|
licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
|
|||
|
whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these
|
|||
|
things in the Modified Version:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
|
|||
|
distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
|
|||
|
previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed
|
|||
|
in the History section of the Document). You may use the
|
|||
|
same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
|
|||
|
that version gives permission.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
|
|||
|
entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
|
|||
|
the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
|
|||
|
principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
|
|||
|
authors, if it has less than five).
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
|
|||
|
Modified Version, as the publisher.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
|
|||
|
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
|
|||
|
notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
|
|||
|
Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
|
|||
|
the Addendum below.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
|
|||
|
Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
|
|||
|
license notice.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and
|
|||
|
add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
|
|||
|
authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
|
|||
|
the Title Page. If there is no section entitled "History" in
|
|||
|
the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
|
|||
|
and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
|
|||
|
then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
|
|||
|
the previous sentence.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
|
|||
|
for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
|
|||
|
likewise the network locations given in the Document for
|
|||
|
previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in
|
|||
|
the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a
|
|||
|
work that was published at least four years before the
|
|||
|
Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
|
|||
|
it refers to gives permission.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgments" or "Dedications",
|
|||
|
preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all
|
|||
|
the substance and tone of each of the contributor
|
|||
|
acknowledgments and/or dedications given therein.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
|
|||
|
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
|
|||
|
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
|
|||
|
titles.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
|
|||
|
may not be included in the Modified Version.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to
|
|||
|
conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
|
|||
|
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
|
|||
|
material copied from the Document, you may at your option
|
|||
|
designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
|
|||
|
add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
|
|||
|
Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
|
|||
|
other section titles.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
|
|||
|
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
|
|||
|
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
|
|||
|
has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
|
|||
|
definition of a standard.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
|
|||
|
and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
|
|||
|
of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
|
|||
|
passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
|
|||
|
added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the
|
|||
|
Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
|
|||
|
previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
|
|||
|
you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
|
|||
|
replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
|
|||
|
publisher that added the old one.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
|
|||
|
License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
|
|||
|
assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
You may combine the Document with other documents released under
|
|||
|
this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
|
|||
|
modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
|
|||
|
all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
|
|||
|
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
|
|||
|
combined work in its license notice.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
|
|||
|
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
|
|||
|
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
|
|||
|
but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
|
|||
|
by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
|
|||
|
original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
|
|||
|
unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
|
|||
|
the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
|
|||
|
combined work.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled
|
|||
|
"History" in the various original documents, forming one section
|
|||
|
entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled
|
|||
|
"Acknowledgments", and any sections entitled "Dedications". You
|
|||
|
must delete all sections entitled "Endorsements."
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
|
|||
|
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
|
|||
|
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
|
|||
|
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
|
|||
|
rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
|
|||
|
documents in all other respects.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
|
|||
|
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
|
|||
|
a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
|
|||
|
this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
|
|||
|
that document.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
|
|||
|
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
|
|||
|
a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a
|
|||
|
Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation
|
|||
|
copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is
|
|||
|
called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the
|
|||
|
other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on
|
|||
|
account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves
|
|||
|
derivative works of the Document.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
|
|||
|
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one
|
|||
|
quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be
|
|||
|
placed on covers that surround only the Document within the
|
|||
|
aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole
|
|||
|
aggregate.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
8. TRANSLATION
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
|
|||
|
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
|
|||
|
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
|
|||
|
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
|
|||
|
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
|
|||
|
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
|
|||
|
translation of this License provided that you also include the
|
|||
|
original English version of this License. In case of a
|
|||
|
disagreement between the translation and the original English
|
|||
|
version of this License, the original English version will prevail.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
9. TERMINATION
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
|
|||
|
except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other
|
|||
|
attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
|
|||
|
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
|
|||
|
License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
|
|||
|
from you under this License will not have their licenses
|
|||
|
terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
|
|||
|
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
|
|||
|
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
|
|||
|
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
|
|||
|
`http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
|
|||
|
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
|
|||
|
version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
|
|||
|
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
|
|||
|
that specified version or of any later version that has been
|
|||
|
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
|
|||
|
the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
|
|||
|
you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
|
|||
|
Free Software Foundation.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
|
|||
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
|
|||
|
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
|
|||
|
notices just after the title page:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
|
|||
|
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
|||
|
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
|||
|
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
|||
|
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
|
|||
|
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
|
|||
|
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
|
|||
|
Free Documentation License''.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
|
|||
|
instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover
|
|||
|
Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being
|
|||
|
LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
|
|||
|
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
|
|||
|
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
|
|||
|
permit their use in free software.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
File: groff, Node: Request Index, Next: Escape Index, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Request Index
|
|||
|
*************
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Requests appear without the leading control character (normally
|
|||
|
either `.' or `'').
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* Menu:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* ab: Debugging.
|
|||
|
* ad: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|||
|
* af: Assigning Formats.
|
|||
|
* aln: Setting Registers.
|
|||
|
* als: Strings.
|
|||
|
* am: Writing Macros.
|
|||
|
* am1: Writing Macros.
|
|||
|
* ami: Writing Macros.
|
|||
|
* as: Strings.
|
|||
|
* as1: Strings.
|
|||
|
* asciify: Diversions.
|
|||
|
* backtrace: Debugging.
|
|||
|
* bd: Artificial Fonts.
|
|||
|
* blm: Blank Line Traps.
|
|||
|
* box: Diversions.
|
|||
|
* boxa: Diversions.
|
|||
|
* bp: Page Control.
|
|||
|
* br: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|||
|
* break: while.
|
|||
|
* brp: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|||
|
* c2: Character Translations.
|
|||
|
* cc: Character Translations.
|
|||
|
* ce: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|||
|
* cf: I/O.
|
|||
|
* cflags: Using Symbols.
|
|||
|
* ch: Page Location Traps.
|
|||
|
* char: Using Symbols.
|
|||
|
* chop: Strings.
|
|||
|
* close: I/O.
|
|||
|
* color: Colors.
|
|||
|
* continue: while.
|
|||
|
* cp: Implementation Differences.
|
|||
|
* cs: Artificial Fonts.
|
|||
|
* cu: Artificial Fonts.
|
|||
|
* da: Diversions.
|
|||
|
* de: Writing Macros.
|
|||
|
* de1: Writing Macros.
|
|||
|
* defcolor: Colors.
|
|||
|
* dei: Writing Macros.
|
|||
|
* di: Diversions.
|
|||
|
* do: Implementation Differences.
|
|||
|
* ds: Strings.
|
|||
|
* ds1: Strings.
|
|||
|
* dt: Diversion Traps.
|
|||
|
* ec: Character Translations.
|
|||
|
* ecr: Character Translations.
|
|||
|
* ecs: Character Translations.
|
|||
|
* el: if-else.
|
|||
|
* em: End-of-input Traps.
|
|||
|
* eo: Character Translations.
|
|||
|
* ev: Environments.
|
|||
|
* evc: Environments.
|
|||
|
* ex: Debugging.
|
|||
|
* fam: Font Families.
|
|||
|
* fc: Fields.
|
|||
|
* fchar: Using Symbols.
|
|||
|
* fi: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|||
|
* fl: Debugging.
|
|||
|
* fp: Font Positions.
|
|||
|
* fspecial: Special Fonts.
|
|||
|
* ft <1>: Font Positions.
|
|||
|
* ft: Changing Fonts.
|
|||
|
* ftr: Changing Fonts.
|
|||
|
* hc: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|||
|
* hcode: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|||
|
* hla: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|||
|
* hlm: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|||
|
* hpf: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|||
|
* hpfa: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|||
|
* hpfcode: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|||
|
* hw: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|||
|
* hy: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|||
|
* hym: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|||
|
* hys: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|||
|
* ie: if-else.
|
|||
|
* if: if-else.
|
|||
|
* ig: Comments.
|
|||
|
* in: Line Layout.
|
|||
|
* it: Input Line Traps.
|
|||
|
* itc: Input Line Traps.
|
|||
|
* kern: Ligatures and Kerning.
|
|||
|
* lc: Leaders.
|
|||
|
* length: Strings.
|
|||
|
* lf: Debugging.
|
|||
|
* lg: Ligatures and Kerning.
|
|||
|
* linetabs: Tabs and Fields.
|
|||
|
* ll: Line Layout.
|
|||
|
* ls: Manipulating Spacing.
|
|||
|
* lt: Page Layout.
|
|||
|
* mc: Miscellaneous.
|
|||
|
* mk: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* mso: I/O.
|
|||
|
* na: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|||
|
* ne: Page Control.
|
|||
|
* nf: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|||
|
* nh: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|||
|
* nm: Miscellaneous.
|
|||
|
* nn: Miscellaneous.
|
|||
|
* nop: if-else.
|
|||
|
* nr <1>: Auto-increment.
|
|||
|
* nr: Setting Registers.
|
|||
|
* nroff: Troff and Nroff Mode.
|
|||
|
* ns: Manipulating Spacing.
|
|||
|
* nx: I/O.
|
|||
|
* open: I/O.
|
|||
|
* opena: I/O.
|
|||
|
* os: Page Control.
|
|||
|
* output: Diversions.
|
|||
|
* pc: Page Layout.
|
|||
|
* pi: I/O.
|
|||
|
* pl: Page Layout.
|
|||
|
* pm: Debugging.
|
|||
|
* pn: Page Layout.
|
|||
|
* pnr: Debugging.
|
|||
|
* po: Line Layout.
|
|||
|
* ps: Changing Type Sizes.
|
|||
|
* psbb: Miscellaneous.
|
|||
|
* pso: I/O.
|
|||
|
* ptr: Debugging.
|
|||
|
* pvs: Changing Type Sizes.
|
|||
|
* rchar: Using Symbols.
|
|||
|
* rd: I/O.
|
|||
|
* return: Writing Macros.
|
|||
|
* rj: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|||
|
* rm: Strings.
|
|||
|
* rn: Strings.
|
|||
|
* rnn: Setting Registers.
|
|||
|
* rr: Setting Registers.
|
|||
|
* rs: Manipulating Spacing.
|
|||
|
* rt: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* shc: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|||
|
* shift: Parameters.
|
|||
|
* sizes: Changing Type Sizes.
|
|||
|
* so: I/O.
|
|||
|
* sp: Manipulating Spacing.
|
|||
|
* special: Special Fonts.
|
|||
|
* spreadwarn: Debugging.
|
|||
|
* ss: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|||
|
* sty: Font Families.
|
|||
|
* substring: Strings.
|
|||
|
* sv: Page Control.
|
|||
|
* sy: I/O.
|
|||
|
* ta: Tabs and Fields.
|
|||
|
* tc: Tabs and Fields.
|
|||
|
* ti: Line Layout.
|
|||
|
* tkf: Ligatures and Kerning.
|
|||
|
* tl: Page Layout.
|
|||
|
* tm: Debugging.
|
|||
|
* tm1: Debugging.
|
|||
|
* tmc: Debugging.
|
|||
|
* tr: Character Translations.
|
|||
|
* trf: I/O.
|
|||
|
* trin: Character Translations.
|
|||
|
* trnt: Character Translations.
|
|||
|
* troff: Troff and Nroff Mode.
|
|||
|
* uf: Artificial Fonts.
|
|||
|
* ul: Artificial Fonts.
|
|||
|
* unformat: Diversions.
|
|||
|
* vpt: Page Location Traps.
|
|||
|
* vs: Changing Type Sizes.
|
|||
|
* warn: Debugging.
|
|||
|
* warnscale: Debugging.
|
|||
|
* wh: Page Location Traps.
|
|||
|
* while: while.
|
|||
|
* write: I/O.
|
|||
|
* writec: I/O.
|
|||
|
* writem: I/O.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
File: groff, Node: Escape Index, Next: Operator Index, Prev: Request Index, Up: Top
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Escape Index
|
|||
|
************
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Any escape sequence `\X' with X not in the list below emits a
|
|||
|
warning, printing glyph X.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* Menu:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* <colon>: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|||
|
* \: Using Symbols.
|
|||
|
* \!: Diversions.
|
|||
|
* \": Comments.
|
|||
|
* \#: Comments.
|
|||
|
* \$: Parameters.
|
|||
|
* \$*: Parameters.
|
|||
|
* \$0: Parameters.
|
|||
|
* \$@: Parameters.
|
|||
|
* \%: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|||
|
* \&: Ligatures and Kerning.
|
|||
|
* \': Using Symbols.
|
|||
|
* \): Ligatures and Kerning.
|
|||
|
* \*: Strings.
|
|||
|
* \,: Ligatures and Kerning.
|
|||
|
* \-: Using Symbols.
|
|||
|
* \.: Character Translations.
|
|||
|
* \/: Ligatures and Kerning.
|
|||
|
* \0: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* \<RET>: Line Control.
|
|||
|
* \<SP>: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* \?: Diversions.
|
|||
|
* \\: Character Translations.
|
|||
|
* \^: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* \`: Using Symbols.
|
|||
|
* \a: Leaders.
|
|||
|
* \A: Identifiers.
|
|||
|
* \b: Drawing Requests.
|
|||
|
* \B: Expressions.
|
|||
|
* \C: Using Symbols.
|
|||
|
* \c: Line Control.
|
|||
|
* \D: Drawing Requests.
|
|||
|
* \d: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* \E: Character Translations.
|
|||
|
* \e: Character Translations.
|
|||
|
* \f: Font Positions.
|
|||
|
* \F: Font Families.
|
|||
|
* \f: Changing Fonts.
|
|||
|
* \g: Assigning Formats.
|
|||
|
* \h: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* \H: Artificial Fonts.
|
|||
|
* \k: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* \L: Drawing Requests.
|
|||
|
* \l: Drawing Requests.
|
|||
|
* \M: Colors.
|
|||
|
* \m: Colors.
|
|||
|
* \N: Using Symbols.
|
|||
|
* \n <1>: Auto-increment.
|
|||
|
* \n: Interpolating Registers.
|
|||
|
* \O: Suppressing output.
|
|||
|
* \o: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* \p: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|||
|
* \r: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* \R: Setting Registers.
|
|||
|
* \s: Changing Type Sizes.
|
|||
|
* \S: Artificial Fonts.
|
|||
|
* \t: Tabs and Fields.
|
|||
|
* \u: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* \V: I/O.
|
|||
|
* \v: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* \w: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* \X: Postprocessor Access.
|
|||
|
* \x: Manipulating Spacing.
|
|||
|
* \Y: Postprocessor Access.
|
|||
|
* \Z: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* \z: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* \{: if-else.
|
|||
|
* \|: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* \}: if-else.
|
|||
|
* \~: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
File: groff, Node: Operator Index, Next: Register Index, Prev: Escape Index, Up: Top
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Operator Index
|
|||
|
**************
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* Menu:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* !: Expressions.
|
|||
|
* %: Expressions.
|
|||
|
* &: Expressions.
|
|||
|
* (: Expressions.
|
|||
|
* ): Expressions.
|
|||
|
* *: Expressions.
|
|||
|
* +: Expressions.
|
|||
|
* -: Expressions.
|
|||
|
* /: Expressions.
|
|||
|
* <: Expressions.
|
|||
|
* <=: Expressions.
|
|||
|
* <?: Expressions.
|
|||
|
* <colon>: Expressions.
|
|||
|
* =: Expressions.
|
|||
|
* ==: Expressions.
|
|||
|
* >: Expressions.
|
|||
|
* >=: Expressions.
|
|||
|
* >?: Expressions.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
File: groff, Node: Register Index, Next: Macro Index, Prev: Operator Index, Up: Top
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Register Index
|
|||
|
**************
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
The macro package or program a specific register belongs to is
|
|||
|
appended in brackets.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
A register name `x' consisting of exactly one character can be
|
|||
|
accessed as `\nx'. A register name `xx' consisting of exactly two
|
|||
|
characters can be accessed as `\n(xx'. Register names `xxx' of any
|
|||
|
length can be accessed as `\n[xxx]'.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* Menu:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* $$: Built-in Registers.
|
|||
|
* %: Page Layout.
|
|||
|
* .$: Parameters.
|
|||
|
* .a: Manipulating Spacing.
|
|||
|
* .A: Built-in Registers.
|
|||
|
* .b: Artificial Fonts.
|
|||
|
* .C: Implementation Differences.
|
|||
|
* .c: Built-in Registers.
|
|||
|
* .cdp: Environments.
|
|||
|
* .ce: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|||
|
* .cht: Environments.
|
|||
|
* .color: Colors.
|
|||
|
* .csk: Environments.
|
|||
|
* .d: Diversions.
|
|||
|
* .ev: Environments.
|
|||
|
* .f: Font Positions.
|
|||
|
* .F: Built-in Registers.
|
|||
|
* .fam: Font Families.
|
|||
|
* .fn: Font Families.
|
|||
|
* .fp: Font Positions.
|
|||
|
* .g: Built-in Registers.
|
|||
|
* .h: Diversions.
|
|||
|
* .H: Built-in Registers.
|
|||
|
* .hla: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|||
|
* .hlc: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|||
|
* .hlm: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|||
|
* .hy: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|||
|
* .hym: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|||
|
* .hys: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|||
|
* .i: Line Layout.
|
|||
|
* .in: Line Layout.
|
|||
|
* .int: Line Control.
|
|||
|
* .j: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|||
|
* .k: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* .kern: Ligatures and Kerning.
|
|||
|
* .l: Line Layout.
|
|||
|
* .L: Manipulating Spacing.
|
|||
|
* .lg: Ligatures and Kerning.
|
|||
|
* .linetabs: Tabs and Fields.
|
|||
|
* .ll: Line Layout.
|
|||
|
* .lt: Page Layout.
|
|||
|
* .ne: Page Location Traps.
|
|||
|
* .ns: Manipulating Spacing.
|
|||
|
* .o: Line Layout.
|
|||
|
* .p: Page Layout.
|
|||
|
* .P: Built-in Registers.
|
|||
|
* .pn: Page Layout.
|
|||
|
* .ps: Fractional Type Sizes.
|
|||
|
* .psr: Fractional Type Sizes.
|
|||
|
* .pvs: Changing Type Sizes.
|
|||
|
* .rj: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|||
|
* .s: Changing Type Sizes.
|
|||
|
* .sr: Fractional Type Sizes.
|
|||
|
* .ss: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|||
|
* .sss: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|||
|
* .t: Page Location Traps.
|
|||
|
* .T: Built-in Registers.
|
|||
|
* .tabs: Tabs and Fields.
|
|||
|
* .trunc: Page Location Traps.
|
|||
|
* .u: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|||
|
* .v: Changing Type Sizes.
|
|||
|
* .V: Built-in Registers.
|
|||
|
* .vpt: Page Location Traps.
|
|||
|
* .warn: Debugging.
|
|||
|
* .x: Built-in Registers.
|
|||
|
* .Y: Built-in Registers.
|
|||
|
* .y: Built-in Registers.
|
|||
|
* .z: Diversions.
|
|||
|
* c.: Built-in Registers.
|
|||
|
* ct: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* dl: Diversions.
|
|||
|
* dn: Diversions.
|
|||
|
* dw: Built-in Registers.
|
|||
|
* dy: Built-in Registers.
|
|||
|
* FF [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
|
|||
|
* FI [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
|
|||
|
* FL [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
|
|||
|
* FM [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
|
|||
|
* HM [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
|
|||
|
* hours: Built-in Registers.
|
|||
|
* hp: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* LL [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
|
|||
|
* llx: Miscellaneous.
|
|||
|
* lly: Miscellaneous.
|
|||
|
* ln: Built-in Registers.
|
|||
|
* LT [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
|
|||
|
* MINGW [ms] <1>: Additional ms Macros.
|
|||
|
* MINGW [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
|
|||
|
* minutes: Built-in Registers.
|
|||
|
* mo: Built-in Registers.
|
|||
|
* nl: Page Control.
|
|||
|
* opmaxx: Suppressing output.
|
|||
|
* opmaxy: Suppressing output.
|
|||
|
* opminx: Suppressing output.
|
|||
|
* opminy: Suppressing output.
|
|||
|
* PD [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
|
|||
|
* PI [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
|
|||
|
* PO [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
|
|||
|
* PS [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
|
|||
|
* ps4html [grohtml]: grohtml specific registers and strings.
|
|||
|
* QI [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
|
|||
|
* rsb: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* rst: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* sb: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* seconds: Built-in Registers.
|
|||
|
* skw: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* slimit: Debugging.
|
|||
|
* ssc: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* st: Page Motions.
|
|||
|
* systat: I/O.
|
|||
|
* urx: Miscellaneous.
|
|||
|
* ury: Miscellaneous.
|
|||
|
* VS [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
|
|||
|
* year: Built-in Registers.
|
|||
|
* yr: Built-in Registers.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
File: groff, Node: Macro Index, Next: String Index, Prev: Register Index, Up: Top
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Macro Index
|
|||
|
***********
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
The macro package a specific macro belongs to is appended in
|
|||
|
brackets. They appear without the leading control character (normally
|
|||
|
`.').
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* Menu:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* 1C [ms]: ms Multiple Columns.
|
|||
|
* 2C [ms]: ms Multiple Columns.
|
|||
|
* [ [ms]: ms Insertions.
|
|||
|
* ] [ms]: ms Insertions.
|
|||
|
* AB [ms]: ms Cover Page Macros.
|
|||
|
* AE [ms]: ms Cover Page Macros.
|
|||
|
* AI [ms]: ms Cover Page Macros.
|
|||
|
* AM [ms] <1>: Additional ms Macros.
|
|||
|
* AM [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
|
|||
|
* AU [ms]: ms Cover Page Macros.
|
|||
|
* B [man]: Man font macros.
|
|||
|
* B [ms]: Highlighting in ms.
|
|||
|
* B1 [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
|
|||
|
* B2 [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
|
|||
|
* BD [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
|
|||
|
* BI [man]: Man font macros.
|
|||
|
* BI [ms]: Highlighting in ms.
|
|||
|
* BR [man]: Man font macros.
|
|||
|
* BX [ms]: Highlighting in ms.
|
|||
|
* CD [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
|
|||
|
* CW [ms] <1>: Additional ms Macros.
|
|||
|
* CW [ms]: Highlighting in ms.
|
|||
|
* DA [ms]: ms Cover Page Macros.
|
|||
|
* DE [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
|
|||
|
* DS [ms] <1>: Additional ms Macros.
|
|||
|
* DS [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
|
|||
|
* DT [man]: Miscellaneous man macros.
|
|||
|
* EF [ms]: ms Headers and Footers.
|
|||
|
* EH [ms]: ms Headers and Footers.
|
|||
|
* EN [ms]: ms Insertions.
|
|||
|
* EQ [ms]: ms Insertions.
|
|||
|
* FE [ms]: ms Footnotes.
|
|||
|
* FS [ms]: ms Footnotes.
|
|||
|
* HP [man]: Man usage.
|
|||
|
* I [man]: Man font macros.
|
|||
|
* I [ms]: Highlighting in ms.
|
|||
|
* IB [man]: Man font macros.
|
|||
|
* ID [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
|
|||
|
* IP [man]: Man usage.
|
|||
|
* IP [ms]: Lists in ms.
|
|||
|
* IR [man]: Man font macros.
|
|||
|
* IX [ms]: Additional ms Macros.
|
|||
|
* KE [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
|
|||
|
* KF [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
|
|||
|
* KS [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
|
|||
|
* LD [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
|
|||
|
* LG [ms]: Highlighting in ms.
|
|||
|
* LP [man]: Man usage.
|
|||
|
* LP [ms]: Paragraphs in ms.
|
|||
|
* MC [ms]: ms Multiple Columns.
|
|||
|
* ND [ms]: ms Cover Page Macros.
|
|||
|
* NH [ms]: Headings in ms.
|
|||
|
* NL [ms]: Highlighting in ms.
|
|||
|
* OF [ms]: ms Headers and Footers.
|
|||
|
* OH [ms]: ms Headers and Footers.
|
|||
|
* P [man]: Man usage.
|
|||
|
* PD [man]: Miscellaneous man macros.
|
|||
|
* PE [ms]: ms Insertions.
|
|||
|
* PP [man]: Man usage.
|
|||
|
* PP [ms]: Paragraphs in ms.
|
|||
|
* PS [ms]: ms Insertions.
|
|||
|
* PX [ms]: ms TOC.
|
|||
|
* QP [ms]: Paragraphs in ms.
|
|||
|
* R [ms]: Highlighting in ms.
|
|||
|
* RB [man]: Man font macros.
|
|||
|
* RD [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
|
|||
|
* RE [man]: Man usage.
|
|||
|
* RE [ms]: Indents in ms.
|
|||
|
* RI [man]: Man font macros.
|
|||
|
* RP [ms]: ms Cover Page Macros.
|
|||
|
* RS [man]: Man usage.
|
|||
|
* RS [ms]: Indents in ms.
|
|||
|
* SB [man]: Man font macros.
|
|||
|
* SH [man]: Man usage.
|
|||
|
* SH [ms]: Headings in ms.
|
|||
|
* SM [man]: Man font macros.
|
|||
|
* SM [ms]: Highlighting in ms.
|
|||
|
* SS [man]: Man usage.
|
|||
|
* TA [ms]: Tabstops in ms.
|
|||
|
* TC [ms]: ms TOC.
|
|||
|
* TE [ms]: ms Insertions.
|
|||
|
* TH [man]: Man usage.
|
|||
|
* TL [ms]: ms Cover Page Macros.
|
|||
|
* TP [man]: Man usage.
|
|||
|
* TS [ms]: ms Insertions.
|
|||
|
* UL [ms]: Highlighting in ms.
|
|||
|
* XA [ms]: ms TOC.
|
|||
|
* XE [ms]: ms TOC.
|
|||
|
* XP [ms]: Paragraphs in ms.
|
|||
|
* XS [ms]: ms TOC.
|
|||
|
|