freebsd-dev/share/doc/usd/22.trofftut/tt08

.\" This module is believed to contain source code proprietary to AT&T.
.\" Use and redistribution is subject to the Berkeley Software License
.\" Agreement and your Software Agreement with AT&T (Western Electric).
.\"
.\"	@(#)tt08	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93
.\" Copyright (C) Caldera International Inc. 2001-2002.  All rights reserved.
.\" 
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
.\" met:
.\" 
.\" Redistributions of source code and documentation must retain the above
.\" copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
.\" disclaimer.
.\" 
.\" Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 
.\" All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" 
.\" This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera
.\" International, Inc.  Neither the name of Caldera International, Inc.
.\" nor the names of other contributors may be used to endorse or promote
.\" products derived from this software without specific prior written
.\" permission.
.\" 
.\" USE OF THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED FOR UNDER THIS LICENSE BY CALDERA
.\" INTERNATIONAL, INC.  AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
.\" WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
.\" DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL CALDERA INTERNATIONAL, INC. BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR
.\" BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
.\" WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE
.\" OR OTHERWISE) RISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN
.\" IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
.\" 
.\" $FreeBSD$
.\"
.NH
Introduction to Macros
.PP
Before we can go much further in
.UL troff ,
we need to learn a bit about the
macro
facility.
In its simplest form, a macro is just a shorthand notation
quite similar to a string.
Suppose we want every paragraph to start
in exactly the same way _
with a space and a temporary indent of two ems:
.P1
^sp
^ti +2m
.P2
Then to save typing, we would like to collapse these into
one shorthand line,
a
.UL troff
`command' like
.P1
^PP
.P2
that would be treated by
.UL troff
exactly as
.P1
^sp
^ti +2m
.P2
.BD .PP
is called a
.ul
macro.
The way we tell
.UL troff
what
.BD .PP
means is to
.ul
define
it with the
.BD .de
command:
.P1
^de PP
^sp
^ti +2m
^^
.P2
The first line names the macro
(we used
.BD .PP ' `
for `paragraph',
and upper case so it wouldn't conflict with
any name that
.UL troff
might
already know about).
The last line
.BD ..
marks the end of the definition.
In between is the text,
which is simply inserted whenever
.UL troff
sees the `command'
or macro call
.P1
^PP
.P2
A macro
can contain any mixture of text and formatting commands.
.PP
The definition of
.BD .PP
has to precede its first use;
undefined macros are simply ignored.
Names are restricted to one or two characters.
.PP
Using macros for commonly occurring sequences of commands
is critically important.
Not only does it save typing,
but it makes later changes much easier.
Suppose we decide that the paragraph indent is too small,
the vertical space is much too big,
and roman font should be forced.
Instead of changing the whole document,
we need only change the definition of
.BD .PP
to
something like
.P1
^de PP	\e" paragraph macro
^sp 2p
^ti +3m
^ft R
^^
.P2
and the change takes
effect everywhere we used
.BD .PP .
.PP
.BD \e"
is a
.UL troff
command that causes the rest of the line to be ignored.
We use it here to add comments to the macro
definition
(a wise idea once definitions get complicated).
.PP
As another example of macros,
consider these two which start and end a block of offset,
unfilled text, like most of the examples in this paper:
.P1
^de BS	\e" start indented block
^sp
^nf
^in +0.3i
^^
^de BE	\e" end indented block
^sp
^fi
^in \(mi0.3i
^^
.P2
Now we can surround text like
.P1
Copy to
John Doe
Richard Roberts
Stanley Smith
.P2
by the commands
.BD .BS
and
.BD .BE ,
and it will come out as it did above.
Notice that we indented by
.BD .in\ +0.3i
instead of
.BD .in\ 0.3i .
This way we can nest our uses of
.BD .BS
and
.BD BE
to get blocks within blocks.
.PP
If later on we decide that the indent
should be 0.5i, then it is only necessary to
change the definitions of
.BD .BS
and
.BD .BE ,
not the whole paper.