freebsd-dev/lib/libmd/sha.3

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.\" 	From: Id: mdX.3,v 1.14 1999/02/11 20:31:49 wollman Exp
.\" $FreeBSD$
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.Dd May 21, 2019
.Dt SHA 3
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm SHA_Init ,
.Nm SHA_Update ,
.Nm SHA_Final ,
.Nm SHA_End ,
.Nm SHA_File ,
.Nm SHA_FileChunk ,
.Nm SHA_Data ,
.Nm SHA1_Init ,
.Nm SHA1_Update ,
.Nm SHA1_Final ,
.Nm SHA1_End ,
.Nm SHA1_File ,
.Nm SHA1_FileChunk ,
.Nm SHA1_Data
.Nd calculate the FIPS 160 and 160-1 ``SHA'' message digests
.Sh LIBRARY
.Lb libmd
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.In sys/types.h
.In sha.h
.Ft void
.Fn SHA_Init "SHA_CTX *context"
.Ft void
.Fn SHA_Update "SHA_CTX *context" "const unsigned char *data" "size_t len"
.Ft void
.Fn SHA_Final "unsigned char digest[20]" "SHA_CTX *context"
.Ft "char *"
.Fn SHA_End "SHA_CTX *context" "char *buf"
.Ft "char *"
.Fn SHA_File "const char *filename" "char *buf"
.Ft "char *"
.Fn SHA_FileChunk "const char *filename" "char *buf" "off_t offset" "off_t length"
.Ft "char *"
.Fn SHA_Data "const unsigned char *data" "unsigned int len" "char *buf"
.Ft void
.Fn SHA1_Init "SHA_CTX *context"
.Ft void
.Fn SHA1_Update "SHA_CTX *context" "const unsigned char *data" "size_t len"
.Ft void
.Fn SHA1_Final "unsigned char digest[20]" "SHA_CTX *context"
.Ft "char *"
.Fn SHA1_End "SHA_CTX *context" "char *buf"
.Ft "char *"
.Fn SHA1_File "const char *filename" "char *buf"
.Ft "char *"
.Fn SHA1_FileChunk "const char *filename" "char *buf" "off_t offset" "off_t length"
.Ft "char *"
.Fn SHA1_Data "const unsigned char *data" "unsigned int len" "char *buf"
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Li SHA_
and
.Li SHA1_
functions calculate a 160-bit cryptographic checksum (digest)
for any number of input bytes.
A cryptographic checksum is a one-way
hash function; that is, it is computationally impractical to find
the input corresponding to a particular output.
This net result is
a
.Dq fingerprint
of the input-data, which does not disclose the actual input.
.Pp
.Tn SHA
(or
.Tn SHA-0 )
is the original Secure Hash Algorithm specified in
.Tn FIPS
160.
It was quickly proven insecure, and has been superseded by
.Tn SHA-1 .
.Tn SHA-0
is included for compatibility purposes only.
.Pp
The
.Fn SHA1_Init ,
.Fn SHA1_Update ,
and
.Fn SHA1_Final
functions are the core functions.
Allocate an
.Vt SHA_CTX ,
initialize it with
.Fn SHA1_Init ,
run over the data with
.Fn SHA1_Update ,
and finally extract the result using
.Fn SHA1_Final ,
which will also erase the
.Vt SHA_CTX .
.Pp
.Fn SHA1_End
is a wrapper for
.Fn SHA1_Final
which converts the return value to a 41-character
(including the terminating '\e0')
.Tn ASCII
string which represents the 160 bits in hexadecimal.
.Pp
.Fn SHA1_File
calculates the digest of a file, and uses
.Fn SHA1_End
to return the result.
If the file cannot be opened, a null pointer is returned.
.Fn SHA1_FileChunk
is similar to
.Fn SHA1_File ,
but it only calculates the digest over a byte-range of the file specified,
starting at
.Fa offset
and spanning
.Fa length
bytes.
If the
.Fa length
parameter is specified as 0, or more than the length of the remaining part
of the file,
.Fn SHA1_FileChunk
calculates the digest from
.Fa offset
to the end of file.
.Fn SHA1_Data
calculates the digest of a chunk of data in memory, and uses
.Fn SHA1_End
to return the result.
.Pp
When using
.Fn SHA1_End ,
.Fn SHA1_File ,
or
.Fn SHA1_Data ,
the
.Fa buf
argument can be a null pointer, in which case the returned string
is allocated with
.Xr malloc 3
and subsequently must be explicitly deallocated using
.Xr free 3
after use.
If the
.Fa buf
argument is non-null it must point to at least 41 characters of buffer space.
.Sh ERRORS
The
.Fn SHA1_End
function called with a null buf argument may fail and return NULL if:
.Bl -tag -width Er
.It Bq Er ENOMEM
Insufficient storage space is available.
.El
.Pp
The
.Fn SHA1_File
and
.Fn SHA1_FileChunk
may return NULL when underlying 
.Xr open 2 ,
.Xr fstat 2 ,
.Xr lseek 2 ,
or
.Xr SHA1_End 2
fail.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr md4 3 ,
.Xr md5 3 ,
.Xr ripemd 3 ,
.Xr sha256 3 ,
.Xr sha512 3 ,
.Xr skein 3
.Sh HISTORY
These functions appeared in
.Fx 4.0 .
.Sh AUTHORS
The core hash routines were implemented by Eric Young based on the
published
.Tn FIPS
standards.
.Sh BUGS
The
.Tn SHA1
algorithm has been proven to be vulnerable to practical collision
attacks and should not be relied upon to produce unique outputs,
.Em nor should it be used as part of a new cryptographic signature scheme.
.Pp
The
.Tn IA32
(Intel) implementation of
.Tn SHA-1
makes heavy use of the
.Ql bswapl
instruction, which is not present on the original 80386.
Attempts to use
.Tn SHA-1
on those processors will cause an illegal instruction trap.
(Arguably, the kernel should simply emulate this instruction.)