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Remove more single-space hard sentence breaks.

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This commit is contained in:
Sheldon Hearn 2000-03-02 14:54:02 +00:00
parent b22b0eaef0
commit 4e86fcacf6
Notes: svn2git 2020-12-20 02:59:44 +00:00 
svn path=/head/; revision=57695
65 changed files with 1086 additions and 539 deletions
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3
bin/csh/USD.doc/csh.2
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@ -678,7 +678,8 @@ the same until the job terminates and then are re-used.
.PP
When a job is started in the backgound using `&', its number, as well
as the process numbers of all its (top level) commands, is typed by the shell
before prompting you for another command. For example,
before prompting you for another command.
For example,
.DS
% ls \-s | sort \-n > usage &
[2] 2034 2035

3
bin/csh/USD.doc/csh.3
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@ -224,7 +224,8 @@ is quite special and is replaced by the next line of input read from
the shell's standard input (not the script it is reading). This is
useful for writing shell scripts that are interactive, reading
commands from the terminal, or even writing a shell script that
acts as a filter, reading lines from its input file. Thus the sequence
acts as a filter, reading lines from its input file.
Thus the sequence
.DS
echo 'yes or no?\ec'
set a=($<)

9
bin/ls/ls.1
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@ -146,7 +146,8 @@ If the
option is specified, print the file size allocation in kilobytes,
not blocks. This option overrides the environment variable BLOCKSIZE.
.It Fl l
(The lowercase letter ``ell.'') List in long format. (See below.)
(The lowercase letter ``ell.'') List in long format.
(See below.)
If the output is to a terminal, a total sum for all the file
sizes is output on a line before the long listing.
.It Fl n
@ -327,7 +328,8 @@ The file is executable or the directory is
searchable.
.It Sy \-
The file is neither readable, writable, executable,
nor set-user-ID nor set-group-ID mode, nor sticky. (See below.)
nor set-user-ID nor set-group-ID mode, nor sticky.
(See below.)
.El
.Pp
These next two apply only to the third character in the last group
@ -337,7 +339,8 @@ These next two apply only to the third character in the last group
The sticky bit is set
(mode
.Li 1000 ) ,
but not execute or search permission. (See
but not execute or search permission.
(See
.Xr chmod 1
or
.Xr sticky 8 . )

3
bin/pax/pax.1
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@ -480,7 +480,8 @@ cannot be opened for reading and writing.
.It Fl k
Do not overwrite existing files.
.It Fl l
Link files. (The letter ell).
Link files.
(The letter ell).
In the
.Em copy
mode (

3
bin/sleep/sleep.1
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@ -89,7 +89,8 @@ number seconds later:
.Dl (sleep 1800; sh command_file >& errors)&
.Pp
This incantation would wait a half hour before
running the script command_file. (See the
running the script command_file.
(See the
.Xr at 1
utility.)
.Pp

3
lib/libc/gen/rand48.3
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@ -56,7 +56,8 @@ particular formula employed is
r(n+1) = (a * r(n) + c) mod m
where the default values are
for the multiplicand a = 0xfdeece66d = 25214903917 and
the addend c = 0xb = 11. The modulo is always fixed at m = 2 ** 48.
the addend c = 0xb = 11.
The modulo is always fixed at m = 2 ** 48.
r(n) is called the seed of the random number generator.
.Pp
For all the six generator routines described next, the first

6
lib/libc/gen/syslog.3
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@ -63,7 +63,8 @@ writes
.Fa message
to the system message logger.
The message is then written to the system console, log files,
logged-in users, or forwarded to other machines as appropriate. (See
logged-in users, or forwarded to other machines as appropriate.
(See
.Xr syslogd 8 . )
.Pp
The message is identical to a
@ -71,7 +72,8 @@ The message is identical to a
format string, except that
.Ql %m
is replaced by the current error
message. (As denoted by the global variable
message.
(As denoted by the global variable
.Va errno ;
see
.Xr strerror 3 . )

3
lib/libc/stdio/printf.3
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@ -544,7 +544,8 @@ No argument is converted.
.It Cm %
A
.Ql %
is written. No argument is converted.
is written.
No argument is converted.
The complete conversion specification
is
.Ql %% .

6
lib/libc/sys/intro.2
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@ -183,7 +183,8 @@ not a directory, when a directory was expected.
.It Er 21 EISDIR Em "Is a directory" .
An attempt was made to open a directory with write mode specified.
.It Er 22 EINVAL Em "Invalid argument" .
Some invalid argument was supplied. (For example,
Some invalid argument was supplied.
(For example,
specifying an undefined signal to a
.Xr signal 3
or
@ -671,7 +672,8 @@ information applicable to the caller.
Read, write, and execute/search permissions on
a file are granted to a process if:
.Pp
The process's effective user ID is that of the super-user. (Note:
The process's effective user ID is that of the super-user.
(Note:
even the super-user cannot execute a non-executable file.)
.Pp
The process's effective user ID matches the user ID of the owner

3
lib/libm/common_source/math.3
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@ -142,7 +142,8 @@ dedicated. It is \fIthe\fR double\-precision format for the PDP\-11
and the earlier VAX\-11 machines; VAX\-11s after 1983 were
provided with an optional "G" format closer to the IEEE
double\-precision format. The earlier DEC MicroVAXs have no
D format, only G double\-precision. (Why? Why not?)
D format, only G double\-precision.
(Why? Why not?)
.PP
Properties of D_floating\-point:
.RS

3
lib/msun/man/math.3
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@ -144,7 +144,8 @@ dedicated. It is \fIthe\fR double\-precision format for the PDP\-11
and the earlier VAX\-11 machines; VAX\-11s after 1983 were
provided with an optional "G" format closer to the IEEE
double\-precision format. The earlier DEC MicroVAXs have no
D format, only G double\-precision. (Why? Why not?)
D format, only G double\-precision.
(Why? Why not?)
.PP
Properties of D_floating\-point:
.RS

3
sbin/mount_nfs/mount_nfs.8
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@ -116,7 +116,8 @@ This flag is obsolete, and only retained for compatibility reasons.
Reserved port numbers are used by default now.
This is useful for mounting servers that require clients to use a
reserved port number on the mistaken belief that this makes NFS
more secure. (For the rare case where the client has a trusted root account
more secure.
(For the rare case where the client has a trusted root account
but untrustworthy users and the network cables are in secure areas this does
help, but for normal desktop clients this does not apply.)
.It Fl R

3
sbin/mountd/netgroup.5
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@ -128,7 +128,8 @@ lookups will be done exclusively through
with
.Fn innetgr 3
taking advantage of the netgroup.byuser and
netgroup.byhost maps to speed up searches. (This
netgroup.byhost maps to speed up searches.
(This
is more or less compatible with the behavior of SunOS and
similar platforms.)
.It

6
sbin/ping6/ping6.8
View File

@ -52,7 +52,8 @@ packets to network hosts
.Sh DESCRIPTION
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl A
Enables transport-mode IPsec authentication header. (experimental)
Enables transport-mode IPsec authentication header.
(experimental)
.It Fl a Ar addrtype
Generate ICMPv6 Node Information Node Addresses query, rather than echo-request.
.Ar addrtype
@ -92,7 +93,8 @@ Set the
.Dv SO_DEBUG
option on the socket being used.
.It Fl E
Enables transport-mode IPsec encapsulated security payload. (experimental)
Enables transport-mode IPsec encapsulated security payload.
(experimental)
.It Fl f
Flood ping.
Outputs packets as fast as they come back or one hundred times per second,

3
share/man/man3/intro.3
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@ -131,7 +131,8 @@ flag.
.\" .It Xr libresolv Pq Fl l Ns Ar resolv
.\" Routines for network address resolution.
.It Xr libtermcap Pq Fl l Ns Ar termcap
The terminal independent operation library package. (See
The terminal independent operation library package.
(See
.Xr termcap 3 . )
.\" .It libvt0.a
.It Xr liby Pq Fl l Ns Ar y

9
share/man/man4/an.4
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@ -62,8 +62,10 @@ kernel pccard driver support and the
daemon.
ISA cards can either be configured to use ISA Plug and Play
or to use a particular I/O address and IRQ
by properly setting the DIP switches on the board. (The default
switch setting is for plug and play.) The
by properly setting the DIP switches on the board.
(The default
switch setting is for plug and play.)
The
.Nm
driver has Plug and Play support and will work in either configuration,
however when using a hard-wired I/O address and IRQ, the driver
@ -86,7 +88,8 @@ selectable between 1Mbps, 2Mbps, 5.5Mbps, 11Mbps or
By default, the
.Nm
driver configures the Aironet card for ad-hoc operation with an SSID
of "ANY." In this mode,
of "ANY."
In this mode,
stations can communicate among each other without the aid of an access
point.
To join a service set, the driver must be set for BSS mode using

3
share/man/man4/ccd.4
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@ -100,7 +100,8 @@ effect is achieved, which can increase sequential read/write
performance. The interleave factor is expressed in units of DEV_BSIZE
(usually 512 bytes). For large writes, the optimum interleave factor
is typically the size of a track, while for large reads, it is about a
quarter of a track. (Note that this changes greatly depending on the
quarter of a track.
(Note that this changes greatly depending on the
number and speed of disks.) For instance, with eight 7,200 RPM drives
on two Fast-Wide SCSI buses, this translates to about 128 for writes
and 32 for reads. A larger interleave tends to work better when the

3
share/man/man4/ch.4
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@ -70,7 +70,8 @@ In configuring, if an optional
.Ar count
is given in the specification, that number of SCSI media changers
are configured; Most storage for them is allocated only when found
so a large number of configured devices is cheap. (once the first
so a large number of configured devices is cheap.
(once the first
has included the driver).
.Pp

63
share/man/man4/ed.4
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@ -67,24 +67,31 @@ are a bit field, and are summarized as follows:
.Pp
.Bl -hang -offset indent
.It Em 0x01
Disable tranceiver. On those cards which support it, this flag causes the tranceiver to
Disable tranceiver.
On those cards which support it, this flag causes the tranceiver to
be disabled and the AUI connection to be used by default.
.It Em 0x02
Force 8bit mode. This flag forces the card to 8bit mode regardless of how the
card identifies itself. This may be needed for some clones which incorrectly
Force 8bit mode.
This flag forces the card to 8bit mode regardless of how the
card identifies itself.
This may be needed for some clones which incorrectly
identify themselves as 16bit, even though they only have an 8bit interface.
.It Em 0x04
Force 16bit mode. This flag forces the card to 16bit mode regardless of how the
card identifies itself. This may be needed for some clones which incorrectly
Force 16bit mode.
This flag forces the card to 16bit mode regardless of how the
card identifies itself.
This may be needed for some clones which incorrectly
identify themselves as 8bit, even though they have a 16bit ISA interface.
.It Em 0x08
Disable transmitter multi-buffering. This flag disables the use of multiple
Disable transmitter multi-buffering.
This flag disables the use of multiple
transmit buffers and may be necessary in rare cases where packets are sent out
faster than a machine on the other end can handle (as evidenced by severe packet
lossage). Some
.Pf ( No non- Ns Tn FreeBSD
:-)) machines have terrible ethernet performance
and simply can't cope with 1100K+ data rates. Use of this flag also provides
and simply can't cope with 1100K+ data rates.
Use of this flag also provides
one more packet worth of receiver buffering, and on 8bit cards, this may help
reduce receiver lossage.
.El
@ -102,61 +109,75 @@ into the kernel) differs from the irq that has been set on the interface card.
.It "ed%d: failed to clear shared memory at %x - check configuration."
When the card was probed at system boot time, the
.Nm ed
driver found that it could not clear the card's shared memory. This is most commonly
driver found that it could not clear the card's shared memory.
This is most commonly
caused by a BIOS extension ROM being configured in the same address space as the
ethernet card's shared memory. Either find the offending card and change its BIOS
ethernet card's shared memory.
Either find the offending card and change its BIOS
ROM to be at an address that doesn't conflict, or change the
.Em iomem
option in the kernel config file so that the card's shared memory is mapped at a
non-conflicting address.
.It "ed%d: Invalid irq configuration (%d) must be 2-5 for 3c503."
The irq number that was specified in the kernel config file is not valid for
the 3Com 3c503 card. The 3c503 can only be assigned to irqs 2 through 5.
the 3Com 3c503 card.
The 3c503 can only be assigned to irqs 2 through 5.
.It "ed%d: Cannot find start of RAM."
.It "ed%d: Cannot find any RAM, start : %d, x = %d."
The probe of a Gateway card was unsuccessful in configuring the card's packet memory.
This likely indicates that the card was improperly recognized as a Gateway or that
the card is defective.
.It "ed: packets buffered, but transmitter idle."
Indicates a logic problem in the driver. Should never happen.
Indicates a logic problem in the driver.
Should never happen.
.It "ed%d: device timeout"
Indicates that an expected transmitter interrupt didn't occur. Usually caused by an
Indicates that an expected transmitter interrupt didn't occur.
Usually caused by an
interrupt conflict with another card on the ISA bus.
.It "ed%d: NIC memory corrupt - invalid packet length %d."
Indicates that a packet was received with a packet length that was either larger than
the maximum size or smaller than the minimum size allowed by the IEEE 802.3 standard. Usually
the maximum size or smaller than the minimum size allowed by the IEEE 802.3 standard.
Usually
caused by a conflict with another card on the ISA bus, but in some cases may also
indicate faulty cabling.
.It "ed%d: remote transmit DMA failed to complete."
This indicates that a programmed I/O transfer to an NE1000 or NE2000 style card
has failed to properly complete. Usually caused by the ISA bus speed being set
has failed to properly complete.
Usually caused by the ISA bus speed being set
too fast.
.El
.Sh CAVEATS
Early revision DS8390 chips have problems. They lock up whenever the receive
ring-buffer overflows. They occasionally switch the byte order
Early revision DS8390 chips have problems.
They lock up whenever the receive
ring-buffer overflows.
They occasionally switch the byte order
of the length field in the packet ring header (several different causes
of this related to an off-by-one byte alignment) - resulting in "NIC
memory corrupt - invalid packet length" messages. The card is reset
memory corrupt - invalid packet length" messages.
The card is reset
whenever these problems occur, but otherwise there is no problem with
recovering from these conditions.
.Pp
The NIC memory access to 3Com and Novell cards is much slower than it is on
WD/SMC cards; it's less than 1MB/second on 8bit boards and less than 2MB/second
on the 16bit cards. This can lead to ring-buffer overruns resulting in
on the 16bit cards.
This can lead to ring-buffer overruns resulting in
dropped packets during heavy network traffic.
.Pp
16bit Compex cards identify themselves as being 8bit. While these cards will
16bit Compex cards identify themselves as being 8bit.
While these cards will
work in 8bit mode, much higher performance can be achieved by specifying
.Em "flags 0x04"
(force 16bit mode) in your kernel config file. In addition, you should also specify
(force 16bit mode) in your kernel config file.
In addition, you should also specify
.Em "iosize 16384"
to take advantage of the extra 8k of shared memory that 16bit mode provides.
.Sh BUGS
The
.Nm ed
driver is a bit too aggressive about resetting the card whenever any bad
packets are received. As a result, it may throw out some good packets which
packets are received.
As a result, it may throw out some good packets which
have been received but not yet transfered from the card to main memory.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr arp 4 ,

3
share/man/man4/en.4
View File

@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ To enable the link use the following commands:
.It "en0: 7 32KB receive buffers, 8 32KB transmit buffers allocated"
.El
.Sh CAVEATS
The driver extensively uses DMA on PCI. The first
The driver extensively uses DMA on PCI.
The first
generation PCI chipsets do not work or exhibit poor performance.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr ifconfig 8 ,

3
share/man/man4/intpm.4
View File

@ -44,7 +44,8 @@ This driver provides access to
.Tn Intel PIIX4 PCI Controller function 3 ,
Power management controller.
Currently, only smbus controller
function is implemented. But it also have bus idle monitoring function.
function is implemented.
But it also have bus idle monitoring function.
It
will display mapped I/O address for bus monitoring function when attaching.

6
share/man/man4/ipfirewall.4
View File

@ -24,7 +24,8 @@ which point the corresponding action is taken.
Rules are numbered
from 1 to 65534; multiple rules may share the same number.
.Pp
There is one rule that always exists, rule number 65535. This rule
There is one rule that always exists, rule number 65535.
This rule
normally causes all packets to be dropped.
Hence, any packet which does not
match a lower numbered rule will be dropped. However, a kernel compile
@ -34,7 +35,8 @@ allows the administrator to change this fixed rule to permit everything.
.Pp
The value passed to
.Fn setsockopt
is a struct ip_fw describing the rule (see below). In some cases
is a struct ip_fw describing the rule (see below).
In some cases
(such as IP_FW_DEL), only the rule number is significant.
.Sh COMMANDS
The following socket options are used to manage the rule list:

3
share/man/man4/isp.4
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@ -198,7 +198,8 @@ as they should.
Sometimes, when booting, the driver gets stuck waiting for the Fibre Channel
f/w to tell it that the loop port database is ready.
In this case you'll
see an announcement that the loop state has a value of 0x1. To unwedge
see an announcement that the loop state has a value of 0x1.
To unwedge
the system, unplug and replug the fibre channel connection, or otherwise
cause a LIP (Loop Initialization Primitive sequence)- this will kick the f/w
into getting unstuck.

39
share/man/man4/man4.i386/dgb.4
View File

@ -49,14 +49,16 @@
All values are just examples.
.Pp
The \fBNDGBPORTS\fR option defines the total number of ports on all cards
installed in the system. When not defined the number is computed:
installed in the system.
When not defined the number is computed:
.br
default \fBNDGBPORTS\fR = number_of_described_DigiBoard_cards * 16
If it is less than the actual number of ports
the system will be able to use only the
first \fBNDGBPORTS\fR ports. If it is greater then all ports will be usable
first \fBNDGBPORTS\fR ports.
If it is greater then all ports will be usable
but some memory will be wasted.
.Pp
Meaning of \fBflags\fR:
@ -97,10 +99,12 @@ Input and output for each line may set to one of following baud rates;
.Pp
The driver doesn't use any interrupts, it is ``polling-based''. This means that
it uses clock interrupts instead of interrupts generated by DigiBoard cards and
checks the state of cards 25 times per second. This is practical because the
checks the state of cards 25 times per second.
This is practical because the
DigiBoard cards have large input and output buffers (more than 1Kbyte per
port) and hardware that allows efficiently finding the port that needs
attention. The only problem seen with this policy is slower
attention.
The only problem seen with this policy is slower
SLIP and PPP response.
.Pp
Each line in the kernel configuration file describes one card, not one port
@ -145,15 +149,18 @@ for all the DigiBoards installed
(but not for any other card or real memory). DigiBoards
with a large amount of memory (256K or 512K and perhaps
even 128K) must be mapped
to memory addresses outside of the first megabyte. If the computer
to memory addresses outside of the first megabyte.
If the computer
has more than 15 megabytes of memory then there is no free address space
outside of the first megabyte where such DigiBoards can be mapped.
In this case you
may need to reduce the amount of memory in the computer.
But many machines provide a better solution. They have the ability to
But many machines provide a better solution.
They have the ability to
``turn off'' the memory in the 16th megabyte (addresses 0xF00000 - 0xFFFFFF)
using the
BIOS setup. Then the DigiBoard's address space can be set to this ``hole''.
BIOS setup.
Then the DigiBoard's address space can be set to this ``hole''.
.\" XXX the following should be true for all serial drivers and
.\" should not be repeated in the man pages for all serial drivers.
.\" It was copied from sio.4. The only changes were s/sio/dgb/g.
@ -267,12 +274,14 @@ the wrong \fBiomem\fR value is specified in the kernel config file.
.El
.Bl -diag
.It dgb\fIX\fB: BIOS start failed
Problems with starting the on-board BIOS. Probably the memory addresses of the
Problems with starting the on-board BIOS.
Probably the memory addresses of the
DigiBoard overlap with some other device or with RAM.
.El
.Bl -diag
.It dgb\fIX\fB: BIOS download failed
Problems with the on-board BIOS. Probably the memory addresses of the
Problems with the on-board BIOS.
Probably the memory addresses of the
DigiBoard overlap with some other device or with RAM.
.El
.Bl -diag
@ -319,12 +328,14 @@ unusable due to misconfiguration.
.El
.Bl -diag
.It dgb\fIX\fB: port \fIY\fB: event \fIN\fB mstat \fIM\fB lstat \fIK\fB
The driver got a strange event from card. Probably this means that you have a
The driver got a strange event from card.
Probably this means that you have a
newer card with an extended list of events or some other hardware problem.
.El
.Bl -diag
.It dgb\fIX\fB: port \fIY\fB: overrun
Input buffer has filled up. Problems in polling logic of driver.
Input buffer has filled up.
Problems in polling logic of driver.
.El
.Bl -diag
.It dgb\fIX\fB: port \fIY\fB: FEP command on disabled port
@ -357,6 +368,8 @@ There was a bug in implementation of
.Xr select 2 .
It is fixed now but not widely tested yet.
.Pp
There is no ditty command. Most of its functions (alternate pinout,
speed up to 115200 baud, etc.) are implemented in the driver itself. Some
There is no ditty command.
Most of its functions (alternate pinout,
speed up to 115200 baud, etc.) are implemented in the driver itself.
Some
other functions are missing.

63
share/man/man4/man4.i386/ed.4
View File

@ -67,24 +67,31 @@ are a bit field, and are summarized as follows:
.Pp
.Bl -hang -offset indent
.It Em 0x01
Disable tranceiver. On those cards which support it, this flag causes the tranceiver to
Disable tranceiver.
On those cards which support it, this flag causes the tranceiver to
be disabled and the AUI connection to be used by default.
.It Em 0x02
Force 8bit mode. This flag forces the card to 8bit mode regardless of how the
card identifies itself. This may be needed for some clones which incorrectly
Force 8bit mode.
This flag forces the card to 8bit mode regardless of how the
card identifies itself.
This may be needed for some clones which incorrectly
identify themselves as 16bit, even though they only have an 8bit interface.
.It Em 0x04
Force 16bit mode. This flag forces the card to 16bit mode regardless of how the
card identifies itself. This may be needed for some clones which incorrectly
Force 16bit mode.
This flag forces the card to 16bit mode regardless of how the
card identifies itself.
This may be needed for some clones which incorrectly
identify themselves as 8bit, even though they have a 16bit ISA interface.
.It Em 0x08
Disable transmitter multi-buffering. This flag disables the use of multiple
Disable transmitter multi-buffering.
This flag disables the use of multiple
transmit buffers and may be necessary in rare cases where packets are sent out
faster than a machine on the other end can handle (as evidenced by severe packet
lossage). Some
.Pf ( No non- Ns Tn FreeBSD
:-)) machines have terrible ethernet performance
and simply can't cope with 1100K+ data rates. Use of this flag also provides
and simply can't cope with 1100K+ data rates.
Use of this flag also provides
one more packet worth of receiver buffering, and on 8bit cards, this may help
reduce receiver lossage.
.El
@ -102,61 +109,75 @@ into the kernel) differs from the irq that has been set on the interface card.
.It "ed%d: failed to clear shared memory at %x - check configuration."
When the card was probed at system boot time, the
.Nm ed
driver found that it could not clear the card's shared memory. This is most commonly
driver found that it could not clear the card's shared memory.
This is most commonly
caused by a BIOS extension ROM being configured in the same address space as the
ethernet card's shared memory. Either find the offending card and change its BIOS
ethernet card's shared memory.
Either find the offending card and change its BIOS
ROM to be at an address that doesn't conflict, or change the
.Em iomem
option in the kernel config file so that the card's shared memory is mapped at a
non-conflicting address.
.It "ed%d: Invalid irq configuration (%d) must be 2-5 for 3c503."
The irq number that was specified in the kernel config file is not valid for
the 3Com 3c503 card. The 3c503 can only be assigned to irqs 2 through 5.
the 3Com 3c503 card.
The 3c503 can only be assigned to irqs 2 through 5.
.It "ed%d: Cannot find start of RAM."
.It "ed%d: Cannot find any RAM, start : %d, x = %d."
The probe of a Gateway card was unsuccessful in configuring the card's packet memory.
This likely indicates that the card was improperly recognized as a Gateway or that
the card is defective.
.It "ed: packets buffered, but transmitter idle."
Indicates a logic problem in the driver. Should never happen.
Indicates a logic problem in the driver.
Should never happen.
.It "ed%d: device timeout"
Indicates that an expected transmitter interrupt didn't occur. Usually caused by an
Indicates that an expected transmitter interrupt didn't occur.
Usually caused by an
interrupt conflict with another card on the ISA bus.
.It "ed%d: NIC memory corrupt - invalid packet length %d."
Indicates that a packet was received with a packet length that was either larger than
the maximum size or smaller than the minimum size allowed by the IEEE 802.3 standard. Usually
the maximum size or smaller than the minimum size allowed by the IEEE 802.3 standard.
Usually
caused by a conflict with another card on the ISA bus, but in some cases may also
indicate faulty cabling.
.It "ed%d: remote transmit DMA failed to complete."
This indicates that a programmed I/O transfer to an NE1000 or NE2000 style card
has failed to properly complete. Usually caused by the ISA bus speed being set
has failed to properly complete.
Usually caused by the ISA bus speed being set
too fast.
.El
.Sh CAVEATS
Early revision DS8390 chips have problems. They lock up whenever the receive
ring-buffer overflows. They occasionally switch the byte order
Early revision DS8390 chips have problems.
They lock up whenever the receive
ring-buffer overflows.
They occasionally switch the byte order
of the length field in the packet ring header (several different causes
of this related to an off-by-one byte alignment) - resulting in "NIC
memory corrupt - invalid packet length" messages. The card is reset
memory corrupt - invalid packet length" messages.
The card is reset
whenever these problems occur, but otherwise there is no problem with
recovering from these conditions.
.Pp
The NIC memory access to 3Com and Novell cards is much slower than it is on
WD/SMC cards; it's less than 1MB/second on 8bit boards and less than 2MB/second
on the 16bit cards. This can lead to ring-buffer overruns resulting in
on the 16bit cards.
This can lead to ring-buffer overruns resulting in
dropped packets during heavy network traffic.
.Pp
16bit Compex cards identify themselves as being 8bit. While these cards will
16bit Compex cards identify themselves as being 8bit.
While these cards will
work in 8bit mode, much higher performance can be achieved by specifying
.Em "flags 0x04"
(force 16bit mode) in your kernel config file. In addition, you should also specify
(force 16bit mode) in your kernel config file.
In addition, you should also specify
.Em "iosize 16384"
to take advantage of the extra 8k of shared memory that 16bit mode provides.
.Sh BUGS
The
.Nm ed
driver is a bit too aggressive about resetting the card whenever any bad
packets are received. As a result, it may throw out some good packets which
packets are received.
As a result, it may throw out some good packets which
have been received but not yet transfered from the card to main memory.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr arp 4 ,

3
share/man/man4/man4.i386/en.4
View File

@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ To enable the link use the following commands:
.It "en0: 7 32KB receive buffers, 8 32KB transmit buffers allocated"
.El
.Sh CAVEATS
The driver extensively uses DMA on PCI. The first
The driver extensively uses DMA on PCI.
The first
generation PCI chipsets do not work or exhibit poor performance.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr ifconfig 8 ,

6
share/man/man4/man4.i386/ep.4
View File

@ -55,7 +55,8 @@ UTP, also known as twisted pair
.El
.Pp
The default port to use is the port that has been selected with the
setup utility. To override this, use the following media options with
setup utility.
To override this, use the following media options with
.Xr ifconfig 8
or in your
.Pa /etc/rc.conf
@ -107,4 +108,5 @@ Erase the pencil mark and reboot.
.Xr ifconfig 8 ,
.Xr ng_ether 8
.Sh STANDARDS
are great. There's so many to choose from.
are great.
There's so many to choose from.

97
share/man/man4/man4.i386/gsc.4
View File

@ -65,16 +65,20 @@ output
The
.Nm gsc
character device driver currently handles only the
Genius GS-4500 handy scanner. It operates in pure DMA modes, although
the hardware could be set up to work with irq. I had neither enough
Genius GS-4500 handy scanner.
It operates in pure DMA modes, although
the hardware could be set up to work with irq.
I had neither enough
documentation nor experience in writing interrupt driven device
drivers.
.Pp
The device can operate at four different
.Em resolutions :
100, 200,
300 and 400dpi. It produces a simple bitmap with the most significant
bit at the left side. The driver can optionally output the famous and
300 and 400dpi.
It produces a simple bitmap with the most significant
bit at the left side.
The driver can optionally output the famous and
likely simple portable bitmap file format
.Xr pbm 5
by Jef Poskanzer.
@ -87,7 +91,8 @@ only to name some of them ...). In
.Em raw
mode a
bit which is set means a black pixel because the scanner detects black
points on white paper. On the other hand, because pnm format describes
points on white paper.
On the other hand, because pnm format describes
intensities of electron beams in video screens a set bit in
.Em pbm
mode means a white pixel.
@ -95,13 +100,15 @@ mode means a white pixel.
The
.Em width
of the output bitmap is fixed as given by the
resolution value. However, the
resolution value.
However, the
.Em height
of the bitmap must be
supplied in
.Em pnm
mode since the driver must know at what time the
'end-of-file' shall be reached. With this feature you are able to
'end-of-file' shall be reached.
With this feature you are able to
directly copy the scanner output into a pbm file with
.Xr cat .
Of course you can obtain a similar effect by using
@ -114,7 +121,8 @@ The
.Em graymap
output mode is not yet implemented into the driver.
It is even questionable if external programs would not do this job
better thereby not counting to the size of the kernel. Even though, I
better thereby not counting to the size of the kernel.
Even though, I
do not know of tools which produce a graymap from a halftone bitmap.
.Pp
The ioctl requests that are served by
@ -126,22 +134,26 @@ requests from within shell.
.It GSC_SRES int
Set the
.Em resolution
value. If this call is made after the first
value.
If this call is made after the first
read access to the device there will be no effect unless the device is
closed and opened again.
.It GSC_GRES int
Get current resolution in dots per inch (dpi).
.It GSC_SRESSSW void
Set resolution value from selector switch. The driver must be in an
Set resolution value from selector switch.
The driver must be in an
open though untouched state otherwise the request will fail and
.Xr errno 2
is set to EBUSY.
.It GSC_SWIDTH int
Set the
.Em width
of the bitmap. Actually, this is an alternative
of the bitmap.
Actually, this is an alternative
way of setting the resolution, since any allowed resolution matches
exactly one width. Allowed are listed in the table below.
exactly one width.
Allowed are listed in the table below.
.Bl -tag -width resolution -compact -offset indent
.It resolution
width
@ -167,10 +179,13 @@ call to fail with
set to
.Er EINVAL .
.Pp
As you can see, there are width values > 1696. This does, however, not
As you can see, there are width values > 1696.
This does, however, not
mean that you can obtain scanned lines longer than the width of your
scanner or by higher resolutions. Actually, the resolution is selected
by only by the hardware switch. Any line that is longer than what is
scanner or by higher resolutions.
Actually, the resolution is selected
by only by the hardware switch.
Any line that is longer than what is
defined for the actual resolution will be undefined (usually white) on
the right part that is exceeding the standard line.
.It GSC_GWIDTH int
@ -180,35 +195,46 @@ Set the
.Em height
of the bitmap in
.Em pnm
mode. This is actually
mode.
This is actually
a limit on the amount of lines scannable after the first read
operation. When the limit is reached read will return 0. However, the
operation.
When the limit is reached read will return 0. However, the
device is turned off only when a close is performed (either
explicitly or implicitly on exit of the calling process).
.It GSC_GHEIGHT int
Get the current height of the bitmap.
.It GSC_SBLEN int
Set the length of the buffer used internally to do the DMA transfer.
The buffer length is supplied in lines of the bitmap. Since the buffer
The buffer length is supplied in lines of the bitmap.
Since the buffer
size limit is (currently) 0x3000 bytes the maximum number of lines
allowed will vary with the width of each line. This upper limit is
allowed will vary with the width of each line.
This upper limit is
checked before it overwrites the current value and pases an ENOMEM in
the
.Xr errno 2
variable. However, since the bitmap width can change
variable.
However, since the bitmap width can change
after a buffer length was selected a read request may fail with ENOMEM
if the buffer length turns out too high. It is generally wise to
if the buffer length turns out too high.
It is generally wise to
choose long buffers rather than go save in order to obtain better
output.
.It GSC_GBLEN int
Get the current buffer length in lines.
.It GSC_SBTIME int
Set the timeout for the completion of reading one buffer. Since a
Set the timeout for the completion of reading one buffer.
Since a
handy scanner is a human/computer interface timeout values are usually
higher than those of a flat scanner. Default is 15 seconds. After
timeout is reached the read operation will fail with EBUSY. Note that
higher than those of a flat scanner.
Default is 15 seconds.
After
timeout is reached the read operation will fail with EBUSY.
Note that
the timeout timer starts anew for each buffer to be read and thus does
not cause you to scan faster for longer images. BLEN/BTIME is similar
not cause you to scan faster for longer images.
BLEN/BTIME is similar
as MIN/TIME in termios(4).
.It GSC_GBTIME int
Get the current buffer timeout.
@ -216,19 +242,24 @@ Get the current buffer timeout.
.Pp
All ioctl requests that modify a parameter except GSC_SBTIME do not
have an effect on an ongoing scan process, i.e. after the first read
request that follows open. You must close the device and open it again
for the new selections to take effect. Consequently, the selections
request that follows open.
You must close the device and open it again
for the new selections to take effect.
Consequently, the selections
are not reset when you close or open the device.
.Pp
Similarly, requests that read a value do not report the value that is
used for the ongoing scan process. The values needed during the scan
used for the ongoing scan process.
The values needed during the scan
process are saved when it starts and thus are not accessed by ioctl
requests.
.Pp
The BTIME value does, however, have an immediate effect on the ongoing
scan. Thus the timeout can for example be set to long until the user
scan.
Thus the timeout can for example be set to long until the user
starts scanning. It can then be set to a short amount to react
(nearly) immediately when the user stops. Note that the user should be
(nearly) immediately when the user stops.
Note that the user should be
left time to at least fill one buffer without having to haste.
.Pp
Note that the
@ -236,7 +267,8 @@ Note that the
versus
.Em raw
mode selection is done by the
minor number not by ioctl requests. In
minor number not by ioctl requests.
In
.Em raw
mode the selected
height of the bitmap will have no effect.
@ -295,6 +327,7 @@ whose debug bit (i.e. bit 5 out of 7) is set.
.Sh BUGS
Even though the scanner device has a little switch by which you should
be able to select one of the four resolution modes, I could not yet
determine how to read its status. Unless this is not fixed the driver
determine how to read its status.
Unless this is not fixed the driver
depends on the value passed by means of ioctl(2) which need not match
what is selected by the hardware.

15
share/man/man4/man4.i386/mcd.4
View File

@ -38,8 +38,10 @@
The
.Nm mcd
driver provides a data and audio interface to the Mitsumi-brand CD-ROM
player. The CD-ROM player must be interfaced to the ISA bus through
one of the Mitsumi proprietary controller boards. The controller
player.
The CD-ROM player must be interfaced to the ISA bus through
one of the Mitsumi proprietary controller boards.
The controller
boards supported are the LU002S, LU005S, the FX001 and the quite
common FX001D.
.Pp
@ -62,7 +64,8 @@ The
.Nm mcd
driver also responds to special CD-ROM
.Fn ioctl
commands. These commands
commands.
These commands
control the CD-ROM player's audio features.
The commands are:
.Pp
@ -107,7 +110,8 @@ The
.Fn ioctl
commands defined above are the only ones that the
.Nm mcd
driver supports. There are other CD-ROM related
driver supports.
There are other CD-ROM related
.Fn ioctl
commands (such as
.Dv CDIOCSETVOL
@ -132,7 +136,8 @@ CD-ROM player as the performance on data is abysmal.
.Pp
The current version of the driver uses neither the DMA or IRQ
features of the interface board, although it has an interrupt handler
for any IRQ requests that are generated. Until the DMA features are
for any IRQ requests that are generated.
Until the DMA features are
supported, the only interrupts that the board generates are those that
aren't supported by the driver anyway.
.Sh SEE ALSO

33
share/man/man4/man4.i386/mse.4
View File

@ -35,19 +35,23 @@ and a D-sub 9-pin male connector or a round DIN 9-pin
male connector.
.Pp
The primary port address of the bus and InPort mouse interface cards
is usually 0x23c. Some cards may also be set to use the secondary port
address at 0x238. The interface cards require a single IRQ, which may be
is usually 0x23c.
Some cards may also be set to use the secondary port
address at 0x238.
The interface cards require a single IRQ, which may be
2, 3, 4 or 5. Some cards may offer additional IRQs.
The port number and the IRQ number are configured by jumpers on the cards
or by software provided with the card.
.Pp
Frequency, or report rate, at which the device sends movement
and button state reports to the host system, may also be configurable on
some interface cards. It may be 15, 30, 60 or 120Hz.
some interface cards.
It may be 15, 30, 60 or 120Hz.
.Pp
The difference between the two types of the mice is not in mouse devices
(in fact they are exactly the same). But in the circuit on the interface
cards. This means that the device from a bus mouse package can be
cards.
This means that the device from a bus mouse package can be
connected to the interface card from an InPort mouse package, or vice
versa, provided that their connectors match.
.Ss Operation Levels
@ -71,7 +75,8 @@ Always zero.
.It bit 2
Left button status; cleared if pressed, otherwise set.
.It bit 1
Middle button status; cleared if pressed, otherwise set. Always one,
Middle button status; cleared if pressed, otherwise set.
Always one,
if the device does not have the middle button.
.It bit 0
Right button status; cleared if pressed, otherwise set.
@ -101,7 +106,8 @@ driver can somewhat `accelerate' the movement of the pointing device.
The faster you move the device, the further the pointer
travels on the screen.
The driver has an internal variable which governs the effect of
the acceleration. Its value can be modified via the driver flag
the acceleration.
Its value can be modified via the driver flag
or via an ioctl call.
.Ss Device Number
The minor device number of the
@ -124,7 +130,8 @@ for device node names.
.Ss Driver Flags
The
.Nm
driver accepts the following driver flag. Set it in the
driver accepts the following driver flag.
Set it in the
kernel configuration file
.Pq see Xr config 8
or in the User Configuration Menu at
@ -136,7 +143,8 @@ the boot time
This flag controls the amount of acceleration effect.
The smaller the value of this flag is, more sensitive the movement becomes.
The minimum value allowed, thus the value for the most sensitive setting,
is one. Setting this flag to zero will completely disables the
is one.
Setting this flag to zero will completely disables the
acceleration effect.
.El
.Sh IOCTLS
@ -258,7 +266,8 @@ If it is zero, acceleration is disabled.
.Pp
The
.Dv packetsize
field specifies the length of the data packet. It depends on the
field specifies the length of the data packet.
It depends on the
operation level.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width level_0__ -compact
@ -273,7 +282,8 @@ The array
holds a bit mask and pattern to detect the first byte of the
data packet.
.Dv syncmask[0]
is the bit mask to be ANDed with a byte. If the result is equal to
is the bit mask to be ANDed with a byte.
If the result is equal to
.Dv syncmask[1] ,
the byte is likely to be the first byte of the data packet.
Note that this detection method is not 100% reliable,
@ -296,7 +306,8 @@ Only
.Dv level
and
.Dv accelfactor
may be modifiable. Setting values in the other field does not generate
may be modifiable.
Setting values in the other field does not generate
error and has no effect.
.\" .Pp
.\" .It Dv MOUSE_GETVARS Ar mousevar_t *vars

33
share/man/man4/man4.i386/pnp.4
View File

@ -46,26 +46,31 @@ parameters in the card's configuration space.
The manual override mechanism requires the kernel to be compiled with
.Cd options USERCONFIG.
In this case, the kernel keeps a table of fixed size (20 entries as a
default) where configuration data are held for PnP devices. Each
default) where configuration data are held for PnP devices.
Each
PnP card can contain several independent devices (5 or 6 is not
unusual).
.Pp
By booting the kernel with the
.Dq Fl c
flag, commands are available to
modify the configuration of PnP cards. Commands start with the
modify the configuration of PnP cards.
Commands start with the
sequence:
.Dl pnp CSN LDN
where CSN and LDN are the Card Select Number and Logical Device Number
associated to the device. Following this sequence any combination of
associated to the device.
Following this sequence any combination of
the following commands can be used:
.Bl -tag -width "mmmmmmmmmm""
.It Dv irqN line
Sets the irq line for interrupt 0 or 1 on the card. Line=0 means the line
Sets the irq line for interrupt 0 or 1 on the card.
Line=0 means the line
is unused.
.It Dv drqN n
Sets the drq channel used for DMA 0 or 1 on the card. Channel=4 means
Sets the drq channel used for DMA 0 or 1 on the card.
Channel=4 means
the channel is unused.
.It Dv portN address
Sets the base address for the N-th port's range (N=0..7). address=0
@ -74,7 +79,8 @@ means that the port is not used.
Sets the base address for the N-th memory's range (N=0..3). address=0
means that the memory range is not used.
.It Dv bios
Makes the PnP device use the configuration set by the BIOS. This
Makes the PnP device use the configuration set by the BIOS.
This
is the default, and is generally ok if your BIOS has PnP support.
If BIOS is used, then other parameters are ignored except "flags".
.It Dv os
@ -88,13 +94,15 @@ Frees the entry used for the device, so that it can be used for
another device with a different CSN/LDN pair.
.It Dv flags
Sets the value of a 32-bit flags entry which is passed to the device
driver. This can be used to set special operation modes (e.g. SB vs. WSS
driver.
This can be used to set special operation modes (e.g. SB vs. WSS
emulation on some sound cards, etc.).
.El
.Pp
The current content of the table can be printed using the
.Ic ls
command in userconfig. In addition to modifications done by the user,
command in userconfig.
In addition to modifications done by the user,
the table contains an entry for
all logical devices accessed by a PnP device driver.
.Pp
@ -137,15 +145,18 @@ This data structure (defined in /sys/i386/isa/pnp.h) contains all
informations related to a PnP logical device.
.It Fn read_pnp_parms "struct pnp_cinfo *d" "int ldn"
This function returns the configuration of the requested
logical device. It is not possible to specify a CSN since this function
logical device.
It is not possible to specify a CSN since this function
is only meant to be used during probe and attach routines
.It Fn write_pnp_parms "struct pnp_cinfo *d" "int ldn"
This function sets the parameters of the requested logical device. At
This function sets the parameters of the requested logical device.
At
the same time, it updates the entry in the kernel override table.
Device drivers in general should
.Em not
modify the configuration of a device, since either the BIOS or the user
(through userconfig) should know better what to do. In particular,
(through userconfig) should know better what to do.
In particular,
device driver
.Em should not enable
a logical device which has

24
share/man/man4/man4.i386/wi.4
View File

@ -45,27 +45,35 @@ The
driver provides support for WaveLAN/IEEE PCCARD adapters (also known
as WaveLAN II cards). Note that while Lucent sells both ISA and PCMCIA
WaveLAN/IEEE devices, the ISA product is actually a PCMCIA card in an
ISA to PCMCIA bridge adapter. Consequently, the
ISA to PCMCIA bridge adapter.
Consequently, the
.Nm
driver is required for both the ISA and PCMCIA NICs. Both the original
driver is required for both the ISA and PCMCIA NICs.
Both the original
2Mbps WaveLAN/IEEE cards and the newer 6Mbps WaveLAN/IEEE Turbo
adapters are supported.
.Pp
The core of the WaveLAN/IEEE is the Lucent Hermes controller. All
host/device interaction is via programmed I/O with the Hermes. The
The core of the WaveLAN/IEEE is the Lucent Hermes controller.
All
host/device interaction is via programmed I/O with the Hermes.
The
Hermes supports 802.11 and 802.3 frames, power management, BSS, WDS
and ad-hoc operation modes. The
and ad-hoc operation modes.
The
.Nm
driver encapsulates all IP and ARP traffic as 802.11 frames, however
it can receive either 802.11 or 802.3 frames. Transmit speed is
it can receive either 802.11 or 802.3 frames.
Transmit speed is
selectable between 1Mbps fixed, 2Mbps fixed or 2Mbps with auto fallback.
For WaveLAN/IEEE Turbo adapters, speeds up to 6Mbps are available.
.Pp
By default, the
.Nm
driver configures the WaveLAN card for ad-hoc operation. In this mode,
driver configures the WaveLAN card for ad-hoc operation.
In this mode,
stations can communicate among each other without the aid of an access
point. To join a service set, the driver must be set for BSS mode using
point.
To join a service set, the driver must be set for BSS mode using
the
.Xr wicontrol 8
utility.

12
share/man/man4/pcvt.4
View File

@ -234,7 +234,8 @@ If an option is given with no value, a value of 1
.Pq activated
is substituted.
If an option value is given as 0, this options is
deactivated. Any other value is substituted by 1, too.
deactivated.
Any other value is substituted by 1, too.
If an option
is omitted, a built-in default is assumed.
@ -303,7 +304,8 @@ Default: off
.It Em PCVT_EMU_MOUSE
Emulate a three-button mouse via the keypad.
Useful for notebooks when
running XFree86. See
running XFree86.
See
.Sx Mouse emulation
below.
.br
@ -524,7 +526,8 @@ were the mouse emulator device.
The mouse emulation is turned on by
pressing the
.Aq Em NumLock
key. The pointer is moved by the numerical keypad keys, into the
key.
The pointer is moved by the numerical keypad keys, into the
obvious directions.
The pointer is initially moved in single steps,
and is accelerated after an adjustable time
@ -729,7 +732,8 @@ sets the number of columns for the current screen,
.El
its parameter is a pointer to an integer containing either a value of 80,
or a value of 132. Note that setting the number of columns to 132 is
or a value of 132.
Note that setting the number of columns to 132 is
only supported on VGA adaptors.
Any unsupported numbers cause the ioctl
to fail with

6
share/man/man4/ppbus.4
View File

@ -178,7 +178,8 @@ operate at close to the same performance levels as an equivalent ISA plug-in
card.
.Pp
At software level, you may implement the protocol you wish, using data and
address cycles as you want. This is for the IEEE1284 compatible part.
address cycles as you want.
This is for the IEEE1284 compatible part.
Then,
peripheral vendors may implement protocol handshake with the following
status lines: PError, nFault and Select.
@ -224,7 +225,8 @@ states.
.Pp
At any time, the slave may want to send data to the host.
This is only
possible from forward idle states (nibble, byte, ecp...). So, the
possible from forward idle states (nibble, byte, ecp...).
So, the
host must have previously negotiated to permit the peripheral to
request transfer.
Interrupt lines may be dedicated to the requesting signals

3
share/man/man4/rl.4
View File

@ -207,7 +207,8 @@ DMAing all of it.
.Pp
The driver can check for an incomplete frame by inspecting the frame
length in the header preceeding the actual packet data: an incomplete
frame will have the magic length of 0xFFF0. When the driver encounters
frame will have the magic length of 0xFFF0.
When the driver encounters
this value, it knows that it has finished processing all currently
available packets.
Neither this magic value nor its significance are

24
share/man/man4/wi.4
View File

@ -45,27 +45,35 @@ The
driver provides support for WaveLAN/IEEE PCCARD adapters (also known
as WaveLAN II cards). Note that while Lucent sells both ISA and PCMCIA
WaveLAN/IEEE devices, the ISA product is actually a PCMCIA card in an
ISA to PCMCIA bridge adapter. Consequently, the
ISA to PCMCIA bridge adapter.
Consequently, the
.Nm
driver is required for both the ISA and PCMCIA NICs. Both the original
driver is required for both the ISA and PCMCIA NICs.
Both the original
2Mbps WaveLAN/IEEE cards and the newer 6Mbps WaveLAN/IEEE Turbo
adapters are supported.
.Pp
The core of the WaveLAN/IEEE is the Lucent Hermes controller. All
host/device interaction is via programmed I/O with the Hermes. The
The core of the WaveLAN/IEEE is the Lucent Hermes controller.
All
host/device interaction is via programmed I/O with the Hermes.
The
Hermes supports 802.11 and 802.3 frames, power management, BSS, WDS
and ad-hoc operation modes. The
and ad-hoc operation modes.
The
.Nm
driver encapsulates all IP and ARP traffic as 802.11 frames, however
it can receive either 802.11 or 802.3 frames. Transmit speed is
it can receive either 802.11 or 802.3 frames.
Transmit speed is
selectable between 1Mbps fixed, 2Mbps fixed or 2Mbps with auto fallback.
For WaveLAN/IEEE Turbo adapters, speeds up to 6Mbps are available.
.Pp
By default, the
.Nm
driver configures the WaveLAN card for ad-hoc operation. In this mode,
driver configures the WaveLAN card for ad-hoc operation.
In this mode,
stations can communicate among each other without the aid of an access
point. To join a service set, the driver must be set for BSS mode using
point.
To join a service set, the driver must be set for BSS mode using
the
.Xr wicontrol 8
utility.

57
share/man/man4/xl.4
View File

@ -45,7 +45,8 @@ The
.Nm
driver provides support for PCI ethernet adapters and embedded
controllers based on the 3Com "boomerang" and "cyclone" bus-master
Etherlink XL chips. This includes the 3c900-TP, 3c900-COMBO, 3c905-TX,
Etherlink XL chips.
This includes the 3c900-TP, 3c900-COMBO, 3c905-TX,
3c905-T4, 3c905B-TP, 3c905B-T4 and 3c905B-TX, and embedded 3c905-TX
and 3c905B-TX ethernet hardware in certain Dell Optiplex and Dell
Precision desktop machines, and certain Dell Latitude laptop docking
@ -53,10 +54,12 @@ stations.
.Pp
The Etherlink XL chips support built-in 10baseT, 10base2 and 10base5
transceivers as well as an MII bus for externally attached PHY
transceivers. The 3c905 series typically uses a National Semiconductor
transceivers.
The 3c905 series typically uses a National Semiconductor
NS 83840A 10/100 PHY for 10/100 Mbps support in full or half-duplex.
The 3c905B adapters have built-in autonegotiation logic mapped onto
the MII for compatibility with previous drivers. Fast Etherlink XL
the MII for compatibility with previous drivers.
Fast Etherlink XL
adapters such as the 3c905-TX and 3c905B-TX are capable of 10 or
100Mbps data rates in either full or half duplex and can be manually
configured for any supported mode or automatically negotiate the highest
@ -68,22 +71,27 @@ driver supports the following media types:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
.It autoselect
Enable autoselection of the media type and options. Note that this
Enable autoselection of the media type and options.
Note that this
option is only available with the 3c905 and 3c905B adapters with
external PHYs or built-in autonegotiation logic. For 3c900 adapters,
the driver will choose the mode specified in the EEPROM. The user can
external PHYs or built-in autonegotiation logic.
For 3c900 adapters,
the driver will choose the mode specified in the EEPROM.
The user can
change this by adding media options to the
.Pa /etc/rc.conf
file.
.It 10baseT/UTP
Set 10Mbps operation. The
Set 10Mbps operation.
The
.Ar mediaopt
option can also be used to select either
.Ar full-duplex
or
.Ar half-duplex modes.
.It 100baseTX
Set 100Mbps (fast ethernet) operation. The
Set 100Mbps (fast ethernet) operation.
The
.Ar mediaopt
option can abso be used to select either
.Ar full-duplex
@ -127,39 +135,50 @@ allocating a pad buffer or collapsing an mbuf chain into a cluster.
.It "xl%d: command never completed!"
Some commands issued to the 3c90x ASIC take time to complete: the
driver is supposed to wait until the 'command in progress' bit in
the status register clears before continuing. In rare instances, this
bit may not clear. To avoid getting caught in an infinite wait loop,
the status register clears before continuing.
In rare instances, this
bit may not clear.
To avoid getting caught in an infinite wait loop,
the driver only polls the bit for a finite number of times before
giving up, at which point it issues this message. This message may
be printed during driver initialization on slower machines. If you
giving up, at which point it issues this message.
This message may
be printed during driver initialization on slower machines.
If you
see this message but the driver continues to function normally, the
message can probably be ignored.
.It "xl%d: chip is in D3 power state -- setting to D0"
This message applies only to 3c905B adapters, which support power
management. Some operating systems place the 3c905B in low power
management.
Some operating systems place the 3c905B in low power
mode when shutting down, and some PCI BIOSes fail to bring the chip
out of this state before configuring it. The 3c905B loses all of
out of this state before configuring it.
The 3c905B loses all of
its PCI configuration in the D3 state, so if the BIOS does not set
it back to full power mode in time, it won't be able to configure it
correctly. The driver tries to detect this condition and bring
correctly.
The driver tries to detect this condition and bring
the adapter back to the D0 (full power) state, but this may not be
enough to return the driver to a fully operational condition. If
enough to return the driver to a fully operational condition.
If
you see this message at boot time and the driver fails to attach
the device as a network interface, you will have to perform second
warm boot to have the device properly configured.
.Pp
Note that this condition only occurs when warm booting from another
operating system. If you power down your system prior to booting
operating system.
If you power down your system prior to booting
.Fx ,
the card should be configured correctly.
.It "xl%d: WARNING: no media options bits set in the media options register!"
This warning may appear when using the driver on some Dell Latitude
docking stations with built-in 3c905-TX adapters. For whatever the
docking stations with built-in 3c905-TX adapters.
For whatever the
reason, the 'MII available' bit in the media options register on
this particular equipment is not set, even though it should be (the
3c905-TX always uses an external PHY transceiver). The driver will
attempt to guess the proper media type based on the PCI device ID
word. The driver makes a lot of noise about this condition because
word.
The driver makes a lot of noise about this condition because
the author considers it a manufacturing defect.
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO

90
share/man/man4/yp.4
View File

@ -88,7 +88,8 @@ is an
client/server system that allows a group of
machines within an
.Tn NIS
domain to share a common set of configuration files. This permits a system
domain to share a common set of configuration files.
This permits a system
administrator to set up
.Tn NIS
client systems with only minimal configuration
@ -109,11 +110,13 @@ where
.Pa [domainname]
is the name of the
.Tn NIS
domain being served. A single
domain being served.
A single
.Tn NIS
server can
support several domains at once, therefore it is possible to have several
such directories, one for each supported domain. Each domain will have
such directories, one for each supported domain.
Each domain will have
its own independent set of maps.
.Pp
In
@ -137,8 +140,10 @@ into
and
.Em .pag
files which the ndbm code uses to hold separate parts of the hash
database. The Berkeley DB hash method instead uses a single file for
both pieces of information. This means that while you may have
database.
The Berkeley DB hash method instead uses a single file for
both pieces of information.
This means that while you may have
.Pa passwd.byname.dir
and
.Pa passwd.byname.pag
@ -153,7 +158,8 @@ server,
.Xr ypserv 8 ,
and related tools need to know the database format of the
.Tn NIS
maps. Client
maps.
Client
.Tn NIS
systems receive all
.Tn NIS
@ -200,20 +206,24 @@ command) and begins broadcasting
requests on the local network.
These requests specify the name of the domain for which
.Xr ypbind 8
is attempting to establish a binding. If a server that has been
is attempting to establish a binding.
If a server that has been
configured to serve the requested domain receives one of the broadcasts,
it will respond to
.Xr ypbind 8 ,
which will record the server's address. If there are several servers
which will record the server's address.
If there are several servers
available (a master and several slaves, for example),
.Xr ypbind 8
will use the address of the first one to respond. From that point
will use the address of the first one to respond.
From that point
on, the client system will direct all of its
.Tn NIS
requests to that server.
.Xr Ypbind 8
will occasionally ``ping'' the server to make sure it's still up
and running. If it fails to receive a reply to one of its pings
and running.
If it fails to receive a reply to one of its pings
within a reasonable amount of time,
.Xr ypbind 8
will mark the domain as unbound and begin broadcasting again in the
@ -231,7 +241,8 @@ is responsible for receiving incoming requests from
clients,
translating the requested domain and map name to a path to the
corresponding database file and transmitting data from the database
back to the client. There is a specific set of requests that
back to the client.
There is a specific set of requests that
.Xr ypserv 8
is designed to handle, most of which are implemented as functions
within the standard C library:
@ -280,11 +291,13 @@ and are not meant to be used by standard utilities.
.Pp
On networks with a large number of hosts, it is often a good idea to
use a master server and several slaves rather than just a single master
server. A slave server provides the exact same information as a master
server.
A slave server provides the exact same information as a master
server: whenever the maps on the master server are updated, the new
data should be propagated to the slave systems using the
.Xr yppush 8
command. The
command.
The
.Tn NIS
Makefile
.Pf ( Pa /var/yp/Makefile )
@ -305,8 +318,10 @@ master server using
automatically from within
.Xr ypserv 8 ;
therefore it is not usually necessary for the administrator
to use it directly. It can be run manually if
desired, however.) Maintaining
to use it directly.
It can be run manually if
desired, however.)
Maintaining
slave servers helps improve
.Tn NIS
performance on large
@ -328,11 +343,13 @@ domain to extend beyond
a local network (the
.Xr ypbind 8
daemon might not be able to locate a server automatically if it resides on
a network outside the reach of its broadcasts. It is possible to force
a network outside the reach of its broadcasts.
It is possible to force
.Xr ypbind 8
to bind to a particular server with
.Xr ypset 8
but this is sometimes inconvenient. This problem can be avoided simply by
but this is sometimes inconvenient.
This problem can be avoided simply by
placing a slave server on the local network.)
.El
.Pp
@ -345,7 +362,8 @@ other
implementations) when used exclusively with
.Bx Free
client
systems. The
systems.
The
.Bx Free
password database system (which is derived directly
from
@ -373,8 +391,10 @@ in a special way: the server will only provide access to these
maps in response to requests that originate on privileged ports.
Since only the super-user is allowed to bind to a privileged port,
the server assumes that all such requests come from privileged
users. All other requests are denied: requests from non-privileged
ports will receive only an error code from the server. Additionally,
users.
All other requests are denied: requests from non-privileged
ports will receive only an error code from the server.
Additionally,
.Bx Free Ns 's
.Xr ypserv 8
includes support for Wietse Venema's tcp wrapper package; with tcp
@ -384,7 +404,8 @@ to respond only to selected client machines.
.Pp
While these enhancements provide better security than stock
.Tn NIS Ns ,
they are by no means 100% effective. It is still possible for
they are by no means 100% effective.
It is still possible for
someone with access to your network to spoof the server into disclosing
the shadow password maps.
.Pp
@ -393,9 +414,11 @@ On the client side,
.Fn getpwent 3
functions will automatically search for the
.Pa master.passwd
maps and use them if they exist. If they do, they will be used, and
maps and use them if they exist.
If they do, they will be used, and
all fields in these special maps (class, password age and account
expiration) will be decoded. If they aren't found, the standard
expiration) will be decoded.
If they aren't found, the standard
.Pa passwd
maps will be used instead.
.Sh COMPATIBILITY
@ -405,7 +428,8 @@ to be running in order
for their hostname resolution functions (
.Fn gethostbyname ,
.Fn gethostbyaddr ,
etc) to work properly. On these systems,
etc) to work properly.
On these systems,
.Xr ypserv 8
performs
.Tn DNS
@ -425,12 +449,14 @@ if desired), therefore its
server doesn't do
.Tn DNS
lookups
by default. However,
by default.
However,
.Xr ypserv 8
can be made to perform
.Tn DNS
lookups if it is started with a special
flag. It can also be made to register itself as an
flag.
It can also be made to register itself as an
.Tn NIS
v1 server
in order to placate certain systems that insist on the presence of
@ -463,7 +489,8 @@ client and server capabilities, it does not yet have support for
.Xr ypupdated 8
or the
.Fn yp_update
function. Both of these require secure
function.
Both of these require secure
.Tn RPC Ns ,
which
.Bx Free
@ -476,7 +503,8 @@ and
.Xr getprotoent 3
functions do not yet have
.Tn NIS
support. Fortunately, these files
support.
Fortunately, these files
don't need to be updated that often.
.Pp
Many more manual pages should be written, especially
@ -492,7 +520,8 @@ The
.Nm YP
subsystem was written from the ground up by
.An Theo de Raadt
to be compatible to Sun's implementation. Bug fixes, improvements
to be compatible to Sun's implementation.
Bug fixes, improvements
and
.Tn NIS
server support were later added by
@ -501,5 +530,6 @@ The server-side code was originally written by
.An Peter Eriksson
and
.An Tobias Reber
and is subject to the GNU Public License. No Sun code was
and is subject to the GNU Public License.
No Sun code was
referenced.

372
share/man/man5/elf.5
View File

@ -35,21 +35,25 @@
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The header file
.Aq Pa elf.h
defines the format of ELF executable binary files. Amongst these files are
defines the format of ELF executable binary files.
Amongst these files are
normal executable files, relocatable object files, core files and shared
libraries.
.Pp
An executable file using the ELF file format consists of an ELF header,
followed by a program header table or a section header table, or both.
The ELF header is always at offset zero of the file. The program header
The ELF header is always at offset zero of the file.
The program header
table and the section header table's offset in the file are defined in the
ELF header. The two tables describe the rest of the particularities of
ELF header.
The two tables describe the rest of the particularities of
the file.
.Pp
Applications which wish to process ELF binary files for their native
architecture only should include
.Pa sys/elf.h
in their source code. These applications should need to refer to
in their source code.
These applications should need to refer to
all the types and structures by their generic names
.Dq Elf_xxx
and to the macros by
@ -105,7 +109,8 @@ Elf64_Quarter Unsigned quarterword field
.Pp
All data structures that the file format defines follow the
.Dq natural
size and alignment guidelines for the relevant class. If necessary,
size and alignment guidelines for the relevant class.
If necessary,
data structures contain explicit padding to ensure 4-byte alignment
for 4-byte objects, to force structure sizes to a multiple of 4, etc.
.Pp
@ -163,16 +168,20 @@ The following macros are defined:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "EI_VERSION" -compact
.It Dv EI_MAG0
The first byte of the magic number. It must be filled with
The first byte of the magic number.
It must be filled with
.Sy ELFMAG0 .
.It Dv EI_MAG1
The second byte of the magic number. It must be filled with
The second byte of the magic number.
It must be filled with
.Sy ELFMAG1 .
.It Dv EI_MAG2
The third byte of the magic number. It must be filled with
The third byte of the magic number.
It must be filled with
.Sy ELFMAG2 .
.It Dv EI_MAG3
The fourth byte of the magic number. It must be filled with
The fourth byte of the magic number.
It must be filled with
.Sy ELFMAG3 .
.It Dv EI_CLASS
The fifth byte identifies the architecture for this binary:
@ -181,14 +190,16 @@ The fifth byte identifies the architecture for this binary:
.It Dv ELFCLASSNONE
This class is invalid.
.It Dv ELFCLASS32
This defines the 32-bit architecture. It supports machines with files
This defines the 32-bit architecture.
It supports machines with files
and virtual address spaces up to 4 Gigabytes.
.It Dv ELFCLASS64
This defines the 64-bit architecture.
.El
.It Dv EI_DATA
The sixth byte specifies the data encoding of the processor-specific
data in the file. Currently these encodings are supported:
data in the file.
Currently these encodings are supported:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "ELFDATA2LSB" -compact
.It Dv ELFDATANONE
@ -208,8 +219,11 @@ Invalid version.
Current version.
.El
.It Dv EI_PAD
Start of padding. These bytes are reserved and set to zero. Programs
which read them should ignore them. The value for EI_PAD will change in
Start of padding.
These bytes are reserved and set to zero.
Programs
which read them should ignore them.
The value for EI_PAD will change in
the future if currently unused bytes are given meanings.
.It Dv EI_BRAND
Start of architecture identification.
@ -278,16 +292,20 @@ Current version
.El
.It Dv e_entry
This member gives the virtual address to which the system first transfers
control, thus starting the process. If the file has no associated entry
control, thus starting the process.
If the file has no associated entry
point, this member holds zero.
.It Dv e_phoff
This member holds the program header table's file offset in bytes. If
This member holds the program header table's file offset in bytes.
If
the file has no program header table, this member holds zero.
.It Dv e_shoff
This member holds the section header table's file offset in bytes. If the
This member holds the section header table's file offset in bytes.
If the
file has no section header table this member holds zero.
.It Dv e_flags
This member holds processor-specific flags associated with the file. Flag
This member holds processor-specific flags associated with the file.
Flag
names take the form EF_`machine_flag'. Currently no flags have been defined.
.It Dv e_ehsize
This member holds the ELF header's size in bytes.
@ -296,37 +314,44 @@ This member holds the size in bytes of one entry in the file's program header
table; all entries are the same size.
.It Dv e_phnum
This member holds the number of entries in the program header
table. Thus the product of
table.
Thus the product of
.Sy e_phentsize
and
.Sy e_phnum
gives the table's size
in bytes. If a file has no program header,
in bytes.
If a file has no program header,
.Sy e_phnum
holds the value zero.
.It Dv e_shentsize
This member holds a sections header's size in bytes. A section header is one
This member holds a sections header's size in bytes.
A section header is one
entry in the section header table; all entries are the same size.
.It Dv e_shnum
This member holds the number of entries in the section header table. Thus
This member holds the number of entries in the section header table.
Thus
the product of
.Sy e_shentsize
and
.Sy e_shnum
gives the section header table's size in bytes. If a file has no section
gives the section header table's size in bytes.
If a file has no section
header table,
.Sy e_shnum
holds the value of zero.
.It Dv e_shstrndx
This member holds the section header table index of the entry associated
with the section name string table. If the file has no section name string
with the section name string table.
If the file has no section name string
table, this member holds the value
.Sy SHN_UNDEF .
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "SHN_LORESERVE" -compact
.It Dv SHN_UNDEF
This value marks an undefined, missing, irrelevant, or otherwise meaningless
section reference. For example, a symbol
section reference.
For example, a symbol
.Dq defined
relative to section number
.Sy SHN_UNDEF
@ -342,7 +367,8 @@ This value down to and including
.Sy SHN_LOPROC
are reserved for processor-specific semantics.
.It Dv SHN_ABS
This value specifies absolute values for the corresponding reference. For
This value specifies absolute values for the corresponding reference.
For
example, symbols defined relative to section number
.Sy SHN_ABS
have absolute values and are not affected by relocation.
@ -356,7 +382,8 @@ indices between
and
.Sy SHN_HIRESERVE ,
inclusive; the values do
not reference the section header table. That is, the section header table
not reference the section header table.
That is, the section header table
does
.Em not
contain entries for the reserved indices.
@ -365,7 +392,8 @@ contain entries for the reserved indices.
.Pp
An executable or shared object file's program header table is an array of
structures, each describing a segment or other information the system needs
to prepare the program for execution. An object file
to prepare the program for execution.
An object file
.Em segment
contains one or more
.Em sections .
@ -374,7 +402,8 @@ A file specifies its own program header size with the ELF header's
.Sy e_phentsize
and
.Sy e_phnum
members. As with the Elf executable header, the program header
members.
As with the Elf executable header, the program header
also has different versions depending on the architecture:
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent
@ -423,7 +452,8 @@ The array element specifies a loadable segment, described by
and
.Sy p_memsz .
The bytes from the file are mapped to the beginning of the memory
segment. If the segment's memory size (
segment.
If the segment's memory size (
.Sy p_memsz
) is larger than the file
size (
@ -431,7 +461,8 @@ size (
), the
.Dq extra
bytes are defined to hold the value 0 and to follow the segment's
initialized area. The file size may not be larger than the memory size.
initialized area.
The file size may not be larger than the memory size.
Loadable segment entries in the program header table appear in ascending
order, sorted on the
.Sy p_vaddr
@ -440,21 +471,26 @@ member.
The array element specifies dynamic linking information.
.It Dv PT_INTERP
The array element specifies the location and size of a null-terminated
path name to invoke as an interpreter. This segment type is meaningful
path name to invoke as an interpreter.
This segment type is meaningful
only for executable files (though it may occur for shared objects). However
it may not occur more than once in a file. If it is present it must precede
it may not occur more than once in a file.
If it is present it must precede
any loadable segment entry.
.It Dv PT_NOTE
The array element specifies the location and size for auxiliary information.
.It Dv PT_SHLIB
This segment type is reserved but has unspecified semantics. Programs that
This segment type is reserved but has unspecified semantics.
Programs that
contain an array element of this type do not conform to the ABI.
.It Dv PT_PHDR
The array element, if present, specifies the location and size of the program
header table itself, both in the file and in the memory image of the program.
This segment type may not occur more than once in a file. Moreover, it may
This segment type may not occur more than once in a file.
Moreover, it may
only occur if the program header table is part of the memory image of the
program. If it is present it must precede any loadable segment entry.
program.
If it is present it must precede any loadable segment entry.
.It Dv PT_LOPROC
This value up to and including
.Sy PT_HIPROC
@ -473,7 +509,8 @@ This member holds the virtual address at which the first byte of the
segment resides in memory.
.It Dv p_paddr
On systems for which physical addressing is relevant, this member is
reserved for the segment's physical address. Under BSD this member is
reserved for the segment's physical address.
Under BSD this member is
not used and must be zero.
.It Dv p_filesz
This member holds the number of bytes in the file image of the segment.
@ -504,11 +541,13 @@ and
.Sy PF_R .
.It Dv p_align
This member holds the value to which the segments are aligned in memory
and in the file. Loadable process segments must have congruent values for
and in the file.
Loadable process segments must have congruent values for
.Sy p_vaddr
and
.Sy p_offset ,
modulo the page size. Values of zero and one mean no alignment is required.
modulo the page size.
Values of zero and one mean no alignment is required.
Otherwise,
.Sy p_align
should be a positive, integral power of two, and
@ -519,8 +558,10 @@ modulo
.Sy p_align .
.El
.Pp
An file's section header table lets one locate all the file's sections. The
section header table is an array of Elf32_Shdr or Elf64_Shdr structures. The
An file's section header table lets one locate all the file's sections.
The
section header table is an array of Elf32_Shdr or Elf64_Shdr structures.
The
ELF header's
.Sy e_shoff
member gives the byte offset from the beginning of the file to the section
@ -530,8 +571,10 @@ holds the number of entries the section header table contains.
.Sy e_shentsize
holds the size in bytes of each entry.
.Pp
A section header table index is a subscript into this array. Some section
header table indices are reserved. An object file does not have sections for
A section header table index is a subscript into this array.
Some section
header table indices are reserved.
An object file does not have sections for
these special indices:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "SHN_LORESERVE" -compact
@ -549,7 +592,8 @@ This value down to and including
.Sy SHN_LOPROC
are reserved for processor-specific semantics.
.It Dv SHN_ABS
This value specifies absolute values for the corresponding reference. For
This value specifies absolute values for the corresponding reference.
For
example, symbols defined relative to section number
.Sy SHN_ABS
have absolute values and are not affected by relocation.
@ -557,12 +601,14 @@ have absolute values and are not affected by relocation.
Symbols defined relative to this section are common symbols, such as FORTRAN
COMMON or unallocated C external variables.
.It Dv SHN_HIRESERVE
This value specifies the upper bound of the range of reserved indices. The
This value specifies the upper bound of the range of reserved indices.
The
system reserves indices between
.Sy SHN_LORESERVE
and
.Sy SHN_HIRESERVE,
inclusive. The section header table does not contain entries for the
inclusive.
The section header table does not contain entries for the
reserved indices.
.El
.Pp
@ -599,7 +645,8 @@ typedef struct {
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "sh_addralign" -compact
.It Dv sh_name
This member specifies the name of the section. Its value is an index
This member specifies the name of the section.
Its value is an index
into the section header string table section, giving the location of
a null-terminated string.
.It Dv sh_type
@ -607,36 +654,46 @@ This member categorizes the section's contents and semantics.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "SHT_PROGBITS" -compact
.It Dv SHT_NULL
This value marks the section header as inactive. It does not
have an associated section. Other members of the section header
This value marks the section header as inactive.
It does not
have an associated section.
Other members of the section header
have undefined values.
.It Dv SHT_PROGBITS
The section holds information defined by the program, whose
format and meaning are determined solely by the program.
.It Dv SHT_SYMTAB
This section holds a symbol table. Typically,
This section holds a symbol table.
Typically,
.Sy SHT_SYMTAB
provides symbols for link editing, though it may also be used
for dynamic linking. As a complete symbol table, it may contain
many symbols unnecessary for dynamic linking. An object file can
for dynamic linking.
As a complete symbol table, it may contain
many symbols unnecessary for dynamic linking.
An object file can
also contain a
.Sy SHN_DYNSYM
section.
.It Dv SHT_STRTAB
This section holds a string table. An object file may have multiple
This section holds a string table.
An object file may have multiple
string table sections.
.It Dv SHT_RELA
This section holds relocation entries with explicit addends, such
as type
.Sy Elf32_Rela
for the 32-bit class of object files. An object may have multiple
for the 32-bit class of object files.
An object may have multiple
relocation sections.
.It Dv SHT_HASH
This section holds a symbol hash table. All object participating in
dynamic linking must contain a symbol hash table. An object file may
This section holds a symbol hash table.
All object participating in
dynamic linking must contain a symbol hash table.
An object file may
have only one hash table.
.It Dv SHT_DYNAMIC
This section holds information for dynamic linking. An object file may
This section holds information for dynamic linking.
An object file may
have only one dynamic section.
.It Dv SHT_NOTE
This section holds information that marks the file in some way.
@ -651,12 +708,14 @@ member contains the conceptual file offset.
This section holds relocation offsets without explicit addends, such
as type
.Sy Elf32_Rel
for the 32-bit class of object files. An object file may have multiple
for the 32-bit class of object files.
An object file may have multiple
relocation sections.
.It Dv SHT_SHLIB
This section is reserved but has unspecified semantics.
.It Dv SHT_DYNSYM
This section holds a minimal set of dynamic linking symbols. An
This section holds a minimal set of dynamic linking symbols.
An
object file can also contain a
.Sy SHN_SYMTAB
section.
@ -673,7 +732,8 @@ This value specifies the lower bound of the range of indices reserved for
application programs.
.It Dv SHT_HIUSER
This value specifies the upper bound of the range of indices reserved for
application programs. Section types between
application programs.
Section types between
.Sy SHT_LOUSER
and
.Sy SHT_HIUSER
@ -687,17 +747,21 @@ If a flag bit is set in
.Sy sh_flags ,
the attribute is
.Dq on
for the section. Otherwise, the attribute is
for the section.
Otherwise, the attribute is
.Dq off
or does not apply. Undefined attributes are set to zero.
or does not apply.
Undefined attributes are set to zero.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "SHF_EXECINSTR" -compact
.It Dv SHF_WRITE
This section contains data that should be writable during process
execution.
.It Dv SHF_ALLOC
The section occupies memory during process execution. Some control
sections do not reside in the memory image of an object file. This
The section occupies memory during process execution.
Some control
sections do not reside in the memory image of an object file.
This
attribute is off for those sections.
.It Dv SHF_EXECINSTR
The section contains executable machine instructions.
@ -712,18 +776,21 @@ holds the address at which the section's first byte should reside.
Otherwise, the member contains zero.
.It Dv sh_offset
This member's value holds the byte offset from the beginning of the file
to the first byte in the section. One section type,
to the first byte in the section.
One section type,
.Sy SHT_NOBITS ,
occupies no space in the file, and its
.Sy sh_offset
member locates the conceptual placement in the file.
.It Dv sh_size
This member holds the section's size in bytes. Unless the section type
This member holds the section's size in bytes.
Unless the section type
is
.Sy SHT_NOBITS ,
the section occupies
.Sy sh_size
bytes in the file. A section of type
bytes in the file.
A section of type
.Sy SHT_NOBITS
may have a non-zero size, but it occupies no space in the file.
.It Dv sh_link
@ -733,13 +800,16 @@ depends on the section type.
This member holds extra information, whose interpretation depends on the
section type.
.It Dv sh_addralign
Some sections have address alignment constraints. If a section holds a
Some sections have address alignment constraints.
If a section holds a
doubleword, the system must ensure doubleword alignment for the entire
section. That is, the value of
section.
That is, the value of
.Sy sh_addr
must be congruent to zero, modulo the value of
.Sy sh_addralign .
Only zero and positive integral powers of two are allowed. Values of zero
Only zero and positive integral powers of two are allowed.
Values of zero
or one mean the section has no alignment constraints.
.It Dv sh_entsize
Some sections hold a table of fixed-sized entries, such as a symbol table.
@ -752,20 +822,24 @@ Various sections hold program and control information:
.Bl -tag -width ".shstrtab" -compact
.It .bss
This section holds uninitialized data that contributes to the program's
memory image. By definition, the system initializes the data with zeros
when the program begins to run. This section is of type
memory image.
By definition, the system initializes the data with zeros
when the program begins to run.
This section is of type
.Sy SHT_NOBITS .
The attributes types are
.Sy SHF_ALLOC
and
.Sy SHF_WRITE .
.It .comment
This section holds version control information. This section is of type
This section holds version control information.
This section is of type
.Sy SHT_PROGBITS .
No attribute types are used.
.It .data
This section holds initialized data that contribute to the program's
memory image. This section is of type
memory image.
This section is of type
.Sy SHT_PROGBITS .
The attribute types are
.Sy SHF_ALLOC
@ -773,24 +847,30 @@ and
.Sy SHF_WRITE .
.It .data1
This section holds initialized data that contribute to the program's
memory image. This section is of type
memory image.
This section is of type
.Sy SHT_PROGBITS .
The attribute types are
.Sy SHF_ALLOC
and
.Sy SHF_WRITE .
.It .debug
This section holds information for symbolic debugging. The contents
are unspecified. This section is of type
This section holds information for symbolic debugging.
The contents
are unspecified.
This section is of type
.Sy SHT_PROGBITS .
No attribute types are used.
.It .dynamic
This section holds dynamic linking information. The section's attributes
This section holds dynamic linking information.
The section's attributes
will include the
.Sy SHF_ALLOC
bit. Whether the
bit.
Whether the
.Sy SHF_WRITE
bit is set is processor-specific. This section is of type
bit is set is processor-specific.
This section is of type
.Sy SHT_DYNAMIC .
See the attributes above.
.It .dynstr
@ -801,31 +881,37 @@ This section is of type
The attribute type used is
.Sy SHF_ALLOC .
.It .dynsym
This section holds the dynamic linking symbol table. This section is of type
This section holds the dynamic linking symbol table.
This section is of type
.Sy SHT_DYNSYM .
The attribute used is
.Sy SHF_ALLOC .
.It .fini
This section holds executable instructions that contribute to the process
termination code. When a program exits normally the system arranges to
execute the code in this section. This section is of type
termination code.
When a program exits normally the system arranges to
execute the code in this section.
This section is of type
.Sy SHT_PROGBITS .
The attributes used are
.Sy SHF_ALLOC
and
.Sy SHF_EXECINSTR .
.It .got
This section holds the global offset table. This section is of type
This section holds the global offset table.
This section is of type
.Sy SHT_PROGBITS .
The attributes are processor-specific.
.It .hash
This section holds a symbol hash table. This section is of type
This section holds a symbol hash table.
This section is of type
.Sy SHT_HASH .
The attribute used is
.Sy SHF_ALLOC .
.It .init
This section holds executable instructions that contribute to the process
initialization code. When a program starts to run the system arranges to
initialization code.
When a program starts to run the system arranges to
execute the code in this section before calling the main program entry point.
This section is of type
.Sy SHT_PROGBITS .
@ -834,36 +920,46 @@ The attributes used are
and
.Sy SHF_EXECINSTR .
.It .interp
This section holds the pathname of a program interpreter. If the file has
This section holds the pathname of a program interpreter.
If the file has
a loadable segment that includes the section, the section's attributes will
include the
.Sy SHF_ALLOC
bit. Otherwise, that bit will be off. This section is of type
bit.
Otherwise, that bit will be off.
This section is of type
.Sy SHT_PROGBITS .
.It .line
This section holds line number information for symbolic debugging, which
describes the correspondence between the program source and the machine code.
The contents are unspecified. This section is of type
The contents are unspecified.
This section is of type
.Sy SHT_PROGBITS .
No attribute types are used.
.It .note
This section holds information in the
.Dq Note Section
format described below. This section is of type
format described below.
This section is of type
.Sy SHT_NOTE .
No attribute types are used.
.It .plt
This section holds the procedure linkage table. This section is of type
This section holds the procedure linkage table.
This section is of type
.Sy SHT_PROGBITS .
The attributes are processor-specific.
.It .relNAME
This section holds relocation information as described below. If the file
This section holds relocation information as described below.
If the file
has a loadable segment that includes relocation, the section's attributes
will include the
.Sy SHF_ALLOC
bit. Otherwise the bit will be off. By convention,
bit.
Otherwise the bit will be off.
By convention,
.Dq NAME
is supplied by the section to which the relocations apply. Thus a relocation
is supplied by the section to which the relocations apply.
Thus a relocation
section for
.Sy .text
normally would have the name
@ -871,13 +967,17 @@ normally would have the name
This section is of type
.Sy SHT_REL .
.It .relaNAME
This section holds relocation information as described below. If the file
This section holds relocation information as described below.
If the file
has a loadable segment that includes relocation, the section's attributes
will include the
.Sy SHF_ALLOC
bit. Otherwise the bit will be off. By convention,
bit.
Otherwise the bit will be off.
By convention,
.Dq NAME
is supplied by the section to which the relocations apply. Thus a relocation
is supplied by the section to which the relocations apply.
Thus a relocation
section for
.Sy .text
normally would have the name
@ -886,39 +986,49 @@ This section is of type
.Sy SHT_RELA .
.It .rodata
This section holds read-only data that typically contributes to a
non-writable segment in the process image. This section is of type
non-writable segment in the process image.
This section is of type
.Sy SHT_PROGBITS .
The attribute used is
.Sy SHF_ALLOC .
.It .rodata1
This section hold read-only data that typically contributes to a
non-writable segment in the process image. This section is of type
non-writable segment in the process image.
This section is of type
.Sy SHT_PROGBITS .
The attribute used is
.Sy SHF_ALLOC .
.It .shstrtab
This section holds section names. This section is of type
This section holds section names.
This section is of type
.Sy SHT_STRTAB .
No attribute types are used.
.It .strtab
This section holds strings, most commonly the strings that represent the
names associated with symbol table entries. If the file has a loadable
names associated with symbol table entries.
If the file has a loadable
segment that includes the symbol string table, the section's attributes
will include the
.Sy SHF_ALLOC
bit. Otherwise the bit will be off. This section is of type
bit.
Otherwise the bit will be off.
This section is of type
.Sy SHT_STRTAB .
.It .symtab
This section holds a symbol table. If the file has a loadable segment
This section holds a symbol table.
If the file has a loadable segment
that includes the symbol table, the section's attributes will include
the
.Sy SHF_ALLOC
bit. Otherwise the bit will be off. This section is of type
bit.
Otherwise the bit will be off.
This section is of type
.Sy SHT_SYMTAB .
.It .text
This section holds the
.Dq text ,
or executable instructions, of a program. This section is of type
or executable instructions, of a program.
This section is of type
.Sy SHT_PROGBITS .
The attributes used are
.Sy SHF_ALLOC
@ -927,14 +1037,19 @@ and
.El
.Pp
String table sections hold null-terminated character sequences, commonly
called strings. The object file uses these strings to represent symbol
and section names. One references a string as an index into the string
table section. The first byte, which is index zero, is defined to hold
a null character. Similarly, a string table's last byte is defined to
called strings.
The object file uses these strings to represent symbol
and section names.
One references a string as an index into the string
table section.
The first byte, which is index zero, is defined to hold
a null character.
Similarly, a string table's last byte is defined to
hold a null character, ensuring null termination for all strings.
.Pp
An object file's symbol table holds information needed to locate and
relocate a program's symbolic definitions and references. A symbol table
relocate a program's symbolic definitions and references.
A symbol table
index is a subscript into this array.
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent
@ -962,13 +1077,16 @@ typedef struct {
.Bl -tag -width "st_value" -compact
.It Dv st_name
This member holds an index into the object file's symbol string table,
which holds character representations of the symbol names. If the value
which holds character representations of the symbol names.
If the value
is non-zero, it represents a string table index that gives the symbol
name. Otherwise, the symbol table has no name.
name.
Otherwise, the symbol table has no name.
.It Dv st_value
This member gives the value of the associated symbol.
.It Dv st_size
Many symbols have associated sizes. This member holds zero if the symbol
Many symbols have associated sizes.
This member holds zero if the symbol
has no size or an unknown size.
.It Dv st_info
This member specifies the symbol's type and binding attributes:
@ -981,13 +1099,15 @@ The symbol is associated with a data object.
.It Dv STT_FUNC
The symbol is associated with a function or other executable code.
.It Dv STT_SECTION
The symbol is associated with a section. Symbol table entries of
The symbol is associated with a section.
Symbol table entries of
this type exist primarily for relocation and normally have
.Sy STB_LOCAL
bindings.
.It Dv STT_FILE
By convention the symbol's name gives the name of the source file
associated with the object file. A file symbol has
associated with the object file.
A file symbol has
.Sy STB_LOCAL
bindings, its section index is
.Sy SHN_ABS ,
@ -1007,10 +1127,12 @@ are reserved for processor-specific semantics.
.Bl -tag -width "STB_GLOBAL" -compact
.It Dv STB_LOCAL
Local symbols are not visible outside the object file containing their
definition. Local symbols of the same name may exist in multiple file
definition.
Local symbols of the same name may exist in multiple file
without interfering with each other.
.It Dv STB_GLOBAL
Global symbols are visible to all object files being combined. One file's
Global symbols are visible to all object files being combined.
One file's
definition of a global symbol will satisfy another file's undefined
reference to the same symbol.
.It Dv STB_WEAK
@ -1047,15 +1169,18 @@ This member currently holds zero and has no defined meaning.
.It Dv st_shndx
Every symbol table entry is
.Dq defined
in relation to some action. This member holds the relevant section
in relation to some action.
This member holds the relevant section
header table index.
.El
.Pp
Relocation is the process of connecting symbolic references with
symbolic definitions. Relocatable files must have information that
symbolic definitions.
Relocatable files must have information that
describes how to modify their section contents, thus allowing executable
and shared object files to hold the right information for a process'
program image. Relocation entries are these data.
program image.
Relocation entries are these data.
.Pp
Relocation structures that do not need an addend:
.Pp
@ -1093,13 +1218,16 @@ typedef struct {
.It Dv r_offset
This member gives the location at which to apply the relocation action.
For a relocatable file, the value is the byte offset from the beginning
of the section to the storage unit affected by the relocation. For an
of the section to the storage unit affected by the relocation.
For an
executable file or shared object, the value is the virtual address of
the storage unit affected by the relocation.
.It Dv r_info
This member gives both the symbol table index with respect to which the
relocation must be made and the type of relocation to apply. Relocation
types are processor-specific. When the text refers to a relocation
relocation must be made and the type of relocation to apply.
Relocation
types are processor-specific.
When the text refers to a relocation
entry's relocation type or symbol table index, it means the result of
applying
.Sy ELF_[32|64]_R_TYPE

3
share/man/man5/fbtab.5
View File

@ -20,7 +20,8 @@ All other lines consist of three fields delimited by
whitespace: a login device (/dev/ttyv0), an octal
permission number (0600), and a ":"-delimited list of
devices (/dev/console). All device names are
absolute paths. A path that ends in "/*" refers to all
absolute paths.
A path that ends in "/*" refers to all
directory entries except "." and "..".
.Pp
If the tty argument (relative path) matches a login device

66
share/man/man5/link.5
View File

@ -44,12 +44,15 @@ The include file
declares several structures that are present in dynamically linked
programs and libraries.
The structures define the interface between several components of the
link-editor and loader mechanism. The layout of a number of these
link-editor and loader mechanism.
The layout of a number of these
structures within the binaries resembles the a.out format in many places
as it serves such similar functions as symbol definitions (including the
accompanying string table) and relocation records needed to resolve
references to external entities. It also records a number of data structures
unique to the dynamic loading and linking process. These include references
references to external entities.
It also records a number of data structures
unique to the dynamic loading and linking process.
These include references
to other objects that are required to complete the link-editing process and
indirection tables to facilitate
.Em Position Independent Code
@ -63,36 +66,45 @@ format offers no room for it elsewhere.
.Pp
Several utilities cooperate to ensure that the task of getting a program
ready to run can complete successfully in a way that optimizes the use
of system resources. The compiler emits PIC code from which shared libraries
of system resources.
The compiler emits PIC code from which shared libraries
can be built by
.Xr ld 1 .
The compiler also includes size information of any initialized data items
through the .size assembler directive. PIC code differs from conventional code
through the .size assembler directive.
PIC code differs from conventional code
in that it accesses data variables through an indirection table, the
Global Offset Table, by convention accessible by the reserved name
.Em _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_.
The exact mechanism used for this is machine dependent, usually a machine
register is reserved for the purpose. The rational behind this construct
is to generate code that is independent of the actual load address. Only
register is reserved for the purpose.
The rational behind this construct
is to generate code that is independent of the actual load address.
Only
the values contained in the Global Offset Table may need updating at run-time
depending on the load addresses of the various shared objects in the address
space.
.Pp
Likewise, procedure calls to globally defined functions are redirected through
the Procedure Linkage Table (PLT) residing in the data segment of the core
image. Again, this is done to avoid run-time modifications to the text segment.
image.
Again, this is done to avoid run-time modifications to the text segment.
.Pp
The linker-editor allocates the Global Offset Table and Procedure Linkage Table
when combining PIC object files into an image suitable for mapping into the
process address space. It also collects all symbols that may be needed by the
process address space.
It also collects all symbols that may be needed by the
run-time link-editor and stores these along with the image's text and data bits.
Another reserved symbol,
.Em _DYNAMIC
is used to indicate the presence of the run-time linker structures. Whenever
is used to indicate the presence of the run-time linker structures.
Whenever
_DYNAMIC is relocated to 0, there is no need to invoke the run-time
link-editor. If this symbol is non-zero, it points at a data structure from
link-editor.
If this symbol is non-zero, it points at a data structure from
which the location of the necessary relocation- and symbol information can
be derived. This is most notably used by the start-up module,
be derived.
This is most notably used by the start-up module,
.Em crt0.
The _DYNAMIC structure is conventionally located at the start of the data
segment of the image to which it pertains.
@ -120,7 +132,8 @@ struct _dynamic {
.Bl -tag -width d_version
.It Fa d_version
This field provides for different versions of the dynamic linking
implementation. The current version numbers understood by
implementation.
The current version numbers understood by
.Xr ld 1
and
.Xr ld.so 1
@ -300,12 +313,15 @@ structure.
Hook for attaching private data maintained by the run-time link-editor.
.El
.Pp
Symbol description with size. This is simply an
Symbol description with size.
This is simply an
.Fa nlist
structure with one field
.Pq Fa nz_size
added. Used to convey size information on items in the data segment
of shared objects. An array of these lives in the shared object's
added.
Used to convey size information on items in the data segment
of shared objects.
An array of these lives in the shared object's
text segment and is addressed by the
.Fa sdt_nzlist
field of
@ -356,12 +372,14 @@ The index of the symbol in the shared object's symbol table (as given by the
field).
.It Fa rh_next
In case of collisions, this field is the offset of the next entry in this
hash table bucket. It is zero for the last bucket element.
hash table bucket.
It is zero for the last bucket element.
.El
The
.Fa rt_symbol
structure is used to keep track of run-time allocated commons
and data items copied from shared objects. These items are kept on linked list
and data items copied from shared objects.
These items are kept on linked list
and is exported through the
.Fa dd_cc
field in the
@ -383,7 +401,8 @@ The symbol description.
.It Fa rt_next
Virtual address of next rt_symbol.
.It Fa rt_link
Next in hash bucket. Used by internally by
Next in hash bucket.
Used by internally by
.Nm ld.so .
.It Fa rt_srcaddr
Location of the source of initialized data within a shared object.
@ -396,7 +415,8 @@ The
.Fa so_debug
structure is used by debuggers to gain knowledge of any shared objects
that have been loaded in the process's address space as a result of run-time
link-editing. Since the run-time link-editor runs as a part of process
link-editing.
Since the run-time link-editor runs as a part of process
initialization, a debugger that wishes to access symbols from shared objects
can only do so after the link-editor has been called from crt0.
A dynamically linked binary contains a
@ -426,7 +446,8 @@ run under control of a debugger.
Set by the run-time linker whenever it adds symbols by loading shared objects.
.It Fa dd_bpt_addr
The address were a breakpoint will be set by the run-time linker to
divert control to the debugger. This address is determined by the start-up
divert control to the debugger.
This address is determined by the start-up
module,
.Em crt0.o,
to be some convenient place before the call to _main.
@ -485,7 +506,8 @@ was loaded by crt0.
.It Fa crt_dzfd
On SunOS systems, this field contains an open file descriptor to
.Dq Pa /dev/zero
used to get demand paged zeroed pages. On
used to get demand paged zeroed pages.
On
.Tn FreeBSD
systems it contains -1.
.It Fa crt_ldfd

105
share/man/man5/passwd.5
View File

@ -190,7 +190,8 @@ The system administrator can configure
to use NIS/YP for
its password information by adding special records to the
.Pa /etc/master.passwd
file. These entries should be added with
file.
These entries should be added with
.Xr vipw 8
so that the changes can be properly merged with the hashed
password databases and the
@ -220,10 +221,12 @@ Note that the entry shown above is known as a
.Em wildcard
entry, because it matches all users (the `+' without any other information
matches everybody) and allows all NIS password data to be retrieved
unaltered. However, by
unaltered.
However, by
specifying a username or netgroup next to the `+' in the NIS
entry, the administrator can affect what data are extracted from the
NIS passwd maps and how it is interpreted. Here are a few example
NIS passwd maps and how it is interpreted.
Here are a few example
records that illustrate this feature (note that you can have several
NIS entries in a single
.Pa master.passwd
@ -240,8 +243,10 @@ file):
Specific usernames are listed explicitly while netgroups are signified
by a preceding `@'. In the above example, users in the ``staff'' and
``permitted-users'' netgroups will have their password information
read from NIS and used unaltered. In other words, they will be allowed
normal access to the machine. Users ``ken'' and ``dennis,'' who have
read from NIS and used unaltered.
In other words, they will be allowed
normal access to the machine.
Users ``ken'' and ``dennis,'' who have
been named explicitly rather than through a netgroup, will also have
their password data read from NIS, _except_ that user ``ken'' will
have his shell remapped to
@ -250,7 +255,8 @@ This means that value for his shell specified in the NIS password map
will be overridden by the value specified in the special NIS entry in
the local
.Pa master.passwd
file. User ``ken'' may have been assigned the csh shell because his
file.
User ``ken'' may have been assigned the csh shell because his
NIS password entry specified a different shell that may not be
installed on the client machine for political or technical reasons.
Meanwhile, users in the ``rejected-users'' netgroup are prevented
@ -261,12 +267,14 @@ User ``mitnick'' will be be ignored entirely because his entry is
specified with a `-' instead of a `+'. A minus entry can be used
to block out certain NIS password entries completely; users who's
password data has been excluded in this way are not recognized by
the system at all. (Any overrides specified with minus entries are
the system at all.
(Any overrides specified with minus entries are
also ignored since there is no point in processing override information
for a user that the system isn't going to recognize in the first place.)
In general, a minus entry is used to specifically exclude a user
who might otherwise be granted access because he happens to be a
member of an authorized netgroup. For example, if ``mitnick'' is
member of an authorized netgroup.
For example, if ``mitnick'' is
a member of the ``permitted-users'' netgroup and must, for whatever
the reason, be permitted to remain in that netgroup (possibly to
retain access to other machines within the domain), the administrator
@ -276,12 +284,14 @@ allowed access rather than generate a possibly complicated list of
users who are allowed access and omit the rest.
.Pp
Note that the plus and minus entries are evaluated in order from
first to last with the first match taking precedence. This means
first to last with the first match taking precedence.
This means
the system will only use the first entry that matches a particular user.
If, for instance, we have a user ``foo'' who is a member of both the ``staff''
netgroup and the ``rejected-users'' netgroup, he will be admitted to
the system because the above example lists the entry for ``staff''
before the entry for ``rejected-users.'' If we reversed the order,
before the entry for ``rejected-users.''
If we reversed the order,
user ``foo'' would be flagged as a ``rejected-user'' instead and
denied access.
.Pp
@ -294,11 +304,13 @@ entries). In our example shown above, we do not have a wildcard
entry at the end of the list; therefore, the system will not recognize
anyone except
``ken,'' ``dennis,'' the ``staff'' netgroup and the ``permitted-users''
netgroup as authorized users. The ``rejected-users'' netgroup will
netgroup as authorized users.
The ``rejected-users'' netgroup will
be recognized but all members will have their shells remapped and
therefore be denied access.
All other NIS password records
will be ignored. The administrator may add a wildcard entry to the
will be ignored.
The administrator may add a wildcard entry to the
end of the list such as:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
+:::::::::/usr/local/bin/go_away
@ -309,7 +321,8 @@ any of the other entries.
.Pa /usr/local/bin/go_away
can be a short shell script or program
that prints a message telling the user that he is not allowed access
to the system. This technique is sometimes useful when it is
to the system.
This technique is sometimes useful when it is
desirable to have the system be able to recognize all users in a
particular NIS domain without necessarily granting them login access.
See the above text on the shell field regarding security concerns when using
@ -318,7 +331,8 @@ a shell script as the login shell.
The primary use of this
.Pa override
feature is to permit the administrator
to enforce access restrictions on NIS client systems. Users can be
to enforce access restrictions on NIS client systems.
Users can be
granted access to one group of machines and denied access to other
machines simply by adding or removing them from a particular netgroup.
Since the netgroup database can also be accessed via NIS, this allows
@ -334,10 +348,12 @@ are stored only in
.Pa /etc/master.passwd
and
.Pa /etc/spwd.db ,
which are readable and writable only by the superuser. This is done
which are readable and writable only by the superuser.
This is done
to prevent users from running the encrypted passwords through
password-guessing programs and gaining unauthorized access to
other users' accounts. NIS does not support a standard means of
other users' accounts.
NIS does not support a standard means of
password shadowing, which implies that placing your password data
into the NIS passwd maps totally defeats the security of
.Tn FreeBSD Ns 's
@ -345,11 +361,13 @@ password shadowing system.
.Pp
.Tn FreeBSD
provides a few special features to help get around this
problem. It is possible to implement password shadowing between
problem.
It is possible to implement password shadowing between
.Tn FreeBSD
NIS clients and
.Tn FreeBSD
NIS servers. The
NIS servers.
The
.Xr getpwent 3
routines will search for a
.Pa master.passwd.byname
@ -357,7 +375,8 @@ and
.Pa master.passwd.byuid
maps which should contain the same data found in the
.Pa /etc/master.passwd
file. If the maps exist,
file.
If the maps exist,
.Tn FreeBSD
will attempt to use them for user
authentication instead of the standard
@ -368,12 +387,14 @@ maps.
.Tn FreeBSD Ns 's
.Xr ypserv 8
will also check client requests to make sure they originate on a
privileged port. Since only the superuser is allowed to bind to
privileged port.
Since only the superuser is allowed to bind to
a privileged port, the server can tell if the requesting user
is the superuser; all requests from non-privileged users to access
the
.Pa master.passwd
maps will be refused. Since all user authentication programs run
maps will be refused.
Since all user authentication programs run
with superuser privilege, they should have the required access to
users' encrypted password data while normal users will only
be allowed access to the standard
@ -382,7 +403,8 @@ maps which contain no password information.
.Pp
Note that this feature cannot be used in an environment with
.No non- Ns Tn FreeBSD
systems. Note also that a truly determined user with
systems.
Note also that a truly determined user with
unrestricted access to your network could still compromise the
.Pa master.passwd
maps.
@ -407,7 +429,8 @@ This entry will cause all users in the `foo-users' netgroup to
have
.Pa all
of their password information overridden, including UIDs,
GIDs and passwords. The result is that all `foo-users' will be
GIDs and passwords.
The result is that all `foo-users' will be
locked out of the system, since their passwords will be remapped
to invalid values.
.Pp
@ -451,21 +474,25 @@ password
.Pa /etc/passwd
file is in plain
.Tn ASCII
format. The
format.
The
.Tn SunOS
documentation claims that
adding a '+' entry to the password file causes the contents of
the NIS password database to be 'inserted' at the position in
the file where the '+' entry appears. If, for example, the
the file where the '+' entry appears.
If, for example, the
administrator places the +:::::: entry in the middle of
.Pa /etc/passwd,
then the entire contents of the NIS password map would appear
as though it had been copied into the middle of the password
file. If the administrator places the +:::::: entry at both the
file.
If the administrator places the +:::::: entry at both the
middle and the end of
.Pa /etc/passwd ,
then the NIS password map would appear twice: once in the middle
of the file and once at the end. (By using override entries
of the file and once at the end.
(By using override entries
instead of simple wildcards, other combinations could be achieved.)
.Pp
By contrast,
@ -473,7 +500,8 @@ By contrast,
does not have a single
.Tn ASCII
password file: it
has a hashed password database. This database does not have an
has a hashed password database.
This database does not have an
easily-defined beginning, middle or end, which makes it very hard
to design a scheme that is 100% compatible with
.Tn SunOS .
@ -485,8 +513,10 @@ and
functions in
.Tn FreeBSD
are designed to do direct queries to the
hash database rather than a linear search. This approach is faster
on systems where the password database is large. However, when
hash database rather than a linear search.
This approach is faster
on systems where the password database is large.
However, when
using direct database queries, the system does not know or care
about the order of the original password file, and therefore
it cannot easily apply the same override logic used by
@ -495,7 +525,8 @@ it cannot easily apply the same override logic used by
Instead,
.Tn FreeBSD
groups all the NIS override entries together
and constructs a filter out of them. Each NIS password entry
and constructs a filter out of them.
Each NIS password entry
is compared against the override filter exactly once and
treated accordingly: if the filter allows the entry through
unaltered, it's treated unaltered; if the filter calls for remapping
@ -536,13 +567,15 @@ In %99 of all
configurations, NIS client behavior will be
indistinguishable from that of
.Tn SunOS
or other similar systems. Even
or other similar systems.
Even
so, users should be aware of these architectural differences.
.Pp
.Ss Using groups instead of netgroups for NIS overrides
.Tn FreeBSD
offers the capability to do override matching based on
user groups rather than netgroups. If, for example, an NIS entry
user groups rather than netgroups.
If, for example, an NIS entry
is specified as:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
+@operator:::::::::
@ -567,7 +600,8 @@ was possible for
.Fn getpwuid
to return a login name that
.Fn getpwnam
would not recognize. This has been fixed: overrides specified
would not recognize.
This has been fixed: overrides specified
in
.Pa /etc/master.passwd
now apply to all
@ -580,7 +614,8 @@ netgroup overrides did not work at
all, largely because
.Tn FreeBSD
did not have support for reading
netgroups through NIS. Again, this has been fixed, and
netgroups through NIS.
Again, this has been fixed, and
netgroups can be specified just as in
.Tn SunOS
and similar NIS-capable

90
share/man/man8/yp.8
View File

@ -88,7 +88,8 @@ is an
client/server system that allows a group of
machines within an
.Tn NIS
domain to share a common set of configuration files. This permits a system
domain to share a common set of configuration files.
This permits a system
administrator to set up
.Tn NIS
client systems with only minimal configuration
@ -109,11 +110,13 @@ where
.Pa [domainname]
is the name of the
.Tn NIS
domain being served. A single
domain being served.
A single
.Tn NIS
server can
support several domains at once, therefore it is possible to have several
such directories, one for each supported domain. Each domain will have
such directories, one for each supported domain.
Each domain will have
its own independent set of maps.
.Pp
In
@ -137,8 +140,10 @@ into
and
.Em .pag
files which the ndbm code uses to hold separate parts of the hash
database. The Berkeley DB hash method instead uses a single file for
both pieces of information. This means that while you may have
database.
The Berkeley DB hash method instead uses a single file for
both pieces of information.
This means that while you may have
.Pa passwd.byname.dir
and
.Pa passwd.byname.pag
@ -153,7 +158,8 @@ server,
.Xr ypserv 8 ,
and related tools need to know the database format of the
.Tn NIS
maps. Client
maps.
Client
.Tn NIS
systems receive all
.Tn NIS
@ -200,20 +206,24 @@ command) and begins broadcasting
requests on the local network.
These requests specify the name of the domain for which
.Xr ypbind 8
is attempting to establish a binding. If a server that has been
is attempting to establish a binding.
If a server that has been
configured to serve the requested domain receives one of the broadcasts,
it will respond to
.Xr ypbind 8 ,
which will record the server's address. If there are several servers
which will record the server's address.
If there are several servers
available (a master and several slaves, for example),
.Xr ypbind 8
will use the address of the first one to respond. From that point
will use the address of the first one to respond.
From that point
on, the client system will direct all of its
.Tn NIS
requests to that server.
.Xr Ypbind 8
will occasionally ``ping'' the server to make sure it's still up
and running. If it fails to receive a reply to one of its pings
and running.
If it fails to receive a reply to one of its pings
within a reasonable amount of time,
.Xr ypbind 8
will mark the domain as unbound and begin broadcasting again in the
@ -231,7 +241,8 @@ is responsible for receiving incoming requests from
clients,
translating the requested domain and map name to a path to the
corresponding database file and transmitting data from the database
back to the client. There is a specific set of requests that
back to the client.
There is a specific set of requests that
.Xr ypserv 8
is designed to handle, most of which are implemented as functions
within the standard C library:
@ -280,11 +291,13 @@ and are not meant to be used by standard utilities.
.Pp
On networks with a large number of hosts, it is often a good idea to
use a master server and several slaves rather than just a single master
server. A slave server provides the exact same information as a master
server.
A slave server provides the exact same information as a master
server: whenever the maps on the master server are updated, the new
data should be propagated to the slave systems using the
.Xr yppush 8
command. The
command.
The
.Tn NIS
Makefile
.Pf ( Pa /var/yp/Makefile )
@ -305,8 +318,10 @@ master server using
automatically from within
.Xr ypserv 8 ;
therefore it is not usually necessary for the administrator
to use it directly. It can be run manually if
desired, however.) Maintaining
to use it directly.
It can be run manually if
desired, however.)
Maintaining
slave servers helps improve
.Tn NIS
performance on large
@ -328,11 +343,13 @@ domain to extend beyond
a local network (the
.Xr ypbind 8
daemon might not be able to locate a server automatically if it resides on
a network outside the reach of its broadcasts. It is possible to force
a network outside the reach of its broadcasts.
It is possible to force
.Xr ypbind 8
to bind to a particular server with
.Xr ypset 8
but this is sometimes inconvenient. This problem can be avoided simply by
but this is sometimes inconvenient.
This problem can be avoided simply by
placing a slave server on the local network.)
.El
.Pp
@ -345,7 +362,8 @@ other
implementations) when used exclusively with
.Bx Free
client
systems. The
systems.
The
.Bx Free
password database system (which is derived directly
from
@ -373,8 +391,10 @@ in a special way: the server will only provide access to these
maps in response to requests that originate on privileged ports.
Since only the super-user is allowed to bind to a privileged port,
the server assumes that all such requests come from privileged
users. All other requests are denied: requests from non-privileged
ports will receive only an error code from the server. Additionally,
users.
All other requests are denied: requests from non-privileged
ports will receive only an error code from the server.
Additionally,
.Bx Free Ns 's
.Xr ypserv 8
includes support for Wietse Venema's tcp wrapper package; with tcp
@ -384,7 +404,8 @@ to respond only to selected client machines.
.Pp
While these enhancements provide better security than stock
.Tn NIS Ns ,
they are by no means 100% effective. It is still possible for
they are by no means 100% effective.
It is still possible for
someone with access to your network to spoof the server into disclosing
the shadow password maps.
.Pp
@ -393,9 +414,11 @@ On the client side,
.Fn getpwent 3
functions will automatically search for the
.Pa master.passwd
maps and use them if they exist. If they do, they will be used, and
maps and use them if they exist.
If they do, they will be used, and
all fields in these special maps (class, password age and account
expiration) will be decoded. If they aren't found, the standard
expiration) will be decoded.
If they aren't found, the standard
.Pa passwd
maps will be used instead.
.Sh COMPATIBILITY
@ -405,7 +428,8 @@ to be running in order
for their hostname resolution functions (
.Fn gethostbyname ,
.Fn gethostbyaddr ,
etc) to work properly. On these systems,
etc) to work properly.
On these systems,
.Xr ypserv 8
performs
.Tn DNS
@ -425,12 +449,14 @@ if desired), therefore its
server doesn't do
.Tn DNS
lookups
by default. However,
by default.
However,
.Xr ypserv 8
can be made to perform
.Tn DNS
lookups if it is started with a special
flag. It can also be made to register itself as an
flag.
It can also be made to register itself as an
.Tn NIS
v1 server
in order to placate certain systems that insist on the presence of
@ -463,7 +489,8 @@ client and server capabilities, it does not yet have support for
.Xr ypupdated 8
or the
.Fn yp_update
function. Both of these require secure
function.
Both of these require secure
.Tn RPC Ns ,
which
.Bx Free
@ -476,7 +503,8 @@ and
.Xr getprotoent 3
functions do not yet have
.Tn NIS
support. Fortunately, these files
support.
Fortunately, these files
don't need to be updated that often.
.Pp
Many more manual pages should be written, especially
@ -492,7 +520,8 @@ The
.Nm YP
subsystem was written from the ground up by
.An Theo de Raadt
to be compatible to Sun's implementation. Bug fixes, improvements
to be compatible to Sun's implementation.
Bug fixes, improvements
and
.Tn NIS
server support were later added by
@ -501,5 +530,6 @@ The server-side code was originally written by
.An Peter Eriksson
and
.An Tobias Reber
and is subject to the GNU Public License. No Sun code was
and is subject to the GNU Public License.
No Sun code was
referenced.

15
share/man/man9/DEVICE_PROBE.9
View File

@ -44,8 +44,10 @@
.Pp
This device method should probe to see if the device is present.
It should return 0 if the device exists, ENXIO if it cannot be
found. If some other error happens during the probe (such as a memory
allocation failure), an appropriate error code should be returned. For
found.
If some other error happens during the probe (such as a memory
allocation failure), an appropriate error code should be returned.
For
cases where more than one driver matches a device, a priority value can
be returned. In this case, success codes are values less than or equal
to zero with the highest value representing the best match. Failure
@ -54,15 +56,18 @@ codes should be used for the purpose.
.Pp
If a driver returns a success code which is less than zero, it must
not assume that it will be the same driver which is attached to the
device. In particular, it must not assume that any values stored in
device.
In particular, it must not assume that any values stored in
the softc structure will be available for its attach method and any
resources allocated during probe must be released and re-allocated
if the attach method is called. If a success code of zero is
if the attach method is called.
If a success code of zero is
returned, the driver can assume that it will be the one attached.
.Pp
Devices which implement busses should use this method to probe for
the existence of devices attached to the bus and add them as
children. If this is combined with the use of
children.
If this is combined with the use of
.Xr bus_generic_attach 9
the child devices will be automatically probed and attached.
.Sh RETURN VALUES

3
share/man/man9/MD5.9
View File

@ -55,7 +55,8 @@ module implements the RSA Data Security, Inc. MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm
.It Pa MD5Init
must be called just before
.Fn MD5Transform
will be used to produce a digest. The
will be used to produce a digest.
The
.Fa buf
argument is the storage for the digest being produced on subsequent
calls to the

79
share/man/man9/microseq.9
View File

@ -57,7 +57,8 @@ microsequencer implementation and an example of how using it in
.Ss Background
The parallel port model chosen for ppbus is the PC parallel port model.
Thus, any register described later has the same semantic than its counterpart
in a PC parallel port. For more info about ISA/ECP programming, get the
in a PC parallel port.
For more info about ISA/ECP programming, get the
Microsoft standard referenced as "Extended Capabilities Port Protocol and
ISA interface Standard". Registers described later are standard parallel port
registers.
@ -66,8 +67,10 @@ Mask macros are defined in the standard ppbus include files for each valid
bit of parallel port registers.
.Ss Data register
In compatible or nibble mode, writing to this register will drive data to the
parallel port data lines. In any other mode, drivers may be tri-stated by
setting the direction bit (PCD) in the control register. Reads to this register
parallel port data lines.
In any other mode, drivers may be tri-stated by
setting the direction bit (PCD) in the control register.
Reads to this register
return the value on the data lines.
.Ss Device status register
This read-only register reflects the inputs on the parallel port interface.
@ -99,7 +102,8 @@ some functions.
.Ss Description
.Em Microinstructions
are either parallel port accesses, program iterations, submicrosequence or
C calls. The parallel port must be considered as the logical model described in
C calls.
The parallel port must be considered as the logical model described in
.Xr ppbus 4 .
.Pp
Available microinstructions are:
@ -217,7 +221,8 @@ is positive.
Parameter:
.Bl -enum -offset ident
.It
integer offset in the current executed (sub)microsequence. Offset is added to
integer offset in the current executed (sub)microsequence.
Offset is added to
the index of the next microinstruction to execute.
.El
.Pp
@ -231,7 +236,8 @@ Parameter:
.It
bits of the status register
.It
integer offset in the current executed (sub)microsequence. Offset is added to
integer offset in the current executed (sub)microsequence.
Offset is added to
the index of the next microinstruction to execute.
.El
.Pp
@ -245,13 +251,16 @@ Parameter:
.It
bits of the status register
.It
integer offset in the current executed (sub)microsequence. Offset is added to
integer offset in the current executed (sub)microsequence.
Offset is added to
the index of the next microinstruction to execute.
.El
.Pp
Predefined macro: MS_BRCLEAR(mask,offset)
.Ss MS_OP_RET - RETurn
is used to return from a microsequence. This instruction is mandatory. This
is used to return from a microsequence.
This instruction is mandatory.
This
is the only way for the microsequencer to detect the end of the microsequence.
The return code is returned in the integer pointed by the (int *) parameter
of the ppb_MS_microseq().
@ -264,7 +273,8 @@ integer return code
.Pp
Predefined macro: MS_RET(code)
.Ss MS_OP_C_CALL - C function CALL
is used to call C functions from microsequence execution. This may be useful
is used to call C functions from microsequence execution.
This may be useful
when a non-standard i/o is performed to retrieve a data character from the
parallel port.
.Pp
@ -294,7 +304,8 @@ Note that this pointer is automatically incremented during xxx_P() calls
.Pp
Predefined macro: MS_PTR(ptr)
.Ss MS_OP_ADELAY - do an Asynchronous DELAY
is used to make a tsleep() during microsequence execution. The tsleep is
is used to make a tsleep() during microsequence execution.
The tsleep is
executed at PPBPRI level.
.Pp
Parameter:
@ -310,27 +321,33 @@ is used to branch on status register state condition.
Parameter:
.Bl -enum -offset ident
.It
mask of asserted bits. Bits that shall be asserted in the status register
mask of asserted bits.
Bits that shall be asserted in the status register
are set in the mask
.It
mask of cleared bits. Bits that shall be cleared in the status register
mask of cleared bits.
Bits that shall be cleared in the status register
are set in the mask
.It
integer offset in the current executed (sub)microsequence. Offset is added
integer offset in the current executed (sub)microsequence.
Offset is added
to the index of the next microinstruction to execute.
.El
.Pp
Predefined macro: MS_BRSTAT(asserted_bits,clear_bits,offset)
.Ss MS_OP_SUBRET - SUBmicrosequence RETurn
is used to return from the submicrosequence call. This action is mandatory
before a RET call. Some microinstructions (PUT, GET) may not be callable
is used to return from the submicrosequence call.
This action is mandatory
before a RET call.
Some microinstructions (PUT, GET) may not be callable
within a submicrosequence.
.Pp
No parameter.
.Pp
Predefined macro: MS_SUBRET()
.Ss MS_OP_CALL - submicrosequence CALL
is used to call a submicrosequence. A submicrosequence is a microsequence with
is used to call a submicrosequence.
A submicrosequence is a microsequence with
a SUBRET call.
Parameter:
.Bl -enum -offset ident
@ -352,7 +369,8 @@ register
.Pp
Predefined macro: MS_RASSERT_P(iter,reg)
.Ss MS_OP_RFETCH_P - Register FETCH to internal PTR
is used to fetch data from a register. Data is stored in the buffer currently
is used to fetch data from a register.
Data is stored in the buffer currently
pointed by the internal PTR pointer.
Parameter:
.Bl -enum -offset ident
@ -366,9 +384,12 @@ mask applied to fetched data
.Pp
Predefined macro: MS_RFETCH_P(iter,reg,mask)
.Ss MS_OP_TRIG - TRIG register
is used to trigger the parallel port. This microinstruction is intended to
provide a very efficient control of the parallel port. Triggering a register
is writing data, wait a while, write data, wait a while... This allows to
is used to trigger the parallel port.
This microinstruction is intended to
provide a very efficient control of the parallel port.
Triggering a register
is writing data, wait a while, write data, wait a while...
This allows to
write magic sequences to the port.
Parameter:
.Bl -enum -offset ident
@ -379,8 +400,10 @@ register
.It
size of the array
.It
array of unsigned chars. Each couple of u_chars define the data to write to
the register and the delay in us to wait. The delay is limited to 255 us to
array of unsigned chars.
Each couple of u_chars define the data to write to
the register and the delay in us to wait.
The delay is limited to 255 us to
simplify and reduce the size of the array.
.El
.Pp
@ -402,9 +425,11 @@ struct ppb_microseq {
.Ed
.Ss Using microsequences
To instantiate a microsequence, just declare an array of ppb_microseq
structures and initialize it as needed. You may either use predefined macros
structures and initialize it as needed.
You may either use predefined macros
or code directly your microinstructions according to the ppb_microseq
definition. For example,
definition.
For example,
.Bd -literal
struct ppb_microseq select_microseq[] = {
@ -430,7 +455,8 @@ definition. For example,
.Ed
.Pp
Here, some parameters are undefined and must be filled before executing
the microsequence. In order to initialize each microsequence, one
the microsequence.
In order to initialize each microsequence, one
should use the ppb_MS_init_msq() function like this:
.Bd -literal
ppb_MS_init_msq(select_microseq, 2,
@ -443,7 +469,8 @@ and then execute the microsequence.
The microsequencer is executed either at ppbus or adapter level (see
.Xr ppbus 4
for info about ppbus system layers). Most of the microsequencer is executed
at ppc level to avoid ppbus to adapter function call overhead. But some
at ppc level to avoid ppbus to adapter function call overhead.
But some
actions like deciding whereas the transfer is IEEE1284-1994 compliant are
executed at ppbus layer.
.Sh BUGS

6
usr.bin/chat/chat.8
View File

@ -220,7 +220,8 @@ character sequence.
The script will then fail because it found a match to
the abort string.
If it received the string \fINO CARRIER\fR, it will abort
for the same reason. Either string may be received.
for the same reason.
Either string may be received.
Either string will
terminate the \fIchat\fR script.
.SH CLR_ABORT STRINGS
@ -420,7 +421,8 @@ The EOT sequence may be embedded into the send string using the
sequence \fI^D\fR.
.SH GENERATING BREAK
The special reply string of \fIBREAK\fR will cause a break condition
to be sent. The break is a special signal on the transmitter.
to be sent.
The break is a special signal on the transmitter.
The
normal processing on the receiver is to change the transmission rate.
It may be used to cycle through the available transmission rates on

3
usr.bin/chpass/chpass.1
View File

@ -316,7 +316,8 @@ If the password is invalid, all changes will be
discarded.
.Pp
Exception: the super-user on the NIS master server is allowed to
submit changes without supplying a password. (The super-user may
submit changes without supplying a password.
(The super-user may
choose to turn off this feature using the
.Fl o
flag, described below.)

6
usr.bin/du/du.1
View File

@ -65,7 +65,8 @@ Partial numbers of blocks are rounded up.
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl P
No symbolic links are followed. (default)
No symbolic links are followed.
(default)
.It Fl H
Symbolic links on the command line are followed, symbolic links in file
hierarchies are not followed.
@ -82,7 +83,8 @@ that cannot be opened, and so on. This is the default case.
This option exists solely for conformance with
.St -xpg4 .
.It Fl s
Display an entry for each specified file. (Equivalent to
Display an entry for each specified file.
(Equivalent to
.Fl d
0 )
.It Fl d Ar depth

12
usr.bin/mt/mt.1
View File

@ -94,21 +94,25 @@ Backward space
.Ar count
setmarks.
.It Cm rdhpos
Read Hardware block position. Some drives do not support this.
Read Hardware block position.
Some drives do not support this.
The block
number reported is specific for that hardware only.
The count argument is
ignored.
.It Cm rdspos
Read SCSI logical block position. Some drives do not support this.
Read SCSI logical block position.
Some drives do not support this.
The
count argument is ignored.
.It Cm sethpos
Set Hardware block position. Some drives do not support this.
Set Hardware block position.
Some drives do not support this.
The count
argument is interpreted as a hardware block to which to position the tape.
.It Cm setspos
Set SCSI logical block position. Some drives do not support this.
Set SCSI logical block position.
Some drives do not support this.
The count
argument is interpreted as a SCSI logical block to which to position the tape.
.It Cm rewind

3
usr.bin/script/script.1
View File

@ -125,7 +125,8 @@ will be that shell.
If
.Ev SHELL
is not set, the Bourne shell
is assumed. (Most shells set this variable automatically).
is assumed.
(Most shells set this variable automatically).
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr csh 1

3
usr.bin/systat/systat.1
View File

@ -239,7 +239,8 @@ Show the disk
.Tn I/O
statistics in bar graph form (default).
.It Cm kbpt
Toggle the display of kilobytes per transaction. (the default is to
Toggle the display of kilobytes per transaction.
(the default is to
not display kilobytes per transaction).
.El
.It Ic swap

12
usr.sbin/ancontrol/ancontrol.8
View File

@ -253,7 +253,8 @@ Set the station address for the specified interface.
The
.Ar mac address
is specified as a series of six hexadecimal values separated by colons,
e.g.: 00:60:1d:12:34:56. This programs the new address into the card
e.g.: 00:60:1d:12:34:56.
This programs the new address into the card
and updates the interface as well.
.It Fl i Ar iface Fl n Ar SSID "[-v 1|2|3]"
Set the desired SSID (network name). There are three SSIDs which allows
@ -282,7 +283,8 @@ Valid power settings
vary depending on the actual NIC and can be viewed by dumping the
device capabilities with the
.Fl I
flag. Typical values are 1, 5, 20, 50 and 100mW.
flag.
Typical values are 1, 5, 20, 50 and 100mW.
Selecting 0 sets
the factory default.
.It Fl i Ar iface Fl c Ar channel
@ -321,7 +323,8 @@ If an illegal channel is specified, the
NIC will revert to its default channel.
For NICs sold in the United States
and Europe, the default channel is 3. For NICs sold in France, the default
channel is 11. For NICs sold in Japan, the only available channel is 14.
channel is 11.
For NICs sold in Japan, the only available channel is 14.
Note that two stations must be set to the same channel in order to
communicate.
.It Fl i Ar iface Fl f Ar fragmentation threshold
@ -339,7 +342,8 @@ This controls the
number of bytes used for the RTS/CTS handhake boundary.
The
.Ar RTS threshold
can be any value between 0 and 2312. The default is 2312.
can be any value between 0 and 2312.
The default is 2312.
.It Fl h
Prints a list of available options and sample usage.
.El

3
usr.sbin/cdcontrol/cdcontrol.1
View File

@ -79,7 +79,8 @@ in minutes,
.Ar end_s ,
in seconds and
.Ar end_f
(frame number). Minutes are in the range 0-99. Seconds are in the range 0-59.
(frame number). Minutes are in the range 0-99.
Seconds are in the range 0-59.
Frame numbers are in the range 0-74.
.It Cm play Op Ar #start_block Op length

63
usr.sbin/i4b/isdnd/isdnd.rc.5
View File

@ -94,7 +94,8 @@ The following keywords are valid in the system configuration section:
If this parameter is set to
.Em on ,
accounting information is written even if the local site was not charged
or no charging information is available or is not subscribed. (optional)
or no charging information is available or is not subscribed.
(optional)
.It Li acctfile
Specifies the name of the accounting file which is used when the keyword
@ -103,14 +104,16 @@ Specifies the name of the accounting file which is used when the keyword
.Em on .
See also system keyword
.Em rotatesuffix .
If this keyword is omitted the system default is used. (optional)
If this keyword is omitted the system default is used.
(optional)
.It Li aliasing
If this parameter is set to
.Em on ,
alias processing of telephone-number to name is enabled (see also the
.Em aliasfile
keyword below). The default is off. (optional)
keyword below). The default is off.
(optional)
.It Li aliasfile
Specifies the name of the telephone number-to-name alias database file shared
@ -118,7 +121,8 @@ with the
.Xr isdntel 1
utility when alias processing is enabled via the
.Em aliasing
keyword. (optional)
keyword.
(optional)
.It Li beepconnect
In fullscreen mode, if this parameter is set to
@ -130,7 +134,8 @@ If this parameter is set to
.Em on ,
date/time information from the exchange (if provided) is written to the
logfile.
The default is off. (optional)
The default is off.
(optional)
.It Li mailer
This keyword is used to specify the path/name of a mail program which
@ -204,7 +209,8 @@ The supported access rights are:
.It Li ratesfile
Specifies the name of the ratesfile.
If this keyword is omitted the system
default is used. (optional)
default is used.
(optional)
.It Li regexpr
This keyword is used to specify regular expressions.
@ -247,7 +253,8 @@ rotatesuffix is used and a USR1 signal is sent to isdnd, the logfile and the
accounting file is not only closed and reopened but the old logfile is also
renamed to the former filename with the rotatesuffix string appended.
If this keyword is omitted, the logfiles are just closed and reopened; this
is also the default behaviour. (optional)
is also the default behaviour.
(optional)
.It Li rtprio
Specifies the realtime priority
@ -268,7 +275,8 @@ was compiled with -DUSE_RTPRIO.
If this parameter is set to
.Em on
charging (if available) and accounting information is written to the
accounting file. (optional)
accounting file.
(optional)
.El
@ -341,11 +349,13 @@ No framing at all (used for telephony).
.It Li callbackwait
The time in seconds to wait between hanging up the call from a remote site
and calling back the remote site. (optional)
and calling back the remote site.
(optional)
.It Li calledbackwait
The time in seconds to wait for a remote site calling back the local site
after a call from the local site to the remote site has been made. (optional)
after a call from the local site to the remote site has been made.
(optional)
.It Li dialin-reaction
Used to specify what to do when an incoming connection request is received.
@ -386,7 +396,8 @@ to minimize the chance of two sites dialing synchronously so each gets a busy
each time it dials because the other side is also dialing.
.It Li dialretries
The number of dialing retries before giving up. (optional)
The number of dialing retries before giving up.
(optional)
.It Li direction
This keyword is used to configure if incoming and outgoing, incoming-only or
@ -426,7 +437,8 @@ This keyword is optional and is set to 60 seconds by default.
.It Li earlyhangup
A (safety) time in seconds which specifies the time to hangup before an
expected next charging unit will occur. (optional)
expected next charging unit will occur.
(optional)
.It Li idle-algorithm-outgoing
The algorithm used to determine when to hang up an outgoing call when the
@ -472,13 +484,15 @@ A delay value suitable for the
kernel subroutine to delay the transmittion of the first packet after a
successfull connection is made by this value for
.Em incoming
ISDN connections. The specification unit is 1/100 second.
ISDN connections.
The specification unit is 1/100 second.
A zero (0) disables
this feature and is the default value.
This feature is implemented (and makes
sense only) for the
.Xr i4bipr 4
IP over raw HDLC ISDN driver. (optional)
IP over raw HDLC ISDN driver.
(optional)
.It Li isdntxdel-outgoing
A delay value suitable for the
@ -486,13 +500,15 @@ A delay value suitable for the
kernel subroutine to delay the transmittion of the first packet after a
successfull connection is made by this value for
.Em outgoing
ISDN connections. The specification unit is 1/100 second.
ISDN connections.
The specification unit is 1/100 second.
A zero (0) disables
this feature and is the default value.
This feature is implemented (and makes
sense only) for the
.Xr i4bipr 4
IP over raw HDLC ISDN driver. (optional)
IP over raw HDLC ISDN driver.
(optional)
.It Li local-phone-dialout
The local telephone number used when the local site dials out.
@ -520,17 +536,20 @@ This keyword is mandatory for the ipr interfaces.
Defines a symbolic name for this configuration entry.
It's purpose is to
use this name in the full-screen display for easy identification of a link
to a remote site and for accounting purposes. (mandatory)
to a remote site and for accounting purposes.
(mandatory)
.It Li ratetype
The rate entry used from the rates file. (optional)
The rate entry used from the rates file.
(optional)
.br
For example, ratetype=0 selects lines beginning "ra0" in /etc/isdn/isdnd.rates;
(typically ra0 lines are a set of tables for local call rates on different
days of the week & times per day).
.It Li recoverytime
The time in seconds to wait between dial retries. (optional)
The time in seconds to wait between dial retries.
(optional)
.It Li remdial-handling
is used to specify the dialout behavior in case more than one outgoing
@ -577,7 +596,8 @@ This keyword may have a wildcard parameter '*' to permit anyone dialing in.
.It Li unitlength
The length of a charging unit in seconds.
This is used in conjunction with
the idletime to decide when to hangup a connection. (optional)
the idletime to decide when to hangup a connection.
(optional)
.It Li unitlengthsrc
This keyword is used to specify from which source
@ -599,7 +619,8 @@ file with the keyword
.Em ratetype .
.It Ar aocd
Use a dynamically calculated unitlength in case AOCD is subscribed on
the ISDN line. (AOCD is an acronym for ``Advice Of Charge During the call''
the ISDN line.
(AOCD is an acronym for ``Advice Of Charge During the call''
which is a service provided by the telecommunications (ie phone) provider,
to indicate billable units).
.El

6
usr.sbin/i4b/isdntrace/isdntrace.8
View File

@ -98,7 +98,8 @@ print layer 1 (I.430) INFO signals to monitor layer 1 activity (default off).
switch displaying of Layer 2 (Q.921) frames off (default on).
.It Fl n
This option takes a numeric argument specifying the minimum
frame size in octetts a frame must have to be displayed. (default 0)
frame size in octetts a frame must have to be displayed.
(default 0)
.It Fl o
switch off writing trace output to a file (default on).
.It Fl p
@ -154,7 +155,8 @@ ISDN D-channel layer 2 protocol description.
.It Ar Q.931
ISDN D-channel layer 3 protocol description.
.It Ar 1TR6
German-specific ISDN layer 3 protocol description. (NOTICE: decoding
German-specific ISDN layer 3 protocol description.
(NOTICE: decoding
of the 1TR6 protocol is included but not supported since i dont have
any longer access to a 1TR6 based ISDN installation.)
.El

15
usr.sbin/i4b/man/isic.4
View File

@ -114,7 +114,8 @@ To be able to use PnP cards under FreeBSD, you have to add
.Pp
.Cd controller pnp0
.Pp
to you kernel config file. More, it is recommended to add
to you kernel config file.
More, it is recommended to add
.Pp
.Cd options \&"USERCONFIG\&"
.Pp
@ -244,7 +245,8 @@ The required (optional under NetBSD)
value is 2.
.Pp
These boards have a jumper which specifies an i/o base address of either
0xd80, 0xe80 or 0xf80. The remaining necessary configuration values are then
0xd80, 0xe80 or 0xf80.
The remaining necessary configuration values are then
programmed at run time by accessing this i/o port.
.Pp
Valid interrupts are 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12 or 15.
@ -318,7 +320,8 @@ Valid i/o port values are 0x200, 0x208, 0x210, 0x218, 0x220, 0x228, 0x230,
Valid interrupt configurations are 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15.
.Pp
Notice: this card has a strange address decoding scheme resulting in 64
windows of some bytes length. Anyway, support for this card is good because
windows of some bytes length.
Anyway, support for this card is good because
the manufacturer gave out technical docs for this card!
.Pp
.Pp
@ -332,7 +335,8 @@ The card is auto-configured by the PnP kernel subsystem.
.Pp
.It Ar "Sedlbauer Win Speed"
.Pp
Valid i/o port values must be in the range 0x100 ... 0x3f0. (alignment 0x8,
Valid i/o port values must be in the range 0x100 ... 0x3f0.
(alignment 0x8,
len 0x8)
.Pp
Valid interrupt configurations are 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15.
@ -385,7 +389,8 @@ Note that currently, you have to jumper the card interupt for
.Em IPL 2
instead of IPL 6 (which is used by most AmigaOS software).
.Pp
Note that the ITH ISDN MasterII doesn't work in the DraCo Zorro bus. This
Note that the ITH ISDN MasterII doesn't work in the DraCo Zorro bus.
This
is no NetBSD problem, but general.
.El
.Pp

3
usr.sbin/mountd/netgroup.5
View File

@ -128,7 +128,8 @@ lookups will be done exclusively through
with
.Fn innetgr 3
taking advantage of the netgroup.byuser and
netgroup.byhost maps to speed up searches. (This
netgroup.byhost maps to speed up searches.
(This
is more or less compatible with the behavior of SunOS and
similar platforms.)
.It

18
usr.sbin/ppp/ppp.8
View File

@ -853,7 +853,8 @@ options. You must also specify the destination label in
.Pa /etc/ppp/ppp.conf
to use. It must contain the
.Dq set ifaddr
command to define the remote peers IP address. (refer to
command to define the remote peers IP address.
(refer to
.Pa /usr/share/examples/ppp/ppp.conf.sample )
.Bd -literal -offset indent
# ppp -auto pmdemand
@ -911,7 +912,8 @@ command:
.Bl -tag -width attempts -compact
.It Ar secs
is the number of seconds to wait before attempting
to connect again. If the argument is the literal string
to connect again.
If the argument is the literal string
.Sq Li random ,
the delay period is a random value between 1 and 30 seconds inclusive.
.It Ar inc
@ -980,7 +982,8 @@ Modifying the dial delay is very useful when running
.Nm
in
.Fl auto
mode on both ends of the link. If each end has the same timeout,
mode on both ends of the link.
If each end has the same timeout,
both ends wind up calling each other at the same time if the link
drops and both ends have packets queued.
At some locations, the serial link may not be reliable, and carrier
@ -1421,7 +1424,8 @@ and that other machines have designated the
.Nm
host as the gateway for the LAN.
.Sh PACKET FILTERING
This implementation supports packet filtering. There are four kinds of
This implementation supports packet filtering.
There are four kinds of
filters; the
.Em in
filter, the
@ -1635,13 +1639,15 @@ to successfully negotiate DEFLATE with
version 2.3.*.
.Sh CONTROLLING IP ADDRESS
.Nm
uses IPCP to negotiate IP addresses. Each side of the connection
uses IPCP to negotiate IP addresses.
Each side of the connection
specifies the IP address that it's willing to use, and if the requested
IP address is acceptable then
.Nm
returns ACK to the requester. Otherwise,
.Nm
returns NAK to suggest that the peer use a different IP address. When
returns NAK to suggest that the peer use a different IP address.
When
both sides of the connection agree to accept the received request (and
send ACK), IPCP is set to the open state and a network level connection
is established.

18
usr.sbin/ppp/ppp.8.m4
View File

@ -853,7 +853,8 @@ options. You must also specify the destination label in
.Pa /etc/ppp/ppp.conf
to use. It must contain the
.Dq set ifaddr
command to define the remote peers IP address. (refer to
command to define the remote peers IP address.
(refer to
.Pa /usr/share/examples/ppp/ppp.conf.sample )
.Bd -literal -offset indent
# ppp -auto pmdemand
@ -911,7 +912,8 @@ command:
.Bl -tag -width attempts -compact
.It Ar secs
is the number of seconds to wait before attempting
to connect again. If the argument is the literal string
to connect again.
If the argument is the literal string
.Sq Li random ,
the delay period is a random value between 1 and 30 seconds inclusive.
.It Ar inc
@ -980,7 +982,8 @@ Modifying the dial delay is very useful when running
.Nm
in
.Fl auto
mode on both ends of the link. If each end has the same timeout,
mode on both ends of the link.
If each end has the same timeout,
both ends wind up calling each other at the same time if the link
drops and both ends have packets queued.
At some locations, the serial link may not be reliable, and carrier
@ -1421,7 +1424,8 @@ and that other machines have designated the
.Nm
host as the gateway for the LAN.
.Sh PACKET FILTERING
This implementation supports packet filtering. There are four kinds of
This implementation supports packet filtering.
There are four kinds of
filters; the
.Em in
filter, the
@ -1635,13 +1639,15 @@ to successfully negotiate DEFLATE with
version 2.3.*.
.Sh CONTROLLING IP ADDRESS
.Nm
uses IPCP to negotiate IP addresses. Each side of the connection
uses IPCP to negotiate IP addresses.
Each side of the connection
specifies the IP address that it's willing to use, and if the requested
IP address is acceptable then
.Nm
returns ACK to the requester. Otherwise,
.Nm
returns NAK to suggest that the peer use a different IP address. When
returns NAK to suggest that the peer use a different IP address.
When
both sides of the connection agree to accept the received request (and
send ACK), IPCP is set to the open state and a network level connection
is established.

3
usr.sbin/pw/pw.8
View File

@ -203,7 +203,8 @@ may be combined with
.Ar show ,
or
.Ar next
in any order. (For example,
in any order.
(For example,
.Ar showuser ,
.Ar usershow ,
.Ar show user , and

15
usr.sbin/rpc.yppasswdd/rpc.yppasswdd.8
View File

@ -80,9 +80,11 @@ the
.Xr ypchsh 1 ,
or
.Xr ypchpass 1
commands. (Some administrators don't want users to be able to change their
commands.
(Some administrators don't want users to be able to change their
full name information or shells; the server can be invoked with option flags
that disallow such changes.) When the server receives an update request,
that disallow such changes.)
When the server receives an update request,
it compares the address of the client making the request against the
.Pa securenets
rules outlined in
@ -103,7 +105,8 @@ the template password file (the default is
.Pa /var/yp/master.passwd )
and then runs the
.Pa /usr/libexec/yppwupdate
script to rebuild the NIS maps. (This script has two arguments passed
script to rebuild the NIS maps.
(This script has two arguments passed
to it: the absolute pathname of the password template that was modified
and the name of the domain that is to be updated.
These in turn are
@ -216,8 +219,10 @@ will search through all the passwd maps of all the domains it
can find under
.Pa /var/yp
until it finds an entry that matches the user information specified in
a given update request. (Matches are determined by checking the username,
UID and GID fields.) The matched entry and corresponding domain are then
a given update request.
(Matches are determined by checking the username,
UID and GID fields.)
The matched entry and corresponding domain are then
used for the update.
.Pp
Note that in order for multi-domain mode to work, there have to be

9
usr.sbin/rrenumd/rrenumd.conf.5
View File

@ -197,10 +197,12 @@ Let the prefix to be added to have on-link or off-link nature
for the assigned interface.
If
.Cm on
is specified, the prefix have on-link nature. (e.g. the prefix
is specified, the prefix have on-link nature.
(e.g. the prefix
belong to the link) If
.Cm off
is specified, the prefix have off-link nature. (e.g. the
is specified, the prefix have off-link nature.
(e.g. the
prefix does not belong to the link)
.It Cm raf_auto Cm on|off
Enable or disable the autonomous address auto configuration
@ -244,7 +246,8 @@ has just same syntax with above add|change|setglobal statement.
.Sh EXAMPLE
For each configuration file example shown below, we suppose
every IPv6 subnet has its own prefix beginning with
fec0:0:0::/48 and with its own subnet number. (in this case,
fec0:0:0::/48 and with its own subnet number.
(in this case,
subnet number is 7th and 8th octet value of the prefix)
.Pp
If you want to assigne prefixes beginning with fec0:1:1::/48

21
usr.sbin/wicontrol/wicontrol.8
View File

@ -108,7 +108,8 @@ The options are as follows:
.It Fl i Ar iface Op Fl o
Display the current settings of the specified WaveLAN/IEEE interface.
This retrieves the current card settings from the driver and prints them
out. Using the additional
out.
Using the additional
.Fl o
flag will cause
.Nm
@ -205,13 +206,15 @@ Set the station address for the specified interface.
The
.Ar mac address
is specified as a series of six hexadecimal values separated by colons,
e.g.: 00:60:1d:12:34:56. This programs the new address into the card
e.g.: 00:60:1d:12:34:56.
This programs the new address into the card
and updates the interface as well.
.It Fl i Ar iface Fl d Ar max_data_length
Set the maximum receive and transmit frame size for a specified interface.
The
.Ar max data length
can be any number from 350 to 2304. The default is 2304.
can be any number from 350 to 2304.
The default is 2304.
.It Fl i Ar iface Fl e Ar 0|1
Enable or disable WEP encryption.
Permitted values are
@ -240,7 +243,8 @@ which means the key can be specified as either a 16 character text
string or 32 hex digits.
.Pp
Note: currently, the field in the structure used to program the key
into the NIC is only 14 bytes long, not 16. I'm not sure how this is
into the NIC is only 14 bytes long, not 16.
I'm not sure how this is
supposed to allow 128 bits of key info for the gold cards.
.It Fl i Ar iface Fl T Ar 1|2|3|4
Specify which of the four WEP encryption keys will be used to
@ -251,7 +255,8 @@ This controls the
number of bytes used for the RTS/CTS handshake boundary.
The
.Ar RTS threshold
can be any value between 0 and 2047. The default is 2347.
can be any value between 0 and 2047.
The default is 2347.
.It Fl i Ar iface Fl f Ar frequency
Set the radio frequency of a given interface.
The
@ -288,7 +293,8 @@ If an illegal channel is specified, the
NIC will revert to its default channel.
For NICs sold in the United States
and Europe, the default channel is 3. For NICs sold in France, the default
channel is 11. For NICs sold in Japan, the only available channel is 14.
channel is 11.
For NICs sold in Japan, the only available channel is 14.
Note that two stations must be set to the same channel in order to
communicate.
.It Fl i Ar iface Fl P Ar 0|1
@ -296,7 +302,8 @@ Enable or disable power management on a given interface.
Enabling
power management uses an alternating sleep/wake protocol to help
conserve power on mobile stations, at the cost of some increased
receive latency. Power management is off by default.
receive latency.
Power management is off by default.
Note that power
management requires the cooperation of an access point in order to
function; it is not functional in ad-hoc mode.

15
usr.sbin/ypserv/ypserv.8
View File

@ -143,7 +143,8 @@ maps in a special way.
When the server receives a request to access
either of these two maps, it will check the TCP port from which the
request originated and return an error if the port number is greater
than 1023. Since only the superuser is allowed to bind to TCP ports
than 1023.
Since only the superuser is allowed to bind to TCP ports
with values less than 1024, the server can use this test to determine
whether or not the access request came from a privileged user.
Any requests made by non-privileged users are therefore rejected.
@ -236,7 +237,8 @@ called
(Note that this path varies depending on the path specified with
the
.Fl p
option, which is explained below.) This file contains entries
option, which is explained below.)
This file contains entries
that consist of a network specification and a network mask separated
by white space.
Lines starting with
@ -339,7 +341,8 @@ It is generally a good idea to force the servers to
bind to themselves rather than allowing them to broadcast bind
requests and possibly become bound to each other: strange failure
modes can result if one server goes down and
others are dependent upon on it. (Eventually all the clients will
others are dependent upon on it.
(Eventually all the clients will
time out and attempt to bind to other servers, but the delay
involved can be considerable and the failure mode is still present
since the servers might bind to each other all over again).
@ -404,10 +407,12 @@ request that it receives.
Also, while running in debug mode,
.Nm
will not spawn any additional subprocesses as it normally does
when handling yp_all requests or doing DNS lookups. (These actions
when handling yp_all requests or doing DNS lookups.
(These actions
often take a fair amount of time to complete and are therefore handled
in subprocesses, allowing the parent server process to go on handling
other requests.) This makes it easier to trace the server with
other requests.)
This makes it easier to trace the server with
a debugging tool.
.It Fl p Ar path
Normally,