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\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
@c %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
@setfilename history.info
@settitle GNU History Library
@c %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
@setchapternewpage odd
@include manvers.texinfo
@ifinfo
@dircategory Libraries
@direntry
* History: (history). The GNU history library API
@end direntry
This document describes the GNU History library, a programming tool that
provides a consistent user interface for recalling lines of previously
typed input.
Copyright (C) 1988-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
pare preserved on all copies.
@ignore
Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the
results, provided the printed document carries copying permission
notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
@end ignore
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved
by the Free Software Foundation.
@end ifinfo
@titlepage
@title GNU History Library
@subtitle Edition @value{EDITION}, for @code{History Library} Version @value{VERSION}.
@subtitle @value{UPDATE-MONTH}
@author Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation
@author Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University
@page
This document describes the GNU History library, a programming tool that
provides a consistent user interface for recalling lines of previously
typed input.
Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, @*
Boston, MA 02111 USA
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
are preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved
by the Free Software Foundation.
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
Copyright @copyright{} 1988-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@end titlepage
@ifinfo
@node Top
@top GNU History Library
This document describes the GNU History library, a programming tool that
provides a consistent user interface for recalling lines of previously
typed input.
@menu
* Using History Interactively:: GNU History User's Manual.
* Programming with GNU History:: GNU History Programmer's Manual.
* Concept Index:: Index of concepts described in this manual.
* Function and Variable Index:: Index of externally visible functions
and variables.
@end menu
@end ifinfo
@syncodeindex fn vr
@include hsuser.texinfo
@include hstech.texinfo
@node Concept Index
@appendix Concept Index
@printindex cp
@node Function and Variable Index
@appendix Function and Variable Index
@printindex vr
@contents
@bye

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@ignore
This file documents the user interface to the GNU History library.
Copyright (C) 1988-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Authored by Brian Fox and Chet Ramey.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual
provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on
all copies.
Permission is granted to process this file through Tex and print the
results, provided the printed document carries copying permission notice
identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph (this
paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
GNU Copyright statement is available to the distributee, and provided that
the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
permission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
@end ignore
@node Programming with GNU History
@chapter Programming with GNU History
This chapter describes how to interface programs that you write
with the @sc{gnu} History Library.
It should be considered a technical guide.
For information on the interactive use of @sc{gnu} History, @pxref{Using
History Interactively}.
@menu
* Introduction to History:: What is the GNU History library for?
* History Storage:: How information is stored.
* History Functions:: Functions that you can use.
* History Variables:: Variables that control behaviour.
* History Programming Example:: Example of using the GNU History Library.
@end menu
@node Introduction to History
@section Introduction to History
Many programs read input from the user a line at a time. The @sc{gnu}
History library is able to keep track of those lines, associate arbitrary
data with each line, and utilize information from previous lines in
composing new ones.
The programmer using the History library has available functions
for remembering lines on a history list, associating arbitrary data
with a line, removing lines from the list, searching through the list
for a line containing an arbitrary text string, and referencing any line
in the list directly. In addition, a history @dfn{expansion} function
is available which provides for a consistent user interface across
different programs.
The user using programs written with the History library has the
benefit of a consistent user interface with a set of well-known
commands for manipulating the text of previous lines and using that text
in new commands. The basic history manipulation commands are similar to
the history substitution provided by @code{csh}.
If the programmer desires, he can use the Readline library, which
includes some history manipulation by default, and has the added
advantage of command line editing.
Before declaring any functions using any functionality the History
library provides in other code, an application writer should include
the file @code{<readline/history.h>} in any file that uses the
History library's features. It supplies extern declarations for all
of the library's public functions and variables, and declares all of
the public data structures.
@node History Storage
@section History Storage
The history list is an array of history entries. A history entry is
declared as follows:
@example
typedef void *histdata_t;
typedef struct _hist_entry @{
char *line;
histdata_t data;
@} HIST_ENTRY;
@end example
The history list itself might therefore be declared as
@example
HIST_ENTRY **the_history_list;
@end example
The state of the History library is encapsulated into a single structure:
@example
/*
* A structure used to pass around the current state of the history.
*/
typedef struct _hist_state @{
HIST_ENTRY **entries; /* Pointer to the entries themselves. */
int offset; /* The location pointer within this array. */
int length; /* Number of elements within this array. */
int size; /* Number of slots allocated to this array. */
int flags;
@} HISTORY_STATE;
@end example
If the flags member includes @code{HS_STIFLED}, the history has been
stifled.
@node History Functions
@section History Functions
This section describes the calling sequence for the various functions
exported by the @sc{gnu} History library.
@menu
* Initializing History and State Management:: Functions to call when you
want to use history in a
program.
* History List Management:: Functions used to manage the list
of history entries.
* Information About the History List:: Functions returning information about
the history list.
* Moving Around the History List:: Functions used to change the position
in the history list.
* Searching the History List:: Functions to search the history list
for entries containing a string.
* Managing the History File:: Functions that read and write a file
containing the history list.
* History Expansion:: Functions to perform csh-like history
expansion.
@end menu
@node Initializing History and State Management
@subsection Initializing History and State Management
This section describes functions used to initialize and manage
the state of the History library when you want to use the history
functions in your program.
@deftypefun void using_history (void)
Begin a session in which the history functions might be used. This
initializes the interactive variables.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun {HISTORY_STATE *} history_get_history_state (void)
Return a structure describing the current state of the input history.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun void history_set_history_state (HISTORY_STATE *state)
Set the state of the history list according to @var{state}.
@end deftypefun
@node History List Management
@subsection History List Management
These functions manage individual entries on the history list, or set
parameters managing the list itself.
@deftypefun void add_history (const char *string)
Place @var{string} at the end of the history list. The associated data
field (if any) is set to @code{NULL}.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun {HIST_ENTRY *} remove_history (int which)
Remove history entry at offset @var{which} from the history. The
removed element is returned so you can free the line, data,
and containing structure.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun {HIST_ENTRY *} replace_history_entry (int which, const char *line, histdata_t data)
Make the history entry at offset @var{which} have @var{line} and @var{data}.
This returns the old entry so you can dispose of the data. In the case
of an invalid @var{which}, a @code{NULL} pointer is returned.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun void clear_history (void)
Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun void stifle_history (int max)
Stifle the history list, remembering only the last @var{max} entries.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun int unstifle_history (void)
Stop stifling the history. This returns the previously-set
maximum number of history entries (as set by @code{stifle_history()}).
The value is positive if the history was
stifled, negative if it wasn't.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun int history_is_stifled (void)
Returns non-zero if the history is stifled, zero if it is not.
@end deftypefun
@node Information About the History List
@subsection Information About the History List
These functions return information about the entire history list or
individual list entries.
@deftypefun {HIST_ENTRY **} history_list (void)
Return a @code{NULL} terminated array of @code{HIST_ENTRY *} which is the
current input history. Element 0 of this list is the beginning of time.
If there is no history, return @code{NULL}.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun int where_history (void)
Returns the offset of the current history element.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun {HIST_ENTRY *} current_history (void)
Return the history entry at the current position, as determined by
@code{where_history()}. If there is no entry there, return a @code{NULL}
pointer.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun {HIST_ENTRY *} history_get (int offset)
Return the history entry at position @var{offset}, starting from
@code{history_base} (@pxref{History Variables}).
If there is no entry there, or if @var{offset}
is greater than the history length, return a @code{NULL} pointer.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun int history_total_bytes (void)
Return the number of bytes that the primary history entries are using.
This function returns the sum of the lengths of all the lines in the
history.
@end deftypefun
@node Moving Around the History List
@subsection Moving Around the History List
These functions allow the current index into the history list to be
set or changed.
@deftypefun int history_set_pos (int pos)
Set the current history offset to @var{pos}, an absolute index
into the list.
Returns 1 on success, 0 if @var{pos} is less than zero or greater
than the number of history entries.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun {HIST_ENTRY *} previous_history (void)
Back up the current history offset to the previous history entry, and
return a pointer to that entry. If there is no previous entry, return
a @code{NULL} pointer.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun {HIST_ENTRY *} next_history (void)
Move the current history offset forward to the next history entry, and
return the a pointer to that entry. If there is no next entry, return
a @code{NULL} pointer.
@end deftypefun
@node Searching the History List
@subsection Searching the History List
@cindex History Searching
These functions allow searching of the history list for entries containing
a specific string. Searching may be performed both forward and backward
from the current history position. The search may be @dfn{anchored},
meaning that the string must match at the beginning of the history entry.
@cindex anchored search
@deftypefun int history_search (const char *string, int direction)
Search the history for @var{string}, starting at the current history offset.
If @var{direction} is less than 0, then the search is through
previous entries, otherwise through subsequent entries.
If @var{string} is found, then
the current history index is set to that history entry, and the value
returned is the offset in the line of the entry where
@var{string} was found. Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is
returned.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun int history_search_prefix (const char *string, int direction)
Search the history for @var{string}, starting at the current history
offset. The search is anchored: matching lines must begin with
@var{string}. If @var{direction} is less than 0, then the search is
through previous entries, otherwise through subsequent entries.
If @var{string} is found, then the
current history index is set to that entry, and the return value is 0.
Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is returned.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun int history_search_pos (const char *string, int direction, int pos)
Search for @var{string} in the history list, starting at @var{pos}, an
absolute index into the list. If @var{direction} is negative, the search
proceeds backward from @var{pos}, otherwise forward. Returns the absolute
index of the history element where @var{string} was found, or -1 otherwise.
@end deftypefun
@node Managing the History File
@subsection Managing the History File
The History library can read the history from and write it to a file.
This section documents the functions for managing a history file.
@deftypefun int read_history (const char *filename)
Add the contents of @var{filename} to the history list, a line at a time.
If @var{filename} is @code{NULL}, then read from @file{~/.history}.
Returns 0 if successful, or @code{errno} if not.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun int read_history_range (const char *filename, int from, int to)
Read a range of lines from @var{filename}, adding them to the history list.
Start reading at line @var{from} and end at @var{to}.
If @var{from} is zero, start at the beginning. If @var{to} is less than
@var{from}, then read until the end of the file. If @var{filename} is
@code{NULL}, then read from @file{~/.history}. Returns 0 if successful,
or @code{errno} if not.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun int write_history (const char *filename)
Write the current history to @var{filename}, overwriting @var{filename}
if necessary.
If @var{filename} is @code{NULL}, then write the history list to
@file{~/.history}.
Returns 0 on success, or @code{errno} on a read or write error.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun int append_history (int nelements, const char *filename)
Append the last @var{nelements} of the history list to @var{filename}.
If @var{filename} is @code{NULL}, then append to @file{~/.history}.
Returns 0 on success, or @code{errno} on a read or write error.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun int history_truncate_file (const char *filename, int nlines)
Truncate the history file @var{filename}, leaving only the last
@var{nlines} lines.
If @var{filename} is @code{NULL}, then @file{~/.history} is truncated.
Returns 0 on success, or @code{errno} on failure.
@end deftypefun
@node History Expansion
@subsection History Expansion
These functions implement history expansion.
@deftypefun int history_expand (char *string, char **output)
Expand @var{string}, placing the result into @var{output}, a pointer
to a string (@pxref{History Interaction}). Returns:
@table @code
@item 0
If no expansions took place (or, if the only change in
the text was the removal of escape characters preceding the history expansion
character);
@item 1
if expansions did take place;
@item -1
if there was an error in expansion;
@item 2
if the returned line should be displayed, but not executed,
as with the @code{:p} modifier (@pxref{Modifiers}).
@end table
If an error ocurred in expansion, then @var{output} contains a descriptive
error message.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun {char *} get_history_event (const char *string, int *cindex, int qchar)
Returns the text of the history event beginning at @var{string} +
@var{*cindex}. @var{*cindex} is modified to point to after the event
specifier. At function entry, @var{cindex} points to the index into
@var{string} where the history event specification begins. @var{qchar}
is a character that is allowed to end the event specification in addition
to the ``normal'' terminating characters.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun {char **} history_tokenize (const char *string)
Return an array of tokens parsed out of @var{string}, much as the
shell might. The tokens are split on the characters in the
@var{history_word_delimiters} variable,
and shell quoting conventions are obeyed.
@end deftypefun
@deftypefun {char *} history_arg_extract (int first, int last, const char *string)
Extract a string segment consisting of the @var{first} through @var{last}
arguments present in @var{string}. Arguments are split using
@code{history_tokenize}.
@end deftypefun
@node History Variables
@section History Variables
This section describes the externally-visible variables exported by
the @sc{gnu} History Library.
@deftypevar int history_base
The logical offset of the first entry in the history list.
@end deftypevar
@deftypevar int history_length
The number of entries currently stored in the history list.
@end deftypevar
@deftypevar int history_max_entries
The maximum number of history entries. This must be changed using
@code{stifle_history()}.
@end deftypevar
@deftypevar char history_expansion_char
The character that introduces a history event. The default is @samp{!}.
Setting this to 0 inhibits history expansion.
@end deftypevar
@deftypevar char history_subst_char
The character that invokes word substitution if found at the start of
a line. The default is @samp{^}.
@end deftypevar
@deftypevar char history_comment_char
During tokenization, if this character is seen as the first character
of a word, then it and all subsequent characters up to a newline are
ignored, suppressing history expansion for the remainder of the line.
This is disabled by default.
@end deftypevar
@deftypevar {char *} history_word_delimiters
The characters that separate tokens for @code{history_tokenize()}.
The default value is @code{" \t\n()<>;&|"}.
@end deftypevar
@deftypevar {char *} history_no_expand_chars
The list of characters which inhibit history expansion if found immediately
following @var{history_expansion_char}. The default is space, tab, newline,
carriage return, and @samp{=}.
@end deftypevar
@deftypevar {char *} history_search_delimiter_chars
The list of additional characters which can delimit a history search
string, in addition to space, TAB, @samp{:} and @samp{?} in the case of
a substring search. The default is empty.
@end deftypevar
@deftypevar int history_quotes_inhibit_expansion
If non-zero, single-quoted words are not scanned for the history expansion
character. The default value is 0.
@end deftypevar
@deftypevar {rl_linebuf_func_t *} history_inhibit_expansion_function
This should be set to the address of a function that takes two arguments:
a @code{char *} (@var{string})
and an @code{int} index into that string (@var{i}).
It should return a non-zero value if the history expansion starting at
@var{string[i]} should not be performed; zero if the expansion should
be done.
It is intended for use by applications like Bash that use the history
expansion character for additional purposes.
By default, this variable is set to @code{NULL}.
@end deftypevar
@node History Programming Example
@section History Programming Example
The following program demonstrates simple use of the @sc{gnu} History Library.
@smallexample
#include <stdio.h>
#include <readline/history.h>
main (argc, argv)
int argc;
char **argv;
@{
char line[1024], *t;
int len, done = 0;
line[0] = 0;
using_history ();
while (!done)
@{
printf ("history$ ");
fflush (stdout);
t = fgets (line, sizeof (line) - 1, stdin);
if (t && *t)
@{
len = strlen (t);
if (t[len - 1] == '\n')
t[len - 1] = '\0';
@}
if (!t)
strcpy (line, "quit");
if (line[0])
@{
char *expansion;
int result;
result = history_expand (line, &expansion);
if (result)
fprintf (stderr, "%s\n", expansion);
if (result < 0 || result == 2)
@{
free (expansion);
continue;
@}
add_history (expansion);
strncpy (line, expansion, sizeof (line) - 1);
free (expansion);
@}
if (strcmp (line, "quit") == 0)
done = 1;
else if (strcmp (line, "save") == 0)
write_history ("history_file");
else if (strcmp (line, "read") == 0)
read_history ("history_file");
else if (strcmp (line, "list") == 0)
@{
register HIST_ENTRY **the_list;
register int i;
the_list = history_list ();
if (the_list)
for (i = 0; the_list[i]; i++)
printf ("%d: %s\n", i + history_base, the_list[i]->line);
@}
else if (strncmp (line, "delete", 6) == 0)
@{
int which;
if ((sscanf (line + 6, "%d", &which)) == 1)
@{
HIST_ENTRY *entry = remove_history (which);
if (!entry)
fprintf (stderr, "No such entry %d\n", which);
else
@{
free (entry->line);
free (entry);
@}
@}
else
@{
fprintf (stderr, "non-numeric arg given to `delete'\n");
@}
@}
@}
@}
@end smallexample

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@ignore
This file documents the user interface to the GNU History library.
Copyright (C) 1988-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Authored by Brian Fox and Chet Ramey.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual
provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on
all copies.
Permission is granted to process this file through Tex and print the
results, provided the printed document carries copying permission notice
identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph (this
paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
GNU Copyright statement is available to the distributee, and provided that
the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
permission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
@end ignore
@node Using History Interactively
@chapter Using History Interactively
@ifclear BashFeatures
@defcodeindex bt
@end ifclear
@ifset BashFeatures
This chapter describes how to use the @sc{gnu} History Library
interactively, from a user's standpoint.
It should be considered a user's guide.
For information on using the @sc{gnu} History Library in other programs,
see the @sc{gnu} Readline Library Manual.
@end ifset
@ifclear BashFeatures
This chapter describes how to use the @sc{gnu} History Library interactively,
from a user's standpoint. It should be considered a user's guide. For
information on using the @sc{gnu} History Library in your own programs,
@pxref{Programming with GNU History}.
@end ifclear
@ifset BashFeatures
@menu
* Bash History Facilities:: How Bash lets you manipulate your command
history.
* Bash History Builtins:: The Bash builtin commands that manipulate
the command history.
* History Interaction:: What it feels like using History as a user.
@end menu
@end ifset
@ifclear BashFeatures
@menu
* History Interaction:: What it feels like using History as a user.
@end menu
@end ifclear
@ifset BashFeatures
@node Bash History Facilities
@section Bash History Facilities
@cindex command history
@cindex history list
When the @option{-o history} option to the @code{set} builtin
is enabled (@pxref{The Set Builtin}),
the shell provides access to the @dfn{command history},
the list of commands previously typed.
The value of the @env{HISTSIZE} shell variable is used as the
number of commands to save in a history list.
The text of the last @env{$HISTSIZE}
commands (default 500) is saved.
The shell stores each command in the history list prior to
parameter and variable expansion
but after history expansion is performed, subject to the
values of the shell variables
@env{HISTIGNORE} and @env{HISTCONTROL}.
When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the
file named by the @env{HISTFILE} variable (default @file{~/.bash_history}).
The file named by the value of @env{HISTFILE} is truncated, if
necessary, to contain no more than the number of lines specified by
the value of the @env{HISTFILESIZE} variable.
When an interactive shell exits, the last
@env{$HISTSIZE} lines are copied from the history list to the file
named by @env{$HISTFILE}.
If the @code{histappend} shell option is set (@pxref{Bash Builtins}),
the lines are appended to the history file,
otherwise the history file is overwritten.
If @env{HISTFILE}
is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is
not saved. After saving the history, the history file is truncated
to contain no more than @env{$HISTFILESIZE}
lines. If @env{HISTFILESIZE} is not set, no truncation is performed.
The builtin command @code{fc} may be used to list or edit and re-execute
a portion of the history list.
The @code{history} builtin may be used to display or modify the history
list and manipulate the history file.
When using command-line editing, search commands
are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
history list (@pxref{Commands For History}).
The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
list. The @env{HISTCONTROL} and @env{HISTIGNORE}
variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the
commands entered.
The @code{cmdhist}
shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each
line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding
semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness.
The @code{lithist}
shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines
instead of semicolons.
The @code{shopt} builtin is used to set these options.
@xref{Bash Builtins}, for a description of @code{shopt}.
@node Bash History Builtins
@section Bash History Builtins
@cindex history builtins
Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the
history list and history file.
@table @code
@item fc
@btindex fc
@example
@code{fc [-e @var{ename}] [-nlr] [@var{first}] [@var{last}]}
@code{fc -s [@var{pat}=@var{rep}] [@var{command}]}
@end example
Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from @var{first} to
@var{last} is selected from the history list. Both @var{first} and
@var{last} may be specified as a string (to locate the most recent
command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the
history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the
current command number). If @var{last} is not specified it is set to
@var{first}. If @var{first} is not specified it is set to the previous
command for editing and @minus{}16 for listing. If the @option{-l} flag is
given, the commands are listed on standard output. The @option{-n} flag
suppresses the command numbers when listing. The @option{-r} flag
reverses the order of the listing. Otherwise, the editor given by
@var{ename} is invoked on a file containing those commands. If
@var{ename} is not given, the value of the following variable expansion
is used: @code{$@{FCEDIT:-$@{EDITOR:-vi@}@}}. This says to use the
value of the @env{FCEDIT} variable if set, or the value of the
@env{EDITOR} variable if that is set, or @code{vi} if neither is set.
When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.
In the second form, @var{command} is re-executed after each instance
of @var{pat} in the selected command is replaced by @var{rep}.
A useful alias to use with the @code{fc} command is @code{r='fc -s'}, so
that typing @samp{r cc} runs the last command beginning with @code{cc}
and typing @samp{r} re-executes the last command (@pxref{Aliases}).
@item history
@btindex history
@example
history [@var{n}]
history -c
history -d @var{offset}
history [-anrw] [@var{filename}]
history -ps @var{arg}
@end example
With no options, display the history list with line numbers.
Lines prefixed with a @samp{*} have been modified.
An argument of @var{n} lists only the last @var{n} lines.
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
@table @code
@item -c
Clear the history list. This may be combined
with the other options to replace the history list completely.
@item -d @var{offset}
Delete the history entry at position @var{offset}.
@var{offset} should be specified as it appears when the history is
displayed.
@item -a
Append the new
history lines (history lines entered since the beginning of the
current Bash session) to the history file.
@item -n
Append the history lines not already read from the history file
to the current history list. These are lines appended to the history
file since the beginning of the current Bash session.
@item -r
Read the current history file and append its contents to
the history list.
@item -w
Write out the current history to the history file.
@item -p
Perform history substitution on the @var{arg}s and display the result
on the standard output, without storing the results in the history list.
@item -s
The @var{arg}s are added to the end of
the history list as a single entry.
@end table
When any of the @option{-w}, @option{-r}, @option{-a}, or @option{-n} options is
used, if @var{filename}
is given, then it is used as the history file. If not, then
the value of the @env{HISTFILE} variable is used.
@end table
@end ifset
@node History Interaction
@section History Expansion
@cindex history expansion
The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar
to the history expansion provided by @code{csh}. This section
describes the syntax used to manipulate the history information.
History expansions introduce words from the history list into
the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the
arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or
fix errors in previous commands quickly.
History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to determine
which line from the history list should be used during substitution.
The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into the
current one. The line selected from the history is called the
@dfn{event}, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are
called @dfn{words}. Various @dfn{modifiers} are available to manipulate
the selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion
that Bash does, so that several words
surrounded by quotes are considered one word.
History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
history expansion character, which is @samp{!} by default.
@ifset BashFeatures
Only @samp{\} and @samp{'} may be used to escape the history expansion
character.
@end ifset
@ifset BashFeatures
Several shell options settable with the @code{shopt}
builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}) may be used to tailor
the behavior of history expansion. If the
@code{histverify} shell option is enabled, and Readline
is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to
the shell parser.
Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline
editing buffer for further modification.
If Readline is being used, and the @code{histreedit}
shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion will be
reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction.
The @option{-p} option to the @code{history} builtin command
may be used to see what a history expansion will do before using it.
The @option{-s} option to the @code{history} builtin may be used to
add commands to the end of the history list without actually executing
them, so that they are available for subsequent recall.
This is most useful in conjunction with Readline.
The shell allows control of the various characters used by the
history expansion mechanism with the @code{histchars} variable.
@end ifset
@menu
* Event Designators:: How to specify which history line to use.
* Word Designators:: Specifying which words are of interest.
* Modifiers:: Modifying the results of substitution.
@end menu
@node Event Designators
@subsection Event Designators
@cindex event designators
An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
history list.
@cindex history events
@table @asis
@item @code{!}
Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
the end of the line, @samp{=} or @samp{(}.
@item @code{!@var{n}}
Refer to command line @var{n}.
@item @code{!-@var{n}}
Refer to the command @var{n} lines back.
@item @code{!!}
Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for @samp{!-1}.
@item @code{!@var{string}}
Refer to the most recent command starting with @var{string}.
@item @code{!?@var{string}[?]}
Refer to the most recent command containing @var{string}. The trailing
@samp{?} may be omitted if the @var{string} is followed immediately by
a newline.
@item @code{^@var{string1}^@var{string2}^}
Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing @var{string1}
with @var{string2}. Equivalent to
@code{!!:s/@var{string1}/@var{string2}/}.
@item @code{!#}
The entire command line typed so far.
@end table
@node Word Designators
@subsection Word Designators
Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
A @samp{:} separates the event specification from the word designator. It
may be omitted if the word designator begins with a @samp{^}, @samp{$},
@samp{*}, @samp{-}, or @samp{%}. Words are numbered from the beginning
of the line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are
inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.
@need 0.75
For example,
@table @code
@item !!
designates the preceding command. When you type this, the preceding
command is repeated in toto.
@item !!:$
designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be
shortened to @code{!$}.
@item !fi:2
designates the second argument of the most recent command starting with
the letters @code{fi}.
@end table
@need 0.75
Here are the word designators:
@table @code
@item 0 (zero)
The @code{0}th word. For many applications, this is the command word.
@item @var{n}
The @var{n}th word.
@item ^
The first argument; that is, word 1.
@item $
The last argument.
@item %
The word matched by the most recent @samp{?@var{string}?} search.
@item @var{x}-@var{y}
A range of words; @samp{-@var{y}} abbreviates @samp{0-@var{y}}.
@item *
All of the words, except the @code{0}th. This is a synonym for @samp{1-$}.
It is not an error to use @samp{*} if there is just one word in the event;
the empty string is returned in that case.
@item @var{x}*
Abbreviates @samp{@var{x}-$}
@item @var{x}-
Abbreviates @samp{@var{x}-$} like @samp{@var{x}*}, but omits the last word.
@end table
If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
previous command is used as the event.
@node Modifiers
@subsection Modifiers
After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more
of the following modifiers, each preceded by a @samp{:}.
@table @code
@item h
Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
@item t
Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
@item r
Remove a trailing suffix of the form @samp{.@var{suffix}}, leaving
the basename.
@item e
Remove all but the trailing suffix.
@item p
Print the new command but do not execute it.
@ifset BashFeatures
@item q
Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
@item x
Quote the substituted words as with @samp{q},
but break into words at spaces, tabs, and newlines.
@end ifset
@item s/@var{old}/@var{new}/
Substitute @var{new} for the first occurrence of @var{old} in the
event line. Any delimiter may be used in place of @samp{/}.
The delimiter may be quoted in @var{old} and @var{new}
with a single backslash. If @samp{&} appears in @var{new},
it is replaced by @var{old}. A single backslash will quote
the @samp{&}. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last
character on the input line.
@item &
Repeat the previous substitution.
@item g
Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in
conjunction with @samp{s}, as in @code{gs/@var{old}/@var{new}/},
or with @samp{&}.
@end table

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@ignore
Copyright (C) 1988-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@end ignore
@set EDITION 4.3
@set VERSION 4.3
@set UPDATED 2002 March 4
@set UPDATE-MONTH March 2002
@set LASTCHANGE Mon Mar 4 12:00:16 EST 2002

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\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
@comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
@setfilename readline.info
@settitle GNU Readline Library
@comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
@synindex vr fn
@setchapternewpage odd
@include manvers.texinfo
@ifinfo
@dircategory Libraries
@direntry
* Readline: (readline). The GNU readline library API
@end direntry
This document describes the GNU Readline Library, a utility which aids
in the consistency of user interface across discrete programs that need
to provide a command line interface.
Copyright (C) 1988-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
pare preserved on all copies.
@ignore
Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the
results, provided the printed document carries copying permission
notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
@end ignore
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved
by the Free Software Foundation.
@end ifinfo
@titlepage
@title GNU Readline Library
@subtitle Edition @value{EDITION}, for @code{Readline Library} Version @value{VERSION}.
@subtitle @value{UPDATE-MONTH}
@author Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation
@author Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University
@page
This document describes the GNU Readline Library, a utility which aids
in the consistency of user interface across discrete programs that need
to provide a command line interface.
Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, @*
Boston, MA 02111 USA
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
are preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved
by the Free Software Foundation.
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
Copyright @copyright{} 1988-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@end titlepage
@ifinfo
@node Top
@top GNU Readline Library
This document describes the GNU Readline Library, a utility which aids
in the consistency of user interface across discrete programs that need
to provide a command line interface.
@menu
* Command Line Editing:: GNU Readline User's Manual.
* Programming with GNU Readline:: GNU Readline Programmer's Manual.
* Concept Index:: Index of concepts described in this manual.
* Function and Variable Index:: Index of externally visible functions
and variables.
@end menu
@end ifinfo
@include rluser.texinfo
@include rltech.texinfo
@node Concept Index
@unnumbered Concept Index
@printindex cp
@node Function and Variable Index
@unnumbered Function and Variable Index
@printindex fn
@contents
@bye

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\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
@comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
@setfilename rluserman.info
@settitle GNU Readline Library
@comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
@setchapternewpage odd
@include manvers.texinfo
@ifinfo
@dircategory Libraries
@direntry
* RLuserman: (rluserman). The GNU readline library User's Manual.
@end direntry
This document describes the end user interface of the GNU Readline Library,
a utility which aids in the consistency of user interface across discrete
programs that need to provide a command line interface.
Copyright (C) 1988-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
pare preserved on all copies.
@ignore
Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the
results, provided the printed document carries copying permission
notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
@end ignore
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved
by the Free Software Foundation.
@end ifinfo
@titlepage
@title GNU Readline Library User Interface
@subtitle Edition @value{EDITION}, for @code{Readline Library} Version @value{VERSION}.
@subtitle @value{UPDATE-MONTH}
@author Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation
@author Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University
@page
This document describes the end user interface of the GNU Readline Library,
a utility which aids in the consistency of user interface across discrete
programs that need to provide a command line interface.
Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, @*
Boston, MA 02111 USA
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
are preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved
by the Free Software Foundation.
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
Copyright @copyright{} 1988-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@end titlepage
@ifinfo
@node Top
@top GNU Readline Library
This document describes the end user interface of the GNU Readline Library,
a utility which aids in the consistency of user interface across discrete
programs that need to provide a command line interface.
@menu
* Command Line Editing:: GNU Readline User's Manual.
@end menu
@end ifinfo
@include rluser.texinfo
@contents
@bye