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Implementation Note
KAME Project
http://www.kame.net/
$FreeBSD$
1. IPv6
1.1 Conformance
The KAME kit conforms, or tries to conform, to the latest set of IPv6
specifications. For future reference we list some of the relevant documents
below (NOTE: this is not a complete list - this is too hard to maintain...).
For details please refer to specific chapter in the document, RFCs, manpages
come with KAME, or comments in the source code.
Conformance tests have been performed on the KAME STABLE kit
at TAHI project. Results can be viewed at http://www.tahi.org/report/KAME/.
We also attended Univ. of New Hampshire IOL tests (http://www.iol.unh.edu/)
in the past, with our past snapshots.
RFC1639: FTP Operation Over Big Address Records (FOOBAR)
* RFC2428 is preferred over RFC1639. ftp clients will first try RFC2428,
then RFC1639 if failed.
RFC1886: DNS Extensions to support IPv6
RFC1933: Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers
* IPv4 compatible address is not supported.
* automatic tunneling (4.3) is not supported.
* "gif" interface implements IPv[46]-over-IPv[46] tunnel in a generic way,
and it covers "configured tunnel" described in the spec.
See 1.5 in this document for details.
RFC1981: Path MTU Discovery for IPv6
RFC2080: RIPng for IPv6
* KAME-supplied route6d, bgpd and hroute6d support this.
RFC2283: Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4
* so-called "BGP4+".
* KAME-supplied bgpd supports this.
RFC2292: Advanced Sockets API for IPv6
* For supported library functions/kernel APIs, see sys/netinet6/ADVAPI.
RFC2362: Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM)
* RFC2362 defines packet formats for PIM-SM. draft-ietf-pim-ipv6-01.txt
is written based on this.
RFC2373: IPv6 Addressing Architecture
* KAME supports node required addresses, and conforms to the scope
requirement.
RFC2374: An IPv6 Aggregatable Global Unicast Address Format
* KAME supports 64-bit length of Interface ID.
RFC2375: IPv6 Multicast Address Assignments
* Userland applications use the well-known addresses assigned in the RFC.
RFC2428: FTP Extensions for IPv6 and NATs
* RFC2428 is preferred over RFC1639. ftp clients will first try RFC2428,
then RFC1639 if failed.
RFC2460: IPv6 specification
RFC2461: Neighbor discovery for IPv6
* See 1.2 in this document for details.
RFC2462: IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
* See 1.4 in this document for details.
RFC2463: ICMPv6 for IPv6 specification
* See 1.8 in this document for details.
RFC2464: Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Ethernet Networks
RFC2465: MIB for IPv6: Textual Conventions and General Group
* Necessary statistics are gathered by the kernel. Actual IPv6 MIB
support is provided as patchkit for ucd-snmp.
RFC2466: MIB for IPv6: ICMPv6 group
* Necessary statistics are gathered by the kernel. Actual IPv6 MIB
support is provided as patchkit for ucd-snmp.
RFC2467: Transmission of IPv6 Packets over FDDI Networks
RFC2472: IPv6 over PPP
RFC2492: IPv6 over ATM Networks
* only PVC is supported.
RFC2497: Transmission of IPv6 packet over ARCnet Networks
RFC2545: Use of BGP-4 Multiprotocol Extensions for IPv6 Inter-Domain Routing
RFC2553: Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6
* IPv4 mapped address (3.7) and special behavior of IPv6 wildcard bind
socket (3.8) are supported.
see 1.12 in this document for details.
RFC2675: IPv6 Jumbograms
* See 1.7 in this document for details.
RFC2710: Multicast Listener Discovery for IPv6
RFC2711: IPv6 router alert option
draft-ietf-ipngwg-router-renum-08: Router renumbering for IPv6
draft-ietf-ipngwg-icmp-namelookups-02: IPv6 Name Lookups Through ICMP
draft-ietf-ipngwg-icmp-name-lookups-03: IPv6 Name Lookups Through ICMP
draft-ietf-pim-ipv6-01.txt: PIM for IPv6
* pim6dd implements dense mode. pim6sd implements sparse mode.
draft-ietf-dhc-dhcpv6-14.txt: DHCPv6
draft-ietf-dhc-v6exts-11.txt: Extensions for DHCPv6
* kame/dhcp6 has test implementation, which will not be compiled in
default compilation.
draft-itojun-ipv6-tcp-to-anycast-00:
Disconnecting TCP connection toward IPv6 anycast address
draft-yamamoto-wideipv6-comm-model-00
* See 1.6 in this document for details.
draft-ietf-ipngwg-scopedaddr-format-00.txt:
An Extension of Format for IPv6 Scoped Addresses
1.2 Neighbor Discovery
Neighbor Discovery is fairly stable. Currently Address Resolution,
Duplicated Address Detection, and Neighbor Unreachability Detection
are supported. In the near future we will be adding Proxy Neighbor
Advertisement support in the kernel and Unsolicited Neighbor Advertisement
transmission command as admin tool.
If DAD fails, the address will be marked "duplicated" and message will be
generated to syslog (and usually to console). The "duplicated" mark
can be checked with ifconfig. It is administrators' responsibility to check
for and recover from DAD failures.
The behavior should be improved in the near future.
Some of the network driver loops multicast packets back to itself,
even if instructed not to do so (especially in promiscuous mode).
In such cases DAD may fail, because DAD engine sees inbound NS packet
(actually from the node itself) and considers it as a sign of duplicate.
You may want to look at #if condition marked "heuristics" in
sys/netinet6/nd6_nbr.c:nd6_dad_timer() as workaround (note that the code
fragment in "heuristics" section is not spec conformant).
Neighbor Discovery specification (RFC2461) does not talk about neighbor
cache handling in the following cases:
(1) when there was no neighbor cache entry, node received unsolicited
RS/NS/NA/redirect packet without link-layer address
(2) neighbor cache handling on medium without link-layer address
(we need a neighbor cache entry for IsRouter bit)
For (1), we implemented workaround based on discussions on IETF ipngwg mailing
list. For more details, see the comments in the source code and email
thread started from (IPng 7155), dated Feb 6 1999.
IPv6 on-link determination rule (RFC2461) is quite different from assumptions
in BSD network code. At this moment, KAME does not implement on-link
determination rule when default router list is empty (RFC2461, section 5.2,
last sentence in 2nd paragraph - note that the spec misuse the word "host"
and "node" in several places in the section).
To avoid possible DoS attacks and infinite loops, KAME stack will accept
only 10 options on ND packet. Therefore, if you have 20 prefix options
attached to RA, only the first 10 prefixes will be recognized.
If this troubles you, please contact KAME team and/or modify
nd6_maxndopt in sys/netinet6/nd6.c. If there are high demands we may
provide sysctl knob for the variable.
1.3 Scope Index
IPv6 uses scoped addresses. Therefore, it is very important to
specify scope index (interface index for link-local address, or
site index for site-local address) with an IPv6 address. Without
scope index, scoped IPv6 address is ambiguous to the kernel, and
kernel will not be able to determine the outbound interface for a
packet.
Ordinary userland applications should use advanced API (RFC2292) to
specify scope index, or interface index. For similar purpose,
sin6_scope_id member in sockaddr_in6 structure is defined in RFC2553.
However, the semantics for sin6_scope_id is rather vague. If you
care about portability of your application, we suggest you to use
advanced API rather than sin6_scope_id.
In the kernel, an interface index for link-local scoped address is
embedded into 2nd 16bit-word (3rd and 4th byte) in IPv6 address.
For example, you may see something like:
fe80:1::200:f8ff:fe01:6317
in the routing table and interface address structure (struct
in6_ifaddr). The address above is a link-local unicast address
which belongs to a network interface whose interface identifier is 1.
The embedded index enables us to identify IPv6 link local
addresses over multiple interfaces effectively and with only a
little code change.
Routing daemons and configuration programs, like route6d and
ifconfig, will need to manipulate the "embedded" scope index.
These programs use routing sockets and ioctls (like SIOCGIFADDR_IN6)
and the kernel API will return IPv6 addresses with 2nd 16bit-word
filled in. The APIs are for manipulating kernel internal structure.
Programs that use these APIs have to be prepared about differences
in kernels anyway.
When you specify scoped address to the command line, NEVER write the
embedded form (such as ff02:1::1 or fe80:2::fedc). This is not supposed
to work. Always use standard form, like ff02::1 or fe80::fedc, with
command line option for specifying interface (like "ping6 -I ne0 ff02::1).
In general, if a command does not have command line option to specify
outgoing interface, that command is not ready to accept scoped address.
This may seem to be opposite from IPv6's premise to support "dentist office"
situation. We believe that specifications need some improvements for this.
Some of the userland tools support extended numeric IPv6 syntax, as
documented in draft-ietf-ipngwg-scopedaddr-format-00.txt. You can specify
outgoing link, by using name of the outgoing interface like "fe80::1%ne0".
This way you will be able to specify link-local scoped address without much
trouble.
To use this extension in your program, you'll need to use getaddrinfo(3),
and getnameinfo(3) with NI_WITHSCOPEID.
The implementation currently assumes 1-to-1 relationship between a link and an
interface, which is stronger than what specs say.
1.4 Plug and Play
The KAME kit implements most of the IPv6 stateless address
autoconfiguration in the kernel.
Neighbor Discovery functions are implemented in the kernel as a whole.
Router Advertisement (RA) input for hosts is implemented in the
kernel. Router Solicitation (RS) output for endhosts, RS input
for routers, and RA output for routers are implemented in the
userland.
1.4.1 Assignment of link-local, and special addresses
IPv6 link-local address is generated from IEEE802 adddress (ethernet MAC
address). Each of interface is assigned an IPv6 link-local address
automatically, when the interface becomes up (IFF_UP). Also, direct route
for the link-local address is added to routing table.
Here is an output of netstat command:
Internet6:
Destination Gateway Flags Netif Expire
fe80:1::%ed0/64 link#1 UC ed0
fe80:2::%ep0/64 link#2 UC ep0
Interfaces that has no IEEE802 address (pseudo interfaces like tunnel
interfaces, or ppp interfaces) will borrow IEEE802 address from other
interfaces, such as ethernet interfaces, whenever possible.
If there is no IEEE802 hardware attached, last-resort pseudorandom value,
which is from MD5(hostname), will be used as source of link-local address.
If it is not suitable for your usage, you will need to configure the
link-local address manually.
If an interface is not capable of handling IPv6 (such as lack of multicast
support), link-local address will not be assigned to that interface.
See section 2 for details.
Each interface joins the solicited multicast address and the
link-local all-nodes multicast addresses (e.g. fe80::1:ff01:6317
and ff02::1, respectively, on the link the interface is attached).
In addition to a link-local address, the loopback address (::1) will be
assigned to the loopback interface. Also, ::1/128 and ff01::/32 are
automatically added to routing table, and loopback interface joins
node-local multicast group ff01::1.
1.4.2 Stateless address autoconfiguration on hosts
In IPv6 specification, nodes are separated into two categories:
routers and hosts. Routers forward packets addressed to others, hosts does
not forward the packets. net.inet6.ip6.forwarding defines whether this
node is router or host (router if it is 1, host if it is 0).
When a host hears Router Advertisement from the router, a host may
autoconfigure itself by stateless address autoconfiguration.
This behavior can be controlled by net.inet6.ip6.accept_rtadv
(host autoconfigures itself if it is set to 1).
By autoconfiguration, network address prefix for the receiving interface
(usually global address prefix) is added. Default route is also configured.
Routers periodically generate Router Advertisement packets. To request
an adjacent router to generate RA packet, a host can transmit Router
Solicitation. To generate a RS packet at any time, use the "rtsol" command.
"rtsold" daemon is also available. "rtsold" generates Router Solicitation
whenever necessary, and it works great for nomadic usage (notebooks/laptops).
If one wishes to ignore Router Advertisements, use sysctl to set
net.inet6.ip6.accept_rtadv to 0.
To generate Router Advertisement from a router, use the "rtadvd" daemon.
Note that, IPv6 specification assumes the following items, and nonconforming
cases are left unspecified:
- Only hosts will listen to router advertisements
- Hosts have single network interface (except loopback)
Therefore, this is unwise to enable net.inet6.ip6.accept_rtadv on routers,
or multi-interface host. A misconfigured node can behave strange
(KAME code allows nonconforming configuration, for those who would like
to do some experiments).
To summarize the sysctl knob:
accept_rtadv forwarding role of the node
--- --- ---
0 0 host (to be manually configured)
0 1 router
1 0 autoconfigured host
(spec assumes that host has single
interface only, autoconfigured host
with multiple interface is
out-of-scope)
1 1 invalid, or experimental
(out-of-scope of spec)
RFC2462 has validation rule against incoming RA prefix information option,
in 5.5.3 (e). This is to protect hosts from malicious (or misconfigured)
routers that advertise very short prefix lifetime.
There was an update from Jim Bound to ipngwg mailing list (look
for "(ipng 6712)" in the archive) and KAME implements Jim's update.
See 1.2 in the document for relationship between DAD and autoconfiguration.
1.4.3 DHCPv6 (not yet put into freebsd4.0)
We supply a tiny DHCPv6 server/client in kame/dhcp6. However, the
implementation is very premature (for example, this does NOT
implement address lease/release), and it is not in default compilation
tree. If you want to do some experiment, compile it on your own.
DHCPv6 and autoconfiguration also needs more work. "Managed" and "Other"
bits in RA have no special effect to stateful autoconfiguration procedure
in DHCPv6 client program ("Managed" bit actually prevents stateless
autoconfiguration, but no special action will be taken for DHCPv6 client).
1.5 Generic tunnel interface
GIF (Generic InterFace) is a pseudo interface for configured tunnel.
Details are described in gif(4) manpage.
Currently
v6 in v6
v6 in v4
v4 in v6
v4 in v4
are available. Use "gifconfig" to assign physical (outer) source
and destination address to gif interfaces.
Configuration that uses same address family for inner and outer IP
header (v4 in v4, or v6 in v6) is dangerous. It is very easy to
configure interfaces and routing tables to perform infinite level
of tunneling. Please be warned.
gif can be configured to be ECN-friendly. See 4.5 for ECN-friendliness
of tunnels, and gif(4) manpage for how to configure.
If you would like to configure an IPv4-in-IPv6 tunnel with gif interface,
read gif(4) carefully. You will need to remove IPv6 link-local address
automatically assigned to the gif interface.
1.6 Source Address Selection
Source selection of KAME is scope oriented (there are some exceptions -
see below). For a given destination, a source IPv6 address is selected
by the following rule:
1. If the source address is explicitly specified by the user
(e.g. via the advanced API), the specified address is used.
2. If there is an address assigned to the outgoing interface
(which is usually determined by looking up the routing table)
that has the same scope as the destination address, the address
is used.
This is the most typical case.
3. If there is no address that satisfies the above condition,
choose a global address assigned to one of the interfaces
on the sending node.
4. If there is no address that satisfies the above condition,
and destination address is site local scope,
choose a site local address assigned to one of the interfaces
on the sending node.
5. If there is no address that satisfies the above condition,
choose the address associated with the routing table
entry for the destination.
This is the last resort, which may cause scope violation.
For instance, ::1 is selected for ff01::1, fe80:1::200:f8ff:fe01:6317
for fe80:1::2a0:24ff:feab:839b (note that embedded interface index -
described in 1.3 - helps us choose the right source address. Those
embedded indices will not be on the wire).
If the outgoing interface has multiple address for the scope,
a source is selected longest match basis (rule 3). Suppose
3ffe:501:808:1:200:f8ff:fe01:6317 and 3ffe:2001:9:124:200:f8ff:fe01:6317
are given to the outgoing interface. 3ffe:501:808:1:200:f8ff:fe01:6317
is chosen as the source for the destination 3ffe:501:800::1.
Note that the above rule is not documented in the IPv6 spec. It is
considered "up to implementation" item.
There are some cases where we do not use the above rule. One
example is connected TCP session, and we use the address kept in tcb
as the source.
Another example is source address for Neighbor Advertisement.
Under the spec (RFC2461 7.2.2) NA's source should be the target
address of the corresponding NS's target. In this case we follow
the spec rather than the above longest-match rule.
For new connections (when rule 1 does not apply), deprecated addresses
(addresses with preferred lifetime = 0) will not be chosen as source address
if other choises are available. If no other choices are available,
deprecated address will be used as a last resort. If there are multiple
choice of deprecated addresses, the above scope rule will be used to choose
from those deprecated addreses. If you would like to prohibit the use
of deprecated address for some reason, configure net.inet6.ip6.use_deprecated
to 0. The issue related to deprecated address is described in RFC2462 5.5.4
(NOTE: there is some debate underway in IETF ipngwg on how to use
"deprecated" address).
1.7 Jumbo Payload
KAME supports the Jumbo Payload hop-by-hop option used to send IPv6
packets with payloads longer than 65,535 octets. But since currently
KAME does not support any physical interface whose MTU is more than
65,535, such payloads can be seen only on the loopback interface(i.e.
lo0).
If you want to try jumbo payloads, you first have to reconfigure the
kernel so that the MTU of the loopback interface is more than 65,535
bytes; add the following to the kernel configuration file:
options "LARGE_LOMTU" #To test jumbo payload
and recompile the new kernel.
Then you can test jumbo payloads by the ping6 command with -b and -s
options. The -b option must be specified to enlarge the size of the
socket buffer and the -s option specifies the length of the packet,
which should be more than 65,535. For example, type as follows;
% ping6 -b 70000 -s 68000 ::1
The IPv6 specification requires that the Jumbo Payload option must not
be used in a packet that carries a fragment header. If this condition
is broken, an ICMPv6 Parameter Problem message must be sent to the
sender. KAME kernel follows the specification, but you cannot usually
see an ICMPv6 error caused by this requirement.
If KAME kernel receives an IPv6 packet, it checks the frame length of
the packet and compares it to the length specified in the payload
length field of the IPv6 header or in the value of the Jumbo Payload
option, if any. If the former is shorter than the latter, KAME kernel
discards the packet and increments the statistics. You can see the
statistics as output of netstat command with `-s -p ip6' option:
% netstat -s -p ip6
ip6:
(snip)
1 with data size < data length
So, KAME kernel does not send an ICMPv6 error unless the erroneous
packet is an actual Jumbo Payload, that is, its packet size is more
than 65,535 bytes. As described above, KAME kernel currently does not
support physical interface with such a huge MTU, so it rarely returns an
ICMPv6 error.
TCP/UDP over jumbogram is not supported at this moment. This is because
we have no medium (other than loopback) to test this. Contact us if you
need this.
IPsec does not work on jumbograms. This is due to some specification twists
in supporting AH with jumbograms (AH header size influences payload length,
and this makes it real hard to authenticate inbound packet with jumbo payload
option as well as AH).
There are fundamental issues in *BSD support for jumbograms. We would like to
address those, but we need more time to finalize these. To name a few:
- mbuf pkthdr.len field is typed as "int" in 4.4BSD, so it will not hold
jumbogram with len > 2G on 32bit architecture CPUs. If we would like to
support jumbogram properly, the field must be expanded to hold 4G +
IPv6 header + link-layer header. Therefore, it must be expanded to at least
int64_t (u_int32_t is NOT enough).
- We mistakingly use "int" to hold packet length in many places. We need
to convert them into larger integral type. It needs a great care, as we may
experience overflow during packet length computation.
- We mistakingly check for ip6_plen field of IPv6 header for packet payload
length in various places. We should be checking mbuf pkthdr.len instead.
ip6_input() will perform sanity check on jumbo payload option on input,
and we can safely use mbuf pkthdr.len afterwards.
- TCP code needs a careful update in bunch of places, of course.
1.8 Loop prevention in header processing
IPv6 specification allows arbitrary number of extension headers to
be placed onto packets. If we implement IPv6 packet processing
code in the way BSD IPv4 code is implemented, kernel stack may
overflow due to long function call chain. KAME sys/netinet6 code
is carefully designed to avoid kernel stack overflow. Because of
this, KAME sys/netinet6 code defines its own protocol switch
structure, as "struct ip6protosw" (see netinet6/ip6protosw.h).
There is no such update to IPv4 part (sys/netinet) for
compatibility, but small change is added to its pr_input()
prototype. So "struct ipprotosw" is also defined.
Because of this, if you receive IPsec-over-IPv4 packet with massive
number of IPsec headers, kernel stack may blow up. IPsec-over-IPv6 is okay.
(Off-course, for those all IPsec headers to be processed, each
such IPsec header must pass each IPsec check. So an anonymous
attacker won't be able to do such an attack.)
1.9 ICMPv6
After RFC2463 was published, IETF ipngwg has decided to disallow ICMPv6 error
packet against ICMPv6 redirect, to prevent ICMPv6 storm on a network medium.
KAME already implements this into the kernel.
1.10 Applications
For userland programming, we support IPv6 socket API as specified in
RFC2553, RFC2292 and upcoming internet drafts.
TCP/UDP over IPv6 is available and quite stable. You can enjoy "telnet",
"ftp", "rlogin", "rsh", "ssh", etc. These applications are protocol
independent. That is, they automatically chooses IPv4 or IPv6
according to DNS.
1.11 Kernel Internals
(*) TCP/UDP part is handled differently between operating system platforms.
See 1.12 for details.
The current KAME has escaped from the IPv4 netinet logic. While
ip_forward() calls ip_output(), ip6_forward() directly calls
if_output() since routers must not divide IPv6 packets into fragments.
ICMPv6 should contain the original packet as long as possible up to
1280. UDP6/IP6 port unreach, for instance, should contain all
extension headers and the *unchanged* UDP6 and IP6 headers.
So, all IP6 functions except TCP never convert network byte
order into host byte order, to save the original packet.
tcp_input(), udp6_input() and icmp6_input() can't assume that IP6
header is preceding the transport headers due to extension
headers. So, in6_cksum() was implemented to handle packets whose IP6
header and transport header is not continuous. TCP/IP6 nor UDP6/IP6
header structure don't exist for checksum calculation.
To process IP6 header, extension headers and transport headers easily,
KAME requires network drivers to store packets in one internal mbuf or
one or more external mbufs. A typical old driver prepares two
internal mbufs for 96 - 204 bytes data, however, KAME's reference
implementation stores it in one external mbuf.
"netstat -s -p ip6" tells you whether or not your driver conforms
KAME's requirement. In the following example, "cce0" violates the
requirement. (For more information, refer to Section 2.)
Mbuf statistics:
317 one mbuf
two or more mbuf::
lo0 = 8
cce0 = 10
3282 one ext mbuf
0 two or more ext mbuf
Each input function calls IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK in the beginning to check
if the region between IP6 and its header is
continuous. IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK calls m_pullup() only if the mbuf has
M_LOOP flag, that is, the packet comes from the loopback
interface. m_pullup() is never called for packets coming from physical
network interfaces.
Both IP and IP6 reassemble functions never call m_pullup().
1.12 IPv4 mapped address and IPv6 wildcard socket
RFC2553 describes IPv4 mapped address (3.7) and special behavior
of IPv6 wildcard bind socket (3.8). The spec allows you to:
- Accept IPv4 connections by AF_INET6 wildcard bind socket.
- Transmit IPv4 packet over AF_INET6 socket by using special form of
the address like ::ffff:10.1.1.1.
but the spec itself is very complicated and does not specify how the
socket layer should behave.
Here we call the former one "listening side" and the latter one "initiating
side", for reference purposes.
Almost all KAME implementations treat tcp/udp port number space separately
between IPv4 and IPv6. You can perform wildcard bind on both of the adderss
families, on the same port.
The following table show the behavior of FreeBSD4x.
listening side initiating side
(AF_INET6 wildcard (connetion to ::ffff:10.1.1.1)
socket gets IPv4 conn.)
--- ---
FreeBSD4x configurable supported
default: enabled
The following sections will give you more details, and how you can
configure the behavior.
Comments on listening side:
It looks that RFC2553 talks too little on wildcard bind issue,
especially on the port space issue, failure mode and relationship
between AF_INET/INET6 wildcard bind. There can be several separate
interpretation for this RFC which conform to it but behaves differently.
So, to implement portable application you should assume nothing
about the behavior in the kernel. Using getaddrinfo() is the safest way.
Port number space and wildcard bind issues were discussed in detail
on ipv6imp mailing list, in mid March 1999 and it looks that there's
no concrete consensus (means, up to implementers). You may want to
check the mailing list archives.
If a server application would like to accept IPv4 and IPv6 connections,
there will be two alternatives.
One is using AF_INET and AF_INET6 socket (you'll need two sockets).
Use getaddrinfo() with AI_PASSIVE into ai_flags, and socket(2) and bind(2)
to all the addresses returned.
By opening multiple sockets, you can accept connections onto the socket with
proper address family. IPv4 connections will be accepted by AF_INET socket,
and IPv6 connections will be accepted by AF_INET6 socket.
Another way is using one AF_INET6 wildcard bind socket.
Use getaddrinfo() with AI_PASSIVE into ai_flags and with
AF_INET6 into ai_family, and set the 1st argument hostname to
NULL. And socket(2) and bind(2) to the address returned.
(should be IPv6 unspecified addr)
You can accept either of IPv4 and IPv6 packet via this one socket.
To support only IPv6 traffic on AF_INET6 wildcard binded socket portably,
always check the peer address when a connection is made toward
AF_INET6 listening socket. If the address is IPv4 mapped address, you may
want to reject the connection. You can check the condition by using
IN6_IS_ADDR_V4MAPPED() macro.
To resolv this issue more easily, there is system dependent setsockopt()
option, IPV6_BINDV6ONLY, used like below.
int on;
setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_BINDV6ONLY,
(char *)&on, sizeof (on)) < 0));
When this call succeed, then this socket only receive IPv6 packets.
Comments on initiating side:
Advise to application implementers: to implement a portable IPv6 application
(which works on multiple IPv6 kernels), we believe that the following
is the key to the success:
- NEVER hardcode AF_INET nor AF_INET6.
- Use getaddrinfo() and getnameinfo() throughout the system.
Never use gethostby*(), getaddrby*(), inet_*() or getipnodeby*().
(To update existing applications to be IPv6 aware easily,
sometime getipnodeby*() will be useful. But if possible, try to
rewrite the code to use getaddrinfo() and getnameinfo().)
- If you would like to connect to destination, use getaddrinfo() and try
all the destination returned, like telnet does.
- Some of the IPv6 stack is shipped with buggy getaddrinfo(). Ship a minimal
working version with your application and use that as last resort.
If you would like to use AF_INET6 socket for both IPv4 and IPv6 outgoing
connection, you will need to use getipnodebyname(). When you would like to
update your existing appication to be IPv6 aware with minimal effort,
this approach might be choosed. But please note that it is a temporal
solution, because getipnodebyname() itself is not recommended as it does
not handle scoped IPv6 addresses at all. For IPv6 name resolution,
getaddrinfo() is the preferred API. So you should rewrite your
application to use getaddrinfo(), when you get the time to do it.
When writing applications that make outgoing connections, story goes much
simpler if you treat AF_INET and AF_INET6 as totally seaprate address family.
{set,get}sockopt issue goes simpler, DNS issue will be made simpler. We do
not recommend you to rely upon IPv4 mapped address.
1.12.1 FreeBSD4x
FreeBSD4x uses shared tcp4/6 code (from sys/netinet/tcp*) and separete
udp4/6 code. It uses unified inpcb/in6pcb structure.
The platform can be configured to support IPv4 mapped address.
Kernel configuration is summarized as follows:
- By default, AF_INET6 socket will grab IPv4 connections in certain condition,
and can initiate connection to IPv4 destination embedded in
IPv4 mapped IPv6 address.
- You can disable it on entire system with sysctl like below.
sysctl -w net.inet6.ip6.mapped_addr=0
1.12.1.1 FreeBSD4x, listening side
Each socket can be configured to support special AF_INET6 wildcard bind
(enabled by default).
You can disable it on each socket basis with setsockopt() like below.
int on;
setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_BINDV6ONLY,
(char *)&on, sizeof (on)) < 0));
Wildcard AF_INET6 socket grabs IPv4 connection if and only if the following
conditions are satisfied:
- there's no AF_INET socket that matches the IPv4 connection
- the AF_INET6 socket is configured to accept IPv4 traffic, i.e.
getsockopt(IPV6_BINDV6ONLY) returns 0.
There's no problem with open/close ordering.
1.12.1.2 FreeBSD4x, initiating side
FreeBSD4x supports outgoing connetion to IPv4 mapped address
(::ffff:10.1.1.1), if the node is configured to support IPv4 mapped address.
1.13 sockaddr_storage
When RFC2553 was about to be finalized, there was discusson on how struct
sockaddr_storage members are named. One proposal is to prepend "__" to the
members (like "__ss_len") as they should not be touched. The other proposal
was that don't prepend it (like "ss_len") as we need to touch those members
directly. There was no clear consensus on it.
As a result, RFC2553 defines struct sockaddr_storage as follows:
struct sockaddr_storage {
u_char __ss_len; /* address length */
u_char __ss_family; /* address family */
/* and bunch of padding */
};
On the contrary, XNET draft defines as follows:
struct sockaddr_storage {
u_char ss_len; /* address length */
u_char ss_family; /* address family */
/* and bunch of padding */
};
In December 1999, it was agreed that RFC2553bis should pick the latter (XNET)
definition.
KAME kit prior to December 1999 used RFC2553 definition. KAME kit after
December 1999 (including December) will conform to XNET definition,
based on RFC2553bis discusson.
If you look at multiple IPv6 implementations, you will be able to see
both definitions. As an userland programmer, the most portable way of
dealing with it is to:
(1) ensure ss_family and/or ss_len are available on the platform, by using
GNU autoconf,
(2) have -Dss_family=__ss_family to unify all occurences (including header
file) into __ss_family, or
(3) never touch __ss_family. cast to sockaddr * and use sa_family like:
struct sockaddr_storage ss;
family = ((struct sockaddr *)&ss)->sa_family
2. Network Drivers
KAME requires two items to be added into the standard drivers:
(1) mbuf clustering requirement. In this stable release, we changed
MINCLSIZE into MHLEN+1 for all the operating systems in order to make
all the drivers behave as we expect.
(2) multicast. If "ifmcstat" yields no multicast group for a
interface, that interface has to be patched.
If any of the driver don't support the requirements, then the driver
can't be used for IPv6 and/or IPsec communication. If you find any
problem with your card using IPv6/IPsec, then, please report it to
freebsd-bugs@freebsd.org.
(NOTE: In the past we required all pcmcia drivers to have a call to
in6_ifattach(). We have no such requirement any more)
3. Translator
We categorize IPv4/IPv6 translator into 4 types.
Translator A --- It is used in the early stage of transition to make
it possible to establish a connection from an IPv6 host in an IPv6
island to an IPv4 host in the IPv4 ocean.
Translator B --- It is used in the early stage of transition to make
it possible to establish a connection from an IPv4 host in the IPv4
ocean to an IPv6 host in an IPv6 island.
Translator C --- It is used in the late stage of transition to make it
possible to establish a connection from an IPv4 host in an IPv4 island
to an IPv6 host in the IPv6 ocean.
Translator D --- It is used in the late stage of transition to make it
possible to establish a connection from an IPv6 host in the IPv6 ocean
to an IPv4 host in an IPv4 island.
KAME provides an TCP relay translator for category A. This is called
"FAITH". We also provide IP header translator for category A.
(The latter is not yet put into FreeBSD4.x yet.)
3.1 FAITH TCP relay translator
FAITH system uses TCP relay daemon called "faithd" helped by the KAME kernel.
FAITH will reserve an IPv6 address prefix, and relay TCP connection
toward that prefix to IPv4 destination.
For example, if the reserved IPv6 prefix is 3ffe:0501:0200:ffff::, and
the IPv6 destination for TCP connection is 3ffe:0501:0200:ffff::163.221.202.12,
the connection will be relayed toward IPv4 destination 163.221.202.12.
destination IPv4 node (163.221.202.12)
^
| IPv4 tcp toward 163.221.202.12
FAITH-relay dual stack node
^
| IPv6 TCP toward 3ffe:0501:0200:ffff::163.221.202.12
source IPv6 node
faithd must be invoked on FAITH-relay dual stack node.
For more details, consult src/usr.sbin/faithd/README.
3.2 IPv6-to-IPv4 header translator
(to be written)
4. IPsec
IPsec is mainly organized by three components.
(1) Policy Management
(2) Key Management
(3) AH and ESP handling
4.1 Policy Management
The kernel implements experimental policy management code. There are two way
to manage security policy. One is to configure per-socket policy using
setsockopt(3). In this cases, policy configuration is described in
ipsec_set_policy(3). The other is to configure kernel packet filter-based
policy using PF_KEY interface, via setkey(8).
The policy entry is not re-ordered with its
indexes, so the order of entry when you add is very significant.
4.2 Key Management
The key management code implemented in this kit (sys/netkey) is a
home-brew PFKEY v2 implementation. This conforms to RFC2367.
The home-brew IKE daemon, "racoon" is included in the kit
(kame/kame/racoon).
Basically you'll need to run racoon as daemon, then setup a policy
to require keys (like ping -P 'out ipsec esp/transport//use').
The kernel will contact racoon daemon as necessary to exchange keys.
4.3 AH and ESP handling
IPsec module is implemented as "hooks" to the standard IPv4/IPv6
processing. When sending a packet, ip{,6}_output() checks if ESP/AH
processing is required by checking if a matching SPD (Security
Policy Database) is found. If ESP/AH is needed,
{esp,ah}{4,6}_output() will be called and mbuf will be updated
accordingly. When a packet is received, {esp,ah}4_input() will be
called based on protocol number, i.e. (*inetsw[proto])().
{esp,ah}4_input() will decrypt/check authenticity of the packet,
and strips off daisy-chained header and padding for ESP/AH. It is
safe to strip off the ESP/AH header on packet reception, since we
will never use the received packet in "as is" form.
By using ESP/AH, TCP4/6 effective data segment size will be affected by
extra daisy-chained headers inserted by ESP/AH. Our code takes care of
the case.
Basic crypto functions can be found in directory "sys/crypto". ESP/AH
transform are listed in {esp,ah}_core.c with wrapper functions. If you
wish to add some algorithm, add wrapper function in {esp,ah}_core.c, and
add your crypto algorithm code into sys/crypto.
Tunnel mode is partially supported in this release, with the following
restrictions:
- IPsec tunnel is not combined with GIF generic tunneling interface.
It needs a great care because we may create an infinite loop between
ip_output() and tunnelifp->if_output(). Opinion varies if it is better
to unify them, or not.
- MTU and Don't Fragment bit (IPv4) considerations need more checking, but
basically works fine.
- Authentication model for AH tunnel must be revisited. We'll need to
improve the policy management engine, eventually.
4.4 Conformance to RFCs and IDs
The IPsec code in the kernel conforms (or, tries to conform) to the
following standards:
"old IPsec" specification documented in rfc182[5-9].txt
"new IPsec" specification documented in rfc240[1-6].txt, rfc241[01].txt,
rfc2451.txt and draft-mcdonald-simple-ipsec-api-01.txt (draft expired,
but you can take from ftp://ftp.kame.net/pub/internet-drafts/).
(NOTE: IKE specifications, rfc241[7-9].txt are implemented in userland,
as "racoon" IKE daemon)
Currently supported algorithms are:
old IPsec AH
null crypto checksum (no document, just for debugging)
keyed MD5 with 128bit crypto checksum (rfc1828.txt)
keyed SHA1 with 128bit crypto checksum (no document)
HMAC MD5 with 128bit crypto checksum (rfc2085.txt)
HMAC SHA1 with 128bit crypto checksum (no document)
old IPsec ESP
null encryption (no document, similar to rfc2410.txt)
DES-CBC mode (rfc1829.txt)
new IPsec AH
null crypto checksum (no document, just for debugging)
keyed MD5 with 96bit crypto checksum (no document)
keyed SHA1 with 96bit crypto checksum (no document)
HMAC MD5 with 96bit crypto checksum (rfc2403.txt
HMAC SHA1 with 96bit crypto checksum (rfc2404.txt)
new IPsec ESP
null encryption (rfc2410.txt)
DES-CBC with derived IV
(draft-ietf-ipsec-ciph-des-derived-01.txt, draft expired)
DES-CBC with explicit IV (rfc2405.txt)
3DES-CBC with explicit IV (rfc2451.txt)
BLOWFISH CBC (rfc2451.txt)
CAST128 CBC (rfc2451.txt)
RC5 CBC (rfc2451.txt)
each of the above can be combined with:
ESP authentication with HMAC-MD5(96bit)
ESP authentication with HMAC-SHA1(96bit)
The following algorithms are NOT supported:
old IPsec AH
HMAC MD5 with 128bit crypto checksum + 64bit replay prevention
(rfc2085.txt)
keyed SHA1 with 160bit crypto checksum + 32bit padding (rfc1852.txt)
IPsec (in kernel) and IKE (in userland as "racoon") has been tested
at several interoperability test events, and it is known to interoperate
with many other implementations well. Also, KAME IPsec has quite wide
coverage for IPsec crypto algorithms documented in RFC (we cover
algorithms without intellectual property issues only).
4.5 ECN consideration on IPsec tunnels
KAME IPsec implements ECN-friendly IPsec tunnel, described in
draft-ipsec-ecn-00.txt.
Normal IPsec tunnel is described in RFC2401. On encapsulation,
IPv4 TOS field (or, IPv6 traffic class field) will be copied from inner
IP header to outer IP header. On decapsulation outer IP header
will be simply dropped. The decapsulation rule is not compatible
with ECN, since ECN bit on the outer IP TOS/traffic class field will be
lost.
To make IPsec tunnel ECN-friendly, we should modify encapsulation
and decapsulation procedure. This is described in
http://www.aciri.org/floyd/papers/draft-ipsec-ecn-00.txt, chapter 3.
KAME IPsec tunnel implementation can give you three behaviors, by setting
net.inet.ipsec.ecn (or net.inet6.ipsec6.ecn) to some value:
- RFC2401: no consideration for ECN (sysctl value -1)
- ECN forbidden (sysctl value 0)
- ECN allowed (sysctl value 1)
Note that the behavior is configurable in per-node manner, not per-SA manner
(draft-ipsec-ecn-00 wants per-SA configuration, but it looks too much for me).
The behavior is summarized as follows (see source code for more detail):
encapsulate decapsulate
--- ---
RFC2401 copy all TOS bits drop TOS bits on outer
from inner to outer. (use inner TOS bits as is)
ECN forbidden copy TOS bits except for ECN drop TOS bits on outer
(masked with 0xfc) from inner (use inner TOS bits as is)
to outer. set ECN bits to 0.
ECN allowed copy TOS bits except for ECN use inner TOS bits with some
CE (masked with 0xfe) from change. if outer ECN CE bit
inner to outer. is 1, enable ECN CE bit on
set ECN CE bit to 0. the inner.
General strategy for configuration is as follows:
- if both IPsec tunnel endpoint are capable of ECN-friendly behavior,
you'd better configure both end to "ECN allowed" (sysctl value 1).
- if the other end is very strict about TOS bit, use "RFC2401"
(sysctl value -1).
- in other cases, use "ECN forbidden" (sysctl value 0).
The default behavior is "ECN forbidden" (sysctl value 0).
For more information, please refer to:
http://www.aciri.org/floyd/papers/draft-ipsec-ecn-00.txt
RFC2481 (Explicit Congestion Notification)
KAME sys/netinet6/{ah,esp}_input.c
(Thanks goes to Kenjiro Cho <kjc@csl.sony.co.jp> for detailed analysis)
4.6 Interoperability
Here are (some of) platforms we have tested IPsec/IKE interoperability
in the past. Note that both ends (KAME and others) may have modified their
implementation, so use the following list just for reference purposes.
Altiga, Ashley-laurent (vpcom.com), Data Fellows (F-Secure), Ericsson
ACC, FreeS/WAN, HITACHI, IBM AIX, IIJ, Intel, Microsoft WinNT, NIST
(linux IPsec + plutoplus), Netscreen, OpenBSD, RedCreek, Routerware,
SSH, Secure Computing, Soliton, Toshiba, VPNet, Yamaha RT100i
5. IPComp
(not yet put into FreeBSD4.x, due to inflate related changes in 4.x.)
IPComp stands for IP payload compression protocol. This is aimed for
payload compression, not the header compression like PPP VJ compression.
This may be useful when you are using slow serial link (say, cell phone)
with powerful CPU (well, recent notebook PCs are really powerful...).
The protocol design of IPComp is very similar to IPsec.
KAME implements the following specifications:
- RFC2393: IP Payload Compression Protocol (IPComp)
- RFC2394: IP Payload Compression Using DEFLATE
Here are some points to be noted:
- IPComp is treated as part of IPsec protocol suite, and SPI and
CPI space is unified. Spec says that there's no relationship
between two so they are assumed to be separate.
- IPComp association (IPCA) is kept in SAD.
- It is possible to use well-known CPI (CPI=2 for DEFLATE for example),
for outbound/inbound packet, but for indexing purposes one element from
SPI/CPI space will be occupied anyway.
- pfkey is modified to support IPComp. However, there's no official
SA type number assignment yet. Portability with other IPComp
stack is questionable (anyway, who else implement IPComp on UN*X?).
- Spec says that IPComp output processing must be performed before IPsec
output processing, to achieve better compression ratio and "stir" data
stream before encryption. However, with manual SPD setting, you are able to
violate the ordering requirement (KAME code is too generic, maybe).
- Though MTU can be significantly decreased by using IPComp, no special
consideration is made about path MTU (spec talks nothing about MTU
consideration). IPComp is designed for serial links, not ethernet-like
medium, it seems.
- You can change compression ratio on outbound packet, by changing
deflate_policy in sys/netinet6/ipcomp_core.c. You can also change history
buffer size by changing deflate_window in the same source code.
(should it be sysctl accessible? or per-SAD configurable?)
- Tunnel mode IPComp is not working right. KAME box can generate tunnelled
IPComp packet, however, cannot accept tunneled IPComp packet.
6. ALTQ
(not yet put into FreeBSD4.x)
<end of IMPLEMENTATION>

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USAGE
KAME Project
http://www.kame.net/newsletter/
$FreeBSD$
This is a introduction of how to use the commands provided in the KAME
kit. For more information, please refer to each man page.
<<<ifconfig>>>
A link-local address is automatically assigned to each interface, when
the interface becomes up for the first time. Even if you find an interface
without a link-local address, do not panic. The link-local address will be
assigned when it becomes up (with "ifconfig IF up").
Some network drivers allow an interface to become up even without a
hardware address (for example, PCMCIA network cards). In such cases, it is
possible that an interface has no link-local address even if the
interface is up. If you see such situation, please disable the
interface once and then re-enable it (i.e. do `ifconfig IF down;
ifconfig IF up').
Pseudo interfaces (like "gif" tunnel device) will borrow IPv6 interface
identifier (lowermost 64bit of the address) from EUI64/IEEE802 sources,
like ethernet cards. Pseudo interfaces will be able to get IPv6 link-local
address, if you have other "real" interface configured beforehand.
If you have no EUI64/IEEE802 sources on the node, you may need to configure
link-local address manually. Though we have last-resort code in the kernel,
which generates interface identifier from MD5(hostname), it may not suitable
for your usage (for example, if you configure same hostname on both sides
of gif tunnel, you will be doomed).
If you have a router announcing Router Advertisement,
global addresses will be assigned automatically. So, "ifconfig" is not
necessary for your *host*. (Please refer to "sysctl" section for configuring
a host to accept Router Advertisement.)
If you want to set up a router, you need to assign global addresses
for two or more interfaces by "ifconfig" or "prefix". (prefix command
is described at next section)
If you want to assign a global address by "ifconfig", don't forget to
specify the "alias" argument to keep the link-local address.
# ifconfig de0 inet6 fec0:0:0:1000:200:f8ff:fe01:6317 alias
# ifconfig de0
de0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 172.16.202.12 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 172.16.202.255
inet6 fe80::200:f8ff:fe01:6317%de0 prefixlen 64
inet6 fec0:0:0:1000:200:f8ff:fe01:6317 prefixlen 64
inet6 fec0:0:0:1000:: prefixlen 64 anycast
ether 00:00:f8:01:63:17
media: autoselect (10baseT/UTP) status: active
supported media: autoselect 100baseTX <full-duplex> 100baseTX 10baseT/UTP <full-duplex> 10baseT/UTP
See also "/etc/rc.network6" for actual examples.
<<prefix>>
In IPv6 architecture, an IPv6 address of an interface can be generated
from a prefix assigned to it, and a link-dependent identifier for the
interface. Assigning a full IPv6 address by ifconfig is not
necessary anymore, because, user can only take care of prefix, by letting
system take care of interface identifier.
The newly added "prefix" command enables user to just assign prefixes
for interfaces, and let your system automatically generate IPv6
addresses. Prefixes added by the "prefix" command is maintained in
the kernel consistently with prefixes assigned by Router
Renumbering(in case of routers).
But "prefix" command can only be used on router, because host should be
able to configure its addr automatically. Prefixes added by the "prefix"
command are maintained independently from prefixes assigned by
Router Advertisement. Those two type of prefixes should not coexist on
a machine at the same time, and when it happens, it is considered to be
miss configuration.
Manual assignment of prefixes or change of prefix properties take
precedence over ones assigned by Router Renumbering.
If you want to assign a prefix(and consequently an address) manually, do
as follows:
# prefix de0 fec0:0:0:1000::
# ifconfig de0
de0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 172.16.202.12 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 172.16.202.255
inet6 fe80:1::200:f8ff:fe01:6317 prefixlen 64
inet6 fec0:0:0:1000:200:f8ff:fe01:6317 prefixlen 64
inet6 fec0:0:0:1000:: prefixlen 64 anycast
ether 00:00:f8:01:63:17
media: autoselect (10baseT/UTP) status: active
supported media: autoselect 100baseTX <full-duplex> 100baseTX 10baseT/UTP <full-duplex> 10baseT/UTP
To check assigned prefix, use the "ndp" command. (See description of
ndp command about its usage)
# ndp -p
fec0:0:0:1000::/64 if=de0
flags=LA, vltime=2592000, pltime=604800, expire=Never
No advertising router
The "prefix" command also has node internal prefix renumbering
ability.
If you have multiple prefixes which have fec0:0:0:1000:/56 at the top,
and would like to renumber them to fec0:0:0:2000:/56, then use the
"prefix" command with the "matchpr" argument and the "usepr" argument.
Suppose that current state of before renumbering as follows:
# ifconfig de0
de0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 172.16.202.12 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 172.16.202.255
inet6 fe80:1::200:f8ff:fe01:6317 prefixlen 64
inet6 fec0:0:0:1000:200:f8ff:fe01:6317 prefixlen 64
inet6 fec0:0:0:1000:: prefixlen 64 anycast
ether 00:00:f8:01:63:17
media: autoselect (10baseT/UTP) status: active
supported media: autoselect 100baseTX <full-duplex> 100baseTX 10baseT/UTP <full-duplex> 10baseT/UTP
# ifconfig de1
de1: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 172.16.203.12 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 172.16.203.255
inet6 fe80:1::200:f8ff:fe55:7011 prefixlen 64
inet6 fec0:0:0:1001:200:f8ff:fe55:7011 prefixlen 64
inet6 fec0:0:0:1001:: prefixlen 64 anycast
ether 00:00:f8:55:70:11
media: autoselect (10baseT/UTP) status: active
supported media: autoselect 100baseTX <full-duplex> 100baseTX 10baseT/UTP <full-duplex> 10baseT/UTP
# ndp -p
fec0:0:0:1000::/64 if=de0
flags=LA, vltime=2592000, pltime=604800, expire=Never
No advertising router
fec0:0:0:1001::/64 if=de1
flags=LA, vltime=2592000, pltime=604800, expire=Never
No advertising router
Then do as follows:
# prefix -a matchpr fec0:0:0:1000:: mp_len 56 usepr fec0:0:0:2000:: up_uselen 56 change
If command is successful, prefixes and addresses will be renumbered as
follows.
# ifconfig de0
de0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 172.16.202.12 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 172.16.202.255
inet6 fe80:1::200:f8ff:fe01:6317 prefixlen 64
inet6 fec0:0:0:2000:200:f8ff:fe01:6317 prefixlen 64
inet6 fec0:0:0:2000:: prefixlen 64 anycast
ether 00:00:f8:01:63:17
media: autoselect (10baseT/UTP) status: active
supported media: autoselect 100baseTX <full-duplex> 100baseTX 10baseT/UTP <full-duplex> 10baseT/UTP
# ifconfig de1
de1: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 172.16.203.12 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 172.16.203.255
inet6 fe80:1::200:f8ff:fe55:7011 prefixlen 64
inet6 fec0:0:0:2001:200:f8ff:fe55:7011 prefixlen 64
inet6 fec0:0:0:2001:: prefixlen 64 anycast
ether 00:00:f8:55:70:11
media: autoselect (10baseT/UTP) status: active
supported media: autoselect 100baseTX <full-duplex> 100baseTX 10baseT/UTP <full-duplex> 10baseT/UTP
# ndp -p
fec0:0:0:2000::/64 if=de0
flags=LA, vltime=2592000, pltime=604800, expire=Never
No advertising router
fec0:0:0:2001::/64 if=de1
flags=LA, vltime=2592000, pltime=604800, expire=Never
No advertising router
See also "/etc/rc.network6" for actual examples.
<<<route>>>
If there is a router announcing Router Advertisement on the subnet,
you don't need to add a default route for your host by yourself.
(Please refer to "sysctl" section to accept Router Advertisement.)
If you want to add a default route manually, do as follows:
# route add -inet6 default fe80::200:a2ff:fe0e:7543%de0
"default" means ::/0.
Note that, in IPv6, link-local address should be used as gateway
("fe80::200:a2ff:fe0e:7543%de1" in the above). If you use global addresses,
icmp6 redirect may not work properly. For ease of configuration we recommend
you to avoid static routes and run a routing daemon (route6d for example)
instead.
<<<ping6>>> (This might be integrated into "ping" as "ping -6" in the future.)
Reachability can be checked by "ping6". This "ping6" allows multicast
for its argument.
% ping6 -I xl0 ff02::1
or
% ping6 ff02::1%xl0
PING6(56=40+8+8 bytes) fe80::5254:ff:feda:cb7d --> ff02::1
56 bytes from fe80::5254:ff:feda:cb7d, icmp_seq=0 hlim=64 time=0.25 ms
56 bytes from fe80::2a0:c9ff:fe84:ed6c, icmp_seq=0 hlim=64 time=1.333 ms(DUP!)
56 bytes from fe80::5254:ff:feda:d161, icmp_seq=0 hlim=64 time=1.459 ms(DUP!)
56 bytes from fe80::260:97ff:fec2:80bf, icmp_seq=0 hlim=64 time=1.538 ms(DUP!)
<<<ping6 -w>>>
Name resolution is possible by ICMPv6 node information query message.
This is very convenient for link-local addresses whose host name cannot be
resolved by DNS. Specify the "-w" option to "ping6".
% ping6 -I xl0 -w ff02::1
64 bytes from fe80::5254:ff:feda:cb7d: fto.kame.net
67 bytes from fe80::5254:ff:feda:d161: banana.kame.net
69 bytes from fe80::2a0:c9ff:fe84:ebd9: paradise.kame.net
66 bytes from fe80::260:8ff:fe8b:447f: taroh.kame.net
66 bytes from fe80::2a0:c9ff:fe84:ed6c: ayame.kame.net
<<<traceroute6>>>
The route for a target host can be checked by "traceroute6".
% traceroute6 tokyo.v6.wide.ad.jp
traceroute to tokyo.v6.wide.ad.jp (3ffe:501:0:401:200:e8ff:fed5:8923), 30 hops max, 12 byte packets
1 nr60.v6.kame.net 1.239 ms 0.924 ms 0.908 ms
2 otemachi.v6.wide.ad.jp 28.953 ms 31.451 ms 26.567 ms
3 tokyo.v6.wide.ad.jp 26.549 ms 26.58 ms 26.186 ms
If the -l option is specified, both address and name are shown in each line.
% traceroute6 -l tokyo.v6.wide.ad.jp
traceroute to tokyo.v6.wide.ad.jp (3ffe:501:0:401:200:e8ff:fed5:8923), 30 hops max, 12 byte packets
1 nr60.v6.kame.net (3ffe:501:4819:2000:260:97ff:fec2:80bf) 1.23 ms 0.952 ms 0.92 ms
2 otemachi.v6.wide.ad.jp (3ffe:501:0:1802:260:97ff:feb6:7ff0) 27.345 ms 26.706 ms 26.563 ms
3 tokyo.v6.wide.ad.jp (3ffe:501:0:401:200:e8ff:fed5:8923) 26.329 ms 26.36 ms 28.63 ms
<<<ndp>>>
To display the current Neighbor cache, use "ndp":
% ndp -a
Neighbor Linklayer Address Netif Expire St Flgs Prbs
nr60.v6.kame.net 0:60:97:c2:80:bf xl0 expired S R
fec0:0:0:1000:2c0:cff:fe10 0:c0:c:10:3a:53 xl0 permanent R
paradise.v6.kame.net 52:54:0:dc:52:17 xl0 expired S R
fe80:1::200:eff:fe49:f929 0:0:e:49:f9:29 xl0 expired S R
fe80:1::200:86ff:fe05:80da 0:0:86:5:80:da xl0 expired S
fe80:1::200:86ff:fe05:c2d8 0:0:86:5:c2:d8 xl0 9s R
To flush the all NDP cache, execute the following by root.
# ndp -c
To display the prefix list.
% ndp -p
fec0:0:0::1000::/64 if=xl0
flags=LA, vltime=2592000, pltime=604800, expire=29d23h59m58s
advertised by
fe80::5254:ff:fedc:5217
fe80::260:97ff:fec2:80bf
fe80::200:eff:fe49:f929
To display the default router list.
% ndp -r
fe80::260:97ff:fec2:80bf if=xl0, flags=, expire=29m55s
fe80::5254:ff:fedc:5217 if=xl0, flags=, expire=29m7s
fe80::200:eff:fe49:f929 if=xl0, flags=, expire=28m47s
<<<rtsol>>>
To generate a Router Solicitation message right now to get global
addresses, use "rtsol".
# ifconfig xl0
xl0: flags=8a43<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,ALLMULTI,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet6 fe80:2::2a0:24ff:feab:839b%xl0 prefixlen 64
ether 0:a0:24:ab:83:9b
media: autoselect (10baseT/UTP) status: active
supported media: autoselect 100baseTX <full-duplex> 100baseTX 10baseT/UTP <full-duplex> 10baseT/UTP 100baseTX <hw-loopback>
# rtsol xl0
# ifconfig xl0
xl0: flags=8a43<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,ALLMULTI,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet6 fe80:2::2a0:24ff:feab:839b%xl0 prefixlen 64
inet6 fec0:0:0:1000:2a0:24ff:feab:839b prefixlen 64
ether 0:a0:24:ab:83:9b
media: autoselect (10baseT/UTP) status: active
supported media: autoselect 100baseTX <full-duplex> 100baseTX 10baseT/UTP <full-duplex> 10baseT/UTP 100baseTX <hw-loopback>
<<<rtsold>>>
rtsold is a daemon version of rtsol. If you run KAME IPv6 on a laptop
computer and frequently move with it, the daemon is useful since it watches
the interface and sends router solicitations when the status of the interface
changes. Note, however, that the feature is disabled by default. Please
add -m option at invocation of rtsold.
rtsold also supports multiple interfaces. For example, you can
invoke the daemon as follows:
# rtsold -m ep0 cnw0
<<<netstat>>>
To see routing table:
# netstat -nr
# netstat -nrl (long format with Ref and Use)
<<<sysctl>>>
If "net.inet6.ip6.accept_rtadv" is 1, Router Advertisement is
accepted. This means that global addresses and default route are
automatically set up. Otherwise, the announcement is rejected. The
default value is 0. To set "net.inet6.ip6.accept_rtadv" to 1, execute
as follows:
# sysctl -w net.inet6.ip6.accept_rtadv=1
<<<gifconfig>>>
"gif" interface enables you to perform IPv{4,6} over IPv{4,6}
protocol tunneling. To use this interface, you must specify the
outer IPv{4,6} address by using gifconfig, like:
# gifconfig gif0 172.16.198.61 172.16.11.21
"ifconfig gif0" will configure the address pair used for inner
IPv{4,6} header.
It is not required to configure inner IPv{4,6} address pair. If
you do not configure inner IPv{4,6} address pair, tunnel link is
considered as un-numbered link and the source address of inner
IPv{4,6} address pair will be borrowed from other interfaces.
The following example configures un-numbered IPv6-over-IPv4 tunnel:
# gifconfig gif0 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0
The following example configures numbered IPv6-over-IPv4 tunnel:
# gifconfig gif0 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0
# ifconfig gif0 inet6 fec0:0:0:3000::1 fec0:0:0:3000::2 prefixlen 64 alias
IPv6 spec allows you to use point-to-point link without global IPv6
address assigned to the interface. Routing protocol (such as RIPng)
uses link-local addresses only. If you are to configure IPv6-over-IPv4
tunnel, you need not to configure an address pair for inner IPv6
header. We suggest you to use the former example (un-numbered
IPv6-over-IPv4 tunnel) to connect to 6bone for simplicity,
for router to router connection.
Note that it is so easy to make an infinite routing loop using gif
interface, if you configure a tunnel using the same protocol family
for inner and outer header (i.e. IPv4-over-IPv4).
Refer to gifconfig(8) for more details.
<<<inetd>>>
Inetd supports AF_INET and AF_INET6 sockets, with IPsec policy
configuration support.
Refer to inetd(8) for more details.
<<<IPsec>>>
The current KAME supports both transport mode and tunnel mode.
However, tunnel mode comes with some restrictions.
http://www.kame.net/newsletter/ has more comprehensive examples.
Let's setup security association to deploy a secure channel between
HOST A (10.2.3.4) and HOST B (10.6.7.8). Here we show a little
complicated example. From HOST A to HOST B, only old AH is used.
From HOST B to HOST A, new AH and new ESP are combined.
Now we should choose algorithm to be used corresponding to "AH"/"new
AH"/"ESP"/"new ESP". Please refer to the "setkey" man page to know
algorithm names. Our choice is MD5 for AH, new-HMAC-SHA1 for new AH,
and new-DES-expIV with 8 byte IV for new ESP.
Key length highly depends on each algorithm. For example, key
length must be equal to 16 bytes for MD5, 20 for new-HMAC-SHA1,
and 8 for new-DES-expIV. Now we choose "MYSECRETMYSECRET",
"KAMEKAMEKAMEKAMEKAME", "PASSWORD", respectively.
OK, let's assign SPI (Security Parameter Index) for each protocol.
Please note that we need 3 SPIs for this secure channel since three
security headers are produced (one for from HOST A to HOST B, two for
from HOST B to HOST A). Please also note that SPI MUST be greater
than or equal to 256. We choose, 1000, 2000, and 3000, respectively.
(1)
HOST A ------> HOST B
(1)PROTO=AH
ALG=MD5(RFC1826)
KEY=MYSECRETMYSECRET
SPI=1000
(2.1)
HOST A <------ HOST B
<------
(2.2)
(2.1)
PROTO=AH
ALG=new-HMAC-SHA1(new AH)
KEY=KAMEKAMEKAMEKAMEKAME
SPI=2000
(2.2)
PROTO=ESP
ALG=new-DES-expIV(new ESP)
IV length = 8
KEY=PASSWORD
SPI=3000
Now, let's setup security association. Execute "setkey" on both HOST
A and B:
# setkey -c
add 10.2.3.4 10.6.7.8 ah 1000 -m transport -A keyed-md5 "MYSECRETMYSECRET" ;
add 10.6.7.8 10.2.3.4 ah 2000 -m transport -A hmac-sha1 "KAMEKAMEKAMEKAMEKAME" ;
add 10.6.7.8 10.2.3.4 esp 3000 -m transport -E des-cbc "PASSWORD" ;
^D
Actually, IPsec communication doesn't process until security policy
entries will be defined. In this case, you must setup each host.
At A:
# setkey -c
spdadd 10.2.3.4 10.6.7.8 any -P out ipsec
ah/transport/10.2.3.4-10.6.7.8/require ;
^D
At B:
spdadd 10.6.7.8 10.2.3.4 any -P out ipsec
esp/transport/10.6.7.8-10.2.3.4/require ;
spdadd 10.6.7.8 10.2.3.4 any -P out ipsec
ah/transport/10.6.7.8-10.2.3.4/require ;
^D
To utilize the security associations installed into the kernel, you
must set the socket security level by using setsockopt().
This is per-application (or per-socket) security. For example,
the "ping" command has the -P option with parameter to enable AH and/or ESP.
For example:
% ping -P "out ipsec \
ah/transport/10.0.1.1-10.0.2.2/use \
esp/tunnel/10.0.1.1-10.0.1.2/require" 10.0.2.2
If there are proper SAs, this policy specification causes ICMP packet
to be AH transport mode inner ESP tunnel mode like below.
HOST C -----------> GATEWAY D ----------> HOST E
10.0.1.1 10.0.1.2 10.0.2.1 10.0.2.2
| | | |
| ======= ESP ======= |
==================== AH ==================
Another example using IPv6.
ESP transport mode is recommended for TCP port number 110 between Host-A and
Host-B.
============ ESP ============
| |
Host-A Host-B
fec0::10 -------------------- fec0::11
Encryption algorithm is blowfish-cbc whose key is "kamekame", and
authentication algorithm is hmac-sha1 whose key is "this is the test key".
Configuration at Host-A:
# setkey -c <<EOF
spdadd fec0::10[any] fec0::11[110] tcp -P out ipsec
esp/transport/fec0::10-fec0::11/use ;
spdadd fec0::11[110] fec0::10[any] tcp -P in ipsec
esp/transport/fec0::11-fec0::10/use ;
add fec0::10 fec0::11 esp 0x10001
-m transport
-E blowfish-cbc "kamekame"
-A hmac-sha1 "this is the test key" ;
add fec0::11 fec0::10 esp 0x10002
-m transport
-E blowfish-cbc "kamekame"
-A hmac-sha1 "this is the test key" ;
EOF
and at Host-B:
# setkey -c <<EOF
spdadd fec0::11[110] fec0::10[any] tcp -P out ipsec
esp/transport/fec0::11-fec0::10/use ;
spdadd fec0::10[any] fec0::11[110] tcp -P in ipsec
esp/transport/fec0::10-fec0::11/use ;
add fec0::10 fec0::11 esp 0x10001 -m transport
-E blowfish-cbc "kamekame"
-A hmac-sha1 "this is the test key" ;
add fec0::11 fec0::10 esp 0x10002 -m transport
-E blowfish-cbc "kamekame"
-A hmac-sha1 "this is the test key" ;
EOF
Note the direction of SP.
Tunnel mode between two security gateways
Security protocol is old AH tunnel mode, i.e. specified by RFC1826, with
keyed-md5 whose key is "this is the test" as authentication algorithm.
======= AH =======
| |
Network-A Gateway-A Gateway-B Network-B
10.0.1.0/24 ---- 172.16.0.1 ----- 172.16.0.2 ---- 10.0.2.0/24
Configuration at Gateway-A:
# setkey -c <<EOF
spdadd 10.0.1.0/24 10.0.2.0/24 any -P out ipsec
ah/tunnel/172.16.0.1-172.16.0.2/require ;
spdadd 10.0.2.0/24 10.0.1.0/24 any -P in ipsec
ah/tunnel/172.16.0.2-172.16.0.1/require ;
add 172.16.0.1 172.16.0.2 ah-old 0x10003 -m any
-A keyed-md5 "this is the test" ;
add 172.16.0.2 172.16.0.1 ah-old 0x10004 -m any
-A keyed-md5 "this is the test" ;
If port number field is omitted such above then "[any]" is employed. `-m'
specifies the mode of SA to be used. "-m any" means wild-card of mode of
security protocol. You can use this SA for both tunnel and transport mode.
and at Gateway-B:
# setkey -c <<EOF
spdadd 10.0.2.0/24 10.0.1.0/24 any -P out ipsec
ah/tunnel/172.16.0.2-172.16.0.1/require ;
spdadd 10.0.1.0/24 10.0.2.0/24 any -P in ipsec
ah/tunnel/172.16.0.1-172.16.0.2/require ;
add 172.16.0.1 172.16.0.2 ah-old 0x10003 -m any
-A keyed-md5 "this is the test" ;
add 172.16.0.2 172.16.0.1 ah-old 0x10004 -m any
-A keyed-md5 "this is the test" ;
Making SA bundle between two security gateways
AH transport mode and ESP tunnel mode is required between Gateway-A and
Gateway-B. In this case, ESP tunnel mode is applied first, and AH transport
mode is next.
========== AH =========
| ======= ESP ===== |
| | | |
Network-A Gateway-A Gateway-B Network-B
fec0:0:0:1::/64 --- fec0:0:0:1::1 ---- fec0:0:0:2::1 --- fec0:0:0:2::/64
Encryption algorithm is 3des-cbc, and authentication algorithm for ESP is
hmac-sha1. Authentication algorithm for AH is hmac-md5.
Configuration at Gateway-A:
# setkey -c <<EOF
spdadd fec0:0:0:1::/64 fec0:0:0:2::/64 any -P out ipsec
esp/tunnel/fec0:0:0:1::1-fec0:0:0:2::1/require
ah/transport/fec0:0:0:1::1-fec0:0:0:2::1/require ;
spdadd fec0:0:0:2::/64 fec0:0:0:1::/64 any -P in ipsec
esp/tunnel/fec0:0:0:2::1-fec0:0:0:1::1/require
ah/transport/fec0:0:0:2::1-fec0:0:0:1::1/require ;
add fec0:0:0:1::1 fec0:0:0:2::1 esp 0x10001 -m tunnel
-E 3des-cbc "kamekame12341234kame1234"
-A hmac-sha1 "this is the test key" ;
add fec0:0:0:1::1 fec0:0:0:2::1 ah 0x10001 -m transport
-A hmac-md5 "this is the test" ;
add fec0:0:0:2::1 fec0:0:0:1::1 esp 0x10001 -m tunnel
-E 3des-cbc "kamekame12341234kame1234"
-A hmac-sha1 "this is the test key" ;
add fec0:0:0:2::1 fec0:0:0:1::1 ah 0x10001 -m transport
-A hmac-md5 "this is the test" ;
Making SAs with the different end
ESP tunnel mode is required between Host-A and Gateway-A. Encryption
algorithm is cast128-cbc, and authentication algorithm for ESP is hmac-sha1.
ESP transport mode is recommended between Host-A and Host-B. Encryption
algorithm is rc5-cbc, and authentication algorithm for ESP is hmac-md5.
================== ESP =================
| ======= ESP ======= |
| | | |
Host-A Gateway-A Host-B
fec0:0:0:1::1 ---- fec0:0:0:2::1 ---- fec0:0:0:2::2
Configuration at Host-A:
# setkey -c <<EOF
spdadd fec0:0:0:1::1[any] fec0:0:0:2::2[80] tcp -P out ipsec
esp/transport/fec0:0:0:1::1-fec0:0:0:2::2/use
esp/tunnel/fec0:0:0:1::1-fec0:0:0:2::1/require ;
spdadd fec0:0:0:2::1[80] fec0:0:0:1::1[any] tcp -P in ipsec
esp/transport/fec0:0:0:2::2-fec0:0:0:l::1/use
esp/tunnel/fec0:0:0:2::1-fec0:0:0:1::1/require ;
add fec0:0:0:1::1 fec0:0:0:2::2 esp 0x10001
-m transport
-E cast128-cbc "12341234"
-A hmac-sha1 "this is the test key" ;
add fec0:0:0:1::1 fec0:0:0:2::1 esp 0x10002
-E rc5-cbc "kamekame"
-A hmac-md5 "this is the test" ;
add fec0:0:0:2::2 fec0:0:0:1::1 esp 0x10003
-m transport
-E cast128-cbc "12341234"
-A hmac-sha1 "this is the test key" ;
add fec0:0:0:2::1 fec0:0:0:1::1 esp 0x10004
-E rc5-cbc "kamekame"
-A hmac-md5 "this is the test" ;
<end of USAGE>