From cdde9e894dee2074ef0dd12ddc171e5d3f1513e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Simon J. Gerraty" <sjg@FreeBSD.org>
Date: Sat, 5 Feb 2022 12:03:50 -0800
Subject: [PATCH] Import bmake-20220204

Features of interest:

Allow setting target local variables (similar to gmake)

In META_MODE .MAKE.META.CMP_FILTER can be used for filtering commands
before comparion.

contrib/bmake/mk/cc-wrap.mk is an example of using these

See ChangeLog for the gory details.
---
 ChangeLog                                     |  155 ++
 FILES                                         |   41 +-
 VERSION                                       |    2 +-
 arch.c                                        |   90 +-
 bmake.1                                       |   51 +-
 bmake.cat1                                    |   39 +-
 buf.c                                         |   15 +-
 buf.h                                         |   19 +-
 compat.c                                      |   93 +-
 cond.c                                        |  427 ++---
 dir.c                                         |   21 +-
 dir.h                                         |   14 +-
 filemon/filemon.h                             |    4 +-
 for.c                                         |  228 ++-
 hash.c                                        |   80 +-
 hash.h                                        |   24 +-
 job.c                                         |   99 +-
 job.h                                         |   34 +-
 lst.h                                         |   20 +-
 main.c                                        |  548 +++---
 make.1                                        |   51 +-
 make.c                                        |   32 +-
 make.h                                        |  672 +++++--
 make_malloc.c                                 |   12 +-
 make_malloc.h                                 |   26 +-
 meta.c                                        |  170 +-
 meta.h                                        |    8 +-
 metachar.h                                    |   12 +-
 mk/ChangeLog                                  |   57 +
 mk/FILES                                      |    1 +
 mk/cc-wrap.mk                                 |   61 +
 mk/dirdeps.mk                                 |  101 +-
 mk/host-target.mk                             |    7 +-
 mk/init.mk                                    |    8 +-
 mk/install-mk                                 |    4 +-
 mk/meta2deps.py                               |   38 +-
 mk/meta2deps.sh                               |   29 +-
 mk/mk-files.txt                               |   93 +-
 mk/sys.clean-env.mk                           |    6 +-
 nonints.h                                     |  348 ----
 parse.c                                       | 1614 +++++++----------
 str.c                                         |   29 +-
 str.h                                         |   46 +-
 suff.c                                        |   66 +-
 targ.c                                        |   40 +-
 trace.c                                       |   17 +-
 unit-tests/Makefile                           |   30 +-
 unit-tests/comment.mk                         |    6 +-
 unit-tests/cond-func-empty.mk                 |   17 +-
 unit-tests/cond-func.exp                      |   10 +-
 unit-tests/cond-func.mk                       |   20 +-
 unit-tests/cond-op-parentheses.exp            |    7 +-
 unit-tests/cond-op-parentheses.mk             |   36 +-
 unit-tests/cond-short.mk                      |   12 +-
 unit-tests/cond-token-number.exp              |    2 +-
 unit-tests/cond-token-number.mk               |   15 +-
 unit-tests/cond-token-plain.exp               |    3 +-
 unit-tests/cond-token-plain.mk                |   49 +-
 unit-tests/cond-token-string.exp              |    4 +-
 unit-tests/dep-duplicate.exp                  |    4 +
 unit-tests/dep-duplicate.mk                   |   27 +
 unit-tests/dep-op-missing.exp                 |    4 +
 unit-tests/dep-op-missing.mk                  |   13 +
 unit-tests/dep-wildcards.exp                  |    2 +
 unit-tests/dep.exp                            |    6 +-
 unit-tests/dep.mk                             |   16 +-
 unit-tests/depsrc-meta.exp                    |    2 +
 unit-tests/depsrc-meta.mk                     |   19 +-
 unit-tests/depsrc-use.mk                      |    7 +-
 unit-tests/depsrc-usebefore.mk                |    7 +-
 unit-tests/depsrc.exp                         |    1 +
 unit-tests/depsrc.mk                          |   14 +-
 unit-tests/deptgt-error.exp                   |   10 +-
 unit-tests/deptgt-error.mk                    |   22 +-
 unit-tests/deptgt-ignore.exp                  |   12 +-
 unit-tests/deptgt-ignore.mk                   |   30 +-
 unit-tests/deptgt-interrupt.exp               |    3 +-
 unit-tests/deptgt-interrupt.mk                |    9 +-
 unit-tests/deptgt-main.exp                    |    1 +
 unit-tests/deptgt-main.mk                     |   27 +-
 unit-tests/deptgt-notparallel.exp             |    8 +
 unit-tests/deptgt-notparallel.mk              |   18 +-
 unit-tests/deptgt-order.exp                   |    7 +
 unit-tests/deptgt-order.mk                    |    4 +-
 unit-tests/deptgt-path-suffix.exp             |    5 +-
 unit-tests/deptgt-path-suffix.mk              |   10 +-
 unit-tests/deptgt.exp                         |   13 +-
 unit-tests/deptgt.mk                          |   11 +-
 unit-tests/directive-dinclude.exp             |    5 +-
 unit-tests/directive-dinclude.mk              |   25 +-
 unit-tests/directive-elifdef.mk               |   21 +-
 unit-tests/directive-elifndef.mk              |   23 +-
 unit-tests/directive-export-impl.exp          |   16 +-
 unit-tests/directive-for-escape.exp           |  102 +-
 unit-tests/directive-for-escape.mk            |   62 +-
 unit-tests/directive-for-generating-endif.exp |    2 +-
 unit-tests/directive-for.exp                  |   18 +
 unit-tests/directive-for.mk                   |   81 +-
 unit-tests/directive-hyphen-include.exp       |    5 +-
 unit-tests/directive-hyphen-include.mk        |   22 +-
 unit-tests/directive-if.exp                   |   23 +-
 unit-tests/directive-if.mk                    |   15 +-
 unit-tests/directive-ifdef.exp                |    3 -
 unit-tests/directive-ifdef.mk                 |   48 +-
 unit-tests/directive-ifmake.exp               |    6 +-
 unit-tests/directive-ifmake.mk                |   39 +-
 unit-tests/directive-include.exp              |    2 +
 unit-tests/directive-include.mk               |   33 +-
 unit-tests/directive-info.exp                 |    2 +-
 unit-tests/directive-info.mk                  |   13 +-
 unit-tests/directive-sinclude.exp             |    5 +-
 unit-tests/directive-sinclude.mk              |   18 +-
 unit-tests/directive-undef.exp                |    2 +-
 unit-tests/directive-unexport-env.mk          |    5 +-
 unit-tests/directive-warning.exp              |   16 +-
 unit-tests/directive-warning.mk               |    9 +-
 unit-tests/directive.exp                      |   10 +-
 unit-tests/directive.mk                       |   22 +-
 unit-tests/envfirst.mk                        |   44 -
 unit-tests/hanoi-include.mk                   |    6 +-
 unit-tests/include-main.exp                   |   12 +-
 unit-tests/include-main.mk                    |    4 +-
 unit-tests/include-sub.mk                     |   10 +-
 unit-tests/meta-cmd-cmp.exp                   |   16 +
 unit-tests/meta-cmd-cmp.mk                    |   36 +-
 unit-tests/modts.exp                          |   14 -
 unit-tests/modts.mk                           |   47 -
 unit-tests/modword.exp                        |  126 --
 unit-tests/modword.mk                         |  161 --
 unit-tests/opt-debug-cond.exp                 |    5 +
 unit-tests/opt-debug-cond.mk                  |   22 +-
 unit-tests/opt-debug-curdir.mk                |   10 +-
 unit-tests/opt-debug-file.exp                 |   13 +-
 unit-tests/opt-debug-file.mk                  |   48 +-
 unit-tests/opt-debug-hash.exp                 |    7 +-
 unit-tests/opt-debug-hash.mk                  |    9 +-
 unit-tests/opt-debug-parse.exp                |   25 +
 unit-tests/opt-debug-parse.mk                 |   34 +-
 unit-tests/opt-debug-var.exp                  |    6 +
 unit-tests/opt-debug-var.mk                   |   30 +-
 unit-tests/opt-debug-x-trace.exp              |    2 +
 unit-tests/opt-debug-x-trace.mk               |   10 +-
 unit-tests/opt-define.mk                      |   30 +-
 unit-tests/opt-env.exp                        |    6 +-
 unit-tests/opt-env.mk                         |   45 +-
 unit-tests/opt-jobs-internal.exp              |    7 +-
 unit-tests/opt-jobs-internal.mk               |   11 +-
 unit-tests/opt-raw.mk                         |   16 +-
 unit-tests/opt-silent.exp                     |    2 +
 unit-tests/opt-silent.mk                      |    8 +-
 unit-tests/{var-class.exp => opt-version.exp} |    1 +
 unit-tests/opt-version.mk                     |   12 +
 unit-tests/opt-where-am-i.exp                 |    3 +
 unit-tests/opt-where-am-i.mk                  |   14 +-
 unit-tests/parse.exp                          |    5 +
 unit-tests/parse.mk                           |   14 +
 unit-tests/posix.mk                           |    7 +-
 unit-tests/sh.mk                              |    5 +-
 unit-tests/suff-incomplete.exp                |   12 +-
 unit-tests/suff-main-several.exp              |   30 +-
 unit-tests/suff-rebuild.exp                   |   22 +-
 unit-tests/var-class-cmdline.exp              |    4 -
 unit-tests/var-class-global.mk                |    8 -
 unit-tests/var-class-local.exp                |    5 -
 unit-tests/var-class-local.mk                 |   45 -
 unit-tests/var-class.mk                       |    9 -
 unit-tests/var-eval-short.exp                 |   16 +-
 unit-tests/var-eval-short.mk                  |   11 +-
 unit-tests/var-op-expand.mk                   |    4 +-
 unit-tests/var-op-shell.exp                   |   12 +-
 unit-tests/var-op-shell.mk                    |   15 +-
 unit-tests/var-op-sunsh.mk                    |   49 +-
 unit-tests/var-recursive.exp                  |    7 +
 unit-tests/var-recursive.mk                   |   16 +-
 unit-tests/var-scope-cmdline.exp              |    4 +
 ...-class-cmdline.mk => var-scope-cmdline.mk} |    2 +-
 .../{envfirst.exp => var-scope-env.exp}       |    0
 .../{var-class-env.mk => var-scope-env.mk}    |    2 +-
 ...var-class-env.exp => var-scope-global.exp} |    0
 unit-tests/var-scope-global.mk                |   18 +
 ...-global.exp => var-scope-local-legacy.exp} |    0
 ...al-legacy.mk => var-scope-local-legacy.mk} |    2 +-
 unit-tests/var-scope-local.exp                |   21 +
 unit-tests/var-scope-local.mk                 |  200 ++
 ...r-class-local-legacy.exp => var-scope.exp} |    0
 unit-tests/var-scope.mk                       |    9 +
 unit-tests/varmod-assign-shell.exp            |   14 +
 unit-tests/varmod-assign-shell.mk             |   36 +
 unit-tests/varmod-ifelse.mk                   |    6 +-
 unit-tests/varmod-indirect.exp                |   12 +-
 unit-tests/varmod-indirect.mk                 |    6 +-
 unit-tests/varmod-loop.exp                    |    6 +-
 unit-tests/varmod-order-numeric.mk            |    7 +-
 unit-tests/varmod-order.mk                    |   16 +-
 unit-tests/varmod-quote-dollar.exp            |    1 +
 unit-tests/varmod-quote-dollar.mk             |    6 +-
 unit-tests/varmod-select-words.exp            |  125 ++
 unit-tests/varmod-select-words.mk             |  162 +-
 unit-tests/varmod-shell.exp                   |   10 +
 unit-tests/varmod-shell.mk                    |   10 +-
 unit-tests/varmod-sun-shell.exp               |   11 +
 unit-tests/varmod-sun-shell.mk                |    7 +-
 unit-tests/varmod-to-separator.exp            |   26 +-
 unit-tests/varmod-to-separator.mk             |   93 +-
 unit-tests/varname-dot-make-jobs.exp          |    7 +
 unit-tests/varname-dot-make-jobs.mk           |   24 +-
 unit-tests/varname-dot-make-pid.mk            |   18 +-
 unit-tests/varname-dot-make-ppid.mk           |   25 +-
 unit-tests/varname-dot-shell.exp              |   12 +-
 unit-tests/varname-dot-suffixes.mk            |    6 +-
 unit-tests/varname-empty.exp                  |    1 +
 unit-tests/varname-makeflags.mk               |   20 +-
 unit-tests/varname.mk                         |   44 +-
 unit-tests/varparse-errors.exp                |    6 +
 unit-tests/varparse-errors.mk                 |   22 +-
 unit-tests/varquote.mk                        |    6 +-
 util.c                                        |   43 +-
 var.c                                         |  696 ++++---
 218 files changed, 5446 insertions(+), 4172 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 mk/cc-wrap.mk
 delete mode 100644 nonints.h
 create mode 100644 unit-tests/dep-duplicate.exp
 create mode 100644 unit-tests/dep-duplicate.mk
 create mode 100644 unit-tests/dep-op-missing.exp
 create mode 100644 unit-tests/dep-op-missing.mk
 delete mode 100644 unit-tests/envfirst.mk
 delete mode 100644 unit-tests/modts.exp
 delete mode 100644 unit-tests/modts.mk
 delete mode 100644 unit-tests/modword.exp
 delete mode 100644 unit-tests/modword.mk
 rename unit-tests/{var-class.exp => opt-version.exp} (93%)
 create mode 100644 unit-tests/opt-version.mk
 create mode 100644 unit-tests/parse.exp
 create mode 100644 unit-tests/parse.mk
 delete mode 100644 unit-tests/var-class-cmdline.exp
 delete mode 100644 unit-tests/var-class-global.mk
 delete mode 100644 unit-tests/var-class-local.exp
 delete mode 100644 unit-tests/var-class-local.mk
 delete mode 100644 unit-tests/var-class.mk
 create mode 100644 unit-tests/var-scope-cmdline.exp
 rename unit-tests/{var-class-cmdline.mk => var-scope-cmdline.mk} (98%)
 rename unit-tests/{envfirst.exp => var-scope-env.exp} (100%)
 rename unit-tests/{var-class-env.mk => var-scope-env.mk} (60%)
 rename unit-tests/{var-class-env.exp => var-scope-global.exp} (100%)
 create mode 100644 unit-tests/var-scope-global.mk
 rename unit-tests/{var-class-global.exp => var-scope-local-legacy.exp} (100%)
 rename unit-tests/{var-class-local-legacy.mk => var-scope-local-legacy.mk} (64%)
 create mode 100644 unit-tests/var-scope-local.exp
 create mode 100644 unit-tests/var-scope-local.mk
 rename unit-tests/{var-class-local-legacy.exp => var-scope.exp} (100%)
 create mode 100644 unit-tests/var-scope.mk
 create mode 100644 unit-tests/varmod-assign-shell.exp
 create mode 100644 unit-tests/varmod-assign-shell.mk

diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog
index 5eb2d7c5bb4a..a87f39fc49c9 100644
--- a/ChangeLog
+++ b/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,158 @@
+2022-02-04  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* VERSION (_MAKE_VERSION): 20220204
+	Merge with NetBSD make, pick up
+	o use unsigned consistently for line numbers, avoid the need for %z
+	o parse.c: do not step off end of input in Parse_IsVar
+	when checking for target local variable assignments
+
+2022-02-02  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* VERSION (_MAKE_VERSION): 20220202
+	Merge with NetBSD make, pick up
+	o remove redundant declaration of HashIter_Init
+	o make DEBUG0 simpler
+
+2022-01-30  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* cast gn->lineno to avoid %z
+
+	* VERSION (_MAKE_VERSION): 20220130
+	Merge with NetBSD make, pick up
+	o more unit tests
+	o make GNode lineno unsigned to please lint
+	o print location of recursive variable references in commands
+	o print "stack trace" (makefile includes) on fatal errors
+	o make.1: refine documentation for target local assignments
+
+2022-01-28  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* VERSION (_MAKE_VERSION): 20220128
+	Merge with NetBSD make, pick up
+	o inline functions called only once
+	o for.c: clean up AddEscape for building the body of a .for loop
+	o hash.c: merge duplicate code for finding an entry in a hash table
+	replace HashEntry_KeyEquals with strncmp
+	o make.1: document quirks of target local variable assignments.
+	o parse.c: cleanup white-space
+
+2022-01-26  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* VERSION (_MAKE_VERSION): 20220126
+	Merge with NetBSD make, pick up
+	o allow setting target local variables
+	o more unit tests
+	o add missing newline after "cannot continue" message
+	o meta.c: clean up eat_dots
+	o parse.c: fix filename in warning about duplicate script
+	o var.c: when expanding nested variables, check simple things first
+
+2022-01-16  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* VERSION (_MAKE_VERSION): 20220116
+	Merge with NetBSD make, pick up
+	o fix for unit-tests/varname-makeflags on non-BSD systems
+	o use Var_Exists rather than Var_Value where appropriate
+	o remove unnecessary functions for expanding variable names
+	o cond.c: inline EvalBare
+	o main.c: lint cleanup
+	o parse.c: condense code in Parse_IsVar
+	use islower for parsing directives (none have upper case)
+
+2022-01-12  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* VERSION (_MAKE_VERSION): 20220112
+	Merge with NetBSD make, pick up
+	o meta.c: add .MAKE.META.CMP_FILTER for filtering commands before
+	comparion, rarely needed but useful when it is.
+
+2022-01-10  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* VERSION (_MAKE_VERSION): 20220110
+	Merge with NetBSD make, pick up
+	o inline Buf_Clear
+	o remove redundant braces
+	o rename and inline Targ_Precious
+	o cond.c: remove redundant initializer in CondParser_ComparisonOrLeaf
+	o for.c: clean up handling of .for loops
+	fix reported line numbers of continuation lines
+	add details about .for loop variables to stack traces
+	o job.c: reduce code for initializing error handling in shell
+	o main.c: in Cmd_Exec, return error message instead of format string
+	have as few statements as possible between va_start and va_end
+	add debug logging for capturing the output of external commands
+	o make.c: use consistent variable names for varargs
+	o make_malloc.c: remove duplicate code from bmake_strdup
+	o parse.c: add missing printflike annotations
+	remove redundant lines from stack traces
+	fix stack traces in -dp mode
+	reduce confusing code in ParseForLoop
+	fix line number in debug log after returning from a file
+	rename IFile and its fields to match their actual content
+	clean up ParseDependencySources
+	o var.c: shorten ApplyModifier_Assign
+	rename is_shell_metachar, fix character conversion warning
+	merge calls to ApplyModifier_Time
+	merge duplicate code for modifiers 'gmtime' and 'localtime'
+
+2022-01-04  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* parse.c: loadfile restore extra byte in buffer.
+
+2022-01-01  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* VERSION (_MAKE_VERSION): 20220101
+	Merge with NetBSD make, pick up
+	o more unit-tests
+	o remove unnecessary words from command line options in CmdOpts
+	o rename eunlink to unlink_file
+	o cond.c: make ParseWord in condition parser simpler
+	internally return false for irrelevant leaves in conditions
+	replace table for function lookup in conditions with simple code
+	merge duplicate types CondEvalResult and CondResult
+	o for.c: clean up handling of .for loops and .include directives
+	o main.c: constify cached_realpath
+	clean up Cmd_Exec
+	o parse.c: sync API documentation
+	fix error message when reading more than 1 GB from stdin
+	clean up parsing of makefiles
+	fix line number in error message about open conditionals
+	unexport types VarAssignOp and VarAssign
+	clean up function names
+	remove redundant parameters in dependency parsing functions
+	reduce scope of the list of wildcard target names
+	extract OP_NOTARGET into separate function
+	clean up variable names for parsing dependency lines
+	make debug logging a bit more human-friendly
+	o var.c: condense code in ApplyModifier_Assign
+
+2021-12-21  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* VERSION (_MAKE_VERSION): 20211221
+	Merge with NetBSD make, pick up
+	o more unit-tests
+	o style cleanup
+	o in CLEANUP mode, free interned strings at the very end
+	o fix memory leak for filenames in .for loops
+	o buf.c: avoid memory leak
+	o cond.c: condense CondParser_ComparisonOp
+	o hash.c: change return type of HashTable_Set to void
+	o job.c: change return type of Compat_RunCommand from int to bool
+	o main.c: remove bmake_free
+	o parse.c: condense repetetive code in ParseDirective
+	remove dead code for handling traditional include directives
+	clean up parsing of variable assignments
+	remove unreachable code for parsing the dependency operator
+	clean up loading of files
+	fix memory leak in IncludeFile
+	o var.c: fix memory leak when parsing a variable name
+	fix memory leak from ${.SUFFIXES}
+	reduce memory allocation in modifier ':?' and ':C'
+	condense RegexReplace for the modifier ':C' and avoid strlen
+	merge duplicate code for memory handling in Var_Parse
+	distinguish between short-lived and environment variables
+	rename VarFreeEnv to VarFreeShortLived
+
 2021-12-15  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
 
 	* cond.c: fix mem leak in CondParser_Leaf
diff --git a/FILES b/FILES
index 53b961468db6..8193debe5032 100644
--- a/FILES
+++ b/FILES
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@ metachar.c
 metachar.h
 missing/sys/cdefs.h
 mkdeps.sh
-nonints.h
 os.sh
 parse.c
 pathnames.h
@@ -173,10 +172,14 @@ unit-tests/dep-double-colon-indep.exp
 unit-tests/dep-double-colon-indep.mk
 unit-tests/dep-double-colon.exp
 unit-tests/dep-double-colon.mk
+unit-tests/dep-duplicate.exp
+unit-tests/dep-duplicate.mk
 unit-tests/dep-exclam.exp
 unit-tests/dep-exclam.mk
 unit-tests/dep-none.exp
 unit-tests/dep-none.mk
+unit-tests/dep-op-missing.exp
+unit-tests/dep-op-missing.mk
 unit-tests/dep-percent.exp
 unit-tests/dep-percent.mk
 unit-tests/dep-var.exp
@@ -371,8 +374,6 @@ unit-tests/doterror.exp
 unit-tests/doterror.mk
 unit-tests/dotwait.exp
 unit-tests/dotwait.mk
-unit-tests/envfirst.exp
-unit-tests/envfirst.mk
 unit-tests/error.exp
 unit-tests/error.mk
 unit-tests/escape.exp
@@ -427,10 +428,6 @@ unit-tests/modmatch.exp
 unit-tests/modmatch.mk
 unit-tests/modmisc.exp
 unit-tests/modmisc.mk
-unit-tests/modts.exp
-unit-tests/modts.mk
-unit-tests/modword.exp
-unit-tests/modword.mk
 unit-tests/objdir-writable.exp
 unit-tests/objdir-writable.mk
 unit-tests/opt-backwards.exp
@@ -535,6 +532,8 @@ unit-tests/opt-var-expanded.exp
 unit-tests/opt-var-expanded.mk
 unit-tests/opt-var-literal.exp
 unit-tests/opt-var-literal.mk
+unit-tests/opt-version.exp
+unit-tests/opt-version.mk
 unit-tests/opt-warnings-as-errors.exp
 unit-tests/opt-warnings-as-errors.mk
 unit-tests/opt-where-am-i.exp
@@ -547,6 +546,8 @@ unit-tests/order.exp
 unit-tests/order.mk
 unit-tests/parse-var.exp
 unit-tests/parse-var.mk
+unit-tests/parse.exp
+unit-tests/parse.mk
 unit-tests/phony-end.exp
 unit-tests/phony-end.mk
 unit-tests/posix.exp
@@ -625,18 +626,6 @@ unit-tests/unexport.exp
 unit-tests/unexport.mk
 unit-tests/use-inference.exp
 unit-tests/use-inference.mk
-unit-tests/var-class-cmdline.exp
-unit-tests/var-class-cmdline.mk
-unit-tests/var-class-env.exp
-unit-tests/var-class-env.mk
-unit-tests/var-class-global.exp
-unit-tests/var-class-global.mk
-unit-tests/var-class-local-legacy.exp
-unit-tests/var-class-local-legacy.mk
-unit-tests/var-class-local.exp
-unit-tests/var-class-local.mk
-unit-tests/var-class.exp
-unit-tests/var-class.mk
 unit-tests/var-eval-short.exp
 unit-tests/var-eval-short.mk
 unit-tests/var-op-append.exp
@@ -655,6 +644,18 @@ unit-tests/var-op.exp
 unit-tests/var-op.mk
 unit-tests/var-recursive.exp
 unit-tests/var-recursive.mk
+unit-tests/var-scope-cmdline.exp
+unit-tests/var-scope-cmdline.mk
+unit-tests/var-scope-env.exp
+unit-tests/var-scope-env.mk
+unit-tests/var-scope-global.exp
+unit-tests/var-scope-global.mk
+unit-tests/var-scope-local-legacy.exp
+unit-tests/var-scope-local-legacy.mk
+unit-tests/var-scope-local.exp
+unit-tests/var-scope-local.mk
+unit-tests/var-scope.exp
+unit-tests/var-scope.mk
 unit-tests/varcmd.exp
 unit-tests/varcmd.mk
 unit-tests/vardebug.exp
@@ -663,6 +664,8 @@ unit-tests/varfind.exp
 unit-tests/varfind.mk
 unit-tests/varmisc.exp
 unit-tests/varmisc.mk
+unit-tests/varmod-assign-shell.exp
+unit-tests/varmod-assign-shell.mk
 unit-tests/varmod-assign.exp
 unit-tests/varmod-assign.mk
 unit-tests/varmod-defined.exp
diff --git a/VERSION b/VERSION
index 8485c4810bf0..ae363192cf1c 100644
--- a/VERSION
+++ b/VERSION
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 # keep this compatible with sh and make
-_MAKE_VERSION=20211212
+_MAKE_VERSION=20220204
diff --git a/arch.c b/arch.c
index 515713af7af7..5e561b132f36 100644
--- a/arch.c
+++ b/arch.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: arch.c,v 1.205 2021/12/12 22:41:47 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: arch.c,v 1.210 2022/01/15 18:34:41 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ struct ar_hdr {
 #include "dir.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)arch.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 1/2/94"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: arch.c,v 1.205 2021/12/12 22:41:47 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: arch.c,v 1.210 2022/01/15 18:34:41 rillig Exp $");
 
 typedef struct List ArchList;
 typedef struct ListNode ArchListNode;
@@ -247,19 +247,20 @@ FullName(const char *archive, const char *member)
 bool
 Arch_ParseArchive(char **pp, GNodeList *gns, GNode *scope)
 {
-	char *cp;		/* Pointer into line */
+	char *spec;		/* For modifying some bytes of *pp */
+	const char *cp;		/* Pointer into line */
 	GNode *gn;		/* New node */
-	MFStr libName;		/* Library-part of specification */
+	FStr lib;		/* Library-part of specification */
 	FStr mem;		/* Member-part of specification */
 	char saveChar;		/* Ending delimiter of member-name */
-	bool expandLibName;	/* Whether the parsed libName contains
-				 * variable expressions that need to be
-				 * expanded */
+	bool expandLib;		/* Whether the parsed lib contains variable
+				 * expressions that need to be expanded */
 
-	libName = MFStr_InitRefer(*pp);
-	expandLibName = false;
+	spec = *pp;
+	lib = FStr_InitRefer(spec);
+	expandLib = false;
 
-	for (cp = libName.str; *cp != '(' && *cp != '\0';) {
+	for (cp = lib.str; *cp != '(' && *cp != '\0';) {
 		if (*cp == '$') {
 			/* Expand nested variable expressions. */
 			/* XXX: This code can probably be shortened. */
@@ -276,20 +277,15 @@ Arch_ParseArchive(char **pp, GNodeList *gns, GNode *scope)
 			if (isError)
 				return false;
 
-			expandLibName = true;
+			expandLib = true;
 			cp += nested_p - cp;
 		} else
 			cp++;
 	}
 
-	*cp++ = '\0';
-	if (expandLibName) {
-		char *expanded;
-		(void)Var_Subst(libName.str, scope, VARE_UNDEFERR, &expanded);
-		/* TODO: handle errors */
-		libName = MFStr_InitOwn(expanded);
-	}
-
+	spec[cp++ - spec] = '\0';
+	if (expandLib)
+		Var_Expand(&lib, scope, VARE_UNDEFERR);
 
 	for (;;) {
 		/*
@@ -299,13 +295,15 @@ Arch_ParseArchive(char **pp, GNodeList *gns, GNode *scope)
 		 */
 		bool doSubst = false;
 
-		pp_skip_whitespace(&cp);
+		cpp_skip_whitespace(&cp);
 
 		mem = FStr_InitRefer(cp);
 		while (*cp != '\0' && *cp != ')' && !ch_isspace(*cp)) {
 			if (*cp == '$') {
 				/* Expand nested variable expressions. */
-				/* XXX: This code can probably be shortened. */
+				/*
+				 * XXX: This code can probably be shortened.
+				 */
 				FStr result;
 				bool isError;
 				const char *nested_p = cp;
@@ -334,8 +332,8 @@ Arch_ParseArchive(char **pp, GNodeList *gns, GNode *scope)
 		 */
 		if (*cp == '\0') {
 			Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL,
-				    "No closing parenthesis "
-				    "in archive specification");
+			    "No closing parenthesis "
+			    "in archive specification");
 			return false;
 		}
 
@@ -346,7 +344,7 @@ Arch_ParseArchive(char **pp, GNodeList *gns, GNode *scope)
 			break;
 
 		saveChar = *cp;
-		*cp = '\0';
+		spec[cp - spec] = '\0';
 
 		/*
 		 * XXX: This should be taken care of intelligently by
@@ -363,19 +361,16 @@ Arch_ParseArchive(char **pp, GNodeList *gns, GNode *scope)
 		 */
 		if (doSubst) {
 			char *fullName;
-			char *p, *expandedMem;
+			char *p;
 			const char *unexpandedMem = mem.str;
 
-			(void)Var_Subst(mem.str, scope, VARE_UNDEFERR,
-			    &expandedMem);
-			/* TODO: handle errors */
-			mem = FStr_InitOwn(expandedMem);
+			Var_Expand(&mem, scope, VARE_UNDEFERR);
 
 			/*
 			 * Now form an archive spec and recurse to deal with
 			 * nested variables and multi-word variable values.
 			 */
-			fullName = FullName(libName.str, mem.str);
+			fullName = FullName(lib.str, mem.str);
 			p = fullName;
 
 			if (strcmp(mem.str, unexpandedMem) == 0) {
@@ -404,7 +399,7 @@ Arch_ParseArchive(char **pp, GNodeList *gns, GNode *scope)
 
 			while (!Lst_IsEmpty(&members)) {
 				char *member = Lst_Dequeue(&members);
-				char *fullname = FullName(libName.str, member);
+				char *fullname = FullName(lib.str, member);
 				free(member);
 
 				gn = Targ_GetNode(fullname);
@@ -416,7 +411,7 @@ Arch_ParseArchive(char **pp, GNodeList *gns, GNode *scope)
 			Lst_Done(&members);
 
 		} else {
-			char *fullname = FullName(libName.str, mem.str);
+			char *fullname = FullName(lib.str, mem.str);
 			gn = Targ_GetNode(fullname);
 			free(fullname);
 
@@ -432,15 +427,15 @@ Arch_ParseArchive(char **pp, GNodeList *gns, GNode *scope)
 		}
 		FStr_Done(&mem);
 
-		*cp = saveChar;
+		spec[cp - spec] = saveChar;
 	}
 
-	MFStr_Done(&libName);
+	FStr_Done(&lib);
 
 	cp++;			/* skip the ')' */
 	/* We promised that pp would be set up at the next non-space. */
-	pp_skip_whitespace(&cp);
-	*pp = cp;
+	cpp_skip_whitespace(&cp);
+	*pp += cp - *pp;
 	return true;
 }
 
@@ -672,7 +667,7 @@ ArchSVR4Entry(Arch *ar, char *inout_name, size_t size, FILE *arch)
 
 		if (ar->fnametab != NULL) {
 			DEBUG0(ARCH,
-			       "Attempted to redefine an SVR4 name table\n");
+			    "Attempted to redefine an SVR4 name table\n");
 			return -1;
 		}
 
@@ -693,8 +688,9 @@ ArchSVR4Entry(Arch *ar, char *inout_name, size_t size, FILE *arch)
 				entry++;
 				*ptr = '\0';
 			}
-		DEBUG1(ARCH, "Found svr4 archive name table with %lu entries\n",
-		       (unsigned long)entry);
+		DEBUG1(ARCH,
+		    "Found svr4 archive name table with %lu entries\n",
+		    (unsigned long)entry);
 		return 0;
 	}
 
@@ -708,7 +704,7 @@ ArchSVR4Entry(Arch *ar, char *inout_name, size_t size, FILE *arch)
 	}
 	if (entry >= ar->fnamesize) {
 		DEBUG2(ARCH, "SVR4 entry offset %s is greater than %lu\n",
-		       inout_name, (unsigned long)ar->fnamesize);
+		    inout_name, (unsigned long)ar->fnamesize);
 		return 2;
 	}
 
@@ -737,8 +733,10 @@ ArchiveMember_HasName(const struct ar_hdr *hdr,
 	if (ar_name[namelen] == ' ')
 		return true;
 
-	/* In archives created by GNU binutils 2.27, the member names end with
-	 * a slash. */
+	/*
+	 * In archives created by GNU binutils 2.27, the member names end
+	 * with a slash.
+	 */
 	if (ar_name[namelen] == '/' &&
 	    (namelen == ar_name_len || ar_name[namelen + 1] == ' '))
 		return true;
@@ -809,9 +807,9 @@ ArchFindMember(const char *archive, const char *member, struct ar_hdr *out_arh,
 		}
 
 		DEBUG5(ARCH, "Reading archive %s member %.*s mtime %.*s\n",
-		       archive,
-		       (int)sizeof out_arh->AR_NAME, out_arh->AR_NAME,
-		       (int)sizeof out_arh->ar_date, out_arh->ar_date);
+		    archive,
+		    (int)sizeof out_arh->AR_NAME, out_arh->AR_NAME,
+		    (int)sizeof out_arh->ar_date, out_arh->ar_date);
 
 		if (ArchiveMember_HasName(out_arh, member, len)) {
 			/*
@@ -912,7 +910,7 @@ Arch_Touch(GNode *gn)
 	struct ar_hdr arh;
 
 	f = ArchFindMember(GNode_VarArchive(gn), GNode_VarMember(gn), &arh,
-			   "r+");
+	    "r+");
 	if (f == NULL)
 		return;
 
diff --git a/bmake.1 b/bmake.1
index daea73cf538d..8f34441c34b4 100644
--- a/bmake.1
+++ b/bmake.1
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.\"	$NetBSD: make.1,v 1.300 2021/12/12 20:45:48 sjg Exp $
+.\"	$NetBSD: make.1,v 1.304 2022/01/29 20:54:58 sjg Exp $
 .\"
 .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
 .\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 .\"
 .\"	from: @(#)make.1	8.4 (Berkeley) 3/19/94
 .\"
-.Dd December 12, 2021
+.Dd January 28, 2022
 .Dt BMAKE 1
 .Os
 .Sh NAME
@@ -691,10 +691,38 @@ Variables defined as part of the command line.
 Variables that are defined specific to a certain target.
 .El
 .Pp
-Local variables are all built in and their values vary magically from
-target to target.
-It is not currently possible to define new local variables.
-The seven local variables are as follows:
+Local variables can be set on a dependency line, if
+.Va .MAKE.TARGET_LOCAL_VARIABLES ,
+is not set to
+.Ql false .
+The rest of the line
+(which will already have had Global variables expanded),
+is the variable value.
+For example:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+COMPILER_WRAPPERS+= ccache distcc icecc
+
+${OBJS}: .MAKE.META.CMP_FILTER=${COMPILER_WRAPPERS:S,^,N,}
+.Ed
+.Pp
+Only the targets
+.Ql ${OBJS}
+will be impacted by that filter (in "meta" mode) and
+simply enabling/disabling any of the wrappers will not render all
+of those targets out-of-date.
+.Pp
+.Em NOTE :
+target local variable assignments behave differently in that;
+.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent
+.It Ic \&+=
+Only appends to a previous local assignment
+for the same target and variable.
+.It Ic \&:=
+Is redundant with respect to Global variables,
+which have already been expanded.
+.El
+.Pp
+The seven built-in local variables are as follows:
 .Bl -tag -width ".ARCHIVE" -offset indent
 .It Va .ALLSRC
 The list of all sources for this target; also known as
@@ -846,6 +874,11 @@ For example:
 would produce tokens like
 .Ql ---make[1234] target ---
 making it easier to track the degree of parallelism being achieved.
+.It .MAKE.TARGET_LOCAL_VARIABLES
+If set to
+.Ql false ,
+apparent variable assignments in dependency lines are
+treated as normal sources.
 .It Ev MAKEFLAGS
 The environment variable
 .Ql Ev MAKEFLAGS
@@ -954,6 +987,12 @@ If a file that was generated outside of
 .Va .OBJDIR
 but within said bailiwick is missing,
 the current target is considered out-of-date.
+.It Va .MAKE.META.CMP_FILTER
+In "meta" mode, it can (very rarely!) be useful to filter command
+lines before comparison.
+This variable can be set to a set of modifiers that will be applied to
+each line of the old and new command that differ, if the filtered
+commands still differ, the target is considered out-of-date.
 .It Va .MAKE.META.CREATED
 In "meta" mode, this variable contains a list of all the meta files
 updated.
diff --git a/bmake.cat1 b/bmake.cat1
index 73191dea7344..6aa6f382d54b 100644
--- a/bmake.cat1
+++ b/bmake.cat1
@@ -443,9 +443,28 @@ BMAKE(1)                FreeBSD General Commands Manual               BMAKE(1)
      Local variables
              Variables that are defined specific to a certain target.
 
-     Local variables are all built in and their values vary magically from
-     target to target.  It is not currently possible to define new local vari-
-     ables.  The seven local variables are as follows:
+     Local variables can be set on a dependency line, if
+     .MAKE.TARGET_LOCAL_VARIABLES, is not set to `false'.  The rest of the
+     line (which will already have had Global variables expanded), is the
+     variable value.  For example:
+
+           COMPILER_WRAPPERS+= ccache distcc icecc
+
+           ${OBJS}: .MAKE.META.CMP_FILTER=${COMPILER_WRAPPERS:S,^,N,}
+
+     Only the targets `${OBJS}' will be impacted by that filter (in "meta"
+     mode) and simply enabling/disabling any of the wrappers will not render
+     all of those targets out-of-date.
+
+     NOTE: target local variable assignments behave differently in that;
+
+           +=      Only appends to a previous local assignment for the same
+                   target and variable.
+
+           :=      Is redundant with respect to Global variables, which have
+                   already been expanded.
+
+     The seven built-in local variables are as follows:
 
            .ALLSRC   The list of all sources for this target; also known as
                      `>'.
@@ -538,6 +557,10 @@ BMAKE(1)                FreeBSD General Commands Manual               BMAKE(1)
                      ing it easier to track the degree of parallelism being
                      achieved.
 
+     .MAKE.TARGET_LOCAL_VARIABLES
+                     If set to `false', apparent variable assignments in de-
+                     pendency lines are treated as normal sources.
+
      MAKEFLAGS       The environment variable `MAKEFLAGS' may contain anything
                      that may be specified on bmake's command line.  Anything
                      specified on bmake's command line is appended to the
@@ -616,6 +639,14 @@ BMAKE(1)                FreeBSD General Commands Manual               BMAKE(1)
                      generated outside of .OBJDIR but within said bailiwick is
                      missing, the current target is considered out-of-date.
 
+     .MAKE.META.CMP_FILTER
+                     In "meta" mode, it can (very rarely!) be useful to filter
+                     command lines before comparison.  This variable can be
+                     set to a set of modifiers that will be applied to each
+                     line of the old and new command that differ, if the fil-
+                     tered commands still differ, the target is considered
+                     out-of-date.
+
      .MAKE.META.CREATED
                      In "meta" mode, this variable contains a list of all the
                      meta files updated.  If not empty, it can be used to
@@ -1591,4 +1622,4 @@ BMAKE(1)                FreeBSD General Commands Manual               BMAKE(1)
 
      There is no way of escaping a space character in a filename.
 
-FreeBSD 13.0                   December 12, 2021                  FreeBSD 13.0
+FreeBSD 13.0                   January 28, 2022                   FreeBSD 13.0
diff --git a/buf.c b/buf.c
index 8c26cfa24955..73b2eac17d4f 100644
--- a/buf.c
+++ b/buf.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: buf.c,v 1.53 2021/11/28 22:48:06 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: buf.c,v 1.55 2022/01/08 17:25:19 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
 #include "make.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)buf.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: buf.c,v 1.53 2021/11/28 22:48:06 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: buf.c,v 1.55 2022/01/08 17:25:19 rillig Exp $");
 
 /* Make space in the buffer for adding at least 16 more bytes. */
 void
@@ -138,14 +138,6 @@ Buf_AddFlag(Buffer *buf, bool flag, const char *name)
 	}
 }
 
-/* Mark the buffer as empty, so it can be filled with data again. */
-void
-Buf_Empty(Buffer *buf)
-{
-	buf->len = 0;
-	buf->data[0] = '\0';
-}
-
 /* Initialize a buffer. */
 void
 Buf_InitSize(Buffer *buf, size_t cap)
@@ -214,8 +206,9 @@ Buf_DoneDataCompact(Buffer *buf)
 	if (buf->cap - buf->len >= BUF_COMPACT_LIMIT) {
 		/* We trust realloc to be smart */
 		char *data = bmake_realloc(buf->data, buf->len + 1);
+		buf->data = NULL;
 		data[buf->len] = '\0';	/* XXX: unnecessary */
-		Buf_DoneData(buf);
+		Buf_Done(buf);
 		return data;
 	}
 #endif
diff --git a/buf.h b/buf.h
index af36773405b0..14d048bfa514 100644
--- a/buf.h
+++ b/buf.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: buf.h,v 1.44 2021/11/28 22:48:06 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: buf.h,v 1.47 2022/01/08 17:25:19 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -88,6 +88,14 @@ typedef struct Buffer {
 
 void Buf_Expand(Buffer *);
 
+/* Mark the buffer as empty, so it can be filled with data again. */
+MAKE_INLINE void
+Buf_Clear(Buffer *buf)
+{
+	buf->len = 0;
+	buf->data[0] = '\0';
+}
+
 /* Buf_AddByte adds a single byte to a buffer. */
 MAKE_INLINE void
 Buf_AddByte(Buffer *buf, char byte)
@@ -101,7 +109,7 @@ Buf_AddByte(Buffer *buf, char byte)
 	end[1] = '\0';
 }
 
-MAKE_INLINE bool
+MAKE_INLINE bool MAKE_ATTR_USE
 Buf_EndsWith(const Buffer *buf, char ch)
 {
 	return buf->len > 0 && buf->data[buf->len - 1] == ch;
@@ -112,11 +120,10 @@ void Buf_AddBytesBetween(Buffer *, const char *, const char *);
 void Buf_AddStr(Buffer *, const char *);
 void Buf_AddInt(Buffer *, int);
 void Buf_AddFlag(Buffer *, bool, const char *);
-void Buf_Empty(Buffer *);
 void Buf_Init(Buffer *);
 void Buf_InitSize(Buffer *, size_t);
 void Buf_Done(Buffer *);
-char *Buf_DoneData(Buffer *);
-char *Buf_DoneDataCompact(Buffer *);
+char *Buf_DoneData(Buffer *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+char *Buf_DoneDataCompact(Buffer *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
 
-#endif /* MAKE_BUF_H */
+#endif
diff --git a/compat.c b/compat.c
index df487dbdf254..ad280206157a 100644
--- a/compat.c
+++ b/compat.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: compat.c,v 1.229 2021/11/28 23:12:51 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: compat.c,v 1.238 2022/01/22 18:59:23 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
 #include "pathnames.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)compat.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 3/19/94"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: compat.c,v 1.229 2021/11/28 23:12:51 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: compat.c,v 1.238 2022/01/22 18:59:23 rillig Exp $");
 
 static GNode *curTarg = NULL;
 static pid_t compatChild;
@@ -112,10 +112,10 @@ static int compatSigno;
 static void
 CompatDeleteTarget(GNode *gn)
 {
-	if (gn != NULL && !Targ_Precious(gn)) {
+	if (gn != NULL && !GNode_IsPrecious(gn)) {
 		const char *file = GNode_VarTarget(gn);
 
-		if (!opts.noExecute && eunlink(file) != -1) {
+		if (!opts.noExecute && unlink_file(file)) {
 			Error("*** %s removed", file);
 		}
 	}
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ CompatInterrupt(int signo)
 {
 	CompatDeleteTarget(curTarg);
 
-	if (curTarg != NULL && !Targ_Precious(curTarg)) {
+	if (curTarg != NULL && !GNode_IsPrecious(curTarg)) {
 		/*
 		 * Run .INTERRUPT only if hit with interrupt signal
 		 */
@@ -168,10 +168,12 @@ DebugFailedTarget(const char *cmd, const GNode *gn)
 {
 	const char *p = cmd;
 	debug_printf("\n*** Failed target:  %s\n*** Failed command: ",
-		     gn->name);
+	    gn->name);
 
-	/* Replace runs of whitespace with a single space, to reduce
-	 * the amount of whitespace for multi-line command lines. */
+	/*
+	 * Replace runs of whitespace with a single space, to reduce the
+	 * amount of whitespace for multi-line command lines.
+	 */
 	while (*p != '\0') {
 		if (ch_isspace(*p)) {
 			debug_printf(" ");
@@ -220,24 +222,24 @@ UseShell(const char *cmd MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED)
  *	ln		List node that contains the command
  *
  * Results:
- *	0 if the command succeeded, 1 if an error occurred.
+ *	true if the command succeeded.
  */
-int
+bool
 Compat_RunCommand(const char *cmdp, GNode *gn, StringListNode *ln)
 {
 	char *cmdStart;		/* Start of expanded command */
 	char *bp;
 	bool silent;		/* Don't print command */
 	bool doIt;		/* Execute even if -n */
-	volatile bool errCheck; /* Check errors */
+	volatile bool errCheck;	/* Check errors */
 	WAIT_T reason;		/* Reason for child's death */
 	WAIT_T status;		/* Description of child's death */
 	pid_t cpid;		/* Child actually found */
 	pid_t retstat;		/* Result of wait */
 	const char **volatile av; /* Argument vector for thing to exec */
 	char **volatile mav;	/* Copy of the argument vector for freeing */
-	bool useShell;		/* True if command should be executed
-				 * using a shell */
+	bool useShell;		/* True if command should be executed using a
+				 * shell */
 	const char *volatile cmd = cmdp;
 
 	silent = (gn->type & OP_SILENT) != OP_NONE;
@@ -249,7 +251,7 @@ Compat_RunCommand(const char *cmdp, GNode *gn, StringListNode *ln)
 
 	if (cmdStart[0] == '\0') {
 		free(cmdStart);
-		return 0;
+		return true;
 	}
 	cmd = cmdStart;
 	LstNode_Set(ln, cmdStart);
@@ -269,12 +271,12 @@ Compat_RunCommand(const char *cmdp, GNode *gn, StringListNode *ln)
 			 * usual '$$'.
 			 */
 			Lst_Append(&endNode->commands, cmdStart);
-			return 0;
+			return true;
 		}
 	}
 	if (strcmp(cmdStart, "...") == 0) {
 		gn->type |= OP_SAVE_CMDS;
-		return 0;
+		return true;
 	}
 
 	for (;;) {
@@ -298,7 +300,7 @@ Compat_RunCommand(const char *cmdp, GNode *gn, StringListNode *ln)
 	 * If we did not end up with a command, just skip it.
 	 */
 	if (cmd[0] == '\0')
-		return 0;
+		return true;
 
 	useShell = UseShell(cmd);
 	/*
@@ -315,7 +317,7 @@ Compat_RunCommand(const char *cmdp, GNode *gn, StringListNode *ln)
 	 * we go...
 	 */
 	if (!doIt && !GNode_ShouldExecute(gn))
-		return 0;
+		return true;
 
 	DEBUG1(JOB, "Execute: '%s'\n", cmd);
 
@@ -350,25 +352,20 @@ Compat_RunCommand(const char *cmdp, GNode *gn, StringListNode *ln)
 	}
 
 #ifdef USE_META
-	if (useMeta) {
+	if (useMeta)
 		meta_compat_start();
-	}
 #endif
 
 	Var_ReexportVars();
 
-	/*
-	 * Fork and execute the single command. If the fork fails, we abort.
-	 */
 	compatChild = cpid = vfork();
-	if (cpid < 0) {
+	if (cpid < 0)
 		Fatal("Could not fork");
-	}
+
 	if (cpid == 0) {
 #ifdef USE_META
-		if (useMeta) {
+		if (useMeta)
 			meta_compat_child();
-		}
 #endif
 		(void)execvp(av[0], (char *const *)UNCONST(av));
 		execDie("exec", av[0]);
@@ -382,9 +379,8 @@ Compat_RunCommand(const char *cmdp, GNode *gn, StringListNode *ln)
 	LstNode_SetNull(ln);
 
 #ifdef USE_META
-	if (useMeta) {
+	if (useMeta)
 		meta_compat_parent(cpid);
-	}
 #endif
 
 	/*
@@ -406,9 +402,8 @@ Compat_RunCommand(const char *cmdp, GNode *gn, StringListNode *ln)
 	} else if (WIFEXITED(reason)) {
 		status = WEXITSTATUS(reason);	/* exited */
 #if defined(USE_META) && defined(USE_FILEMON_ONCE)
-		if (useMeta) {
-		    meta_cmd_finish(NULL);
-		}
+		if (useMeta)
+			meta_cmd_finish(NULL);
 #endif
 		if (status != 0) {
 			if (DEBUG(ERROR))
@@ -424,9 +419,8 @@ Compat_RunCommand(const char *cmdp, GNode *gn, StringListNode *ln)
 	if (!WIFEXITED(reason) || status != 0) {
 		if (errCheck) {
 #ifdef USE_META
-			if (useMeta) {
+			if (useMeta)
 				meta_job_error(NULL, gn, false, status);
-			}
 #endif
 			gn->made = ERROR;
 			if (opts.keepgoing) {
@@ -457,7 +451,7 @@ Compat_RunCommand(const char *cmdp, GNode *gn, StringListNode *ln)
 		kill(myPid, compatSigno);
 	}
 
-	return status;
+	return status == 0;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -467,7 +461,7 @@ RunCommands(GNode *gn)
 
 	for (ln = gn->commands.first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next) {
 		const char *cmd = ln->datum;
-		if (Compat_RunCommand(cmd, gn, ln) != 0)
+		if (!Compat_RunCommand(cmd, gn, ln))
 			break;
 	}
 }
@@ -532,7 +526,7 @@ MakeUnmade(GNode *gn, GNode *pgn)
 	 * to tell him/her "yes".
 	 */
 	DEBUG0(MAKE, "out-of-date.\n");
-	if (opts.queryFlag)
+	if (opts.query)
 		exit(1);
 
 	/*
@@ -547,7 +541,7 @@ MakeUnmade(GNode *gn, GNode *pgn)
 	 */
 	if (opts.ignoreErrors)
 		gn->type |= OP_IGNORE;
-	if (opts.beSilent)
+	if (opts.silent)
 		gn->type |= OP_SILENT;
 
 	if (Job_CheckCommands(gn, Fatal)) {
@@ -555,12 +549,11 @@ MakeUnmade(GNode *gn, GNode *pgn)
 		 * Our commands are ok, but we still have to worry about
 		 * the -t flag.
 		 */
-		if (!opts.touchFlag || (gn->type & OP_MAKE)) {
+		if (!opts.touch || (gn->type & OP_MAKE)) {
 			curTarg = gn;
 #ifdef USE_META
-			if (useMeta && GNode_ShouldExecute(gn)) {
+			if (useMeta && GNode_ShouldExecute(gn))
 				meta_job_start(NULL, gn);
-			}
 #endif
 			RunCommands(gn);
 			curTarg = NULL;
@@ -593,7 +586,7 @@ MakeUnmade(GNode *gn, GNode *pgn)
 	} else if (opts.keepgoing) {
 		pgn->flags.remake = false;
 	} else {
-		PrintOnError(gn, "\nStop.");
+		PrintOnError(gn, "\nStop.\n");
 		exit(1);
 	}
 	return true;
@@ -681,7 +674,7 @@ MakeBeginNode(void)
 
 	Compat_Make(gn, gn);
 	if (GNode_IsError(gn)) {
-		PrintOnError(gn, "\nStop.");
+		PrintOnError(gn, "\nStop.\n");
 		exit(1);
 	}
 }
@@ -715,12 +708,14 @@ Compat_Run(GNodeList *targs)
 
 	InitSignals();
 
-	/* Create the .END node now, to keep the (debug) output of the
-	 * counter.mk test the same as before 2020-09-23.  This implementation
-	 * detail probably doesn't matter though. */
+	/*
+	 * Create the .END node now, to keep the (debug) output of the
+	 * counter.mk test the same as before 2020-09-23.  This
+	 * implementation detail probably doesn't matter though.
+	 */
 	(void)Targ_GetEndNode();
 
-	if (!opts.queryFlag)
+	if (!opts.query)
 		MakeBeginNode();
 
 	/*
@@ -737,7 +732,7 @@ Compat_Run(GNodeList *targs)
 			printf("`%s' is up to date.\n", gn->name);
 		} else if (gn->made == ABORTED) {
 			printf("`%s' not remade because of errors.\n",
-			       gn->name);
+			    gn->name);
 		}
 		if (GNode_IsError(gn) && errorNode == NULL)
 			errorNode = gn;
@@ -756,7 +751,7 @@ Compat_Run(GNodeList *targs)
 			Targ_PrintGraph(2);
 		else if (DEBUG(GRAPH3))
 			Targ_PrintGraph(3);
-		PrintOnError(errorNode, "\nStop.");
+		PrintOnError(errorNode, "\nStop.\n");
 		exit(1);
 	}
 }
diff --git a/cond.c b/cond.c
index 96609682866b..df0129a979a9 100644
--- a/cond.c
+++ b/cond.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: cond.c,v 1.302 2021/12/12 09:36:00 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: cond.c,v 1.327 2022/01/29 01:12:36 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -95,10 +95,10 @@
 #include "dir.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)cond.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 1/2/94"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: cond.c,v 1.302 2021/12/12 09:36:00 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: cond.c,v 1.327 2022/01/29 01:12:36 rillig Exp $");
 
 /*
- * The parsing of conditional expressions is based on this grammar:
+ * Conditional expressions conform to this grammar:
  *	Or -> And ('||' And)*
  *	And -> Term ('&&' Term)*
  *	Term -> Function '(' Argument ')'
@@ -109,13 +109,13 @@ MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: cond.c,v 1.302 2021/12/12 09:36:00 rillig Exp $");
  *	Leaf -> "string"
  *	Leaf -> Number
  *	Leaf -> VariableExpression
- *	Leaf -> Symbol
+ *	Leaf -> BareWord
  *	Operator -> '==' | '!=' | '>' | '<' | '>=' | '<='
  *
- * 'Symbol' is an unquoted string literal to which the default function is
- * applied.
+ * BareWord is an unquoted string literal, its evaluation depends on the kind
+ * of '.if' directive.
  *
- * The tokens are scanned by CondToken, which returns:
+ * The tokens are scanned by CondParser_Token, which returns:
  *	TOK_AND		for '&&'
  *	TOK_OR		for '||'
  *	TOK_NOT		for '!'
@@ -123,18 +123,14 @@ MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: cond.c,v 1.302 2021/12/12 09:36:00 rillig Exp $");
  *	TOK_RPAREN	for ')'
  *
  * Other terminal symbols are evaluated using either the default function or
- * the function given in the terminal, they return either TOK_TRUE or
- * TOK_FALSE.
+ * the function given in the terminal, they return either TOK_TRUE, TOK_FALSE
+ * or TOK_ERROR.
  */
 typedef enum Token {
 	TOK_FALSE, TOK_TRUE, TOK_AND, TOK_OR, TOK_NOT,
 	TOK_LPAREN, TOK_RPAREN, TOK_EOF, TOK_NONE, TOK_ERROR
 } Token;
 
-typedef enum CondResult {
-	CR_FALSE, CR_TRUE, CR_ERROR
-} CondResult;
-
 typedef enum ComparisonOp {
 	LT, LE, GT, GE, EQ, NE
 } ComparisonOp;
@@ -186,10 +182,14 @@ static unsigned int cond_min_depth = 0;	/* depth at makefile open */
 /* Names for ComparisonOp. */
 static const char opname[][3] = { "<", "<=", ">", ">=", "==", "!=" };
 
-static bool
-is_token(const char *str, const char *tok, unsigned char len)
+MAKE_INLINE bool
+skip_string(const char **pp, const char *str)
 {
-	return strncmp(str, tok, (size_t)len) == 0 && !ch_isalpha(str[len]);
+	size_t len = strlen(str);
+	bool ok = strncmp(*pp, str, len) == 0;
+	if (ok)
+		*pp += len;
+	return ok;
 }
 
 static Token
@@ -208,31 +208,13 @@ CondParser_SkipWhitespace(CondParser *par)
  * Parse a single word, taking into account balanced parentheses as well as
  * embedded expressions.  Used for the argument of a built-in function as
  * well as for bare words, which are then passed to the default function.
- *
- * Arguments:
- *	*pp initially points at the '(',
- *	upon successful return it points right after the ')'.
- *
- *	*out_arg receives the argument as string.
- *
- *	func says whether the argument belongs to an actual function, or
- *	NULL when parsing a bare word.
- *
- * Return the length of the argument, or an ambiguous 0 on error.
  */
-static size_t
-ParseWord(CondParser *par, const char **pp, bool doEval, const char *func,
-	     char **out_arg)
+static char *
+ParseWord(const char **pp, bool doEval)
 {
 	const char *p = *pp;
 	Buffer argBuf;
 	int paren_depth;
-	size_t argLen;
-
-	if (func != NULL)
-		p++;		/* Skip opening '(' - verified by caller */
-
-	cpp_skip_hspace(&p);
 
 	Buf_InitSize(&argBuf, 16);
 
@@ -243,7 +225,7 @@ ParseWord(CondParser *par, const char **pp, bool doEval, const char *func,
 			break;
 		if ((ch == '&' || ch == '|') && paren_depth == 0)
 			break;
-		if (*p == '$') {
+		if (ch == '$') {
 			/*
 			 * Parse the variable expression and install it as
 			 * part of the argument if it's valid. We tell
@@ -266,58 +248,73 @@ ParseWord(CondParser *par, const char **pp, bool doEval, const char *func,
 			paren_depth++;
 		else if (ch == ')' && --paren_depth < 0)
 			break;
-		Buf_AddByte(&argBuf, *p);
+		Buf_AddByte(&argBuf, ch);
 		p++;
 	}
 
-	argLen = argBuf.len;
-	*out_arg = Buf_DoneData(&argBuf);
+	cpp_skip_hspace(&p);
+	*pp = p;
 
+	return Buf_DoneData(&argBuf);
+}
+
+/* Parse the function argument, including the surrounding parentheses. */
+static char *
+ParseFuncArg(CondParser *par, const char **pp, bool doEval, const char *func)
+{
+	const char *p = *pp;
+	char *res;
+
+	p++;			/* Skip opening '(' - verified by caller */
+	cpp_skip_hspace(&p);
+	res = ParseWord(&p, doEval);
 	cpp_skip_hspace(&p);
 
-	if (func != NULL && *p++ != ')') {
+	if (*p++ != ')') {
+		int len = 0;
+		while (ch_isalpha(func[len]))
+			len++;
+
 		Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL,
-		    "Missing closing parenthesis for %s()", func);
+		    "Missing closing parenthesis for %.*s()", len, func);
 		par->printedError = true;
-		return 0;
+		free(res);
+		return NULL;
 	}
 
 	*pp = p;
-	return argLen;
+	return res;
 }
 
 /* Test whether the given variable is defined. */
 static bool
-FuncDefined(const char *arg)
+FuncDefined(const char *var)
 {
-	FStr value = Var_Value(SCOPE_CMDLINE, arg);
-	bool result = value.str != NULL;
-	FStr_Done(&value);
-	return result;
+	return Var_Exists(SCOPE_CMDLINE, var);
 }
 
 /* See if the given target is requested to be made. */
 static bool
-FuncMake(const char *arg)
+FuncMake(const char *target)
 {
 	StringListNode *ln;
 
 	for (ln = opts.create.first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next)
-		if (Str_Match(ln->datum, arg))
+		if (Str_Match(ln->datum, target))
 			return true;
 	return false;
 }
 
 /* See if the given file exists. */
 static bool
-FuncExists(const char *arg)
+FuncExists(const char *file)
 {
 	bool result;
 	char *path;
 
-	path = Dir_FindFile(arg, &dirSearchPath);
+	path = Dir_FindFile(file, &dirSearchPath);
 	DEBUG2(COND, "exists(%s) result is \"%s\"\n",
-	       arg, path != NULL ? path : "");
+	    file, path != NULL ? path : "");
 	result = path != NULL;
 	free(path);
 	return result;
@@ -325,9 +322,9 @@ FuncExists(const char *arg)
 
 /* See if the given node exists and is an actual target. */
 static bool
-FuncTarget(const char *arg)
+FuncTarget(const char *node)
 {
-	GNode *gn = Targ_FindNode(arg);
+	GNode *gn = Targ_FindNode(node);
 	return gn != NULL && GNode_IsTarget(gn);
 }
 
@@ -336,20 +333,16 @@ FuncTarget(const char *arg)
  * associated with it.
  */
 static bool
-FuncCommands(const char *arg)
+FuncCommands(const char *node)
 {
-	GNode *gn = Targ_FindNode(arg);
-	return gn != NULL && GNode_IsTarget(gn) && !Lst_IsEmpty(&gn->commands);
+	GNode *gn = Targ_FindNode(node);
+	return gn != NULL && GNode_IsTarget(gn) &&
+	       !Lst_IsEmpty(&gn->commands);
 }
 
 /*
- * Convert the given number into a double.
- * We try a base 10 or 16 integer conversion first, if that fails
- * then we try a floating point conversion instead.
- *
- * Results:
- *	Returns true if the conversion succeeded.
- *	Sets 'out_value' to the converted number.
+ * Convert the string into a floating-point number.  Accepted formats are
+ * base-10 integer, base-16 integer and finite floating point numbers.
  */
 static bool
 TryParseNumber(const char *str, double *out_value)
@@ -399,7 +392,7 @@ CondParser_StringExpr(CondParser *par, const char *start,
 		      Buffer *buf, FStr *inout_str)
 {
 	VarEvalMode emode;
-	const char *nested_p;
+	const char *p;
 	bool atStart;
 	VarParseResult parseResult;
 
@@ -407,9 +400,9 @@ CondParser_StringExpr(CondParser *par, const char *start,
 	    : doEval ? VARE_UNDEFERR
 	    : VARE_PARSE_ONLY;
 
-	nested_p = par->p;
-	atStart = nested_p == start;
-	parseResult = Var_Parse(&nested_p, SCOPE_CMDLINE, emode, inout_str);
+	p = par->p;
+	atStart = p == start;
+	parseResult = Var_Parse(&p, SCOPE_CMDLINE, emode, inout_str);
 	/* TODO: handle errors */
 	if (inout_str->str == var_Error) {
 		if (parseResult == VPR_ERR) {
@@ -433,7 +426,7 @@ CondParser_StringExpr(CondParser *par, const char *start,
 		*inout_str = FStr_InitRefer(NULL);
 		return false;
 	}
-	par->p = nested_p;
+	par->p = p;
 
 	/*
 	 * If the '$' started the string literal (which means no quotes), and
@@ -445,17 +438,16 @@ CondParser_StringExpr(CondParser *par, const char *start,
 
 	Buf_AddStr(buf, inout_str->str);
 	FStr_Done(inout_str);
-	*inout_str = FStr_InitRefer(NULL); /* not finished yet */
+	*inout_str = FStr_InitRefer(NULL);	/* not finished yet */
 	return true;
 }
 
 /*
- * Parse a string from a variable expression or an optionally quoted
- * string.  This is called for the left-hand and right-hand sides of
- * comparisons.
+ * Parse a string from a variable expression or an optionally quoted string,
+ * on the left-hand and right-hand sides of comparisons.
  *
  * Results:
- *	Returns the string, absent any quotes, or NULL on error.
+ *	Returns the string without any enclosing quotes, or NULL on error.
  *	Sets out_quoted if the leaf was a quoted string literal.
  */
 static void
@@ -486,7 +478,7 @@ CondParser_Leaf(CondParser *par, bool doEval, bool unquotedOK,
 		case '"':
 			par->p++;
 			if (quoted)
-				goto got_str;	/* skip the closing quote */
+				goto return_buf;	/* skip the closing quote */
 			Buf_AddByte(&buf, '"');
 			continue;
 		case ')':	/* see is_separator */
@@ -497,14 +489,14 @@ CondParser_Leaf(CondParser *par, bool doEval, bool unquotedOK,
 		case ' ':
 		case '\t':
 			if (!quoted)
-				goto got_str;
+				goto return_buf;
 			Buf_AddByte(&buf, par->p[0]);
 			par->p++;
 			continue;
 		case '$':
 			if (!CondParser_StringExpr(par,
 			    start, doEval, quoted, &buf, &str))
-				goto cleanup;
+				goto return_str;
 			continue;
 		default:
 			if (!unquotedOK && !quoted && *start != '$' &&
@@ -514,28 +506,21 @@ CondParser_Leaf(CondParser *par, bool doEval, bool unquotedOK,
 				 * a variable expression or a number.
 				 */
 				str = FStr_InitRefer(NULL);
-				goto cleanup;
+				goto return_str;
 			}
 			Buf_AddByte(&buf, par->p[0]);
 			par->p++;
 			continue;
 		}
 	}
-got_str:
+return_buf:
 	str = FStr_InitOwn(buf.data);
 	buf.data = NULL;
-cleanup:
+return_str:
 	Buf_Done(&buf);
 	*out_str = str;
 }
 
-static bool
-EvalBare(const CondParser *par, const char *arg)
-{
-	bool res = par->evalBare(arg);
-	return par->negateEvalBare ? !res : res;
-}
-
 /*
  * Evaluate a "comparison without operator", such as in ".if ${VAR}" or
  * ".if 0".
@@ -553,9 +538,11 @@ EvalNotEmpty(CondParser *par, const char *value, bool quoted)
 	if (TryParseNumber(value, &num))
 		return num != 0.0;
 
-	/* For .if ${...}, check for non-empty string.  This is different from
-	 * the evaluation function from that .if variant, which would test
-	 * whether a variable of the given name were defined. */
+	/*
+	 * For .if ${...}, check for non-empty string.  This is different
+	 * from the evaluation function from that .if variant, which would
+	 * test whether a variable of the given name were defined.
+	 */
 	/*
 	 * XXX: Whitespace should count as empty, just as in
 	 * CondParser_FuncCallEmpty.
@@ -563,7 +550,7 @@ EvalNotEmpty(CondParser *par, const char *value, bool quoted)
 	if (par->plain)
 		return value[0] != '\0';
 
-	return EvalBare(par, value);
+	return par->evalBare(value) != par->negateEvalBare;
 }
 
 /* Evaluate a numerical comparison, such as in ".if ${VAR} >= 9". */
@@ -623,33 +610,19 @@ CondParser_ComparisonOp(CondParser *par, ComparisonOp *out_op)
 {
 	const char *p = par->p;
 
-	if (p[0] == '<' && p[1] == '=') {
-		*out_op = LE;
-		goto length_2;
-	} else if (p[0] == '<') {
-		*out_op = LT;
-		goto length_1;
-	} else if (p[0] == '>' && p[1] == '=') {
-		*out_op = GE;
-		goto length_2;
-	} else if (p[0] == '>') {
-		*out_op = GT;
-		goto length_1;
-	} else if (p[0] == '=' && p[1] == '=') {
-		*out_op = EQ;
-		goto length_2;
-	} else if (p[0] == '!' && p[1] == '=') {
-		*out_op = NE;
-		goto length_2;
-	}
+	if (p[0] == '<' && p[1] == '=')
+		return par->p += 2, *out_op = LE, true;
+	if (p[0] == '<')
+		return par->p += 1, *out_op = LT, true;
+	if (p[0] == '>' && p[1] == '=')
+		return par->p += 2, *out_op = GE, true;
+	if (p[0] == '>')
+		return par->p += 1, *out_op = GT, true;
+	if (p[0] == '=' && p[1] == '=')
+		return par->p += 2, *out_op = EQ, true;
+	if (p[0] == '!' && p[1] == '=')
+		return par->p += 2, *out_op = NE, true;
 	return false;
-
-length_2:
-	par->p = p + 2;
-	return true;
-length_1:
-	par->p = p + 1;
-	return true;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -718,9 +691,8 @@ CondParser_FuncCallEmpty(CondParser *par, bool doEval, Token *out_token)
 	Token tok;
 	FStr val;
 
-	if (!is_token(cp, "empty", 5))
+	if (!skip_string(&cp, "empty"))
 		return false;
-	cp += 5;
 
 	cpp_skip_whitespace(&cp);
 	if (*cp != '(')
@@ -735,7 +707,7 @@ CondParser_FuncCallEmpty(CondParser *par, bool doEval, Token *out_token)
 		tok = TOK_ERROR;
 	else {
 		cpp_skip_whitespace(&val.str);
-		tok = val.str[0] != '\0' && doEval ? TOK_FALSE : TOK_TRUE;
+		tok = ToToken(doEval && val.str[0] == '\0');
 	}
 
 	FStr_Done(&val);
@@ -748,37 +720,34 @@ CondParser_FuncCallEmpty(CondParser *par, bool doEval, Token *out_token)
 static bool
 CondParser_FuncCall(CondParser *par, bool doEval, Token *out_token)
 {
-	static const struct fn_def {
-		const char fn_name[9];
-		unsigned char fn_name_len;
-		bool (*fn_eval)(const char *);
-	} fns[] = {
-		{ "defined",  7, FuncDefined },
-		{ "make",     4, FuncMake },
-		{ "exists",   6, FuncExists },
-		{ "target",   6, FuncTarget },
-		{ "commands", 8, FuncCommands }
-	};
-	const struct fn_def *fn;
-	char *arg = NULL;
-	size_t arglen;
-	const char *cp = par->p;
-	const struct fn_def *last_fn = fns + sizeof fns / sizeof fns[0] - 1;
+	char *arg;
+	const char *p = par->p;
+	bool (*fn)(const char *);
+	const char *fn_name = p;
 
-	for (fn = fns; !is_token(cp, fn->fn_name, fn->fn_name_len); fn++)
-		if (fn == last_fn)
-			return false;
-
-	cp += fn->fn_name_len;
-	cpp_skip_whitespace(&cp);
-	if (*cp != '(')
+	if (skip_string(&p, "defined"))
+		fn = FuncDefined;
+	else if (skip_string(&p, "make"))
+		fn = FuncMake;
+	else if (skip_string(&p, "exists"))
+		fn = FuncExists;
+	else if (skip_string(&p, "target"))
+		fn = FuncTarget;
+	else if (skip_string(&p, "commands"))
+		fn = FuncCommands;
+	else
 		return false;
 
-	arglen = ParseWord(par, &cp, doEval, fn->fn_name, &arg);
-	*out_token = ToToken(arglen != 0 && (!doEval || fn->fn_eval(arg)));
+	cpp_skip_whitespace(&p);
+	if (*p != '(')
+		return false;
 
+	arg = ParseFuncArg(par, &p, doEval, fn_name);
+	*out_token = ToToken(doEval &&
+	    arg != NULL && arg[0] != '\0' && fn(arg));
 	free(arg);
-	par->p = cp;
+
+	par->p = p;
 	return true;
 }
 
@@ -793,9 +762,8 @@ static Token
 CondParser_ComparisonOrLeaf(CondParser *par, bool doEval)
 {
 	Token t;
-	char *arg = NULL;
+	char *arg;
 	const char *cp;
-	const char *cp1;
 
 	/* Push anything numeric through the compare expression */
 	cp = par->p;
@@ -811,13 +779,13 @@ CondParser_ComparisonOrLeaf(CondParser *par, bool doEval)
 	 * as an expression.
 	 */
 	/*
-	 * XXX: Is it possible to have a variable expression evaluated twice
-	 *  at this point?
+	 * XXX: In edge cases, a variable expression may be evaluated twice,
+	 *  see cond-token-plain.mk, keyword 'twice'.
 	 */
-	(void)ParseWord(par, &cp, doEval, NULL, &arg);
-	cp1 = cp;
-	cpp_skip_whitespace(&cp1);
-	if (*cp1 == '=' || *cp1 == '!' || *cp1 == '<' || *cp1 == '>')
+	arg = ParseWord(&cp, doEval);
+	assert(arg[0] != '\0');
+
+	if (*cp == '=' || *cp == '!' || *cp == '<' || *cp == '>')
 		return CondParser_Comparison(par, doEval);
 	par->p = cp;
 
@@ -827,7 +795,7 @@ CondParser_ComparisonOrLeaf(CondParser *par, bool doEval)
 	 * after .if must have been taken literally, so the argument cannot
 	 * be empty - even if it contained a variable expansion.
 	 */
-	t = ToToken(!doEval || EvalBare(par, arg));
+	t = ToToken(doEval && par->evalBare(arg) != par->negateEvalBare);
 	free(arg);
 	return t;
 }
@@ -998,42 +966,32 @@ CondParser_Or(CondParser *par, bool doEval)
 	return res;
 }
 
-static CondEvalResult
-CondParser_Eval(CondParser *par, bool *out_value)
+static CondResult
+CondParser_Eval(CondParser *par)
 {
 	CondResult res;
 
 	DEBUG1(COND, "CondParser_Eval: %s\n", par->p);
 
 	res = CondParser_Or(par, true);
-	if (res == CR_ERROR)
-		return COND_INVALID;
+	if (res != CR_ERROR && CondParser_Token(par, false) != TOK_EOF)
+		return CR_ERROR;
 
-	if (CondParser_Token(par, false) != TOK_EOF)
-		return COND_INVALID;
-
-	*out_value = res == CR_TRUE;
-	return COND_PARSE;
+	return res;
 }
 
 /*
  * Evaluate the condition, including any side effects from the variable
  * expressions in the condition. The condition consists of &&, ||, !,
  * function(arg), comparisons and parenthetical groupings thereof.
- *
- * Results:
- *	COND_PARSE	if the condition was valid grammatically
- *	COND_INVALID	if not a valid conditional.
- *
- *	*out_value	is set to the boolean value of the condition
  */
-static CondEvalResult
-CondEvalExpression(const char *cond, bool *out_value, bool plain,
+static CondResult
+CondEvalExpression(const char *cond, bool plain,
 		   bool (*evalBare)(const char *), bool negate,
 		   bool eprint, bool leftUnquotedOK)
 {
 	CondParser par;
-	CondEvalResult rval;
+	CondResult rval;
 
 	cpp_skip_hspace(&cond);
 
@@ -1045,9 +1003,9 @@ CondEvalExpression(const char *cond, bool *out_value, bool plain,
 	par.curr = TOK_NONE;
 	par.printedError = false;
 
-	rval = CondParser_Eval(&par, out_value);
+	rval = CondParser_Eval(&par);
 
-	if (rval == COND_INVALID && eprint && !par.printedError)
+	if (rval == CR_ERROR && eprint && !par.printedError)
 		Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "Malformed conditional (%s)", cond);
 
 	return rval;
@@ -1057,10 +1015,10 @@ CondEvalExpression(const char *cond, bool *out_value, bool plain,
  * Evaluate a condition in a :? modifier, such as
  * ${"${VAR}" == value:?yes:no}.
  */
-CondEvalResult
-Cond_EvalCondition(const char *cond, bool *out_value)
+CondResult
+Cond_EvalCondition(const char *cond)
 {
-	return CondEvalExpression(cond, out_value, true,
+	return CondEvalExpression(cond, true,
 	    FuncDefined, false, false, true);
 }
 
@@ -1076,36 +1034,33 @@ DetermineKindOfConditional(const char **pp, bool *out_plain,
 			   bool (**out_evalBare)(const char *),
 			   bool *out_negate)
 {
-	const char *p = *pp;
+	const char *p = *pp + 2;
 
-	p += 2;
 	*out_plain = false;
 	*out_evalBare = FuncDefined;
-	*out_negate = false;
-	if (*p == 'n') {
-		p++;
-		*out_negate = true;
-	}
-	if (is_token(p, "def", 3)) {		/* .ifdef and .ifndef */
-		p += 3;
-	} else if (is_token(p, "make", 4)) {	/* .ifmake and .ifnmake */
-		p += 4;
+	*out_negate = skip_string(&p, "n");
+
+	if (skip_string(&p, "def")) {		/* .ifdef and .ifndef */
+	} else if (skip_string(&p, "make"))	/* .ifmake and .ifnmake */
 		*out_evalBare = FuncMake;
-	} else if (is_token(p, "", 0) && !*out_negate) { /* plain .if */
+	else if (!*out_negate)			/* plain .if */
 		*out_plain = true;
-	} else {
-		/*
-		 * TODO: Add error message about unknown directive,
-		 * since there is no other known directive that starts
-		 * with 'el' or 'if'.
-		 *
-		 * Example: .elifx 123
-		 */
-		return false;
-	}
+	else
+		goto unknown_directive;
+	if (ch_isalpha(*p))
+		goto unknown_directive;
 
 	*pp = p;
 	return true;
+
+unknown_directive:
+	/*
+	 * TODO: Add error message about unknown directive, since there is no
+	 * other known directive that starts with 'el' or 'if'.
+	 *
+	 * Example: .elifx 123
+	 */
+	return false;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1129,16 +1084,16 @@ DetermineKindOfConditional(const char **pp, bool *out_plain,
  * parenthetical groupings thereof.
  *
  * Results:
- *	COND_PARSE	to continue parsing the lines that follow the
+ *	CR_TRUE		to continue parsing the lines that follow the
  *			conditional (when <cond> evaluates to true)
- *	COND_SKIP	to skip the lines after the conditional
+ *	CR_FALSE	to skip the lines after the conditional
  *			(when <cond> evaluates to false, or when a previous
  *			branch has already been taken)
- *	COND_INVALID	if the conditional was not valid, either because of
+ *	CR_ERROR	if the conditional was not valid, either because of
  *			a syntax error or because some variable was undefined
  *			or because the condition could not be evaluated
  */
-CondEvalResult
+CondResult
 Cond_EvalLine(const char *line)
 {
 	typedef enum IfState {
@@ -1146,8 +1101,10 @@ Cond_EvalLine(const char *line)
 		/* None of the previous <cond> evaluated to true. */
 		IFS_INITIAL	= 0,
 
-		/* The previous <cond> evaluated to true.
-		 * The lines following this condition are interpreted. */
+		/*
+		 * The previous <cond> evaluated to true. The lines following
+		 * this condition are interpreted.
+		 */
 		IFS_ACTIVE	= 1 << 0,
 
 		/* The previous directive was an '.else'. */
@@ -1165,7 +1122,7 @@ Cond_EvalLine(const char *line)
 	bool (*evalBare)(const char *);
 	bool negate;
 	bool isElif;
-	bool value;
+	CondResult res;
 	IfState state;
 	const char *p = line;
 
@@ -1186,13 +1143,13 @@ Cond_EvalLine(const char *line)
 
 		if (cond_depth == cond_min_depth) {
 			Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "if-less endif");
-			return COND_PARSE;
+			return CR_TRUE;
 		}
 
 		/* Return state for previous conditional */
 		cond_depth--;
 		return cond_states[cond_depth] & IFS_ACTIVE
-		    ? COND_PARSE : COND_SKIP;
+		    ? CR_TRUE : CR_FALSE;
 	}
 
 	/* Parse the name of the directive, such as 'if', 'elif', 'endif'. */
@@ -1203,13 +1160,12 @@ Cond_EvalLine(const char *line)
 			 * transformation rule like '.err.txt',
 			 * therefore no error message here.
 			 */
-			return COND_INVALID;
+			return CR_ERROR;
 		}
 
 		/* Quite likely this is 'else' or 'elif' */
 		p += 2;
-		if (is_token(p, "se", 2)) {	/* It is an 'else'. */
-
+		if (strncmp(p, "se", 2) == 0 && !ch_isalpha(p[2])) {
 			if (p[2] != '\0')
 				Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL,
 				    "The .else directive "
@@ -1217,7 +1173,7 @@ Cond_EvalLine(const char *line)
 
 			if (cond_depth == cond_min_depth) {
 				Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "if-less else");
-				return COND_PARSE;
+				return CR_TRUE;
 			}
 
 			state = cond_states[cond_depth];
@@ -1226,12 +1182,12 @@ Cond_EvalLine(const char *line)
 			} else {
 				if (state & IFS_SEEN_ELSE)
 					Parse_Error(PARSE_WARNING,
-						    "extra else");
+					    "extra else");
 				state = IFS_WAS_ACTIVE | IFS_SEEN_ELSE;
 			}
 			cond_states[cond_depth] = state;
 
-			return state & IFS_ACTIVE ? COND_PARSE : COND_SKIP;
+			return state & IFS_ACTIVE ? CR_TRUE : CR_FALSE;
 		}
 		/* Assume for now it is an elif */
 		isElif = true;
@@ -1243,27 +1199,27 @@ Cond_EvalLine(const char *line)
 		 * Unknown directive.  It might still be a transformation rule
 		 * like '.elisp.scm', therefore no error message here.
 		 */
-		return COND_INVALID;	/* Not an ifxxx or elifxxx line */
+		return CR_ERROR;	/* Not an ifxxx or elifxxx line */
 	}
 
 	if (!DetermineKindOfConditional(&p, &plain, &evalBare, &negate))
-		return COND_INVALID;
+		return CR_ERROR;
 
 	if (isElif) {
 		if (cond_depth == cond_min_depth) {
 			Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "if-less elif");
-			return COND_PARSE;
+			return CR_TRUE;
 		}
 		state = cond_states[cond_depth];
 		if (state & IFS_SEEN_ELSE) {
 			Parse_Error(PARSE_WARNING, "extra elif");
 			cond_states[cond_depth] =
 			    IFS_WAS_ACTIVE | IFS_SEEN_ELSE;
-			return COND_SKIP;
+			return CR_FALSE;
 		}
 		if (state != IFS_INITIAL) {
 			cond_states[cond_depth] = IFS_WAS_ACTIVE;
-			return COND_SKIP;
+			return CR_FALSE;
 		}
 	} else {
 		/* Normal .if */
@@ -1275,8 +1231,7 @@ Cond_EvalLine(const char *line)
 			 */
 			cond_states_cap += 32;
 			cond_states = bmake_realloc(cond_states,
-						    cond_states_cap *
-						    sizeof *cond_states);
+			    cond_states_cap * sizeof *cond_states);
 		}
 		state = cond_states[cond_depth];
 		cond_depth++;
@@ -1286,26 +1241,22 @@ Cond_EvalLine(const char *line)
 			 * treat as always false.
 			 */
 			cond_states[cond_depth] = IFS_WAS_ACTIVE;
-			return COND_SKIP;
+			return CR_FALSE;
 		}
 	}
 
 	/* And evaluate the conditional expression */
-	if (CondEvalExpression(p, &value, plain, evalBare, negate,
-	    true, false) == COND_INVALID) {
-		/* Syntax error in conditional, error message already output. */
-		/* Skip everything to matching .endif */
-		/* XXX: An extra '.else' is not detected in this case. */
+	res = CondEvalExpression(p, plain, evalBare, negate, true, false);
+	if (res == CR_ERROR) {
+		/* Syntax error, error message already output. */
+		/* Skip everything to the matching '.endif'. */
+		/* An extra '.else' is not detected in this case. */
 		cond_states[cond_depth] = IFS_WAS_ACTIVE;
-		return COND_SKIP;
+		return CR_FALSE;
 	}
 
-	if (!value) {
-		cond_states[cond_depth] = IFS_INITIAL;
-		return COND_SKIP;
-	}
-	cond_states[cond_depth] = IFS_ACTIVE;
-	return COND_PARSE;
+	cond_states[cond_depth] = res == CR_TRUE ? IFS_ACTIVE : IFS_INITIAL;
+	return res;
 }
 
 void
@@ -1315,7 +1266,7 @@ Cond_restore_depth(unsigned int saved_depth)
 
 	if (open_conds != 0 || saved_depth > cond_depth) {
 		Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "%u open conditional%s",
-			    open_conds, open_conds == 1 ? "" : "s");
+		    open_conds, open_conds == 1 ? "" : "s");
 		cond_depth = cond_min_depth;
 	}
 
diff --git a/dir.c b/dir.c
index e10d7b7421db..93479271c94a 100644
--- a/dir.c
+++ b/dir.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: dir.c,v 1.275 2021/11/28 21:46:17 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: dir.c,v 1.278 2022/02/04 23:22:19 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@
 #include "job.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)dir.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 1/2/94"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: dir.c,v 1.275 2021/11/28 21:46:17 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: dir.c,v 1.278 2022/02/04 23:22:19 rillig Exp $");
 
 /*
  * A search path is a list of CachedDir structures. A CachedDir has in it the
@@ -672,8 +672,8 @@ DirMatchFiles(const char *pattern, CachedDir *dir, StringList *expansions)
 
 		{
 			char *fullName = isDot
-					 ? bmake_strdup(base)
-					 : str_concat3(dirName, "/", base);
+			    ? bmake_strdup(base)
+			    : str_concat3(dirName, "/", base);
 			Lst_Append(expansions, fullName);
 		}
 	}
@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ DirExpandCurly(const char *word, const char *brace, SearchPath *path,
 		size_t piece_len = (size_t)(piece_end - piece);
 
 		char *file = concat3(prefix, prefix_len, piece, piece_len,
-				     suffix, suffix_len);
+		    suffix, suffix_len);
 
 		if (contains_wildcard(file)) {
 			SearchPath_Expand(path, file, expansions);
@@ -984,8 +984,9 @@ static char *
 DirLookupSubdir(CachedDir *dir, const char *name)
 {
 	struct cached_stat cst;
-	char *file = dir == dot ? bmake_strdup(name)
-				: str_concat3(dir->name, "/", name);
+	char *file = dir == dot
+	    ? bmake_strdup(name)
+	    : str_concat3(dir->name, "/", name);
 
 	DEBUG1(DIR, "checking %s ...\n", file);
 
@@ -1424,9 +1425,9 @@ ResolveMovedDepends(GNode *gn)
 	gn->path = bmake_strdup(fullName);
 	if (!Job_RunTarget(".STALE", gn->fname))
 		fprintf(stdout,	/* XXX: Why stdout? */
-			"%s: %s, %d: ignoring stale %s for %s, found %s\n",
-			progname, gn->fname, gn->lineno,
-			makeDependfile, gn->name, fullName);
+		    "%s: %s, %u: ignoring stale %s for %s, found %s\n",
+		    progname, gn->fname, gn->lineno,
+		    makeDependfile, gn->name, fullName);
 
 	return fullName;
 }
diff --git a/dir.h b/dir.h
index d96393c62ebb..3d98fb0201b4 100644
--- a/dir.h
+++ b/dir.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: dir.h,v 1.44 2021/04/03 11:08:40 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: dir.h,v 1.46 2021/12/15 12:08:25 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -82,18 +82,18 @@ void Dir_InitCur(const char *);
 void Dir_InitDot(void);
 void Dir_End(void);
 void Dir_SetPATH(void);
-bool Dir_HasWildcards(const char *);
+bool Dir_HasWildcards(const char *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
 void SearchPath_Expand(SearchPath *, const char *, StringList *);
-char *Dir_FindFile(const char *, SearchPath *);
-char *Dir_FindHereOrAbove(const char *, const char *);
+char *Dir_FindFile(const char *, SearchPath *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+char *Dir_FindHereOrAbove(const char *, const char *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
 void Dir_UpdateMTime(GNode *, bool);
 CachedDir *SearchPath_Add(SearchPath *, const char *);
-char *SearchPath_ToFlags(SearchPath *, const char *);
+char *SearchPath_ToFlags(SearchPath *, const char *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
 void SearchPath_Clear(SearchPath *);
 void SearchPath_AddAll(SearchPath *, SearchPath *);
 void Dir_PrintDirectories(void);
 void SearchPath_Print(const SearchPath *);
-SearchPath *Dir_CopyDirSearchPath(void);
+SearchPath *Dir_CopyDirSearchPath(void) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
 
 /* Stripped-down variant of struct stat. */
 struct cached_stat {
@@ -104,4 +104,4 @@ struct cached_stat {
 int cached_lstat(const char *, struct cached_stat *);
 int cached_stat(const char *, struct cached_stat *);
 
-#endif /* MAKE_DIR_H */
+#endif
diff --git a/filemon/filemon.h b/filemon/filemon.h
index 139d62f1a1f6..d74c99160ba5 100644
--- a/filemon/filemon.h
+++ b/filemon/filemon.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: filemon.h,v 1.5 2021/01/19 20:51:46 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: filemon.h,v 1.6 2021/12/15 12:08:25 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 2019 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
@@ -50,4 +50,4 @@ int	filemon_setpid_child(const struct filemon *, pid_t);
 int	filemon_readfd(const struct filemon *);
 int	filemon_process(struct filemon *);
 
-#endif /* MAKE_FILEMON_H */
+#endif
diff --git a/for.c b/for.c
index 013b0f21d841..c36641fa8c4e 100644
--- a/for.c
+++ b/for.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: for.c,v 1.150 2021/12/12 15:44:41 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: for.c,v 1.167 2022/02/04 23:22:19 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1992, The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -58,26 +58,18 @@
 #include "make.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)for.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: for.c,v 1.150 2021/12/12 15:44:41 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: for.c,v 1.167 2022/02/04 23:22:19 rillig Exp $");
 
 
-/* One of the variables to the left of the "in" in a .for loop. */
-typedef struct ForVar {
-	char *name;
-	size_t nameLen;
-} ForVar;
-
 typedef struct ForLoop {
-	Buffer body;		/* Unexpanded body of the loop */
-	Vector /* of ForVar */ vars; /* Iteration variables */
+	Vector /* of 'char *' */ vars; /* Iteration variables */
 	SubstringWords items;	/* Substitution items */
-	Buffer curBody;		/* Expanded body of the current iteration */
+	Buffer body;		/* Unexpanded body of the loop */
 	unsigned int nextItem;	/* Where to continue iterating */
 } ForLoop;
 
 
 static ForLoop *accumFor;	/* Loop being accumulated */
-static int forLevel = 0;	/* Nesting level */
 
 
 static ForLoop *
@@ -85,38 +77,49 @@ ForLoop_New(void)
 {
 	ForLoop *f = bmake_malloc(sizeof *f);
 
-	Buf_Init(&f->body);
-	Vector_Init(&f->vars, sizeof(ForVar));
+	Vector_Init(&f->vars, sizeof(char *));
 	SubstringWords_Init(&f->items);
-	Buf_Init(&f->curBody);
+	Buf_Init(&f->body);
 	f->nextItem = 0;
 
 	return f;
 }
 
-static void
+void
 ForLoop_Free(ForLoop *f)
 {
-	Buf_Done(&f->body);
-
-	while (f->vars.len > 0) {
-		ForVar *var = Vector_Pop(&f->vars);
-		free(var->name);
-	}
+	while (f->vars.len > 0)
+		free(*(char **)Vector_Pop(&f->vars));
 	Vector_Done(&f->vars);
 
 	SubstringWords_Free(f->items);
-	Buf_Done(&f->curBody);
+	Buf_Done(&f->body);
 
 	free(f);
 }
 
-static void
-ForLoop_AddVar(ForLoop *f, const char *name, size_t len)
+char *
+ForLoop_Details(ForLoop *f)
 {
-	ForVar *var = Vector_Push(&f->vars);
-	var->name = bmake_strldup(name, len);
-	var->nameLen = len;
+	size_t i, n;
+	const char **vars;
+	const Substring *items;
+	Buffer buf;
+
+	n = f->vars.len;
+	vars = f->vars.items;
+	assert(f->nextItem >= n);
+	items = f->items.words + f->nextItem - n;
+
+	Buf_Init(&buf);
+	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+		if (i > 0)
+			Buf_AddStr(&buf, ", ");
+		Buf_AddStr(&buf, vars[i]);
+		Buf_AddStr(&buf, " = ");
+		Buf_AddBytesBetween(&buf, items[i].start, items[i].end);
+	}
+	return Buf_DoneData(&buf);
 }
 
 static bool
@@ -145,7 +148,7 @@ ForLoop_ParseVarnames(ForLoop *f, const char **pp)
 			break;
 		}
 
-		ForLoop_AddVar(f, p, len);
+		*(char **)Vector_Push(&f->vars) = bmake_strldup(p, len);
 		p += len;
 	}
 
@@ -174,9 +177,9 @@ ForLoop_ParseItems(ForLoop *f, const char *p)
 	free(items);
 
 	if (f->items.len == 1 && Substring_IsEmpty(f->items.words[0]))
-		f->items.len = 0; /* .for var in ${:U} */
+		f->items.len = 0;	/* .for var in ${:U} */
 
-	if (f->items.len != 0 && f->items.len % f->vars.len != 0) {
+	if (f->items.len % f->vars.len != 0) {
 		Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL,
 		    "Wrong number of words (%u) in .for "
 		    "substitution list with %u variables",
@@ -204,47 +207,38 @@ IsEndfor(const char *p)
  * Evaluate the for loop in the passed line. The line looks like this:
  *	.for <varname...> in <value...>
  *
- * Input:
- *	line		Line to parse
- *
  * Results:
- *      0: Not a .for statement, parse the line
- *	1: We found a for loop
- *     -1: A .for statement with a bad syntax error, discard.
+ *	0	not a .for directive
+ *	1	found a .for directive
+ *	-1	erroneous .for directive
  */
 int
 For_Eval(const char *line)
 {
-	ForLoop *f;
 	const char *p;
+	ForLoop *f;
 
 	p = line + 1;		/* skip the '.' */
 	cpp_skip_whitespace(&p);
 
-	if (!IsFor(p)) {
-		if (IsEndfor(p)) {
-			Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "for-less endfor");
+	if (IsFor(p)) {
+		p += 3;
+
+		f = ForLoop_New();
+		if (!ForLoop_ParseVarnames(f, &p)) {
+			ForLoop_Free(f);
 			return -1;
 		}
-		return 0;
-	}
-	p += 3;
+		if (!ForLoop_ParseItems(f, p))
+			f->items.len = 0;	/* don't iterate */
 
-	f = ForLoop_New();
-
-	if (!ForLoop_ParseVarnames(f, &p)) {
-		ForLoop_Free(f);
+		accumFor = f;
+		return 1;
+	} else if (IsEndfor(p)) {
+		Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "for-less endfor");
 		return -1;
-	}
-
-	if (!ForLoop_ParseItems(f, p)) {
-		/* Continue parsing the .for loop, but don't iterate. */
-		f->items.len = 0;
-	}
-
-	accumFor = f;
-	forLevel = 1;
-	return 1;
+	} else
+		return 0;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -252,7 +246,7 @@ For_Eval(const char *line)
  * Returns false when the matching .endfor is reached.
  */
 bool
-For_Accum(const char *line)
+For_Accum(const char *line, int *forLevel)
 {
 	const char *p = line;
 
@@ -261,12 +255,12 @@ For_Accum(const char *line)
 		cpp_skip_whitespace(&p);
 
 		if (IsEndfor(p)) {
-			DEBUG1(FOR, "For: end for %d\n", forLevel);
-			if (--forLevel <= 0)
+			DEBUG1(FOR, "For: end for %d\n", *forLevel);
+			if (--*forLevel == 0)
 				return false;
 		} else if (IsFor(p)) {
-			forLevel++;
-			DEBUG1(FOR, "For: new loop %d\n", forLevel);
+			(*forLevel)++;
+			DEBUG1(FOR, "For: new loop %d\n", *forLevel);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -325,12 +319,11 @@ NeedsEscapes(Substring value, char endc)
 
 /*
  * While expanding the body of a .for loop, write the item in the ${:U...}
- * expression, escaping characters as needed.
- *
- * The result is later unescaped by ApplyModifier_Defined.
+ * expression, escaping characters as needed.  The result is later unescaped
+ * by ApplyModifier_Defined.
  */
 static void
-Buf_AddEscaped(Buffer *cmds, Substring item, char endc)
+AddEscaped(Buffer *cmds, Substring item, char endc)
 {
 	const char *p;
 	char ch;
@@ -340,9 +333,7 @@ Buf_AddEscaped(Buffer *cmds, Substring item, char endc)
 		return;
 	}
 
-	/* Escape ':', '$', '\\' and 'endc' - these will be removed later by
-	 * :U processing, see ApplyModifier_Defined. */
-	for (p = item.start; p != item.end; p++) {
+	for (p = item.start; p != item.end;) {
 		ch = *p;
 		if (ch == '$') {
 			size_t len = ExprLen(p + 1, item.end);
@@ -352,7 +343,7 @@ Buf_AddEscaped(Buffer *cmds, Substring item, char endc)
 				 * See directive-for-escape.mk, ExprLen.
 				 */
 				Buf_AddBytes(cmds, p, 1 + len);
-				p += len;
+				p += 1 + len;
 				continue;
 			}
 			Buf_AddByte(cmds, '\\');
@@ -363,6 +354,7 @@ Buf_AddEscaped(Buffer *cmds, Substring item, char endc)
 			ch = ' ';	/* prevent newline injection */
 		}
 		Buf_AddByte(cmds, ch);
+		p++;
 	}
 }
 
@@ -371,36 +363,30 @@ Buf_AddEscaped(Buffer *cmds, Substring item, char endc)
  * expression like ${i} or ${i:...} or $(i) or $(i:...) with ":Uvalue".
  */
 static void
-ForLoop_SubstVarLong(ForLoop *f, const char **pp, const char *bodyEnd,
-		     char endc, const char **inout_mark)
+ForLoop_SubstVarLong(ForLoop *f, unsigned int firstItem, Buffer *body,
+		     const char **pp, char endc, const char **inout_mark)
 {
 	size_t i;
-	const char *p = *pp;
+	const char *start = *pp;
+	const char **vars = Vector_Get(&f->vars, 0);
 
 	for (i = 0; i < f->vars.len; i++) {
-		const ForVar *forVar = Vector_Get(&f->vars, i);
-		const char *varname = forVar->name;
-		size_t varnameLen = forVar->nameLen;
+		const char *p = start;
 
-		if (varnameLen >= (size_t)(bodyEnd - p))
-			continue;
-		if (memcmp(p, varname, varnameLen) != 0)
+		if (!cpp_skip_string(&p, vars[i]))
 			continue;
 		/* XXX: why test for backslash here? */
-		if (p[varnameLen] != ':' && p[varnameLen] != endc &&
-		    p[varnameLen] != '\\')
+		if (*p != ':' && *p != endc && *p != '\\')
 			continue;
 
 		/*
 		 * Found a variable match.  Skip over the variable name and
 		 * instead add ':U<value>' to the current body.
 		 */
-		Buf_AddBytesBetween(&f->curBody, *inout_mark, p);
-		Buf_AddStr(&f->curBody, ":U");
-		Buf_AddEscaped(&f->curBody,
-		    f->items.words[f->nextItem + i], endc);
+		Buf_AddBytesBetween(body, *inout_mark, start);
+		Buf_AddStr(body, ":U");
+		AddEscaped(body, f->items.words[firstItem + i], endc);
 
-		p += varnameLen;
 		*inout_mark = p;
 		*pp = p;
 		return;
@@ -412,10 +398,11 @@ ForLoop_SubstVarLong(ForLoop *f, const char **pp, const char *bodyEnd,
  * variable expressions like $i with their ${:U...} expansion.
  */
 static void
-ForLoop_SubstVarShort(ForLoop *f, const char *p, const char **inout_mark)
+ForLoop_SubstVarShort(ForLoop *f, unsigned int firstItem, Buffer *body,
+		      const char *p, const char **inout_mark)
 {
 	const char ch = *p;
-	const ForVar *vars;
+	const char **vars;
 	size_t i;
 
 	/* Skip $$ and stupid ones. */
@@ -424,20 +411,20 @@ ForLoop_SubstVarShort(ForLoop *f, const char *p, const char **inout_mark)
 
 	vars = Vector_Get(&f->vars, 0);
 	for (i = 0; i < f->vars.len; i++) {
-		const char *varname = vars[i].name;
+		const char *varname = vars[i];
 		if (varname[0] == ch && varname[1] == '\0')
 			goto found;
 	}
 	return;
 
 found:
-	Buf_AddBytesBetween(&f->curBody, *inout_mark, p);
+	Buf_AddBytesBetween(body, *inout_mark, p);
 	*inout_mark = p + 1;
 
 	/* Replace $<ch> with ${:U<value>} */
-	Buf_AddStr(&f->curBody, "{:U");
-	Buf_AddEscaped(&f->curBody, f->items.words[f->nextItem + i], '}');
-	Buf_AddByte(&f->curBody, '}');
+	Buf_AddStr(body, "{:U");
+	AddEscaped(body, f->items.words[firstItem + i], '}');
+	Buf_AddByte(body, '}');
 }
 
 /*
@@ -454,68 +441,59 @@ ForLoop_SubstVarShort(ForLoop *f, const char *p, const char **inout_mark)
  * possible to contrive a makefile where an unwanted substitution happens.
  */
 static void
-ForLoop_SubstBody(ForLoop *f)
+ForLoop_SubstBody(ForLoop *f, unsigned int firstItem, Buffer *body)
 {
-	const char *p, *bodyEnd;
+	const char *p, *end;
 	const char *mark;	/* where the last substitution left off */
 
-	Buf_Empty(&f->curBody);
+	Buf_Clear(body);
 
 	mark = f->body.data;
-	bodyEnd = f->body.data + f->body.len;
+	end = f->body.data + f->body.len;
 	for (p = mark; (p = strchr(p, '$')) != NULL;) {
 		if (p[1] == '{' || p[1] == '(') {
 			char endc = p[1] == '{' ? '}' : ')';
 			p += 2;
-			ForLoop_SubstVarLong(f, &p, bodyEnd, endc, &mark);
+			ForLoop_SubstVarLong(f, firstItem, body,
+			    &p, endc, &mark);
 		} else if (p[1] != '\0') {
-			ForLoop_SubstVarShort(f, p + 1, &mark);
+			ForLoop_SubstVarShort(f, firstItem, body,
+			    p + 1, &mark);
 			p += 2;
 		} else
 			break;
 	}
 
-	Buf_AddBytesBetween(&f->curBody, mark, bodyEnd);
+	Buf_AddBytesBetween(body, mark, end);
 }
 
 /*
  * Compute the body for the current iteration by copying the unexpanded body,
  * replacing the expressions for the iteration variables on the way.
  */
-static char *
-ForReadMore(void *v_arg, size_t *out_len)
+bool
+For_NextIteration(ForLoop *f, Buffer *body)
 {
-	ForLoop *f = v_arg;
+	if (f->nextItem == f->items.len)
+		return false;
 
-	if (f->nextItem == f->items.len) {
-		/* No more iterations */
-		ForLoop_Free(f);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	ForLoop_SubstBody(f);
-	DEBUG1(FOR, "For: loop body:\n%s", f->curBody.data);
 	f->nextItem += (unsigned int)f->vars.len;
-
-	*out_len = f->curBody.len;
-	return f->curBody.data;
+	ForLoop_SubstBody(f, f->nextItem - (unsigned int)f->vars.len, body);
+	DEBUG1(FOR, "For: loop body:\n%s", body->data);
+	return true;
 }
 
 /* Run the .for loop, imitating the actions of an include file. */
 void
-For_Run(int lineno)
+For_Run(unsigned headLineno, unsigned bodyReadLines)
 {
+	Buffer buf;
 	ForLoop *f = accumFor;
 	accumFor = NULL;
 
-	if (f->items.len == 0) {
-		/*
-		 * Nothing to expand - possibly due to an earlier syntax
-		 * error.
-		 */
+	if (f->items.len > 0) {
+		Buf_Init(&buf);
+		Parse_PushInput(NULL, headLineno, bodyReadLines, buf, f);
+	} else
 		ForLoop_Free(f);
-		return;
-	}
-
-	Parse_PushInput(NULL, lineno, -1, ForReadMore, f);
 }
diff --git a/hash.c b/hash.c
index ec0079fa4ba4..beef2a8419de 100644
--- a/hash.c
+++ b/hash.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: hash.c,v 1.66 2021/12/07 21:58:01 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: hash.c,v 1.71 2022/01/27 11:00:07 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
 #include "make.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)hash.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: hash.c,v 1.66 2021/12/07 21:58:01 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: hash.c,v 1.71 2022/01/27 11:00:07 rillig Exp $");
 
 /*
  * The ratio of # entries to # buckets at which we rebuild the table to
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: hash.c,v 1.66 2021/12/07 21:58:01 rillig Exp $");
 
 /* This hash function matches Gosling's Emacs and java.lang.String. */
 static unsigned int
-Hash_String(const char *key, size_t *out_keylen)
+Hash_String(const char *key, const char **out_keyEnd)
 {
 	unsigned int h;
 	const char *p;
@@ -93,8 +93,7 @@ Hash_String(const char *key, size_t *out_keylen)
 	for (p = key; *p != '\0'; p++)
 		h = 31 * h + (unsigned char)*p;
 
-	if (out_keylen != NULL)
-		*out_keylen = (size_t)(p - key);
+	*out_keyEnd = p;
 	return h;
 }
 
@@ -112,53 +111,22 @@ Hash_Substring(Substring key)
 }
 
 static HashEntry *
-HashTable_Find(HashTable *t, unsigned int h, const char *key)
+HashTable_Find(HashTable *t, Substring key, unsigned int h)
 {
 	HashEntry *e;
 	unsigned int chainlen = 0;
+	size_t keyLen = Substring_Length(key);
 
 #ifdef DEBUG_HASH_LOOKUP
-	DEBUG4(HASH, "%s: %p h=%08x key=%s\n", __func__, t, h, key);
+	DEBUG4(HASH, "HashTable_Find: %p h=%08x key=%.*s\n",
+	    t, h, (int)keyLen, key.start);
 #endif
 
 	for (e = t->buckets[h & t->bucketsMask]; e != NULL; e = e->next) {
 		chainlen++;
-		if (e->key_hash == h && strcmp(e->key, key) == 0)
-			break;
-	}
-
-	if (chainlen > t->maxchain)
-		t->maxchain = chainlen;
-
-	return e;
-}
-
-static bool
-HashEntry_KeyEquals(const HashEntry *he, Substring key)
-{
-	const char *heKey, *p;
-
-	heKey = he->key;
-	for (p = key.start; p != key.end; p++, heKey++)
-		if (*p != *heKey || *heKey == '\0')
-			return false;
-	return *heKey == '\0';
-}
-
-static HashEntry *
-HashTable_FindEntryBySubstring(HashTable *t, Substring key, unsigned int h)
-{
-	HashEntry *e;
-	unsigned int chainlen = 0;
-
-#ifdef DEBUG_HASH_LOOKUP
-	DEBUG5(HASH, "%s: %p h=%08x key=%.*s\n", __func__, t, h,
-	    (int)Substring_Length(key), key.start);
-#endif
-
-	for (e = t->buckets[h & t->bucketsMask]; e != NULL; e = e->next) {
-		chainlen++;
-		if (e->key_hash == h && HashEntry_KeyEquals(e, key))
+		if (e->key_hash == h &&
+		    strncmp(e->key, key.start, keyLen) == 0 &&
+		    e->key[keyLen] == '\0')
 			break;
 	}
 
@@ -213,8 +181,9 @@ HashTable_Done(HashTable *t)
 HashEntry *
 HashTable_FindEntry(HashTable *t, const char *key)
 {
-	unsigned int h = Hash_String(key, NULL);
-	return HashTable_Find(t, h, key);
+	const char *keyEnd;
+	unsigned int h = Hash_String(key, &keyEnd);
+	return HashTable_Find(t, Substring_Init(key, keyEnd), h);
 }
 
 /* Find the value corresponding to the key, or return NULL. */
@@ -232,7 +201,7 @@ HashTable_FindValue(HashTable *t, const char *key)
 void *
 HashTable_FindValueBySubstringHash(HashTable *t, Substring key, unsigned int h)
 {
-	HashEntry *he = HashTable_FindEntryBySubstring(t, key, h);
+	HashEntry *he = HashTable_Find(t, key, h);
 	return he != NULL ? he->value : NULL;
 }
 
@@ -268,8 +237,8 @@ HashTable_Enlarge(HashTable *t)
 	t->bucketsSize = newSize;
 	t->bucketsMask = newMask;
 	t->buckets = newBuckets;
-	DEBUG5(HASH, "%s: %p size=%d entries=%d maxchain=%d\n",
-	    __func__, (void *)t, t->bucketsSize, t->numEntries, t->maxchain);
+	DEBUG4(HASH, "HashTable_Enlarge: %p size=%d entries=%d maxchain=%d\n",
+	    (void *)t, t->bucketsSize, t->numEntries, t->maxchain);
 	t->maxchain = 0;
 }
 
@@ -280,9 +249,9 @@ HashTable_Enlarge(HashTable *t)
 HashEntry *
 HashTable_CreateEntry(HashTable *t, const char *key, bool *out_isNew)
 {
-	size_t keylen;
-	unsigned int h = Hash_String(key, &keylen);
-	HashEntry *he = HashTable_Find(t, h, key);
+	const char *keyEnd;
+	unsigned int h = Hash_String(key, &keyEnd);
+	HashEntry *he = HashTable_Find(t, Substring_Init(key, keyEnd), h);
 
 	if (he != NULL) {
 		if (out_isNew != NULL)
@@ -293,10 +262,10 @@ HashTable_CreateEntry(HashTable *t, const char *key, bool *out_isNew)
 	if (t->numEntries >= rebuildLimit * t->bucketsSize)
 		HashTable_Enlarge(t);
 
-	he = bmake_malloc(sizeof *he + keylen);
+	he = bmake_malloc(sizeof *he + (size_t)(keyEnd - key));
 	he->value = NULL;
 	he->key_hash = h;
-	memcpy(he->key, key, keylen + 1);
+	memcpy(he->key, key, (size_t)(keyEnd - key) + 1);
 
 	he->next = t->buckets[h & t->bucketsMask];
 	t->buckets[h & t->bucketsMask] = he;
@@ -307,12 +276,11 @@ HashTable_CreateEntry(HashTable *t, const char *key, bool *out_isNew)
 	return he;
 }
 
-HashEntry *
+void
 HashTable_Set(HashTable *t, const char *key, void *value)
 {
 	HashEntry *he = HashTable_CreateEntry(t, key, NULL);
 	HashEntry_Set(he, value);
-	return he;
 }
 
 /* Delete the entry from the table and free the associated memory. */
@@ -361,5 +329,5 @@ void
 HashTable_DebugStats(HashTable *t, const char *name)
 {
 	DEBUG4(HASH, "HashTable %s: size=%u numEntries=%u maxchain=%u\n",
-	       name, t->bucketsSize, t->numEntries, t->maxchain);
+	    name, t->bucketsSize, t->numEntries, t->maxchain);
 }
diff --git a/hash.h b/hash.h
index 8ff5490bdd95..016108c39060 100644
--- a/hash.h
+++ b/hash.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: hash.h,v 1.41 2021/12/07 21:58:01 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: hash.h,v 1.46 2022/01/31 22:58:26 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@ typedef struct HashEntry {
 
 /* The hash table containing the entries. */
 typedef struct HashTable {
-	HashEntry **buckets;	/* Pointers to HashEntry, one
-				 * for each bucket in the table. */
+	HashEntry **buckets;	/* Pointers to HashEntry, one for each bucket
+				 * in the table. */
 	unsigned int bucketsSize;
 	unsigned int numEntries; /* Number of entries in the table. */
 	unsigned int bucketsMask; /* Used to select the bucket for a hash. */
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ typedef struct HashSet {
 	HashTable tbl;
 } HashSet;
 
-MAKE_INLINE void *
+MAKE_INLINE void * MAKE_ATTR_USE
 HashEntry_Get(HashEntry *h)
 {
 	return h->value;
@@ -131,16 +131,16 @@ HashIter_Init(HashIter *hi, HashTable *t)
 
 void HashTable_Init(HashTable *);
 void HashTable_Done(HashTable *);
-HashEntry *HashTable_FindEntry(HashTable *, const char *);
-void *HashTable_FindValue(HashTable *, const char *);
-unsigned int Hash_Substring(Substring);
-void *HashTable_FindValueBySubstringHash(HashTable *, Substring, unsigned int);
+HashEntry *HashTable_FindEntry(HashTable *, const char *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+void *HashTable_FindValue(HashTable *, const char *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+unsigned int Hash_Substring(Substring) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+void *HashTable_FindValueBySubstringHash(HashTable *, Substring, unsigned int)
+    MAKE_ATTR_USE;
 HashEntry *HashTable_CreateEntry(HashTable *, const char *, bool *);
-HashEntry *HashTable_Set(HashTable *, const char *, void *);
+void HashTable_Set(HashTable *, const char *, void *);
 void HashTable_DeleteEntry(HashTable *, HashEntry *);
 void HashTable_DebugStats(HashTable *, const char *);
 
-void HashIter_Init(HashIter *, HashTable *);
 HashEntry *HashIter_Next(HashIter *);
 
 MAKE_INLINE void
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ HashSet_Add(HashSet *set, const char *key)
 	return isNew;
 }
 
-MAKE_INLINE bool
+MAKE_INLINE bool MAKE_ATTR_USE
 HashSet_Contains(HashSet *set, const char *key)
 {
 	return HashTable_FindEntry(&set->tbl, key) != NULL;
@@ -176,4 +176,4 @@ HashIter_InitSet(HashIter *hi, HashSet *set)
 	HashIter_Init(hi, &set->tbl);
 }
 
-#endif /* MAKE_HASH_H */
+#endif
diff --git a/job.c b/job.c
index 41fb8c34c263..2c04a17a200b 100644
--- a/job.c
+++ b/job.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: job.c,v 1.440 2021/11/28 19:51:06 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: job.c,v 1.451 2022/02/04 23:22:19 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
 #include "trace.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)job.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 3/19/94"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: job.c,v 1.440 2021/11/28 19:51:06 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: job.c,v 1.451 2022/02/04 23:22:19 rillig Exp $");
 
 /*
  * A shell defines how the commands are run.  All commands for a target are
@@ -214,13 +214,15 @@ typedef struct Shell {
 	const char *errOff;	/* command to turn off error checking */
 
 	const char *echoTmpl;	/* template to echo a command */
-	const char *runIgnTmpl;	/* template to run a command
-				 * without error checking */
-	const char *runChkTmpl;	/* template to run a command
-				 * with error checking */
+	const char *runIgnTmpl;	/* template to run a command without error
+				 * checking */
+	const char *runChkTmpl;	/* template to run a command with error
+				 * checking */
 
-	/* string literal that results in a newline character when it appears
-	 * outside of any 'quote' or "quote" characters */
+	/*
+	 * A string literal that results in a newline character when it
+	 * occurs outside of any 'quote' or "quote" characters.
+	 */
 	const char *newline;
 	char commentChar;	/* character used by shell for comment lines */
 
@@ -438,7 +440,7 @@ static void watchfd(Job *);
 static void clearfd(Job *);
 static bool readyfd(Job *);
 
-static char *targPrefix = NULL; /* To identify a job change in the output. */
+static char *targPrefix = NULL;	/* To identify a job change in the output. */
 static Job tokenWaitJob;	/* token wait pseudo-job */
 
 static Job childExitJob;	/* child exit pseudo-job */
@@ -517,13 +519,13 @@ JobDeleteTarget(GNode *gn)
 		return;
 	if (gn->type & OP_PHONY)
 		return;
-	if (Targ_Precious(gn))
+	if (GNode_IsPrecious(gn))
 		return;
 	if (opts.noExecute)
 		return;
 
 	file = GNode_Path(gn);
-	if (eunlink(file) != -1)
+	if (unlink_file(file))
 		Error("*** %s removed", file);
 }
 
@@ -924,7 +926,7 @@ JobWriteCommand(Job *job, ShellWriter *wr, StringListNode *ln, const char *ucmd)
 
 	run = GNode_ShouldExecute(job->node);
 
-	Var_Subst(ucmd, job->node, VARE_WANTRES, &xcmd);
+	(void)Var_Subst(ucmd, job->node, VARE_WANTRES, &xcmd);
 	/* TODO: handle errors */
 	xcmdStart = xcmd;
 
@@ -938,7 +940,7 @@ JobWriteCommand(Job *job, ShellWriter *wr, StringListNode *ln, const char *ucmd)
 		 * We're not actually executing anything...
 		 * but this one needs to be - use compat mode just for it.
 		 */
-		Compat_RunCommand(ucmd, job->node, ln);
+		(void)Compat_RunCommand(ucmd, job->node, ln);
 		free(xcmdStart);
 		return;
 	}
@@ -1119,7 +1121,7 @@ JobFinishDoneExitedError(Job *job, WAIT_T *inout_status)
 	else {
 		if (deleteOnError)
 			JobDeleteTarget(job->node);
-		PrintOnError(job->node, NULL);
+		PrintOnError(job->node, "\n");
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1279,9 +1281,11 @@ TouchRegular(GNode *gn)
 		return;		/* XXX: What about propagating the error? */
 	}
 
-	/* Last resort: update the file's time stamps in the traditional way.
+	/*
+	 * Last resort: update the file's time stamps in the traditional way.
 	 * XXX: This doesn't work for empty files, which are sometimes used
-	 * as marker files. */
+	 * as marker files.
+	 */
 	if (read(fd, &c, 1) == 1) {
 		(void)lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
 		while (write(fd, &c, 1) == -1 && errno == EAGAIN)
@@ -1383,7 +1387,7 @@ Job_CheckCommands(GNode *gn, void (*abortProc)(const char *, ...))
 	if (gn->flags.fromDepend) {
 		if (!Job_RunTarget(".STALE", gn->fname))
 			fprintf(stdout,
-			    "%s: %s, %d: ignoring stale %s for %s\n",
+			    "%s: %s, %u: ignoring stale %s for %s\n",
 			    progname, gn->fname, gn->lineno, makeDependfile,
 			    gn->name);
 		return true;
@@ -1455,9 +1459,8 @@ JobExec(Job *job, char **argv)
 		sigset_t tmask;
 
 #ifdef USE_META
-		if (useMeta) {
+		if (useMeta)
 			meta_job_child(job);
-		}
 #endif
 		/*
 		 * Reset all signal handlers; this is necessary because we
@@ -1539,9 +1542,8 @@ JobExec(Job *job, char **argv)
 	Trace_Log(JOBSTART, job);
 
 #ifdef USE_META
-	if (useMeta) {
+	if (useMeta)
 		meta_job_parent(job, cpid);
-	}
 #endif
 
 	/*
@@ -1635,7 +1637,7 @@ JobWriteShellCommands(Job *job, GNode *gn, bool *out_run)
 #ifdef USE_META
 	if (useMeta) {
 		meta_job_start(job, gn);
-		if (gn->type & OP_SILENT) /* might have changed */
+		if (gn->type & OP_SILENT)	/* might have changed */
 			job->echo = false;
 	}
 #endif
@@ -1679,7 +1681,7 @@ JobStart(GNode *gn, bool special)
 
 	job->special = special || gn->type & OP_SPECIAL;
 	job->ignerr = opts.ignoreErrors || gn->type & OP_IGNORE;
-	job->echo = !(opts.beSilent || gn->type & OP_SILENT);
+	job->echo = !(opts.silent || gn->type & OP_SILENT);
 
 	/*
 	 * Check the commands now so any attributes from .DEFAULT have a
@@ -1698,11 +1700,11 @@ JobStart(GNode *gn, bool special)
 		 * also dead...
 		 */
 		if (!cmdsOK) {
-			PrintOnError(gn, NULL); /* provide some clue */
+			PrintOnError(gn, "\n");	/* provide some clue */
 			DieHorribly();
 		}
 	} else if (((gn->type & OP_MAKE) && !opts.noRecursiveExecute) ||
-	    (!opts.noExecute && !opts.touchFlag)) {
+	    (!opts.noExecute && !opts.touch)) {
 		/*
 		 * The above condition looks very similar to
 		 * GNode_ShouldExecute but is subtly different.  It prevents
@@ -1715,7 +1717,7 @@ JobStart(GNode *gn, bool special)
 		 * also dead...
 		 */
 		if (!cmdsOK) {
-			PrintOnError(gn, NULL); /* provide some clue */
+			PrintOnError(gn, "\n");	/* provide some clue */
 			DieHorribly();
 		}
 
@@ -1935,7 +1937,7 @@ CollectOutput(Job *job, bool finish)
 			 * we add one of our own free will.
 			 */
 			if (*cp != '\0') {
-				if (!opts.beSilent)
+				if (!opts.silent)
 					SwitchOutputTo(job->node);
 #ifdef USE_META
 				if (useMeta) {
@@ -1999,7 +2001,7 @@ JobRun(GNode *targ)
 	Compat_Make(targ, targ);
 	/* XXX: Replace with GNode_IsError(gn) */
 	if (targ->made == ERROR) {
-		PrintOnError(targ, "\n\nStop.");
+		PrintOnError(targ, "\n\nStop.\n");
 		exit(1);
 	}
 #endif
@@ -2147,9 +2149,8 @@ Job_CatchOutput(void)
 		 * than job->inPollfd.
 		 */
 		if (useMeta && job->inPollfd != &fds[i]) {
-			if (meta_job_event(job) <= 0) {
-				fds[i].events = 0; /* never mind */
-			}
+			if (meta_job_event(job) <= 0)
+				fds[i].events = 0;	/* never mind */
 		}
 #endif
 		if (--nready == 0)
@@ -2203,14 +2204,8 @@ Shell_Init(void)
 			free(shellErrFlag);
 			shellErrFlag = NULL;
 		}
-		if (shellErrFlag == NULL) {
-			size_t n = strlen(shell->errFlag) + 2;
-
-			shellErrFlag = bmake_malloc(n);
-			if (shellErrFlag != NULL)
-				snprintf(shellErrFlag, n, "-%s",
-				    shell->errFlag);
-		}
+		if (shellErrFlag == NULL)
+			shellErrFlag = str_concat2("-", shell->errFlag);
 	} else if (shellErrFlag != NULL) {
 		free(shellErrFlag);
 		shellErrFlag = NULL;
@@ -2329,8 +2324,10 @@ Job_Init(void)
 	AddSig(SIGCONT, JobContinueSig);
 
 	(void)Job_RunTarget(".BEGIN", NULL);
-	/* Create the .END node now, even though no code in the unit tests
-	 * depends on it.  See also Targ_GetEndNode in Compat_Run. */
+	/*
+	 * Create the .END node now, even though no code in the unit tests
+	 * depends on it.  See also Targ_GetEndNode in Compat_Run.
+	 */
 	(void)Targ_GetEndNode();
 }
 
@@ -2470,13 +2467,17 @@ Job_ParseShell(char *line)
 			} else if (strncmp(arg, "newline=", 8) == 0) {
 				newShell.newline = arg + 8;
 			} else if (strncmp(arg, "check=", 6) == 0) {
-				/* Before 2020-12-10, these two variables
-				 * had been a single variable. */
+				/*
+				 * Before 2020-12-10, these two variables had
+				 * been a single variable.
+				 */
 				newShell.errOn = arg + 6;
 				newShell.echoTmpl = arg + 6;
 			} else if (strncmp(arg, "ignore=", 7) == 0) {
-				/* Before 2020-12-10, these two variables
-				 * had been a single variable. */
+				/*
+				 * Before 2020-12-10, these two variables had
+				 * been a single variable.
+				 */
 				newShell.errOff = arg + 7;
 				newShell.runIgnTmpl = arg + 7;
 			} else if (strncmp(arg, "errout=", 7) == 0) {
@@ -2618,7 +2619,7 @@ JobInterrupt(bool runINTERRUPT, int signo)
 
 	JobSigUnlock(&mask);
 
-	if (runINTERRUPT && !opts.touchFlag) {
+	if (runINTERRUPT && !opts.touch) {
 		interrupt = Targ_FindNode(".INTERRUPT");
 		if (interrupt != NULL) {
 			opts.ignoreErrors = false;
@@ -2838,7 +2839,7 @@ Job_TempFile(const char *pattern, char *tfile, size_t tfile_sz)
 	JobSigLock(&mask);
 	fd = mkTempFile(pattern, tfile, tfile_sz);
 	if (tfile != NULL && !DEBUG(SCRIPT))
-	    unlink(tfile);
+		unlink(tfile);
 	JobSigUnlock(&mask);
 
 	return fd;
@@ -2970,7 +2971,7 @@ Job_RunTarget(const char *target, const char *fname)
 	JobRun(gn);
 	/* XXX: Replace with GNode_IsError(gn) */
 	if (gn->made == ERROR) {
-		PrintOnError(gn, "\n\nStop.");
+		PrintOnError(gn, "\n\nStop.\n");
 		exit(1);
 	}
 	return true;
@@ -3035,4 +3036,4 @@ emul_poll(struct pollfd *fd, int nfd, int timeout)
 
 	return npoll;
 }
-#endif /* USE_SELECT */
+#endif				/* USE_SELECT */
diff --git a/job.h b/job.h
index ef66602518d7..574c12ed16a0 100644
--- a/job.h
+++ b/job.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: job.h,v 1.73 2021/04/03 11:08:40 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: job.h,v 1.77 2021/12/15 12:58:01 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
 #ifndef MAKE_JOB_H
 #define MAKE_JOB_H
 
-#define TMPPAT	"makeXXXXXX"		/* relative to tmpdir */
+#define TMPPAT	"makeXXXXXX"	/* relative to tmpdir */
 
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
 /*
@@ -92,16 +92,15 @@
 #define pollfd emul_pollfd
 
 struct emul_pollfd {
-    int fd;
-    short events;
-    short revents;
+	int fd;
+	short events;
+	short revents;
 };
 
 #define POLLIN		0x0001
 #define POLLOUT		0x0004
 
-int
-emul_poll(struct pollfd *fd, int nfd, int timeout);
+int emul_poll(struct pollfd *, int, int);
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -145,9 +144,11 @@ typedef struct Job {
 	/* The target the child is making */
 	GNode *node;
 
-	/* If one of the shell commands is "...", all following commands are
-	* delayed until the .END node is made.  This list node points to the
-	* first of these commands, if any. */
+	/*
+	 * If one of the shell commands is "...", all following commands are
+	 * delayed until the .END node is made.  This list node points to the
+	 * first of these commands, if any.
+	 */
 	StringListNode *tailCmds;
 
 	/* This is where the shell commands go. */
@@ -187,24 +188,25 @@ extern char *shellErrFlag;
 extern int jobTokensRunning;	/* tokens currently "out" */
 
 void Shell_Init(void);
-const char *Shell_GetNewline(void);
+const char *Shell_GetNewline(void) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
 void Job_Touch(GNode *, bool);
-bool Job_CheckCommands(GNode *, void (*abortProc)(const char *, ...));
+bool Job_CheckCommands(GNode *, void (*abortProc)(const char *, ...))
+    MAKE_ATTR_USE;
 void Job_CatchChildren(void);
 void Job_CatchOutput(void);
 void Job_Make(GNode *);
 void Job_Init(void);
-bool Job_ParseShell(char *);
+bool Job_ParseShell(char *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
 int Job_Finish(void);
 void Job_End(void);
 void Job_Wait(void);
 void Job_AbortAll(void);
 void Job_TokenReturn(void);
-bool Job_TokenWithdraw(void);
+bool Job_TokenWithdraw(void) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
 void Job_ServerStart(int, int, int);
 void Job_SetPrefix(void);
 bool Job_RunTarget(const char *, const char *);
 void Job_FlagsToString(const Job *, char *, size_t);
-int Job_TempFile(const char *, char *, size_t);
+int Job_TempFile(const char *, char *, size_t) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
 
-#endif /* MAKE_JOB_H */
+#endif
diff --git a/lst.h b/lst.h
index 02f1ae9ec38c..597b687215f7 100644
--- a/lst.h
+++ b/lst.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: lst.h,v 1.99 2021/12/05 10:11:31 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: lst.h,v 1.102 2021/12/15 12:24:13 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ typedef void LstFreeProc(void *);
 /* Create or destroy a list */
 
 /* Create a new list. */
-List *Lst_New(void);
+List *Lst_New(void) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
 /* Free the list nodes, but not the list itself. */
 void Lst_Done(List *);
 /* Free the list nodes, freeing the node data using the given function. */
@@ -129,14 +129,14 @@ Lst_Init(List *list)
 
 /* Get information about a list */
 
-MAKE_INLINE bool
+MAKE_INLINE bool MAKE_ATTR_USE
 Lst_IsEmpty(List *list)
 {
 	return list->first == NULL;
 }
 
 /* Find the first node that contains the given datum, or NULL. */
-ListNode *Lst_FindDatum(List *, const void *);
+ListNode *Lst_FindDatum(List *, const void *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
 
 /* Modify a list */
 
@@ -163,12 +163,13 @@ void LstNode_SetNull(ListNode *);
 
 /* Add a datum at the tail of the queue. */
 MAKE_INLINE void
-Lst_Enqueue(List *list, void *datum) {
+Lst_Enqueue(List *list, void *datum)
+{
 	Lst_Append(list, datum);
 }
 
 /* Remove the head node of the queue and return its datum. */
-void *Lst_Dequeue(List *);
+void *Lst_Dequeue(List *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
 
 /*
  * A vector is an ordered collection of items, allowing for fast indexed
@@ -187,7 +188,7 @@ void Vector_Init(Vector *, size_t);
  * Return the pointer to the given item in the vector.
  * The returned data is valid until the next modifying operation.
  */
-MAKE_INLINE void *
+MAKE_INLINE void * MAKE_ATTR_USE
 Vector_Get(Vector *v, size_t i)
 {
 	unsigned char *items = v->items;
@@ -198,8 +199,9 @@ void *Vector_Push(Vector *);
 void *Vector_Pop(Vector *);
 
 MAKE_INLINE void
-Vector_Done(Vector *v) {
+Vector_Done(Vector *v)
+{
 	free(v->items);
 }
 
-#endif /* MAKE_LST_H */
+#endif
diff --git a/main.c b/main.c
index 60be60c7ca90..d328779ac082 100644
--- a/main.c
+++ b/main.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: main.c,v 1.541 2021/08/14 13:32:12 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: main.c,v 1.577 2022/01/29 09:38:26 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
 #include "trace.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)main.c	8.3 (Berkeley) 3/19/94"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: main.c,v 1.541 2021/08/14 13:32:12 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: main.c,v 1.577 2022/01/29 09:38:26 rillig Exp $");
 #if defined(MAKE_NATIVE) && !defined(lint)
 __COPYRIGHT("@(#) Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993 "
 	    "The Regents of the University of California.  "
@@ -135,10 +135,10 @@ static int jp_0 = -1, jp_1 = -1; /* ends of parent job pipe */
 bool doing_depend;		/* Set while reading .depend */
 static bool jobsRunning;	/* true if the jobs might be running */
 static const char *tracefile;
-static int ReadMakefile(const char *);
+static bool ReadMakefile(const char *);
 static void purge_relative_cached_realpaths(void);
 
-static bool ignorePWD;	/* if we use -C, PWD is meaningless */
+static bool ignorePWD;		/* if we use -C, PWD is meaningless */
 static char objdir[MAXPATHLEN + 1]; /* where we chdir'ed to */
 char curdir[MAXPATHLEN + 1];	/* Startup directory */
 const char *progname;
@@ -157,35 +157,26 @@ static HashTable cached_realpaths;
 static char *
 explode(const char *flags)
 {
-	size_t len;
-	char *nf, *st;
-	const char *f;
+	char *exploded, *ep;
+	const char *p;
 
 	if (flags == NULL)
 		return NULL;
 
-	for (f = flags; *f != '\0'; f++)
-		if (!ch_isalpha(*f))
-			break;
+	for (p = flags; *p != '\0'; p++)
+		if (!ch_isalpha(*p))
+			return bmake_strdup(flags);
 
-	if (*f != '\0')
-		return bmake_strdup(flags);
-
-	len = strlen(flags);
-	st = nf = bmake_malloc(len * 3 + 1);
-	while (*flags != '\0') {
-		*nf++ = '-';
-		*nf++ = *flags++;
-		*nf++ = ' ';
+	exploded = bmake_malloc((size_t)(p - flags) * 3 + 1);
+	for (p = flags, ep = exploded; *p != '\0'; p++) {
+		*ep++ = '-';
+		*ep++ = *p;
+		*ep++ = ' ';
 	}
-	*nf = '\0';
-	return st;
+	*ep = '\0';
+	return exploded;
 }
 
-/*
- * usage --
- *	exit with usage message
- */
 MAKE_ATTR_DEAD static void
 usage(void)
 {
@@ -229,15 +220,15 @@ MainParseArgDebugFile(const char *arg)
 	fname = bmake_malloc(len + 20);
 	memcpy(fname, arg, len + 1);
 
-	/* Let the filename be modified by the pid */
-	if (strcmp(fname + len - 3, ".%d") == 0)
+	/* Replace the trailing '%d' after '.%d' with the pid. */
+	if (len >= 3 && memcmp(fname + len - 3, ".%d", 3) == 0)
 		snprintf(fname + len - 2, 20, "%d", getpid());
 
 	opts.debug_file = fopen(fname, mode);
 	if (opts.debug_file == NULL) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open debug file %s\n",
+		fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open debug file \"%s\"\n",
 		    fname);
-		usage();
+		exit(2);
 	}
 	free(fname);
 }
@@ -251,79 +242,79 @@ MainParseArgDebug(const char *argvalue)
 	for (modules = argvalue; *modules != '\0'; modules++) {
 		switch (*modules) {
 		case '0':	/* undocumented, only intended for tests */
-			debug = DEBUG_NONE;
+			memset(&debug, 0, sizeof(debug));
 			break;
 		case 'A':
-			debug = DEBUG_ALL;
+			memset(&debug, ~0, sizeof(debug));
 			break;
 		case 'a':
-			debug |= DEBUG_ARCH;
+			debug.DEBUG_ARCH = true;
 			break;
 		case 'C':
-			debug |= DEBUG_CWD;
+			debug.DEBUG_CWD = true;
 			break;
 		case 'c':
-			debug |= DEBUG_COND;
+			debug.DEBUG_COND = true;
 			break;
 		case 'd':
-			debug |= DEBUG_DIR;
+			debug.DEBUG_DIR = true;
 			break;
 		case 'e':
-			debug |= DEBUG_ERROR;
+			debug.DEBUG_ERROR = true;
 			break;
 		case 'f':
-			debug |= DEBUG_FOR;
+			debug.DEBUG_FOR = true;
 			break;
 		case 'g':
 			if (modules[1] == '1') {
-				debug |= DEBUG_GRAPH1;
+				debug.DEBUG_GRAPH1 = true;
 				modules++;
 			} else if (modules[1] == '2') {
-				debug |= DEBUG_GRAPH2;
+				debug.DEBUG_GRAPH2 = true;
 				modules++;
 			} else if (modules[1] == '3') {
-				debug |= DEBUG_GRAPH3;
+				debug.DEBUG_GRAPH3 = true;
 				modules++;
 			}
 			break;
 		case 'h':
-			debug |= DEBUG_HASH;
+			debug.DEBUG_HASH = true;
 			break;
 		case 'j':
-			debug |= DEBUG_JOB;
+			debug.DEBUG_JOB = true;
 			break;
 		case 'L':
 			opts.strict = true;
 			break;
 		case 'l':
-			debug |= DEBUG_LOUD;
+			debug.DEBUG_LOUD = true;
 			break;
 		case 'M':
-			debug |= DEBUG_META;
+			debug.DEBUG_META = true;
 			break;
 		case 'm':
-			debug |= DEBUG_MAKE;
+			debug.DEBUG_MAKE = true;
 			break;
 		case 'n':
-			debug |= DEBUG_SCRIPT;
+			debug.DEBUG_SCRIPT = true;
 			break;
 		case 'p':
-			debug |= DEBUG_PARSE;
+			debug.DEBUG_PARSE = true;
 			break;
 		case 's':
-			debug |= DEBUG_SUFF;
+			debug.DEBUG_SUFF = true;
 			break;
 		case 't':
-			debug |= DEBUG_TARG;
+			debug.DEBUG_TARG = true;
 			break;
 		case 'V':
 			opts.debugVflag = true;
 			break;
 		case 'v':
-			debug |= DEBUG_VAR;
+			debug.DEBUG_VAR = true;
 			break;
 		case 'x':
-			debug |= DEBUG_SHELL;
+			debug.DEBUG_SHELL = true;
 			break;
 		case 'F':
 			MainParseArgDebugFile(modules + 1);
@@ -403,12 +394,6 @@ MainParseArgJobsInternal(const char *argvalue)
 	}
 	if ((fcntl(jp_0, F_GETFD, 0) < 0) ||
 	    (fcntl(jp_1, F_GETFD, 0) < 0)) {
-#if 0
-		(void)fprintf(stderr,
-		    "%s: ###### warning -- J descriptors were closed!\n",
-		    progname);
-		exit(2);
-#endif
 		jp_0 = -1;
 		jp_1 = -1;
 		opts.compatMake = true;
@@ -469,8 +454,9 @@ MainParseArg(char c, const char *argvalue)
 		MainParseArgChdir(argvalue);
 		break;
 	case 'D':
-		if (argvalue[0] == '\0') return false;
-		Global_SetExpand(argvalue, "1");
+		if (argvalue[0] == '\0')
+			return false;
+		Var_SetExpand(SCOPE_GLOBAL, argvalue, "1");
 		Global_Append(MAKEFLAGS, "-D");
 		Global_Append(MAKEFLAGS, argvalue);
 		break;
@@ -506,7 +492,7 @@ MainParseArg(char c, const char *argvalue)
 		break;
 	case 'W':
 		opts.parseWarnFatal = true;
-		/* XXX: why no Var_Append? */
+		/* XXX: why no Global_Append? */
 		break;
 	case 'X':
 		opts.varNoExportEnv = true;
@@ -549,7 +535,7 @@ MainParseArg(char c, const char *argvalue)
 		Global_Append(MAKEFLAGS, "-n");
 		break;
 	case 'q':
-		opts.queryFlag = true;
+		opts.query = true;
 		/* Kind of nonsensical, wot? */
 		Global_Append(MAKEFLAGS, "-q");
 		break;
@@ -558,11 +544,11 @@ MainParseArg(char c, const char *argvalue)
 		Global_Append(MAKEFLAGS, "-r");
 		break;
 	case 's':
-		opts.beSilent = true;
+		opts.silent = true;
 		Global_Append(MAKEFLAGS, "-s");
 		break;
 	case 't':
-		opts.touchFlag = true;
+		opts.touch = true;
 		Global_Append(MAKEFLAGS, "-t");
 		break;
 	case 'w':
@@ -570,7 +556,6 @@ MainParseArg(char c, const char *argvalue)
 		Global_Append(MAKEFLAGS, "-w");
 		break;
 	default:
-	case '?':
 		usage();
 	}
 	return true;
@@ -622,7 +607,10 @@ MainParseArgs(int argc, char **argv)
 		/* '-' found at some earlier point */
 		optspec = strchr(optspecs, c);
 		if (c != '\0' && optspec != NULL && optspec[1] == ':') {
-			/* -<something> found, and <something> should have an arg */
+			/*
+			 * -<something> found, and <something> should have an
+			 * argument
+			 */
 			inOption = false;
 			arginc = 1;
 			argvalue = optscan;
@@ -657,10 +645,7 @@ MainParseArgs(int argc, char **argv)
 	 * on the end of the "create" list.
 	 */
 	for (; argc > 1; argv++, argc--) {
-		VarAssign var;
-		if (Parse_IsVar(argv[1], &var)) {
-			Parse_Var(&var, SCOPE_CMDLINE);
-		} else {
+		if (!Parse_VarAssign(argv[1], false, SCOPE_CMDLINE)) {
 			if (argv[1][0] == '\0')
 				Punt("illegal (null) argument.");
 			if (argv[1][0] == '-' && !dashDash)
@@ -735,7 +720,6 @@ Main_SetObjdir(bool writable, const char *fmt, ...)
 	char *path;
 	char buf[MAXPATHLEN + 1];
 	char buf2[MAXPATHLEN + 1];
-	bool rc = false;
 	va_list ap;
 
 	va_start(ap, fmt);
@@ -748,49 +732,39 @@ Main_SetObjdir(bool writable, const char *fmt, ...)
 	}
 
 	/* look for the directory and try to chdir there */
-	if (stat(path, &sb) == 0 && S_ISDIR(sb.st_mode)) {
-		if ((writable && access(path, W_OK) != 0) ||
-		    (chdir(path) != 0)) {
-			(void)fprintf(stderr, "%s warning: %s: %s.\n",
-			    progname, path, strerror(errno));
-		} else {
-			snprintf(objdir, sizeof objdir, "%s", path);
-			Global_Set(".OBJDIR", objdir);
-			setenv("PWD", objdir, 1);
-			Dir_InitDot();
-			purge_relative_cached_realpaths();
-			rc = true;
-			if (opts.enterFlag && strcmp(objdir, curdir) != 0)
-				enterFlagObj = true;
-		}
+	if (stat(path, &sb) != 0 || !S_ISDIR(sb.st_mode))
+		return false;
+
+	if ((writable && access(path, W_OK) != 0) || chdir(path) != 0) {
+		(void)fprintf(stderr, "%s warning: %s: %s.\n",
+		    progname, path, strerror(errno));
+		return false;
 	}
 
-	return rc;
+	snprintf(objdir, sizeof objdir, "%s", path);
+	Global_Set(".OBJDIR", objdir);
+	setenv("PWD", objdir, 1);
+	Dir_InitDot();
+	purge_relative_cached_realpaths();
+	if (opts.enterFlag && strcmp(objdir, curdir) != 0)
+		enterFlagObj = true;
+	return true;
 }
 
 static bool
 SetVarObjdir(bool writable, const char *var, const char *suffix)
 {
 	FStr path = Var_Value(SCOPE_CMDLINE, var);
-	FStr xpath;
 
 	if (path.str == NULL || path.str[0] == '\0') {
 		FStr_Done(&path);
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	/* expand variable substitutions */
-	xpath = FStr_InitRefer(path.str);
-	if (strchr(path.str, '$') != 0) {
-		char *expanded;
-		(void)Var_Subst(path.str, SCOPE_GLOBAL, VARE_WANTRES, &expanded);
-		/* TODO: handle errors */
-		xpath = FStr_InitOwn(expanded);
-	}
+	Var_Expand(&path, SCOPE_GLOBAL, VARE_WANTRES);
 
-	(void)Main_SetObjdir(writable, "%s%s", xpath.str, suffix);
+	(void)Main_SetObjdir(writable, "%s%s", path.str, suffix);
 
-	FStr_Done(&xpath);
 	FStr_Done(&path);
 	return true;
 }
@@ -861,7 +835,7 @@ PrintVar(const char *varname, bool expandVars)
 		(void)Var_Subst(varname, SCOPE_GLOBAL, VARE_WANTRES, &evalue);
 		/* TODO: handle errors */
 		printf("%s\n", evalue);
-		bmake_free(evalue);
+		free(evalue);
 
 	} else if (expandVars) {
 		char *expr = str_concat3("${", varname, "}");
@@ -870,7 +844,7 @@ PrintVar(const char *varname, bool expandVars)
 		/* TODO: handle errors */
 		free(expr);
 		printf("%s\n", evalue);
-		bmake_free(evalue);
+		free(evalue);
 
 	} else {
 		FStr value = Var_Value(SCOPE_GLOBAL, varname);
@@ -923,7 +897,7 @@ static bool
 runTargets(void)
 {
 	GNodeList targs = LST_INIT;	/* target nodes to create */
-	bool outOfDate;	/* false if all targets up to date */
+	bool outOfDate;		/* false if all targets up to date */
 
 	/*
 	 * Have now read the entire graph and need to make a list of
@@ -944,7 +918,7 @@ runTargets(void)
 		 * (to prevent the .BEGIN from being executed should
 		 * it exist).
 		 */
-		if (!opts.queryFlag) {
+		if (!opts.query) {
 			Job_Init();
 			jobsRunning = true;
 		}
@@ -964,9 +938,9 @@ runTargets(void)
 }
 
 /*
- * Set up the .TARGETS variable to contain the list of targets to be
- * created. If none specified, make the variable empty -- the parser
- * will fill the thing in with the default or .MAIN target.
+ * Set up the .TARGETS variable to contain the list of targets to be created.
+ * If none specified, make the variable empty for now, the parser will fill
+ * in the default or .MAIN target later.
  */
 static void
 InitVarTargets(void)
@@ -1071,17 +1045,14 @@ static void
 HandlePWD(const struct stat *curdir_st)
 {
 	char *pwd;
-	FStr prefix, makeobjdir;
+	FStr makeobjdir;
 	struct stat pwd_st;
 
 	if (ignorePWD || (pwd = getenv("PWD")) == NULL)
 		return;
 
-	prefix = Var_Value(SCOPE_CMDLINE, "MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX");
-	if (prefix.str != NULL) {
-		FStr_Done(&prefix);
+	if (Var_Exists(SCOPE_CMDLINE, "MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX"))
 		return;
-	}
 
 	makeobjdir = Var_Value(SCOPE_CMDLINE, "MAKEOBJDIR");
 	if (makeobjdir.str != NULL && strchr(makeobjdir.str, '$') != NULL)
@@ -1098,13 +1069,13 @@ HandlePWD(const struct stat *curdir_st)
 #endif
 
 /*
- * Find the .OBJDIR.  If MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX, or failing that,
- * MAKEOBJDIR is set in the environment, try only that value
- * and fall back to .CURDIR if it does not exist.
+ * Find the .OBJDIR.  If MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX, or failing that, MAKEOBJDIR is set
+ * in the environment, try only that value and fall back to .CURDIR if it
+ * does not exist.
  *
  * Otherwise, try _PATH_OBJDIR.MACHINE-MACHINE_ARCH, _PATH_OBJDIR.MACHINE,
- * and * finally _PATH_OBJDIRPREFIX`pwd`, in that order.  If none
- * of these paths exist, just use .CURDIR.
+ * and finally _PATH_OBJDIRPREFIX`pwd`, in that order.  If none of these
+ * paths exist, just use .CURDIR.
  */
 static void
 InitObjdir(const char *machine, const char *machine_arch)
@@ -1141,7 +1112,7 @@ static void
 CmdOpts_Init(void)
 {
 	opts.compatMake = false;
-	opts.debug = DEBUG_NONE;
+	memset(&opts.debug, 0, sizeof(opts.debug));
 	/* opts.debug_file has already been initialized earlier */
 	opts.strict = false;
 	opts.debugVflag = false;
@@ -1152,10 +1123,10 @@ CmdOpts_Init(void)
 	opts.keepgoing = false;		/* Stop on error */
 	opts.noRecursiveExecute = false; /* Execute all .MAKE targets */
 	opts.noExecute = false;		/* Execute all commands */
-	opts.queryFlag = false;
+	opts.query = false;
 	opts.noBuiltins = false;	/* Read the built-in rules */
-	opts.beSilent = false;		/* Print commands as executed */
-	opts.touchFlag = false;
+	opts.silent = false;		/* Print commands as executed */
+	opts.touch = false;
 	opts.printVars = PVM_NONE;
 	Lst_Init(&opts.variables);
 	opts.parseWarnFatal = false;
@@ -1245,16 +1216,14 @@ ReadBuiltinRules(void)
 		Fatal("%s: no system rules (%s).", progname, _PATH_DEFSYSMK);
 
 	for (ln = sysMkFiles.first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next)
-		if (ReadMakefile(ln->datum) == 0)
+		if (ReadMakefile(ln->datum))
 			break;
 
 	if (ln == NULL)
 		Fatal("%s: cannot open %s.",
 		    progname, (const char *)sysMkFiles.first->datum);
 
-	/* Free the list nodes but not the actual filenames since these may
-	 * still be used in GNodes. */
-	Lst_Done(&sysMkFiles);
+	Lst_DoneCall(&sysMkFiles, free);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1322,13 +1291,13 @@ InitVpath(void)
 }
 
 static void
-ReadAllMakefiles(StringList *makefiles)
+ReadAllMakefiles(const StringList *makefiles)
 {
 	StringListNode *ln;
 
 	for (ln = makefiles->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next) {
 		const char *fname = ln->datum;
-		if (ReadMakefile(fname) != 0)
+		if (!ReadMakefile(fname))
 			Fatal("%s: cannot open %s.", progname, fname);
 	}
 }
@@ -1336,6 +1305,7 @@ ReadAllMakefiles(StringList *makefiles)
 static void
 ReadFirstDefaultMakefile(void)
 {
+	StringList makefiles = LST_INIT;
 	StringListNode *ln;
 	char *prefs;
 
@@ -1343,16 +1313,13 @@ ReadFirstDefaultMakefile(void)
 	    SCOPE_CMDLINE, VARE_WANTRES, &prefs);
 	/* TODO: handle errors */
 
-	/* XXX: This should use a local list instead of opts.makefiles
-	 * since these makefiles do not come from the command line.  They
-	 * also have different semantics in that only the first file that
-	 * is found is processed.  See ReadAllMakefiles. */
-	(void)str2Lst_Append(&opts.makefiles, prefs);
+	(void)str2Lst_Append(&makefiles, prefs);
 
-	for (ln = opts.makefiles.first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next)
-		if (ReadMakefile(ln->datum) == 0)
+	for (ln = makefiles.first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next)
+		if (ReadMakefile(ln->datum))
 			break;
 
+	Lst_Done(&makefiles);
 	free(prefs);
 }
 
@@ -1373,6 +1340,7 @@ main_Init(int argc, char **argv)
 	/* default to writing debug to stderr */
 	opts.debug_file = stderr;
 
+	Str_Intern_Init();
 	HashTable_Init(&cached_realpaths);
 
 #ifdef SIGINFO
@@ -1415,11 +1383,9 @@ main_Init(int argc, char **argv)
 #ifdef MAKE_VERSION
 	Global_Set("MAKE_VERSION", MAKE_VERSION);
 #endif
-	Global_Set(".newline", "\n"); /* handy for :@ loops */
-	/*
-	 * This is the traditional preference for makefiles.
-	 */
+	Global_Set(".newline", "\n");	/* handy for :@ loops */
 #ifndef MAKEFILE_PREFERENCE_LIST
+	/* This is the traditional preference for makefiles. */
 # define MAKEFILE_PREFERENCE_LIST "makefile Makefile"
 #endif
 	Global_Set(MAKE_MAKEFILE_PREFERENCE, MAKEFILE_PREFERENCE_LIST);
@@ -1451,26 +1417,25 @@ main_Init(int argc, char **argv)
 	Global_Set(MAKEOVERRIDES, "");
 	Global_Set("MFLAGS", "");
 	Global_Set(".ALLTARGETS", "");
-	/* some makefiles need to know this */
 	Var_Set(SCOPE_CMDLINE, MAKE_LEVEL ".ENV", MAKE_LEVEL_ENV);
 
 	/* Set some other useful variables. */
 	{
-		char tmp[64], *ep = getenv(MAKE_LEVEL_ENV);
+		char buf[64], *ep = getenv(MAKE_LEVEL_ENV);
 
 		makelevel = ep != NULL && ep[0] != '\0' ? atoi(ep) : 0;
 		if (makelevel < 0)
 			makelevel = 0;
-		snprintf(tmp, sizeof tmp, "%d", makelevel);
-		Global_Set(MAKE_LEVEL, tmp);
-		snprintf(tmp, sizeof tmp, "%u", myPid);
-		Global_Set(".MAKE.PID", tmp);
-		snprintf(tmp, sizeof tmp, "%u", getppid());
-		Global_Set(".MAKE.PPID", tmp);
-		snprintf(tmp, sizeof tmp, "%u", getuid());
-		Global_Set(".MAKE.UID", tmp);
-		snprintf(tmp, sizeof tmp, "%u", getgid());
-		Global_Set(".MAKE.GID", tmp);
+		snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%d", makelevel);
+		Global_Set(MAKE_LEVEL, buf);
+		snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%u", myPid);
+		Global_Set(".MAKE.PID", buf);
+		snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%u", getppid());
+		Global_Set(".MAKE.PPID", buf);
+		snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%u", getuid());
+		Global_Set(".MAKE.UID", buf);
+		snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%u", getgid());
+		Global_Set(".MAKE.GID", buf);
 	}
 	if (makelevel > 0) {
 		char pn[1024];
@@ -1483,25 +1448,21 @@ main_Init(int argc, char **argv)
 #endif
 	Dir_Init();
 
+#ifdef POSIX
+	{
+		char *makeflags = explode(getenv("MAKEFLAGS"));
+		Main_ParseArgLine(makeflags);
+		free(makeflags);
+	}
+#else
 	/*
 	 * First snag any flags out of the MAKE environment variable.
 	 * (Note this is *not* MAKEFLAGS since /bin/make uses that and it's
 	 * in a different format).
 	 */
-#ifdef POSIX
-	{
-		char *p1 = explode(getenv("MAKEFLAGS"));
-		Main_ParseArgLine(p1);
-		free(p1);
-	}
-#else
 	Main_ParseArgLine(getenv("MAKE"));
 #endif
 
-	/*
-	 * Find where we are (now).
-	 * We take care of PWD for the automounter below...
-	 */
 	if (getcwd(curdir, MAXPATHLEN) == NULL) {
 		(void)fprintf(stderr, "%s: getcwd: %s.\n",
 		    progname, strerror(errno));
@@ -1513,9 +1474,6 @@ main_Init(int argc, char **argv)
 	if (opts.enterFlag)
 		printf("%s: Entering directory `%s'\n", progname, curdir);
 
-	/*
-	 * Verify that cwd is sane.
-	 */
 	if (stat(curdir, &sa) == -1) {
 		(void)fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s: %s.\n",
 		    progname, curdir, strerror(errno));
@@ -1529,10 +1487,6 @@ main_Init(int argc, char **argv)
 
 	InitObjdir(machine, machine_arch);
 
-	/*
-	 * Initialize archive, target and suffix modules in preparation for
-	 * parsing the makefile(s)
-	 */
 	Arch_Init();
 	Suff_Init();
 	Trace_Init(tracefile);
@@ -1593,10 +1547,6 @@ main_PrepareMaking(void)
 
 	InitMaxJobs();
 
-	/*
-	 * Be compatible if the user did not specify -j and did not explicitly
-	 * turn compatibility on.
-	 */
 	if (!opts.compatMake && !forceJobs)
 		opts.compatMake = true;
 
@@ -1649,15 +1599,10 @@ main_CleanUp(void)
 {
 #ifdef CLEANUP
 	Lst_DoneCall(&opts.variables, free);
-	/*
-	 * Don't free the actual strings from opts.makefiles, they may be
-	 * used in GNodes.
-	 */
-	Lst_Done(&opts.makefiles);
+	Lst_DoneCall(&opts.makefiles, free);
 	Lst_DoneCall(&opts.create, free);
 #endif
 
-	/* print the graph now it's been processed if the user requested it */
 	if (DEBUG(GRAPH2))
 		Targ_PrintGraph(2);
 
@@ -1679,6 +1624,7 @@ main_CleanUp(void)
 	Dir_End();
 	Job_End();
 	Trace_End();
+	Str_Intern_End();
 }
 
 /* Determine the exit code. */
@@ -1705,18 +1651,16 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 
 /*
  * Open and parse the given makefile, with all its side effects.
- *
- * Results:
- *	0 if ok. -1 if couldn't open file.
+ * Return false if the file could not be opened.
  */
-static int
+static bool
 ReadMakefile(const char *fname)
 {
 	int fd;
 	char *name, *path = NULL;
 
 	if (strcmp(fname, "-") == 0) {
-		Parse_File(NULL /*stdin*/, -1);
+		Parse_File("(stdin)", -1);
 		Var_Set(SCOPE_INTERNAL, "MAKEFILE", "");
 	} else {
 		/* if we've chdir'd, rebuild the path name */
@@ -1745,13 +1689,13 @@ ReadMakefile(const char *fname)
 		name = Dir_FindFile(fname, parseIncPath);
 		if (name == NULL) {
 			SearchPath *sysInc = Lst_IsEmpty(&sysIncPath->dirs)
-					     ? defSysIncPath : sysIncPath;
+			    ? defSysIncPath : sysIncPath;
 			name = Dir_FindFile(fname, sysInc);
 		}
 		if (name == NULL || (fd = open(name, O_RDONLY)) == -1) {
 			free(name);
 			free(path);
-			return -1;
+			return false;
 		}
 		fname = name;
 		/*
@@ -1765,154 +1709,127 @@ ReadMakefile(const char *fname)
 		Parse_File(fname, fd);
 	}
 	free(path);
-	return 0;
+	return true;
 }
 
 /*
- * Cmd_Exec --
- *	Execute the command in cmd, and return the output of that command
- *	in a string.  In the output, newlines are replaced with spaces.
- *
- * Results:
- *	A string containing the output of the command, or the empty string.
- *	*errfmt returns a format string describing the command failure,
- *	if any, using a single %s conversion specification.
- *
- * Side Effects:
- *	The string must be freed by the caller.
+ * Execute the command in cmd, and return its output (only stdout, not
+ * stderr, possibly empty).  In the output, replace newlines with spaces.
  */
 char *
-Cmd_Exec(const char *cmd, const char **errfmt)
+Cmd_Exec(const char *cmd, char **error)
 {
-	const char *args[4];	/* Args for invoking the shell */
+	const char *args[4];	/* Arguments for invoking the shell */
 	int pipefds[2];
 	int cpid;		/* Child PID */
 	int pid;		/* PID from wait() */
 	int status;		/* command exit status */
 	Buffer buf;		/* buffer to store the result */
 	ssize_t bytes_read;
-	char *res;		/* result */
-	size_t res_len;
+	char *output;
 	char *cp;
-	int savederr;		/* saved errno */
-
-	*errfmt = NULL;
+	int saved_errno;
 
 	if (shellName == NULL)
 		Shell_Init();
-	/*
-	 * Set up arguments for shell
-	 */
+
 	args[0] = shellName;
 	args[1] = "-c";
 	args[2] = cmd;
 	args[3] = NULL;
+	DEBUG1(VAR, "Capturing the output of command \"%s\"\n", cmd);
 
-	/*
-	 * Open a pipe for fetching its output
-	 */
 	if (pipe(pipefds) == -1) {
-		*errfmt = "Couldn't create pipe for \"%s\"";
-		goto bad;
+		*error = str_concat3(
+		    "Couldn't create pipe for \"", cmd, "\"");
+		return bmake_strdup("");
 	}
 
 	Var_ReexportVars();
 
-	/*
-	 * Fork
-	 */
 	switch (cpid = vfork()) {
 	case 0:
-		(void)close(pipefds[0]); /* Close input side of pipe */
-
-		/*
-		 * Duplicate the output stream to the shell's output, then
-		 * shut the extra thing down. Note we don't fetch the error
-		 * stream...why not? Why?
-		 */
-		(void)dup2(pipefds[1], 1);
+		(void)close(pipefds[0]);
+		(void)dup2(pipefds[1], STDOUT_FILENO);
 		(void)close(pipefds[1]);
 
 		(void)execv(shellPath, UNCONST(args));
 		_exit(1);
-		/*NOTREACHED*/
+		/* NOTREACHED */
 
 	case -1:
-		*errfmt = "Couldn't exec \"%s\"";
-		goto bad;
-
-	default:
-		(void)close(pipefds[1]); /* No need for the writing half */
-
-		savederr = 0;
-		Buf_Init(&buf);
-
-		do {
-			char result[BUFSIZ];
-			bytes_read = read(pipefds[0], result, sizeof result);
-			if (bytes_read > 0)
-				Buf_AddBytes(&buf, result, (size_t)bytes_read);
-		} while (bytes_read > 0 ||
-			 (bytes_read == -1 && errno == EINTR));
-		if (bytes_read == -1)
-			savederr = errno;
-
-		(void)close(pipefds[0]); /* Close the input side of the pipe. */
-
-		/* Wait for the process to exit. */
-		while ((pid = waitpid(cpid, &status, 0)) != cpid && pid >= 0)
-			JobReapChild(pid, status, false);
-
-		res_len = buf.len;
-		res = Buf_DoneData(&buf);
-
-		if (savederr != 0)
-			*errfmt = "Couldn't read shell's output for \"%s\"";
-
-		if (WIFSIGNALED(status))
-			*errfmt = "\"%s\" exited on a signal";
-		else if (WEXITSTATUS(status) != 0)
-			*errfmt = "\"%s\" returned non-zero status";
-
-		/* Convert newlines to spaces.  A final newline is just stripped */
-		if (res_len > 0 && res[res_len - 1] == '\n')
-			res[res_len - 1] = '\0';
-		for (cp = res; *cp != '\0'; cp++)
-			if (*cp == '\n')
-				*cp = ' ';
-		break;
+		*error = str_concat3("Couldn't exec \"", cmd, "\"");
+		return bmake_strdup("");
 	}
-	return res;
-bad:
-	return bmake_strdup("");
+
+	(void)close(pipefds[1]);	/* No need for the writing half */
+
+	saved_errno = 0;
+	Buf_Init(&buf);
+
+	do {
+		char result[BUFSIZ];
+		bytes_read = read(pipefds[0], result, sizeof result);
+		if (bytes_read > 0)
+			Buf_AddBytes(&buf, result, (size_t)bytes_read);
+	} while (bytes_read > 0 || (bytes_read == -1 && errno == EINTR));
+	if (bytes_read == -1)
+		saved_errno = errno;
+
+	(void)close(pipefds[0]); /* Close the input side of the pipe. */
+
+	while ((pid = waitpid(cpid, &status, 0)) != cpid && pid >= 0)
+		JobReapChild(pid, status, false);
+
+	if (Buf_EndsWith(&buf, '\n'))
+		buf.data[buf.len - 1] = '\0';
+
+	output = Buf_DoneData(&buf);
+	for (cp = output; *cp != '\0'; cp++)
+		if (*cp == '\n')
+			*cp = ' ';
+
+	if (WIFSIGNALED(status))
+		*error = str_concat3("\"", cmd, "\" exited on a signal");
+	else if (WEXITSTATUS(status) != 0)
+		*error = str_concat3(
+		    "\"", cmd, "\" returned non-zero status");
+	else if (saved_errno != 0)
+		*error = str_concat3(
+		    "Couldn't read shell's output for \"", cmd, "\"");
+	else
+		*error = NULL;
+	return output;
 }
 
 /*
  * Print a printf-style error message.
  *
- * In default mode, this error message has no consequences, in particular it
- * does not affect the exit status.  Only in lint mode (-dL) it does.
+ * In default mode, this error message has no consequences, for compatibility
+ * reasons, in particular it does not affect the exit status.  Only in lint
+ * mode (-dL) it does.
  */
 void
 Error(const char *fmt, ...)
 {
 	va_list ap;
-	FILE *err_file;
+	FILE *f;
 
-	err_file = opts.debug_file;
-	if (err_file == stdout)
-		err_file = stderr;
+	f = opts.debug_file;
+	if (f == stdout)
+		f = stderr;
 	(void)fflush(stdout);
+
 	for (;;) {
+		fprintf(f, "%s: ", progname);
 		va_start(ap, fmt);
-		fprintf(err_file, "%s: ", progname);
-		(void)vfprintf(err_file, fmt, ap);
+		(void)vfprintf(f, fmt, ap);
 		va_end(ap);
-		(void)fprintf(err_file, "\n");
-		(void)fflush(err_file);
-		if (err_file == stderr)
+		(void)fprintf(f, "\n");
+		(void)fflush(f);
+		if (f == stderr)
 			break;
-		err_file = stderr;
+		f = stderr;
 	}
 	main_errors++;
 }
@@ -1938,8 +1855,9 @@ Fatal(const char *fmt, ...)
 	va_end(ap);
 	(void)fprintf(stderr, "\n");
 	(void)fflush(stderr);
+	PrintStackTrace(true);
 
-	PrintOnError(NULL, NULL);
+	PrintOnError(NULL, "\n");
 
 	if (DEBUG(GRAPH2) || DEBUG(GRAPH3))
 		Targ_PrintGraph(2);
@@ -1956,15 +1874,15 @@ Punt(const char *fmt, ...)
 {
 	va_list ap;
 
-	va_start(ap, fmt);
 	(void)fflush(stdout);
 	(void)fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", progname);
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
 	(void)vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);
 	va_end(ap);
 	(void)fprintf(stderr, "\n");
 	(void)fflush(stderr);
 
-	PrintOnError(NULL, NULL);
+	PrintOnError(NULL, "\n");
 
 	DieHorribly();
 }
@@ -1994,23 +1912,19 @@ Finish(int errs)
 	Fatal("%d error%s", errs, errs == 1 ? "" : "s");
 }
 
-/*
- * eunlink --
- *	Remove a file carefully, avoiding directories.
- */
-int
-eunlink(const char *file)
+bool
+unlink_file(const char *file)
 {
 	struct stat st;
 
 	if (lstat(file, &st) == -1)
-		return -1;
+		return false;
 
 	if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
 		errno = EISDIR;
-		return -1;
+		return false;
 	}
-	return unlink(file);
+	return unlink(file) == 0;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -2020,6 +1934,7 @@ write_all(int fd, const void *data, size_t n)
 
 	while (n > 0) {
 		ssize_t written = write(fd, mem, n);
+		/* XXX: Should this EAGAIN be EINTR? */
 		if (written == -1 && errno == EAGAIN)
 			continue;
 		if (written == -1)
@@ -2029,10 +1944,7 @@ write_all(int fd, const void *data, size_t n)
 	}
 }
 
-/*
- * execDie --
- *	Print why exec failed, avoiding stdio.
- */
+/* Print why exec failed, avoiding stdio. */
 void MAKE_ATTR_DEAD
 execDie(const char *af, const char *av)
 {
@@ -2054,7 +1966,6 @@ execDie(const char *af, const char *av)
 	_exit(1);
 }
 
-/* purge any relative paths */
 static void
 purge_relative_cached_realpaths(void)
 {
@@ -2068,14 +1979,16 @@ purge_relative_cached_realpaths(void)
 		if (he->key[0] != '/') {
 			DEBUG1(DIR, "cached_realpath: purging %s\n", he->key);
 			HashTable_DeleteEntry(&cached_realpaths, he);
-			/* XXX: What about the allocated he->value? Either
-			 * free them or document why they cannot be freed. */
+			/*
+			 * XXX: What about the allocated he->value? Either
+			 * free them or document why they cannot be freed.
+			 */
 		}
 		he = nhe;
 	}
 }
 
-char *
+const char *
 cached_realpath(const char *pathname, char *resolved)
 {
 	const char *rp;
@@ -2160,9 +2073,7 @@ PrintOnError(GNode *gn, const char *msg)
 	if (errorNode != NULL)
 		return;		/* we've been here! */
 
-	if (msg != NULL)
-		printf("%s", msg);
-	printf("\n%s: stopped in %s\n", progname, curdir);
+	printf("%s%s: stopped in %s\n", msg, progname, curdir);
 
 	/* we generally want to keep quiet if a sub-make died */
 	if (shouldDieQuietly(gn, -1))
@@ -2174,7 +2085,7 @@ PrintOnError(GNode *gn, const char *msg)
 	{
 		char *errorVarsValues;
 		(void)Var_Subst("${MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR:@v@$v='${$v}'\n@}",
-				SCOPE_GLOBAL, VARE_WANTRES, &errorVarsValues);
+		    SCOPE_GLOBAL, VARE_WANTRES, &errorVarsValues);
 		/* TODO: handle errors */
 		printf("%s", errorVarsValues);
 		free(errorVarsValues);
@@ -2196,21 +2107,21 @@ void
 Main_ExportMAKEFLAGS(bool first)
 {
 	static bool once = true;
-	const char *expr;
-	char *s;
+	char *flags;
 
 	if (once != first)
 		return;
 	once = false;
 
-	expr = "${.MAKEFLAGS} ${.MAKEOVERRIDES:O:u:@v@$v=${$v:Q}@}";
-	(void)Var_Subst(expr, SCOPE_CMDLINE, VARE_WANTRES, &s);
+	(void)Var_Subst(
+	    "${.MAKEFLAGS} ${.MAKEOVERRIDES:O:u:@v@$v=${$v:Q}@}",
+	    SCOPE_CMDLINE, VARE_WANTRES, &flags);
 	/* TODO: handle errors */
-	if (s[0] != '\0') {
+	if (flags[0] != '\0') {
 #ifdef POSIX
-		setenv("MAKEFLAGS", s, 1);
+		setenv("MAKEFLAGS", flags, 1);
 #else
-		setenv("MAKE", s, 1);
+		setenv("MAKE", flags, 1);
 #endif
 	}
 }
@@ -2224,7 +2135,7 @@ getTmpdir(void)
 	if (tmpdir != NULL)
 		return tmpdir;
 
-	/* Honor $TMPDIR but only if it is valid. Ensure it ends with '/'. */
+	/* Honor $TMPDIR if it is valid, strip a trailing '/'. */
 	(void)Var_Subst("${TMPDIR:tA:U" _PATH_TMP ":S,/$,,W}/",
 	    SCOPE_GLOBAL, VARE_WANTRES, &tmpdir);
 	/* TODO: handle errors */
@@ -2253,20 +2164,21 @@ mkTempFile(const char *pattern, char *tfile, size_t tfile_sz)
 	if (tmpdir == NULL)
 		tmpdir = getTmpdir();
 	if (tfile == NULL) {
-	    tfile = tbuf;
-	    tfile_sz = sizeof tbuf;
+		tfile = tbuf;
+		tfile_sz = sizeof tbuf;
 	}
-	if (pattern[0] == '/') {
+
+	if (pattern[0] == '/')
 		snprintf(tfile, tfile_sz, "%s", pattern);
-	} else {
+	else
 		snprintf(tfile, tfile_sz, "%s%s", tmpdir, pattern);
-	}
+
 	if ((fd = mkstemp(tfile)) < 0)
 		Punt("Could not create temporary file %s: %s", tfile,
 		    strerror(errno));
-	if (tfile == tbuf) {
+	if (tfile == tbuf)
 		unlink(tfile);	/* we just want the descriptor */
-	}
+
 	return fd;
 }
 
diff --git a/make.1 b/make.1
index c8c3b470f4bd..02f2bb8a8e97 100644
--- a/make.1
+++ b/make.1
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.\"	$NetBSD: make.1,v 1.300 2021/12/12 20:45:48 sjg Exp $
+.\"	$NetBSD: make.1,v 1.304 2022/01/29 20:54:58 sjg Exp $
 .\"
 .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
 .\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 .\"
 .\"	from: @(#)make.1	8.4 (Berkeley) 3/19/94
 .\"
-.Dd December 12, 2021
+.Dd January 28, 2022
 .Dt MAKE 1
 .Os
 .Sh NAME
@@ -691,10 +691,38 @@ Variables defined as part of the command line.
 Variables that are defined specific to a certain target.
 .El
 .Pp
-Local variables are all built in and their values vary magically from
-target to target.
-It is not currently possible to define new local variables.
-The seven local variables are as follows:
+Local variables can be set on a dependency line, if
+.Va .MAKE.TARGET_LOCAL_VARIABLES ,
+is not set to
+.Ql false .
+The rest of the line
+(which will already have had Global variables expanded),
+is the variable value.
+For example:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+COMPILER_WRAPPERS+= ccache distcc icecc
+
+${OBJS}: .MAKE.META.CMP_FILTER=${COMPILER_WRAPPERS:S,^,N,}
+.Ed
+.Pp
+Only the targets
+.Ql ${OBJS}
+will be impacted by that filter (in "meta" mode) and
+simply enabling/disabling any of the wrappers will not render all
+of those targets out-of-date.
+.Pp
+.Em NOTE :
+target local variable assignments behave differently in that;
+.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent
+.It Ic \&+=
+Only appends to a previous local assignment
+for the same target and variable.
+.It Ic \&:=
+Is redundant with respect to Global variables,
+which have already been expanded.
+.El
+.Pp
+The seven built-in local variables are as follows:
 .Bl -tag -width ".ARCHIVE" -offset indent
 .It Va .ALLSRC
 The list of all sources for this target; also known as
@@ -846,6 +874,11 @@ For example:
 would produce tokens like
 .Ql ---make[1234] target ---
 making it easier to track the degree of parallelism being achieved.
+.It .MAKE.TARGET_LOCAL_VARIABLES
+If set to
+.Ql false ,
+apparent variable assignments in dependency lines are
+treated as normal sources.
 .It Ev MAKEFLAGS
 The environment variable
 .Ql Ev MAKEFLAGS
@@ -954,6 +987,12 @@ If a file that was generated outside of
 .Va .OBJDIR
 but within said bailiwick is missing,
 the current target is considered out-of-date.
+.It Va .MAKE.META.CMP_FILTER
+In "meta" mode, it can (very rarely!) be useful to filter command
+lines before comparison.
+This variable can be set to a set of modifiers that will be applied to
+each line of the old and new command that differ, if the filtered
+commands still differ, the target is considered out-of-date.
 .It Va .MAKE.META.CREATED
 In "meta" mode, this variable contains a list of all the meta files
 updated.
diff --git a/make.c b/make.c
index 2c1a243965f1..5fb8f8840772 100644
--- a/make.c
+++ b/make.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: make.c,v 1.248 2021/11/28 23:12:51 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: make.c,v 1.252 2022/01/09 15:48:30 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
 #include "job.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)make.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: make.c,v 1.248 2021/11/28 23:12:51 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: make.c,v 1.252 2022/01/09 15:48:30 rillig Exp $");
 
 /* Sequence # to detect recursion. */
 static unsigned int checked_seqno = 1;
@@ -120,11 +120,11 @@ static GNodeList toBeMade = LST_INIT;
 void
 debug_printf(const char *fmt, ...)
 {
-	va_list args;
+	va_list ap;
 
-	va_start(args, fmt);
-	vfprintf(opts.debug_file, fmt, args);
-	va_end(args);
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	vfprintf(opts.debug_file, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
 }
 
 MAKE_ATTR_DEAD static void
@@ -370,9 +370,8 @@ GNode_IsOODate(GNode *gn)
 	}
 
 #ifdef USE_META
-	if (useMeta) {
+	if (useMeta)
 		oodate = meta_oodate(gn, oodate);
-	}
 #endif
 
 	/*
@@ -599,8 +598,9 @@ Make_Recheck(GNode *gn)
 	}
 #endif
 
-	/* XXX: The returned mtime may differ from gn->mtime.
-	 * Intentionally? */
+	/*
+	 * XXX: The returned mtime may differ from gn->mtime. Intentionally?
+	 */
 	return mtime;
 }
 
@@ -952,7 +952,9 @@ MakeBuildChild(GNode *cn, GNodeListNode *toBeMadeNext)
 
 	/* If this node is on the RHS of a .ORDER, check LHSs. */
 	if (IsWaitingForOrder(cn)) {
-		/* Can't build this (or anything else in this child list) yet */
+		/*
+		 * Can't build this (or anything else in this child list) yet
+		 */
 		cn->made = DEFERRED;
 		return false;	/* but keep looking */
 	}
@@ -1070,7 +1072,7 @@ MakeStartJobs(void)
 		gn->made = BEINGMADE;
 		if (GNode_IsOODate(gn)) {
 			DEBUG0(MAKE, "out-of-date\n");
-			if (opts.queryFlag)
+			if (opts.query)
 				return true;
 			GNode_SetLocalVars(gn);
 			Job_Make(gn);
@@ -1327,7 +1329,9 @@ add_wait_dependency(GNodeListNode *owln, GNode *wn)
 		DEBUG3(MAKE, ".WAIT: add dependency %s%s -> %s\n",
 		    cn->name, cn->cohort_num, wn->name);
 
-		/* XXX: This pattern should be factored out, it repeats often */
+		/*
+		 * XXX: This pattern should be factored out, it repeats often
+		 */
 		Lst_Append(&wn->children, cn);
 		wn->unmade++;
 		Lst_Append(&cn->parents, wn);
@@ -1436,7 +1440,7 @@ Make_Run(GNodeList *targs)
 		Targ_PrintGraph(1);
 	}
 
-	if (opts.queryFlag) {
+	if (opts.query) {
 		/*
 		 * We wouldn't do any work unless we could start some jobs
 		 * in the next loop... (we won't actually start any, of
diff --git a/make.h b/make.h
index 6f14c44eb067..091b9dc05648 100644
--- a/make.h
+++ b/make.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: make.h,v 1.270 2021/11/28 23:12:51 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: make.h,v 1.298 2022/02/05 00:26:21 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
 
 /*
  * make.h --
- *	The global definitions for pmake
+ *	The global definitions for make
  */
 
 #ifndef MAKE_MAKE_H
@@ -110,9 +110,9 @@
 #define MAKE_GNUC_PREREQ(x, y)						\
 	((__GNUC__ == (x) && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= (y)) ||			\
 	 (__GNUC__ > (x)))
-#else /* defined(__GNUC__) */
+#else
 #define MAKE_GNUC_PREREQ(x, y)	0
-#endif /* defined(__GNUC__) */
+#endif
 
 #if MAKE_GNUC_PREREQ(2, 7)
 #define MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED	__attribute__((__unused__))
@@ -135,7 +135,17 @@
 #define MAKE_ATTR_PRINTFLIKE(fmtarg, firstvararg)	/* delete */
 #endif
 
+#if MAKE_GNUC_PREREQ(4, 0)
+#define MAKE_ATTR_USE		__attribute__((__warn_unused_result__))
+#else
+#define MAKE_ATTR_USE		/* delete */
+#endif
+
+#if __STDC__ >= 199901L || defined(lint)
 #define MAKE_INLINE static inline MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED
+#else
+#define MAKE_INLINE static MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED
+#endif
 
 /* MAKE_STATIC marks a function that may or may not be inlined. */
 #if defined(lint)
@@ -206,26 +216,34 @@ typedef unsigned char bool;
 typedef enum GNodeMade {
 	/* Not examined yet. */
 	UNMADE,
-	/* The node has been examined but is not yet ready since its
-	 * dependencies have to be made first. */
+	/*
+	 * The node has been examined but is not yet ready since its
+	 * dependencies have to be made first.
+	 */
 	DEFERRED,
 
 	/* The node is on the toBeMade list. */
 	REQUESTED,
 
-	/* The node is already being made. Trying to build a node in this
-	 * state indicates a cycle in the graph. */
+	/*
+	 * The node is already being made. Trying to build a node in this
+	 * state indicates a cycle in the graph.
+	 */
 	BEINGMADE,
 
 	/* Was out-of-date and has been made. */
 	MADE,
 	/* Was already up-to-date, does not need to be made. */
 	UPTODATE,
-	/* An error occurred while it was being made.
-	 * Used only in compat mode. */
+	/*
+	 * An error occurred while it was being made. Used only in compat
+	 * mode.
+	 */
 	ERROR,
-	/* The target was aborted due to an error making a dependency.
-	 * Used only in compat mode. */
+	/*
+	 * The target was aborted due to an error making a dependency. Used
+	 * only in compat mode.
+	 */
 	ABORTED
 } GNodeMade;
 
@@ -241,16 +259,22 @@ typedef enum GNodeMade {
 typedef enum GNodeType {
 	OP_NONE		= 0,
 
-	/* The dependency operator ':' is the most common one.  The commands
-	 * of this node are executed if any child is out-of-date. */
+	/*
+	 * The dependency operator ':' is the most common one.  The commands
+	 * of this node are executed if any child is out-of-date.
+	 */
 	OP_DEPENDS	= 1 << 0,
-	/* The dependency operator '!' always executes its commands, even if
-	 * its children are up-to-date. */
+	/*
+	 * The dependency operator '!' always executes its commands, even if
+	 * its children are up-to-date.
+	 */
 	OP_FORCE	= 1 << 1,
-	/* The dependency operator '::' behaves like ':', except that it
+	/*
+	 * The dependency operator '::' behaves like ':', except that it
 	 * allows multiple dependency groups to be defined.  Each of these
-	 * groups is executed on its own, independently from the others.
-	 * Each individual dependency group is called a cohort. */
+	 * groups is executed on its own, independently from the others. Each
+	 * individual dependency group is called a cohort.
+	 */
 	OP_DOUBLEDEP	= 1 << 2,
 
 	/* Matches the dependency operators ':', '!' and '::'. */
@@ -260,21 +284,29 @@ typedef enum GNodeType {
 	OP_OPTIONAL	= 1 << 3,
 	/* Use associated commands for parents. */
 	OP_USE		= 1 << 4,
-	/* Target is never out of date, but always execute commands anyway.
-	 * Its time doesn't matter, so it has none...sort of. */
+	/*
+	 * Target is never out of date, but always execute commands anyway.
+	 * Its time doesn't matter, so it has none...sort of.
+	 */
 	OP_EXEC		= 1 << 5,
-	/* Ignore non-zero exit status from shell commands when creating the
-	 * node. */
+	/*
+	 * Ignore non-zero exit status from shell commands when creating the
+	 * node.
+	 */
 	OP_IGNORE	= 1 << 6,
 	/* Don't remove the target when interrupted. */
 	OP_PRECIOUS	= 1 << 7,
 	/* Don't echo commands when executed. */
 	OP_SILENT	= 1 << 8,
-	/* Target is a recursive make so its commands should always be
-	 * executed when it is out of date, regardless of the state of the
-	 * -n or -t flags. */
+	/*
+	 * Target is a recursive make so its commands should always be
+	 * executed when it is out of date, regardless of the state of the -n
+	 * or -t flags.
+	 */
 	OP_MAKE		= 1 << 9,
-	/* Target is out-of-date only if any of its children was out-of-date. */
+	/*
+	 * Target is out-of-date only if any of its children was out-of-date.
+	 */
 	OP_JOIN		= 1 << 10,
 	/* Assume the children of the node have been already made. */
 	OP_MADE		= 1 << 11,
@@ -282,20 +314,26 @@ typedef enum GNodeType {
 	OP_SPECIAL	= 1 << 12,
 	/* Like .USE, only prepend commands. */
 	OP_USEBEFORE	= 1 << 13,
-	/* The node is invisible to its parents. I.e. it doesn't show up in
-	 * the parents' local variables (.IMPSRC, .ALLSRC). */
+	/*
+	 * The node is invisible to its parents. I.e. it doesn't show up in
+	 * the parents' local variables (.IMPSRC, .ALLSRC).
+	 */
 	OP_INVISIBLE	= 1 << 14,
-	/* The node does not become the main target, even if it is the first
-	 * target in the first makefile. */
+	/*
+	 * The node does not become the main target, even if it is the first
+	 * target in the first makefile.
+	 */
 	OP_NOTMAIN	= 1 << 15,
 	/* Not a file target; run always. */
 	OP_PHONY	= 1 << 16,
 	/* Don't search for the file in the path. */
 	OP_NOPATH	= 1 << 17,
-	/* In a dependency line "target: source1 .WAIT source2", source1 is
+	/*
+	 * In a dependency line "target: source1 .WAIT source2", source1 is
 	 * made first, including its children.  Once that is finished,
 	 * source2 is made, including its children.  The .WAIT keyword may
-	 * appear more than once in a single dependency declaration. */
+	 * appear more than once in a single dependency declaration.
+	 */
 	OP_WAIT		= 1 << 18,
 	/* .NOMETA do not create a .meta file */
 	OP_NOMETA	= 1 << 19,
@@ -313,28 +351,35 @@ typedef enum GNodeType {
 	/* Target is a member of an archive */
 	/* XXX: How does this differ from OP_ARCHV? */
 	OP_MEMBER	= 1 << 29,
-	/* The node is a library,
-	 * its name has the form "-l<libname>" */
+	/*
+	 * The node is a library, its name has the form "-l<libname>".
+	 */
 	OP_LIB		= 1 << 28,
-	/* The node is an archive member,
-	 * its name has the form "archive(member)" */
+	/*
+	 * The node is an archive member, its name has the form
+	 * "archive(member)".
+	 */
 	/* XXX: How does this differ from OP_MEMBER? */
 	OP_ARCHV	= 1 << 27,
-	/* Target has all the commands it should. Used when parsing to catch
+	/*
+	 * Target has all the commands it should. Used when parsing to catch
 	 * multiple command groups for a target.  Only applies to the
-	 * dependency operators ':' and '!', but not to '::'. */
+	 * dependency operators ':' and '!', but not to '::'.
+	 */
 	OP_HAS_COMMANDS	= 1 << 26,
-	/* The special command "..." has been seen. All further commands from
-	 * this node will be saved on the .END node instead, to be executed at
-	 * the very end. */
+	/*
+	 * The special command "..." has been seen. All further commands from
+	 * this node will be saved on the .END node instead, to be executed
+	 * at the very end.
+	 */
 	OP_SAVE_CMDS	= 1 << 25,
-	/* Already processed by Suff_FindDeps, to find dependencies from
-	 * suffix transformation rules. */
+	/*
+	 * Already processed by Suff_FindDeps, to find dependencies from
+	 * suffix transformation rules.
+	 */
 	OP_DEPS_FOUND	= 1 << 24,
 	/* Node found while expanding .ALLSRC */
-	OP_MARK		= 1 << 23,
-
-	OP_NOTARGET	= OP_NOTMAIN | OP_USE | OP_EXEC | OP_TRANSFORM
+	OP_MARK		= 1 << 23
 } GNodeType;
 
 typedef struct GNodeFlags {
@@ -377,14 +422,20 @@ typedef struct GNode {
 	char *name;
 	/* The unexpanded name of a .USE node */
 	char *uname;
-	/* The full pathname of the file belonging to the target.
+	/*
+	 * The full pathname of the file belonging to the target.
+	 *
 	 * XXX: What about .PHONY targets? These don't have an associated
-	 * path. */
+	 * path.
+	 */
 	char *path;
 
-	/* The type of operator used to define the sources (see the OP flags
+	/*
+	 * The type of operator used to define the sources (see the OP flags
 	 * below).
-	 * XXX: This looks like a wild mixture of type and flags. */
+	 *
+	 * XXX: This looks like a wild mixture of type and flags.
+	 */
 	GNodeType type;
 	GNodeFlags flags;
 
@@ -393,29 +444,39 @@ typedef struct GNode {
 	/* The number of unmade children */
 	int unmade;
 
-	/* The modification time; 0 means the node does not have a
-	 * corresponding file; see GNode_IsOODate. */
+	/*
+	 * The modification time; 0 means the node does not have a
+	 * corresponding file; see GNode_IsOODate.
+	 */
 	time_t mtime;
 	struct GNode *youngestChild;
 
-	/* The GNodes for which this node is an implied source. May be empty.
-	 * For example, when there is an inference rule for .c.o, the node for
-	 * file.c has the node for file.o in this list. */
+	/*
+	 * The GNodes for which this node is an implied source. May be empty.
+	 * For example, when there is an inference rule for .c.o, the node
+	 * for file.c has the node for file.o in this list.
+	 */
 	GNodeList implicitParents;
 
-	/* The nodes that depend on this one, or in other words, the nodes for
-	 * which this is a source. */
+	/*
+	 * The nodes that depend on this one, or in other words, the nodes
+	 * for which this is a source.
+	 */
 	GNodeList parents;
 	/* The nodes on which this one depends. */
 	GNodeList children;
 
-	/* .ORDER nodes we need made. The nodes that must be made (if they're
+	/*
+	 * .ORDER nodes we need made. The nodes that must be made (if they're
 	 * made) before this node can be made, but that do not enter into the
-	 * datedness of this node. */
+	 * datedness of this node.
+	 */
 	GNodeList order_pred;
-	/* .ORDER nodes who need us. The nodes that must be made (if they're
+	/*
+	 * .ORDER nodes who need us. The nodes that must be made (if they're
 	 * made at all) after this node is made, but that do not depend on
-	 * this node, in the normal sense. */
+	 * this node, in the normal sense.
+	 */
 	GNodeList order_succ;
 
 	/*
@@ -427,8 +488,10 @@ typedef struct GNode {
 	char cohort_num[8];
 	/* The number of unmade instances on the cohorts list */
 	int unmade_cohorts;
-	/* Pointer to the first instance of a '::' node; only set when on a
-	 * cohorts list */
+	/*
+	 * Pointer to the first instance of a '::' node; only set when on a
+	 * cohorts list
+	 */
 	struct GNode *centurion;
 
 	/* Last time (sequence number) we tried to make this node */
@@ -447,21 +510,24 @@ typedef struct GNode {
 	/* The commands to be given to a shell to create this target. */
 	StringList commands;
 
-	/* Suffix for the node (determined by Suff_FindDeps and opaque to
-	 * everyone but the Suff module) */
+	/*
+	 * Suffix for the node (determined by Suff_FindDeps and opaque to
+	 * everyone but the Suff module)
+	 */
 	struct Suffix *suffix;
 
-	/* Filename where the GNode got defined */
-	/* XXX: What is the lifetime of this string? */
+	/* Filename where the GNode got defined, unlimited lifetime */
 	const char *fname;
-	/* Line number where the GNode got defined */
-	int lineno;
+	/* Line number where the GNode got defined, 1-based */
+	unsigned lineno;
 } GNode;
 
 /* Error levels for diagnostics during parsing. */
 typedef enum ParseErrorLevel {
-	/* Exit when the current top-level makefile has been parsed
-	 * completely. */
+	/*
+	 * Exit when the current top-level makefile has been parsed
+	 * completely.
+	 */
 	PARSE_FATAL = 1,
 	/* Print "warning"; may be upgraded to fatal by the -w option. */
 	PARSE_WARNING,
@@ -472,20 +538,20 @@ typedef enum ParseErrorLevel {
 /*
  * Values returned by Cond_EvalLine and Cond_EvalCondition.
  */
-typedef enum CondEvalResult {
-	COND_PARSE,		/* Parse the next lines */
-	COND_SKIP,		/* Skip the next lines */
-	COND_INVALID		/* Not a conditional statement */
-} CondEvalResult;
+typedef enum CondResult {
+	CR_TRUE,		/* Parse the next lines */
+	CR_FALSE,		/* Skip the next lines */
+	CR_ERROR		/* Unknown directive or parse error */
+} CondResult;
 
 /* Names of the variables that are "local" to a specific target. */
-#define TARGET	"@"	/* Target of dependency */
-#define OODATE	"?"	/* All out-of-date sources */
-#define ALLSRC	">"	/* All sources */
-#define IMPSRC	"<"	/* Source implied by transformation */
-#define PREFIX	"*"	/* Common prefix */
-#define ARCHIVE	"!"	/* Archive in "archive(member)" syntax */
-#define MEMBER	"%"	/* Member in "archive(member)" syntax */
+#define TARGET	"@"		/* Target of dependency */
+#define OODATE	"?"		/* All out-of-date sources */
+#define ALLSRC	">"		/* All sources */
+#define IMPSRC	"<"		/* Source implied by transformation */
+#define PREFIX	"*"		/* Common prefix */
+#define ARCHIVE	"!"		/* Archive in "archive(member)" syntax */
+#define MEMBER	"%"		/* Member in "archive(member)" syntax */
 
 /*
  * Global Variables
@@ -543,6 +609,7 @@ extern int makelevel;
 extern char *makeDependfile;
 /* If we replaced environ, this will be non-NULL. */
 extern char **savedEnv;
+extern GNode *mainNode;
 
 extern pid_t myPid;
 
@@ -560,34 +627,32 @@ extern pid_t myPid;
 # define MAKE_LEVEL_ENV	"MAKELEVEL"
 #endif
 
-typedef enum DebugFlags {
-	DEBUG_NONE	= 0,
-	DEBUG_ARCH	= 1 << 0,
-	DEBUG_COND	= 1 << 1,
-	DEBUG_CWD	= 1 << 2,
-	DEBUG_DIR	= 1 << 3,
-	DEBUG_ERROR	= 1 << 4,
-	DEBUG_FOR	= 1 << 5,
-	DEBUG_GRAPH1	= 1 << 6,
-	DEBUG_GRAPH2	= 1 << 7,
-	DEBUG_GRAPH3	= 1 << 8,
-	DEBUG_HASH	= 1 << 9,
-	DEBUG_JOB	= 1 << 10,
-	DEBUG_LOUD	= 1 << 11,
-	DEBUG_MAKE	= 1 << 12,
-	DEBUG_META	= 1 << 13,
-	DEBUG_PARSE	= 1 << 14,
-	DEBUG_SCRIPT	= 1 << 15,
-	DEBUG_SHELL	= 1 << 16,
-	DEBUG_SUFF	= 1 << 17,
-	DEBUG_TARG	= 1 << 18,
-	DEBUG_VAR	= 1 << 19,
-	DEBUG_ALL	= (1 << 20) - 1
+typedef struct DebugFlags {
+	bool DEBUG_ARCH:1;
+	bool DEBUG_COND:1;
+	bool DEBUG_CWD:1;
+	bool DEBUG_DIR:1;
+	bool DEBUG_ERROR:1;
+	bool DEBUG_FOR:1;
+	bool DEBUG_GRAPH1:1;
+	bool DEBUG_GRAPH2:1;
+	bool DEBUG_GRAPH3:1;
+	bool DEBUG_HASH:1;
+	bool DEBUG_JOB:1;
+	bool DEBUG_LOUD:1;
+	bool DEBUG_MAKE:1;
+	bool DEBUG_META:1;
+	bool DEBUG_PARSE:1;
+	bool DEBUG_SCRIPT:1;
+	bool DEBUG_SHELL:1;
+	bool DEBUG_SUFF:1;
+	bool DEBUG_TARG:1;
+	bool DEBUG_VAR:1;
 } DebugFlags;
 
 #define CONCAT(a, b) a##b
 
-#define DEBUG(module) ((opts.debug & CONCAT(DEBUG_, module)) != 0)
+#define DEBUG(module) (opts.debug.CONCAT(DEBUG_, module))
 
 void debug_printf(const char *, ...) MAKE_ATTR_PRINTFLIKE(1, 2);
 
@@ -597,8 +662,8 @@ void debug_printf(const char *, ...) MAKE_ATTR_PRINTFLIKE(1, 2);
 			debug_printf args; \
 	} while (false)
 
-#define DEBUG0(module, text) \
-	DEBUG_IMPL(module, ("%s", text))
+#define DEBUG0(module, fmt) \
+	DEBUG_IMPL(module, (fmt))
 #define DEBUG1(module, fmt, arg1) \
 	DEBUG_IMPL(module, (fmt, arg1))
 #define DEBUG2(module, fmt, arg1, arg2) \
@@ -621,17 +686,21 @@ typedef struct CmdOpts {
 	/* -B: whether we are make compatible */
 	bool compatMake;
 
-	/* -d: debug control: There is one bit per module.  It is up to the
-	 * module what debug information to print. */
+	/*
+	 * -d: debug control: There is one bit per module.  It is up to the
+	 * module what debug information to print.
+	 */
 	DebugFlags debug;
 
 	/* -df: debug output is written here - default stderr */
 	FILE *debug_file;
 
-	/* -dL: lint mode
+	/*
+	 * -dL: lint mode
 	 *
 	 * Runs make in strict mode, with additional checks and better error
-	 * handling. */
+	 * handling.
+	 */
 	bool strict;
 
 	/* -dV: for the -V option, print unexpanded variable values */
@@ -646,12 +715,16 @@ typedef struct CmdOpts {
 	/* -i: if true, ignore all errors from shell commands */
 	bool ignoreErrors;
 
-	/* -j: the maximum number of jobs that can run in parallel;
-	 * this is coordinated with the submakes */
+	/*
+	 * -j: the maximum number of jobs that can run in parallel; this is
+	 * coordinated with the submakes
+	 */
 	int maxJobs;
 
-	/* -k: if true and an error occurs while making a node, continue
-	 * making nodes that do not depend on the erroneous node */
+	/*
+	 * -k: if true and an error occurs while making a node, continue
+	 * making nodes that do not depend on the erroneous node
+	 */
 	bool keepgoing;
 
 	/* -N: execute no commands from the targets */
@@ -664,17 +737,19 @@ typedef struct CmdOpts {
 	 * -q: if true, do not really make anything, just see if the targets
 	 * are out-of-date
 	 */
-	bool queryFlag;
+	bool query;
 
 	/* -r: raw mode, do not load the builtin rules. */
 	bool noBuiltins;
 
 	/* -s: don't echo the shell commands before executing them */
-	bool beSilent;
+	bool silent;
 
-	/* -t: touch the targets if they are out-of-date, but don't actually
-	 * make them */
-	bool touchFlag;
+	/*
+	 * -t: touch the targets if they are out-of-date, but don't actually
+	 * make them
+	 */
+	bool touch;
 
 	/* -[Vv]: print expanded or unexpanded selected variables */
 	PrintVarsMode printVars;
@@ -687,90 +762,364 @@ typedef struct CmdOpts {
 	/* -w: print 'Entering' and 'Leaving' for submakes */
 	bool enterFlag;
 
-	/* -X: if true, do not export variables set on the command line to the
-	 * environment. */
+	/*
+	 * -X: if true, do not export variables set on the command line to
+	 * the environment.
+	 */
 	bool varNoExportEnv;
 
-	/* The target names specified on the command line.
-	 * Used to resolve .if make(...) statements. */
+	/*
+	 * The target names specified on the command line. Used to resolve
+	 * .if make(...) statements.
+	 */
 	StringList create;
 
 } CmdOpts;
 
 extern CmdOpts opts;
 
-#include "nonints.h"
+/* arch.c */
+void Arch_Init(void);
+void Arch_End(void);
 
+bool Arch_ParseArchive(char **, GNodeList *, GNode *);
+void Arch_Touch(GNode *);
+void Arch_TouchLib(GNode *);
+void Arch_UpdateMTime(GNode *gn);
+void Arch_UpdateMemberMTime(GNode *gn);
+void Arch_FindLib(GNode *, SearchPath *);
+bool Arch_LibOODate(GNode *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+bool Arch_IsLib(GNode *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+
+/* compat.c */
+bool Compat_RunCommand(const char *, GNode *, StringListNode *);
+void Compat_Run(GNodeList *);
+void Compat_Make(GNode *, GNode *);
+
+/* cond.c */
+CondResult Cond_EvalCondition(const char *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+CondResult Cond_EvalLine(const char *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+void Cond_restore_depth(unsigned int);
+unsigned int Cond_save_depth(void) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+
+/* dir.c; see also dir.h */
+
+MAKE_INLINE const char * MAKE_ATTR_USE
+str_basename(const char *pathname)
+{
+	const char *lastSlash = strrchr(pathname, '/');
+	return lastSlash != NULL ? lastSlash + 1 : pathname;
+}
+
+MAKE_INLINE SearchPath * MAKE_ATTR_USE
+SearchPath_New(void)
+{
+	SearchPath *path = bmake_malloc(sizeof *path);
+	Lst_Init(&path->dirs);
+	return path;
+}
+
+void SearchPath_Free(SearchPath *);
+
+/* for.c */
+struct ForLoop;
+int For_Eval(const char *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+bool For_Accum(const char *, int *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+void For_Run(unsigned, unsigned);
+bool For_NextIteration(struct ForLoop *, Buffer *);
+char *ForLoop_Details(struct ForLoop *);
+void ForLoop_Free(struct ForLoop *);
+
+/* job.c */
+void JobReapChild(pid_t, int, bool);
+
+/* main.c */
+void Main_ParseArgLine(const char *);
+char *Cmd_Exec(const char *, char **) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+void Error(const char *, ...) MAKE_ATTR_PRINTFLIKE(1, 2);
+void Fatal(const char *, ...) MAKE_ATTR_PRINTFLIKE(1, 2) MAKE_ATTR_DEAD;
+void Punt(const char *, ...) MAKE_ATTR_PRINTFLIKE(1, 2) MAKE_ATTR_DEAD;
+void DieHorribly(void) MAKE_ATTR_DEAD;
+void Finish(int) MAKE_ATTR_DEAD;
+bool unlink_file(const char *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+void execDie(const char *, const char *);
+char *getTmpdir(void) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+bool ParseBoolean(const char *, bool) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+const char *cached_realpath(const char *, char *);
+bool GetBooleanExpr(const char *, bool);
+
+/* parse.c */
+void Parse_Init(void);
+void Parse_End(void);
+
+void PrintLocation(FILE *, bool, const char *, unsigned);
+void PrintStackTrace(bool);
+void Parse_Error(ParseErrorLevel, const char *, ...) MAKE_ATTR_PRINTFLIKE(2, 3);
+bool Parse_VarAssign(const char *, bool, GNode *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+void Parse_AddIncludeDir(const char *);
+void Parse_File(const char *, int);
+void Parse_PushInput(const char *, unsigned, unsigned, Buffer,
+		     struct ForLoop *);
+void Parse_MainName(GNodeList *);
+int Parse_NumErrors(void) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+
+
+/* suff.c */
+void Suff_Init(void);
+void Suff_End(void);
+
+void Suff_ClearSuffixes(void);
+bool Suff_IsTransform(const char *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+GNode *Suff_AddTransform(const char *);
+void Suff_EndTransform(GNode *);
+void Suff_AddSuffix(const char *);
+SearchPath *Suff_GetPath(const char *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+void Suff_ExtendPaths(void);
+void Suff_AddInclude(const char *);
+void Suff_AddLib(const char *);
+void Suff_FindDeps(GNode *);
+SearchPath *Suff_FindPath(GNode *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+void Suff_SetNull(const char *);
+void Suff_PrintAll(void);
+char *Suff_NamesStr(void) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+
+/* targ.c */
+void Targ_Init(void);
+void Targ_End(void);
+
+void Targ_Stats(void);
+GNodeList *Targ_List(void) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+GNode *GNode_New(const char *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+GNode *Targ_FindNode(const char *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+GNode *Targ_GetNode(const char *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+GNode *Targ_NewInternalNode(const char *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+GNode *Targ_GetEndNode(void);
+void Targ_FindList(GNodeList *, StringList *);
+void Targ_PrintCmds(GNode *);
+void Targ_PrintNode(GNode *, int);
+void Targ_PrintNodes(GNodeList *, int);
+const char *Targ_FmtTime(time_t) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+void Targ_PrintType(GNodeType);
+void Targ_PrintGraph(int);
+void Targ_Propagate(void);
+const char *GNodeMade_Name(GNodeMade) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+
+/* var.c */
+void Var_Init(void);
+void Var_End(void);
+
+typedef enum VarEvalMode {
+
+	/*
+	 * Only parse the expression but don't evaluate any part of it.
+	 *
+	 * TODO: Document what Var_Parse and Var_Subst return in this mode.
+	 *  As of 2021-03-15, they return unspecified, inconsistent results.
+	 */
+	VARE_PARSE_ONLY,
+
+	/* Parse and evaluate the expression. */
+	VARE_WANTRES,
+
+	/*
+	 * Parse and evaluate the expression.  It is an error if a
+	 * subexpression evaluates to undefined.
+	 */
+	VARE_UNDEFERR,
+
+	/*
+	 * Parse and evaluate the expression.  Keep '$$' as '$$' instead of
+	 * reducing it to a single '$'.  Subexpressions that evaluate to
+	 * undefined expand to an empty string.
+	 *
+	 * Used in variable assignments using the ':=' operator.  It allows
+	 * multiple such assignments to be chained without accidentally
+	 * expanding '$$file' to '$file' in the first assignment and
+	 * interpreting it as '${f}' followed by 'ile' in the next assignment.
+	 */
+	VARE_EVAL_KEEP_DOLLAR,
+
+	/*
+	 * Parse and evaluate the expression.  Keep undefined variables as-is
+	 * instead of expanding them to an empty string.
+	 *
+	 * Example for a ':=' assignment:
+	 *	CFLAGS = $(.INCLUDES)
+	 *	CFLAGS := -I.. $(CFLAGS)
+	 *	# If .INCLUDES (an undocumented special variable, by the
+	 *	# way) is still undefined, the updated CFLAGS becomes
+	 *	# "-I.. $(.INCLUDES)".
+	 */
+	VARE_EVAL_KEEP_UNDEF,
+
+	/*
+	 * Parse and evaluate the expression.  Keep '$$' as '$$' and preserve
+	 * undefined subexpressions.
+	 */
+	VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR_UNDEF
+} VarEvalMode;
+
+typedef enum VarSetFlags {
+	VAR_SET_NONE		= 0,
+
+	/* do not export */
+	VAR_SET_NO_EXPORT	= 1 << 0,
+
+	/*
+	 * Make the variable read-only. No further modification is possible,
+	 * except for another call to Var_Set with the same flag.
+	 */
+	VAR_SET_READONLY	= 1 << 1
+} VarSetFlags;
+
+/* The state of error handling returned by Var_Parse. */
+typedef enum VarParseResult {
+
+	/* Both parsing and evaluation succeeded. */
+	VPR_OK,
+
+	/* Parsing or evaluating failed, with an error message. */
+	VPR_ERR,
+
+	/*
+	 * Parsing succeeded, undefined expressions are allowed and the
+	 * expression was still undefined after applying all modifiers.
+	 * No error message is printed in this case.
+	 *
+	 * Some callers handle this case differently, so return this
+	 * information to them, for now.
+	 *
+	 * TODO: Instead of having this special return value, rather ensure
+	 *  that VARE_EVAL_KEEP_UNDEF is processed properly.
+	 */
+	VPR_UNDEF
+
+} VarParseResult;
+
+typedef enum VarExportMode {
+	/* .export-env */
+	VEM_ENV,
+	/* .export: Initial export or update an already exported variable. */
+	VEM_PLAIN,
+	/* .export-literal: Do not expand the variable value. */
+	VEM_LITERAL
+} VarExportMode;
+
+void Var_Delete(GNode *, const char *);
+void Var_Undef(const char *);
+void Var_Set(GNode *, const char *, const char *);
+void Var_SetExpand(GNode *, const char *, const char *);
+void Var_SetWithFlags(GNode *, const char *, const char *, VarSetFlags);
+void Var_Append(GNode *, const char *, const char *);
+void Var_AppendExpand(GNode *, const char *, const char *);
+bool Var_Exists(GNode *, const char *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+bool Var_ExistsExpand(GNode *, const char *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+FStr Var_Value(GNode *, const char *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+const char *GNode_ValueDirect(GNode *, const char *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+VarParseResult Var_Parse(const char **, GNode *, VarEvalMode, FStr *);
+VarParseResult Var_Subst(const char *, GNode *, VarEvalMode, char **);
+void Var_Expand(FStr *, GNode *, VarEvalMode);
+void Var_Stats(void);
+void Var_Dump(GNode *);
+void Var_ReexportVars(void);
+void Var_Export(VarExportMode, const char *);
+void Var_ExportVars(const char *);
+void Var_UnExport(bool, const char *);
+
+void Global_Set(const char *, const char *);
+void Global_Append(const char *, const char *);
+void Global_Delete(const char *);
+
+/* util.c */
+typedef void (*SignalProc)(int);
+SignalProc bmake_signal(int, SignalProc);
+
+/* make.c */
 void GNode_UpdateYoungestChild(GNode *, GNode *);
-bool GNode_IsOODate(GNode *);
+bool GNode_IsOODate(GNode *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
 void Make_ExpandUse(GNodeList *);
-time_t Make_Recheck(GNode *);
+time_t Make_Recheck(GNode *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
 void Make_HandleUse(GNode *, GNode *);
 void Make_Update(GNode *);
 void GNode_SetLocalVars(GNode *);
 bool Make_Run(GNodeList *);
-bool shouldDieQuietly(GNode *, int);
+bool shouldDieQuietly(GNode *, int) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
 void PrintOnError(GNode *, const char *);
 void Main_ExportMAKEFLAGS(bool);
 bool Main_SetObjdir(bool, const char *, ...) MAKE_ATTR_PRINTFLIKE(2, 3);
-int mkTempFile(const char *, char *, size_t);
+int mkTempFile(const char *, char *, size_t) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
 int str2Lst_Append(StringList *, char *);
 void GNode_FprintDetails(FILE *, const char *, const GNode *, const char *);
-bool GNode_ShouldExecute(GNode *gn);
+bool GNode_ShouldExecute(GNode *gn) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
 
 /* See if the node was seen on the left-hand side of a dependency operator. */
-MAKE_INLINE bool
+MAKE_INLINE bool MAKE_ATTR_USE
 GNode_IsTarget(const GNode *gn)
 {
 	return (gn->type & OP_OPMASK) != OP_NONE;
 }
 
-MAKE_INLINE const char *
+MAKE_INLINE const char * MAKE_ATTR_USE
 GNode_Path(const GNode *gn)
 {
 	return gn->path != NULL ? gn->path : gn->name;
 }
 
-MAKE_INLINE bool
+MAKE_INLINE bool MAKE_ATTR_USE
 GNode_IsWaitingFor(const GNode *gn)
 {
 	return gn->flags.remake && gn->made <= REQUESTED;
 }
 
-MAKE_INLINE bool
+MAKE_INLINE bool MAKE_ATTR_USE
 GNode_IsReady(const GNode *gn)
 {
 	return gn->made > DEFERRED;
 }
 
-MAKE_INLINE bool
+MAKE_INLINE bool MAKE_ATTR_USE
 GNode_IsDone(const GNode *gn)
 {
 	return gn->made >= MADE;
 }
 
-MAKE_INLINE bool
+MAKE_INLINE bool MAKE_ATTR_USE
 GNode_IsError(const GNode *gn)
 {
 	return gn->made == ERROR || gn->made == ABORTED;
 }
 
-MAKE_INLINE const char *
+MAKE_INLINE bool MAKE_ATTR_USE
+GNode_IsMainCandidate(const GNode *gn)
+{
+	return (gn->type & (OP_NOTMAIN | OP_USE | OP_USEBEFORE |
+			    OP_EXEC | OP_TRANSFORM)) == 0;
+}
+
+/* Return whether the target file should be preserved on interrupt. */
+MAKE_INLINE bool MAKE_ATTR_USE
+GNode_IsPrecious(const GNode *gn)
+{
+	/* XXX: Why are '::' targets precious? */
+	return allPrecious || gn->type & (OP_PRECIOUS | OP_DOUBLEDEP);
+}
+
+MAKE_INLINE const char * MAKE_ATTR_USE
 GNode_VarTarget(GNode *gn) { return GNode_ValueDirect(gn, TARGET); }
-MAKE_INLINE const char *
+MAKE_INLINE const char * MAKE_ATTR_USE
 GNode_VarOodate(GNode *gn) { return GNode_ValueDirect(gn, OODATE); }
-MAKE_INLINE const char *
+MAKE_INLINE const char * MAKE_ATTR_USE
 GNode_VarAllsrc(GNode *gn) { return GNode_ValueDirect(gn, ALLSRC); }
-MAKE_INLINE const char *
+MAKE_INLINE const char * MAKE_ATTR_USE
 GNode_VarImpsrc(GNode *gn) { return GNode_ValueDirect(gn, IMPSRC); }
-MAKE_INLINE const char *
+MAKE_INLINE const char * MAKE_ATTR_USE
 GNode_VarPrefix(GNode *gn) { return GNode_ValueDirect(gn, PREFIX); }
-MAKE_INLINE const char *
+MAKE_INLINE const char * MAKE_ATTR_USE
 GNode_VarArchive(GNode *gn) { return GNode_ValueDirect(gn, ARCHIVE); }
-MAKE_INLINE const char *
+MAKE_INLINE const char * MAKE_ATTR_USE
 GNode_VarMember(GNode *gn) { return GNode_ValueDirect(gn, MEMBER); }
 
-MAKE_INLINE void *
+MAKE_INLINE void * MAKE_ATTR_USE
 UNCONST(const void *ptr)
 {
 	void *ret;
@@ -795,19 +1144,21 @@ UNCONST(const void *ptr)
 #define KILLPG(pid, sig) killpg((pid), (sig))
 #endif
 
-MAKE_INLINE bool
+MAKE_INLINE bool MAKE_ATTR_USE
 ch_isalnum(char ch) { return isalnum((unsigned char)ch) != 0; }
-MAKE_INLINE bool
+MAKE_INLINE bool MAKE_ATTR_USE
 ch_isalpha(char ch) { return isalpha((unsigned char)ch) != 0; }
-MAKE_INLINE bool
+MAKE_INLINE bool MAKE_ATTR_USE
 ch_isdigit(char ch) { return isdigit((unsigned char)ch) != 0; }
-MAKE_INLINE bool
+MAKE_INLINE bool MAKE_ATTR_USE
+ch_islower(char ch) { return islower((unsigned char)ch) != 0; }
+MAKE_INLINE bool MAKE_ATTR_USE
 ch_isspace(char ch) { return isspace((unsigned char)ch) != 0; }
-MAKE_INLINE bool
+MAKE_INLINE bool MAKE_ATTR_USE
 ch_isupper(char ch) { return isupper((unsigned char)ch) != 0; }
-MAKE_INLINE char
+MAKE_INLINE char MAKE_ATTR_USE
 ch_tolower(char ch) { return (char)tolower((unsigned char)ch); }
-MAKE_INLINE char
+MAKE_INLINE char MAKE_ATTR_USE
 ch_toupper(char ch) { return (char)toupper((unsigned char)ch); }
 
 MAKE_INLINE void
@@ -824,6 +1175,17 @@ cpp_skip_hspace(const char **pp)
 		(*pp)++;
 }
 
+MAKE_INLINE bool
+cpp_skip_string(const char **pp, const char *s)
+{
+	const char *p = *pp;
+	while (*p == *s && *s != '\0')
+		p++, s++;
+	if (*s == '\0')
+		*pp = p;
+	return *s == '\0';
+}
+
 MAKE_INLINE void
 pp_skip_whitespace(char **pp)
 {
@@ -863,4 +1225,4 @@ pp_skip_hspace(char **pp)
 # define MAKE_RCSID(id) static volatile char rcsid[] = id
 #endif
 
-#endif /* MAKE_MAKE_H */
+#endif
diff --git a/make_malloc.c b/make_malloc.c
index 42a69f43704f..ea347e0ec2ca 100644
--- a/make_malloc.c
+++ b/make_malloc.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: make_malloc.c,v 1.25 2021/01/19 20:51:46 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: make_malloc.c,v 1.26 2022/01/07 08:30:04 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 2009 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 
 #include "make.h"
 
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: make_malloc.c,v 1.25 2021/01/19 20:51:46 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: make_malloc.c,v 1.26 2022/01/07 08:30:04 rillig Exp $");
 
 #ifndef USE_EMALLOC
 
@@ -57,12 +57,12 @@ bmake_malloc(size_t len)
 char *
 bmake_strdup(const char *str)
 {
-	size_t len;
+	size_t size;
 	char *p;
 
-	len = strlen(str) + 1;
-	p = bmake_malloc(len);
-	return memcpy(p, str, len);
+	size = strlen(str) + 1;
+	p = bmake_malloc(size);
+	return memcpy(p, str, size);
 }
 
 /* Allocate a string starting from str with exactly len characters. */
diff --git a/make_malloc.h b/make_malloc.h
index 72f6c11fd882..b1cfe8487837 100644
--- a/make_malloc.h
+++ b/make_malloc.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: make_malloc.h,v 1.16 2021/01/19 20:51:46 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: make_malloc.h,v 1.18 2021/12/15 11:01:39 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 2009 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@
  */
 
 #ifndef USE_EMALLOC
-void *bmake_malloc(size_t);
-void *bmake_realloc(void *, size_t);
-char *bmake_strdup(const char *);
-char *bmake_strldup(const char *, size_t);
+void *bmake_malloc(size_t) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+void *bmake_realloc(void *, size_t) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+char *bmake_strdup(const char *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+char *bmake_strldup(const char *, size_t) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
 #else
 #include <util.h>
 #define bmake_malloc(n)		emalloc(n)
@@ -39,18 +39,4 @@ char *bmake_strldup(const char *, size_t);
 #define bmake_strldup(s, n)	estrndup(s, n)
 #endif
 
-char *bmake_strsedup(const char *, const char *);
-
-/*
- * Thin wrapper around free(3) to avoid the extra function call in case
- * p is NULL, to save a few machine instructions.
- *
- * The case of a NULL pointer happens especially often after Var_Value,
- * since only environment variables need to be freed, but not others.
- */
-MAKE_INLINE void
-bmake_free(void *p)
-{
-	if (p != NULL)
-		free(p);
-}
+char *bmake_strsedup(const char *, const char *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
diff --git a/meta.c b/meta.c
index 67c57647f2af..2d6ab3ab8a3d 100644
--- a/meta.c
+++ b/meta.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*      $NetBSD: meta.c,v 1.185 2021/11/27 22:04:02 rillig Exp $ */
+/*      $NetBSD: meta.c,v 1.196 2022/02/04 23:22:19 rillig Exp $ */
 
 /*
  * Implement 'meta' mode.
@@ -69,6 +69,9 @@ static char *metaIgnorePathsStr;	/* string storage for the list */
 #ifndef MAKE_META_IGNORE_FILTER
 #define MAKE_META_IGNORE_FILTER ".MAKE.META.IGNORE_FILTER"
 #endif
+#ifndef MAKE_META_CMP_FILTER
+#define MAKE_META_CMP_FILTER ".MAKE.META.CMP_FILTER"
+#endif
 
 bool useMeta = false;
 static bool useFilemon = false;
@@ -80,6 +83,7 @@ static bool metaVerbose = false;
 static bool metaIgnoreCMDs = false;	/* ignore CMDs in .meta files */
 static bool metaIgnorePatterns = false; /* do we need to do pattern matches */
 static bool metaIgnoreFilter = false;	/* do we have more complex filtering? */
+static bool metaCmpFilter = false;	/* do we have CMP_FILTER ? */
 static bool metaCurdirOk = false;	/* write .meta in .CURDIR Ok? */
 static bool metaSilent = false;		/* if we have a .meta be SILENT */
 
@@ -208,42 +212,25 @@ filemon_read(FILE *mfp, int fd)
  * we use this, to clean up ./ and ../
  */
 static void
-eat_dots(char *buf, size_t bufsz, int dots)
+eat_dots(char *buf)
 {
-    char *cp;
-    char *cp2;
-    const char *eat;
-    size_t eatlen;
+    char *p;
 
-    switch (dots) {
-    case 1:
-	eat = "/./";
-	eatlen = 2;
-	break;
-    case 2:
-	eat = "/../";
-	eatlen = 3;
-	break;
-    default:
-	return;
-    }
+    while ((p = strstr(buf, "/./")) != NULL)
+	memmove(p, p + 2, strlen(p + 2) + 1);
 
-    do {
-	cp = strstr(buf, eat);
-	if (cp != NULL) {
-	    cp2 = cp + eatlen;
-	    if (dots == 2 && cp > buf) {
-		do {
-		    cp--;
-		} while (cp > buf && *cp != '/');
-	    }
-	    if (*cp == '/') {
-		strlcpy(cp, cp2, bufsz - (size_t)(cp - buf));
-	    } else {
-		return;			/* can't happen? */
-	    }
+    while ((p = strstr(buf, "/../")) != NULL) {
+	char *p2 = p + 3;
+	if (p > buf) {
+	    do {
+		p--;
+	    } while (p > buf && *p != '/');
 	}
-    } while (cp != NULL);
+	if (*p == '/')
+	    memmove(p, p2, strlen(p2) + 1);
+	else
+	    return;		/* can't happen? */
+    }
 }
 
 static char *
@@ -287,8 +274,7 @@ meta_name(char *mname, size_t mnamelen,
 	    } else {
 		snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%s/%s", cwd, tname);
 	    }
-	    eat_dots(buf, sizeof buf, 1);	/* ./ */
-	    eat_dots(buf, sizeof buf, 2);	/* ../ */
+	    eat_dots(buf);
 	    tname = buf;
 	}
     }
@@ -330,15 +316,14 @@ is_submake(const char *cmd, GNode *gn)
     static const char *p_make = NULL;
     static size_t p_len;
     char *mp = NULL;
-    const char *cp, *cp2;
+    const char *cp2;
     bool rc = false;
 
     if (p_make == NULL) {
 	p_make = Var_Value(gn, ".MAKE").str;
 	p_len = strlen(p_make);
     }
-    cp = strchr(cmd, '$');
-    if (cp != NULL) {
+    if (strchr(cmd, '$') != NULL) {
 	(void)Var_Subst(cmd, gn, VARE_WANTRES, &mp);
 	/* TODO: handle errors */
 	cmd = mp;
@@ -385,13 +370,7 @@ printCMD(const char *ucmd, FILE *fp, GNode *gn)
 {
     FStr xcmd = FStr_InitRefer(ucmd);
 
-    if (strchr(ucmd, '$') != NULL) {
-    	char *expanded;
-	(void)Var_Subst(ucmd, gn, VARE_WANTRES, &expanded);
-	/* TODO: handle errors */
-	xcmd = FStr_InitOwn(expanded);
-    }
-
+    Var_Expand(&xcmd, gn, VARE_WANTRES);
     fprintf(fp, "CMD %s\n", xcmd.str);
     FStr_Done(&xcmd);
 }
@@ -601,7 +580,6 @@ meta_mode_init(const char *make_mode)
 {
     static bool once = false;
     const char *cp;
-    FStr value;
 
     useMeta = true;
     useFilemon = true;
@@ -658,16 +636,9 @@ meta_mode_init(const char *make_mode)
     /*
      * We ignore any paths that match ${.MAKE.META.IGNORE_PATTERNS}
      */
-    value = Var_Value(SCOPE_GLOBAL, MAKE_META_IGNORE_PATTERNS);
-    if (value.str != NULL) {
-	metaIgnorePatterns = true;
-	FStr_Done(&value);
-    }
-    value = Var_Value(SCOPE_GLOBAL, MAKE_META_IGNORE_FILTER);
-    if (value.str != NULL) {
-	metaIgnoreFilter = true;
-	FStr_Done(&value);
-    }
+    metaIgnorePatterns = Var_Exists(SCOPE_GLOBAL, MAKE_META_IGNORE_PATTERNS);
+    metaIgnoreFilter = Var_Exists(SCOPE_GLOBAL, MAKE_META_IGNORE_FILTER);
+    metaCmpFilter = Var_Exists(SCOPE_GLOBAL, MAKE_META_CMP_FILTER);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1061,7 +1032,7 @@ meta_ignore(GNode *gn, const char *p)
  * Setting oodate true will have that effect.
  */
 #define CHECK_VALID_META(p) if (!(p != NULL && *p != '\0')) { \
-    warnx("%s: %d: malformed", fname, lineno); \
+    warnx("%s: %u: malformed", fname, lineno); \
     oodate = true; \
     continue; \
     }
@@ -1084,6 +1055,39 @@ append_if_new(StringList *list, const char *str)
     Lst_Append(list, bmake_strdup(str));
 }
 
+static char *
+meta_filter_cmd(Buffer *buf, GNode *gn, char *s)
+{
+    Buf_Clear(buf);
+    Buf_AddStr(buf, "${");
+    Buf_AddStr(buf, s);
+    Buf_AddStr(buf, ":L:${" MAKE_META_CMP_FILTER ":ts:}}");
+    Var_Subst(buf->data, gn, VARE_WANTRES, &s);
+    return s;
+}
+
+static int
+meta_cmd_cmp(GNode *gn, char *a, char *b, bool filter)
+{
+    static bool once = false;
+    static Buffer buf;
+    int rc;
+
+    rc = strcmp(a, b);
+    if (rc == 0 || !filter)
+	return rc;
+    if (!once) {
+	once = true;
+	Buf_Init(&buf);
+    }
+    a = meta_filter_cmd(&buf, gn, a);
+    b = meta_filter_cmd(&buf, gn, b);
+    rc = strcmp(a, b);
+    free(a);
+    free(b);
+    return rc;
+}
+
 bool
 meta_oodate(GNode *gn, bool oodate)
 {
@@ -1108,6 +1112,7 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, bool oodate)
     bool needOODATE = false;
     StringList missingFiles;
     bool have_filemon = false;
+    bool cmp_filter;
 
     if (oodate)
 	return oodate;		/* we're done */
@@ -1139,7 +1144,7 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, bool oodate)
     if ((fp = fopen(fname, "r")) != NULL) {
 	static char *buf = NULL;
 	static size_t bufsz;
-	int lineno = 0;
+	unsigned lineno = 0;
 	int lastpid = 0;
 	int pid;
 	int x;
@@ -1167,13 +1172,16 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, bool oodate)
 	/* we want to track all the .meta we read */
 	Global_Append(".MAKE.META.FILES", fname);
 
+	cmp_filter = metaCmpFilter ? metaCmpFilter :
+	    Var_Exists(gn, MAKE_META_CMP_FILTER);
+
 	cmdNode = gn->commands.first;
 	while (!oodate && (x = fgetLine(&buf, &bufsz, 0, fp)) > 0) {
 	    lineno++;
 	    if (buf[x - 1] == '\n')
 		buf[x - 1] = '\0';
 	    else {
-		warnx("%s: %d: line truncated at %u", fname, lineno, x);
+		warnx("%s: %u: line truncated at %u", fname, lineno, x);
 		oodate = true;
 		break;
 	    }
@@ -1194,7 +1202,7 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, bool oodate)
 	    /* Delimit the record type. */
 	    p = buf;
 #ifdef DEBUG_META_MODE
-	    DEBUG3(META, "%s: %d: %s\n", fname, lineno, buf);
+	    DEBUG3(META, "%s: %u: %s\n", fname, lineno, buf);
 #endif
 	    strsep(&p, " ");
 	    if (have_filemon) {
@@ -1240,8 +1248,8 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, bool oodate)
 
 			if (lastpid > 0) {
 			    /* We need to remember these. */
-			    Global_SetExpand(lcwd_vname, lcwd);
-			    Global_SetExpand(ldir_vname, latestdir);
+			    Global_Set(lcwd_vname, lcwd);
+			    Global_Set(ldir_vname, latestdir);
 			}
 			snprintf(lcwd_vname, sizeof lcwd_vname, LCWD_VNAME_FMT, pid);
 			snprintf(ldir_vname, sizeof ldir_vname, LDIR_VNAME_FMT, pid);
@@ -1262,7 +1270,7 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, bool oodate)
 			continue;
 #ifdef DEBUG_META_MODE
 		    if (DEBUG(META))
-			debug_printf("%s: %d: %d: %c: cwd=%s lcwd=%s ldir=%s\n",
+			debug_printf("%s: %u: %d: %c: cwd=%s lcwd=%s ldir=%s\n",
 				     fname, lineno,
 				     pid, buf[0], cwd, lcwd, latestdir);
 #endif
@@ -1274,8 +1282,8 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, bool oodate)
 		/* Process according to record type. */
 		switch (buf[0]) {
 		case 'X':		/* eXit */
-		    Var_DeleteExpand(SCOPE_GLOBAL, lcwd_vname);
-		    Var_DeleteExpand(SCOPE_GLOBAL, ldir_vname);
+		    Var_Delete(SCOPE_GLOBAL, lcwd_vname);
+		    Var_Delete(SCOPE_GLOBAL, ldir_vname);
 		    lastpid = 0;	/* no need to save ldir_vname */
 		    break;
 
@@ -1287,13 +1295,13 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, bool oodate)
 			child = atoi(p);
 			if (child > 0) {
 			    snprintf(cldir, sizeof cldir, LCWD_VNAME_FMT, child);
-			    Global_SetExpand(cldir, lcwd);
+			    Global_Set(cldir, lcwd);
 			    snprintf(cldir, sizeof cldir, LDIR_VNAME_FMT, child);
-			    Global_SetExpand(cldir, latestdir);
+			    Global_Set(cldir, latestdir);
 #ifdef DEBUG_META_MODE
 			    if (DEBUG(META))
 				debug_printf(
-					"%s: %d: %d: cwd=%s lcwd=%s ldir=%s\n",
+					"%s: %u: %d: cwd=%s lcwd=%s ldir=%s\n",
 					fname, lineno,
 					child, cwd, lcwd, latestdir);
 #endif
@@ -1305,10 +1313,10 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, bool oodate)
 		    /* Update lcwd and latest directory. */
 		    strlcpy(latestdir, p, sizeof latestdir);
 		    strlcpy(lcwd, p, sizeof lcwd);
-		    Global_SetExpand(lcwd_vname, lcwd);
-		    Global_SetExpand(ldir_vname, lcwd);
+		    Global_Set(lcwd_vname, lcwd);
+		    Global_Set(ldir_vname, lcwd);
 #ifdef DEBUG_META_MODE
-		    DEBUG4(META, "%s: %d: cwd=%s ldir=%s\n",
+		    DEBUG4(META, "%s: %u: cwd=%s ldir=%s\n",
 			   fname, lineno, cwd, lcwd);
 #endif
 		    break;
@@ -1461,7 +1469,7 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, bool oodate)
 
 			for (sdp = sdirs; *sdp != NULL && !found; sdp++) {
 #ifdef DEBUG_META_MODE
-			    DEBUG3(META, "%s: %d: looking for: %s\n",
+			    DEBUG3(META, "%s: %u: looking for: %s\n",
 				   fname, lineno, *sdp);
 #endif
 			    if (cached_stat(*sdp, &cst) == 0) {
@@ -1471,12 +1479,12 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, bool oodate)
 			}
 			if (found) {
 #ifdef DEBUG_META_MODE
-			    DEBUG3(META, "%s: %d: found: %s\n",
+			    DEBUG3(META, "%s: %u: found: %s\n",
 				   fname, lineno, p);
 #endif
 			    if (!S_ISDIR(cst.cst_mode) &&
 				cst.cst_mtime > gn->mtime) {
-				DEBUG3(META, "%s: %d: file '%s' is newer than the target...\n",
+				DEBUG3(META, "%s: %u: file '%s' is newer than the target...\n",
 				       fname, lineno, p);
 				oodate = true;
 			    } else if (S_ISDIR(cst.cst_mode)) {
@@ -1508,7 +1516,7 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, bool oodate)
 		 * meta data file.
 		 */
 		if (cmdNode == NULL) {
-		    DEBUG2(META, "%s: %d: there were more build commands in the meta data file than there are now...\n",
+		    DEBUG2(META, "%s: %u: there were more build commands in the meta data file than there are now...\n",
 			   fname, lineno);
 		    oodate = true;
 		} else {
@@ -1525,7 +1533,7 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, bool oodate)
 		    }
 		    if (hasOODATE) {
 			needOODATE = true;
-			DEBUG2(META, "%s: %d: cannot compare command using .OODATE\n",
+			DEBUG2(META, "%s: %u: cannot compare command using .OODATE\n",
 			       fname, lineno);
 		    }
 		    (void)Var_Subst(cmd, gn, VARE_UNDEFERR, &cmd);
@@ -1548,7 +1556,7 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, bool oodate)
 			    x = n;
 			    lineno++;
 			    if (buf[x - 1] != '\n') {
-				warnx("%s: %d: line truncated at %u", fname, lineno, x);
+				warnx("%s: %u: line truncated at %u", fname, lineno, x);
 				break;
 			    }
 			    cp = strchr(cp + 1, '\n');
@@ -1559,8 +1567,8 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, bool oodate)
 		    if (p != NULL &&
 			!hasOODATE &&
 			!(gn->type & OP_NOMETA_CMP) &&
-			(strcmp(p, cmd) != 0)) {
-			DEBUG4(META, "%s: %d: a build command has changed\n%s\nvs\n%s\n",
+			(meta_cmd_cmp(gn, p, cmd, cmp_filter) != 0)) {
+			DEBUG4(META, "%s: %u: a build command has changed\n%s\nvs\n%s\n",
 			       fname, lineno, p, cmd);
 			if (!metaIgnoreCMDs)
 			    oodate = true;
@@ -1574,13 +1582,13 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, bool oodate)
 		 * that weren't in the meta data file.
 		 */
 		if (!oodate && cmdNode != NULL) {
-		    DEBUG2(META, "%s: %d: there are extra build commands now that weren't in the meta data file\n",
+		    DEBUG2(META, "%s: %u: there are extra build commands now that weren't in the meta data file\n",
 			   fname, lineno);
 		    oodate = true;
 		}
 		CHECK_VALID_META(p);
 		if (strcmp(p, cwd) != 0) {
-		    DEBUG4(META, "%s: %d: the current working directory has changed from '%s' to '%s'\n",
+		    DEBUG4(META, "%s: %u: the current working directory has changed from '%s' to '%s'\n",
 			   fname, lineno, p, curdir);
 		    oodate = true;
 		}
diff --git a/meta.h b/meta.h
index d4f02da4e78b..5d247422ef8c 100644
--- a/meta.h
+++ b/meta.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*      $NetBSD: meta.h,v 1.10 2021/04/03 11:08:40 rillig Exp $ */
+/*      $NetBSD: meta.h,v 1.11 2021/12/15 09:53:41 rillig Exp $ */
 
 /*
  * Things needed for 'meta' mode.
@@ -46,13 +46,13 @@ void meta_mode_init(const char *);
 void meta_job_start(struct Job *, GNode *);
 void meta_job_child(struct Job *);
 void meta_job_parent(struct Job *, pid_t);
-int  meta_job_fd(struct Job *);
-int  meta_job_event(struct Job *);
+int  meta_job_fd(struct Job *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
+int  meta_job_event(struct Job *) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
 void meta_job_error(struct Job *, GNode *, bool, int);
 void meta_job_output(struct Job *, char *, const char *);
 int  meta_cmd_finish(void *);
 int  meta_job_finish(struct Job *);
-bool meta_oodate(GNode *, bool);
+bool meta_oodate(GNode *, bool) MAKE_ATTR_USE;
 void meta_compat_start(void);
 void meta_compat_child(void);
 void meta_compat_parent(pid_t);
diff --git a/metachar.h b/metachar.h
index d6fd2299d43e..11711e876017 100644
--- a/metachar.h
+++ b/metachar.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: metachar.h,v 1.17 2021/06/21 18:54:41 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: metachar.h,v 1.20 2022/01/08 11:04:13 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 2015 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
@@ -35,18 +35,18 @@
 
 extern const unsigned char _metachar[];
 
-MAKE_INLINE bool
-is_shell_metachar(char c)
+MAKE_INLINE bool MAKE_ATTR_USE
+ch_is_shell_meta(char c)
 {
 	return _metachar[c & 0x7f] != 0;
 }
 
-MAKE_INLINE bool
+MAKE_INLINE bool MAKE_ATTR_USE
 needshell(const char *cmd)
 {
-	while (!is_shell_metachar(*cmd) && *cmd != ':' && *cmd != '=')
+	while (!ch_is_shell_meta(*cmd) && *cmd != ':' && *cmd != '=')
 		cmd++;
 	return *cmd != '\0';
 }
 
-#endif /* MAKE_METACHAR_H */
+#endif
diff --git a/mk/ChangeLog b/mk/ChangeLog
index 93bde20d754d..f196b086e7a1 100644
--- a/mk/ChangeLog
+++ b/mk/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,60 @@
+2022-02-04  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* install-mk (MK_VERSION): 20220204
+
+	* host-target.mk: use .MAKE.OS if available
+
+2022-02-02  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* install-mk (MK_VERSION): 20220202
+
+	* cc-wrap.mk: allow other entries in CC_WRAP_FILTER
+	We add our filter on extensions last, so prior filters
+	can apply to the whole value of .IMPSRC
+
+2022-02-01  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* cc-wrap.mk: take advantage of target local variables to
+	wrap compilers like CC CXX with wrappers like ccache distcc etc
+
+2022-01-28  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* meta2deps: we do not expect any trace data for setid apps
+
+2022-01-26  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* dirdeps.mk: ensure TARGET_SPEC and TARGET_SPEC_VARS are passed
+	to sub-make using DIRDEPS_CACHE
+
+2022-01-07  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* dirdeps.mk: use _cache_script to minimize the number of shells
+	forked when generating dirdeps.cache
+
+2022-01-02  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* install-mk (MK_VERSION): 20220101
+
+	* dirdeps.mk: initialize DEP_* and _debug_reldir earlier.
+	If initial DIRDEPS are from command line, create the target
+	_dirdeps_cmdline as an indication.
+
+2022-01-01  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* init.mk (_SKIP_BUILD): when doing DIRDEPS_BUILD
+	at top-level only some targets are allowed at level 0,
+	for leaf makefiles only the default (all) target is restricted
+
+2021-12-28  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* install-mk (MK_VERSION): 20211228
+	
+	* meta2deps.py: filemon on Linux is not as reliable as we might
+	like, we do not want to update DIRDEPS if filemon output is
+	incomplete.   Track pids that we 'E'xec and make sure we see an
+	e'X'it for each one.  Throw an error if we are missing any 'X'
+	records.
+
 2021-12-12  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
 
 	* sys.mk: simplify; include meta.sys.mk if MK_META_MODE is yes.
diff --git a/mk/FILES b/mk/FILES
index 91c4387e8ccb..de6259531e6e 100644
--- a/mk/FILES
+++ b/mk/FILES
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ auto.obj.mk
 autoconf.mk
 autodep.mk
 auto.dep.mk
+cc-wrap.mk
 compiler.mk
 cython.mk
 dep.mk
diff --git a/mk/cc-wrap.mk b/mk/cc-wrap.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7b9c6e0cb8c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mk/cc-wrap.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# $Id: cc-wrap.mk,v 1.4 2022/02/02 17:41:56 sjg Exp $
+#
+#	@(#) Copyright (c) 2022, Simon J. Gerraty
+#
+#	This file is provided in the hope that it will
+#	be of use.  There is absolutely NO WARRANTY.
+#	Permission to copy, redistribute or otherwise
+#	use this file is hereby granted provided that
+#	the above copyright notice and this notice are
+#	left intact.
+#
+#	Please send copies of changes and bug-fixes to:
+#	sjg@crufty.net
+#
+
+.if ${MAKE_VERSION} >= 20220126
+# which targets are we interested in?
+CC_WRAP_TARGETS ?= ${OBJS:U} ${POBJS:U} ${SOBJS:U}
+
+.if !empty(CC_WRAP_TARGETS)
+# cleanup
+# all the target assignments below are effectively := anyway
+# so we might as well do this once
+CC_WRAP_TARGETS := ${CC_WRAP_TARGETS:O:u}
+
+# what do we wrap?
+CC_WRAP_LIST += CC CXX
+CC_WRAP_LIST := ${CC_WRAP_LIST:O:u}
+
+# what might we wrap them with?
+CC_WRAPPERS += ccache distcc icecc
+CC_WRAPPERS := ${CC_WRAPPERS:O:u}
+.for w in ${CC_WRAPPERS}
+${w:tu} ?= $w
+.endfor
+
+# we do not want to make all these targets out-of-date
+# just because one of the above wrappers are enabled/disabled
+${CC_WRAP_TARGETS}: .MAKE.META.CMP_FILTER = ${CC_WRAPPERS:tu@W@${$W}@:S,^,N,}
+
+# some object src types we should not wrap
+CC_WRAP_SKIP_EXTS += s
+
+# We add the sequence we care about - excluding CC_WRAP_SKIP_EXTS
+# but prior filters can apply to full value of .IMPSRC
+CC_WRAP_FILTER += E:tl:${CC_WRAP_SKIP_EXTS:${M_ListToSkip}}
+CC_WRAP_FILTER := ${CC_WRAP_FILTER:ts:}
+
+# last one enabled wins!
+.for W in ${CC_WRAPPERS:tu}
+.if ${MK_$W:U} == "yes"
+.for C in ${CC_WRAP_LIST}
+# we have to protect the check of .IMPSRC from Global expansion
+${CC_WRAP_TARGETS}: $C = $${"$${.IMPSRC:${CC_WRAP_FILTER}}":?${$W}:} ${$C}
+.endfor
+.endif
+.endfor
+
+.endif
+.endif
+
diff --git a/mk/dirdeps.mk b/mk/dirdeps.mk
index 5e735f236b9f..ee31e47c76c5 100644
--- a/mk/dirdeps.mk
+++ b/mk/dirdeps.mk
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-# $Id: dirdeps.mk,v 1.147 2021/12/14 02:09:53 sjg Exp $
+# $Id: dirdeps.mk,v 1.151 2022/01/28 01:13:14 sjg Exp $
 
-# Copyright (c) 2010-2021, Simon J. Gerraty
+# Copyright (c) 2010-2022, Simon J. Gerraty
 # Copyright (c) 2010-2018, Juniper Networks, Inc.
 # All rights reserved.
 #
@@ -134,6 +134,16 @@
 #		A list of MACHINEs the current directory should not be
 #		built for.
 #
+# DIRDEPS_EXPORT_VARS (DEP_EXPORT_VARS)
+#	It is discouraged, but sometimes necessary for a
+#	Makefile.depend file to influence the environment.
+#	Doing this is correctly (especially if using DIRDEPS_CACHE) is
+#	tricky so a Makefile.depend file can set DIRDEPS_EXPORT_VARS
+#	and dirdeps.mk will do the deed:
+#
+#		MK_UEFI = yes
+#		DIRDEPS_EXPORT_VARS = MK_UEFI
+#
 # _build_xtra_dirs
 #	local.dirdeps.mk can add targets to this variable.
 #	They will be hooked into the build, but independent of
@@ -161,6 +171,8 @@ _DIRDEP_USE_LEVEL?= 0
 .if ${.MAKE.LEVEL} == ${_DIRDEP_USE_LEVEL}
 # only the first instance is interested in all this
 
+# the first time we are included the _DIRDEP_USE target will not be defined
+# we can use this as a clue to do initialization and other one time things.
 .if !target(_DIRDEP_USE)
 
 # do some setup we only need once
@@ -184,6 +196,8 @@ TARGET_MACHINE := ${MACHINE}
 .endif
 # disable DIRDEPS_CACHE as it does not like this trick
 MK_DIRDEPS_CACHE = no
+# incase anyone needs to know
+_dirdeps_cmdline:
 .endif
 
 # make sure we get the behavior we expect
@@ -257,12 +271,36 @@ _machine_dependfiles := ${.MAKE.DEPENDFILE_PREFERENCE:T:M*${MACHINE}*}
 .endif
 .endif
 
-
 # this is how we identify non-machine specific dependfiles
 N_notmachine := ${.MAKE.DEPENDFILE_PREFERENCE:E:N*${MACHINE}*:${M_ListToSkip}}
 
+# this gets reset for each dirdep we check
+DEP_RELDIR ?= ${RELDIR}
+
+# remember the initial value of DEP_RELDIR - we test for it below.
+_DEP_RELDIR := ${DEP_RELDIR}
+
+# this can cause lots of output!
+# set to a set of glob expressions that might match RELDIR
+DEBUG_DIRDEPS ?= no
+
+# make sure this target exists
+dirdeps: beforedirdeps .WAIT
+beforedirdeps:
+
 .endif				# !target(_DIRDEP_USE)
 
+.if ${DEBUG_DIRDEPS:@x@${DEP_RELDIR:M$x}${${DEP_RELDIR}.${DEP_MACHINE}:L:M$x}@} != ""
+_debug_reldir = 1
+.else
+_debug_reldir = 0
+.endif
+.if ${DEBUG_DIRDEPS:@x@${DEP_RELDIR:M$x}${${DEP_RELDIR}.depend depend:L:M$x}@} != ""
+_debug_search = 1
+.else
+_debug_search = 0
+.endif
+
 # First off, we want to know what ${MACHINE} to build for.
 # This can be complicated if we are using a mixture of ${MACHINE} specific
 # and non-specific Makefile.depend*
@@ -297,26 +335,6 @@ DEP_MACHINE := ${_DEP_TARGET_SPEC}
 _build_all_dirs =
 _build_xtra_dirs =
 
-# the first time we are included the _DIRDEP_USE target will not be defined
-# we can use this as a clue to do initialization and other one time things.
-.if !target(_DIRDEP_USE)
-# make sure this target exists
-dirdeps: beforedirdeps .WAIT
-beforedirdeps:
-
-# We normally expect to be included by Makefile.depend.*
-# which sets the DEP_* macros below.
-DEP_RELDIR ?= ${RELDIR}
-
-# this can cause lots of output!
-# set to a set of glob expressions that might match RELDIR
-DEBUG_DIRDEPS ?= no
-
-# remember the initial value of DEP_RELDIR - we test for it below.
-_DEP_RELDIR := ${DEP_RELDIR}
-
-.endif
-
 # DIRDEPS_CACHE can be very handy for debugging.
 # Also if repeatedly building the same target,
 # we can avoid the overhead of re-computing the tree dependencies.
@@ -329,16 +347,6 @@ BUILD_DIRDEPS ?= yes
 DIRDEPS_CACHE ?= ${_OBJDIR:tA}/dirdeps.cache${_TARGETS:U${.TARGETS}:Nall:O:u:ts-:S,/,_,g:S,^,.,:N.}
 .endif
 
-.if ${DEBUG_DIRDEPS:@x@${DEP_RELDIR:M$x}${${DEP_RELDIR}.${DEP_MACHINE}:L:M$x}@} != ""
-_debug_reldir = 1
-.else
-_debug_reldir = 0
-.endif
-.if ${DEBUG_DIRDEPS:@x@${DEP_RELDIR:M$x}${${DEP_RELDIR}.depend:L:M$x}@} != ""
-_debug_search = 1
-.else
-_debug_search = 0
-.endif
 
 # pickup customizations
 # as below you can use !target(_DIRDEP_USE) to protect things
@@ -532,7 +540,10 @@ BUILD_DIRDEPS = no
 dirdeps: dirdeps-cached
 dirdeps-cached:	${DIRDEPS_CACHE} .MAKE
 	@echo "${TRACER}Using ${DIRDEPS_CACHE}"
-	@MAKELEVEL=${.MAKE.LEVEL} ${.MAKE} -C ${_CURDIR} -f ${DIRDEPS_CACHE} \
+	@MAKELEVEL=${.MAKE.LEVEL} \
+	TARGET_SPEC=${TARGET_SPEC} \
+	${TARGET_SPEC_VARS:@v@$v=${$v}@} \
+	${.MAKE} -C ${_CURDIR} -f ${DIRDEPS_CACHE} \
 		dirdeps MK_DIRDEPS_CACHE=no BUILD_DIRDEPS=no
 
 # leaf makefiles rarely work for building DIRDEPS_CACHE
@@ -701,15 +712,18 @@ _build_all_dirs := ${_build_all_dirs:O:u}
 .if ${.MAKEFLAGS:M-V${_V_READ_DIRDEPS:U}} == ""
 .if !empty(_build_all_dirs)
 .if ${BUILD_DIRDEPS_CACHE} == "yes"
-x!= echo; { echo; echo '\# ${DEP_RELDIR}.${DEP_TARGET_SPEC}'; } >&3
+# we use _cache_script to minimize the number of times we fork the shell
+_cache_script = echo '\# ${DEP_RELDIR}.${DEP_TARGET_SPEC}';
 # guard against _new_dirdeps being too big for a single command line
 _new_dirdeps := ${_build_all_dirs:@x@${target($x):?:$x}@:S,^${SRCTOP}/,,}
 _cache_xtra_deps := ${_build_xtra_dirs:S,^${SRCTOP}/,,}
 .export _cache_xtra_deps _new_dirdeps
-.if !empty(DEP_EXPORT_VARS)
+.if !empty(DIRDEPS_EXPORT_VARS) || !empty(DEP_EXPORT_VARS)
 # Discouraged, but there are always exceptions.
 # Handle it here rather than explain how.
-x!= echo; { echo; ${DEP_EXPORT_VARS:@v@echo '$v=${$v}';@} echo '.export ${DEP_EXPORT_VARS}'; echo; } >&3
+DIRDEPS_EXPORT_VARS ?= ${DEP_EXPORT_VARS}
+_cache_xvars := echo; ${DIRDEPS_EXPORT_VARS:@v@echo '$v = ${$v}';@} echo '.export ${DIRDEPS_EXPORT_VARS}'; echo;
+_cache_script += ${_cache_xvars}
 .endif
 .else
 # this makes it all happen
@@ -721,16 +735,17 @@ ${_build_all_dirs}:	_DIRDEP_USE
 .info ${DEP_RELDIR}.${DEP_TARGET_SPEC}: needs: ${_build_dirs:S,^${SRCTOP}/,,}
 .endif
 
-.if !empty(DEP_EXPORT_VARS)
-.export ${DEP_EXPORT_VARS}
-DEP_EXPORT_VARS=
+.if !empty(DIRDEPS_EXPORT_VARS) || !empty(DEP_EXPORT_VARS)
+.export ${DIRDEPS_EXPORT_VARS} ${DEP_EXPORT_VARS}
+DIRDEPS_EXPORT_VARS =
+DEP_EXPORT_VARS =
 .endif
 
 # this builds the dependency graph
 .for m in ${_machines}
 .if ${BUILD_DIRDEPS_CACHE} == "yes" && !empty(_build_dirs)
 _cache_deps =
-x!= echo; { echo; echo 'DIRDEPS.${_this_dir}.$m = \'; } >&3
+_cache_script += echo; echo 'DIRDEPS.${_this_dir}.$m = \';
 .endif
 # it would be nice to do :N${.TARGET}
 .if !empty(__qual_depdirs)
@@ -753,10 +768,10 @@ ${_this_dir}.$m: ${_build_dirs:M*.$q}
 _cache_deps += ${_build_dirs:M*.$m:N${_this_dir}.$m:S,^${SRCTOP}/,,}
 .if !empty(_cache_deps)
 .export _cache_deps
-x!= echo; for x in $$_cache_deps; do echo "	_{SRCTOP}/$$x \\"; done >&3
+_cache_script += for x in $$_cache_deps; do echo "	_{SRCTOP}/$$x \\"; done;
 .endif
 # anything in _{build,env}_xtra_dirs is hooked to dirdeps: only
-x!= echo; { echo; echo '${_this_dir}.$m: $${DIRDEPS.${_this_dir}.$m}'; \
+x!= echo; { echo; ${_cache_script} echo; echo '${_this_dir}.$m: $${DIRDEPS.${_this_dir}.$m}'; \
 	echo; echo 'dirdeps: ${_this_dir}.$m \'; \
 	for x in $$_cache_xtra_deps; do echo "	_{SRCTOP}/$$x \\"; done; \
 	echo; for x in $$_new_dirdeps; do echo "_{SRCTOP}/$$x: _DIRDEP_USE"; done; } >&3
diff --git a/mk/host-target.mk b/mk/host-target.mk
index 3e6094f16730..8d906e431779 100644
--- a/mk/host-target.mk
+++ b/mk/host-target.mk
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 # RCSid:
-#	$Id: host-target.mk,v 1.13 2020/08/05 23:32:08 sjg Exp $
+#	$Id: host-target.mk,v 1.14 2022/02/04 18:05:22 sjg Exp $
 
 # Host platform information; may be overridden
 .if !defined(_HOST_OSNAME)
-_HOST_OSNAME !=	uname -s
+# use .MAKE.OS if available
+_HOST_OSNAME := ${.MAKE.OS:U${uname -s:L:sh}}
 .export _HOST_OSNAME
 .endif
 .if !defined(_HOST_OSREL)
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ _HOST_MACHINE != uname -m
 .export _HOST_MACHINE
 .endif
 .if !defined(_HOST_ARCH)
-# for NetBSD prefer $MACHINE (amd64 rather than x86_64)
+# for Darwin and NetBSD prefer $MACHINE (amd64 rather than x86_64)
 .if ${_HOST_OSNAME:NDarwin:NNetBSD} == ""
 _HOST_ARCH := ${_HOST_MACHINE}
 .else
diff --git a/mk/init.mk b/mk/init.mk
index 356c8501367e..b740378cd69a 100644
--- a/mk/init.mk
+++ b/mk/init.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $Id: init.mk,v 1.26 2021/12/08 05:56:50 sjg Exp $
+# $Id: init.mk,v 1.27 2022/01/01 17:32:18 sjg Exp $
 #
 #	@(#) Copyright (c) 2002, Simon J. Gerraty
 #
@@ -66,13 +66,17 @@ CXX_PIC?= ${CC_PIC}
 PROFFLAGS?= -DGPROF -DPROF
 
 .if ${.MAKE.LEVEL:U1} == 0 && ${MK_DIRDEPS_BUILD:Uno} == "yes"
-# targets that are ok at level 0
+.if ${RELDIR} == "."
+# top-level targets that are ok at level 0
 DIRDEPS_BUILD_LEVEL0_TARGETS += clean* destroy*
 M_ListToSkip?= O:u:S,^,N,:ts:
 .if ${.TARGETS:Uall:${DIRDEPS_BUILD_LEVEL0_TARGETS:${M_ListToSkip}}} != ""
 # this tells lib.mk and prog.mk to not actually build anything
 _SKIP_BUILD = not building at level 0
 .endif
+.elif ${.TARGETS:U:Nall} == ""
+_SKIP_BUILD = not building at level 0
+.endif
 .endif
 
 .if !defined(.PARSEDIR)
diff --git a/mk/install-mk b/mk/install-mk
index 21d00ae919a5..d309f116f4ff 100755
--- a/mk/install-mk
+++ b/mk/install-mk
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
 #       Simon J. Gerraty <sjg@crufty.net>
 
 # RCSid:
-#	$Id: install-mk,v 1.206 2021/12/11 18:57:41 sjg Exp $
+#	$Id: install-mk,v 1.213 2022/02/05 01:39:12 sjg Exp $
 #
 #	@(#) Copyright (c) 1994 Simon J. Gerraty
 #
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
 #	sjg@crufty.net
 #
 
-MK_VERSION=20211212
+MK_VERSION=20220204
 OWNER=
 GROUP=
 MODE=444
diff --git a/mk/meta2deps.py b/mk/meta2deps.py
index 76ac59465b9b..bc6975182429 100755
--- a/mk/meta2deps.py
+++ b/mk/meta2deps.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 
 """
 RCSid:
-	$Id: meta2deps.py,v 1.40 2021/12/13 19:32:46 sjg Exp $
+	$Id: meta2deps.py,v 1.44 2022/01/29 02:42:01 sjg Exp $
 
 	Copyright (c) 2011-2020, Simon J. Gerraty
 	Copyright (c) 2011-2017, Juniper Networks, Inc.
@@ -66,7 +66,10 @@
 
 """
 
-import os, re, sys
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import stat
 
 def resolve(path, cwd, last_dir=None, debug=0, debug_out=sys.stderr):
     """
@@ -244,6 +247,7 @@ def __init__(self, name, conf={}):
         self.curdir = conf.get('CURDIR')
         self.reldir = conf.get('RELDIR')
         self.dpdeps = conf.get('DPDEPS')
+        self.pids = {}
         self.line = 0
 
         if not self.conf:
@@ -449,7 +453,7 @@ def parse(self, name=None, file=None):
         if self.curdir:
             self.seenit(self.curdir)    # we ignore this
 
-        interesting = 'CEFLRV'
+        interesting = 'CEFLRVX'
         for line in f:
             self.line += 1
             # ignore anything we don't care about
@@ -505,6 +509,13 @@ def parse(self, name=None, file=None):
                     print("cwd=", cwd, file=self.debug_out)
                 continue
 
+            if w[0] == 'X':
+                try:
+                    del self.pids[pid]
+                except KeyError:
+                    pass
+                continue
+
             if w[2] in self.seen:
                 if self.debug > 2:
                     print("seen:", w[2], file=self.debug_out)
@@ -518,11 +529,30 @@ def parse(self, name=None, file=None):
                 continue
             elif w[0] in 'ERWS':
                 path = w[2]
-                if path == '.':
+                if w[0] == 'E':
+                    self.pids[pid] = path
+                elif path == '.':
                     continue
                 self.parse_path(path, cwd, w[0], w)
 
         assert(version > 0)
+        setid_pids = []
+        # self.pids should be empty!
+        for pid,path in self.pids.items():
+            try:
+                # no guarantee that path is still valid
+                if os.stat(path).st_mode & (stat.S_ISUID|stat.S_ISGID):
+                    # we do not expect anything after Exec
+                    setid_pids.append(pid)
+                    continue
+            except:
+                # we do not care why the above fails,
+                # we do not want to miss the ERROR below.
+                pass
+            print("ERROR: missing eXit for {} pid {}".format(path, pid))
+        for pid in setid_pids:
+            del self.pids[pid]
+        assert(len(self.pids) == 0)
         if not file:
             f.close()
 
diff --git a/mk/meta2deps.sh b/mk/meta2deps.sh
index 64add8542571..d6a74e71e044 100755
--- a/mk/meta2deps.sh
+++ b/mk/meta2deps.sh
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
 
 
 # RCSid:
-#	$Id: meta2deps.sh,v 1.15 2020/11/08 06:31:08 sjg Exp $
+#	$Id: meta2deps.sh,v 1.18 2022/01/28 21:17:43 sjg Exp $
 
 # Copyright (c) 2010-2013, Juniper Networks, Inc.
 # All rights reserved.
@@ -241,8 +241,8 @@ meta2deps() {
 	;;
     *) cat /dev/null "$@";;
     esac 2> /dev/null |
-    sed -e 's,^CWD,C C,;/^[CREFLMV] /!d' -e "s,',,g" |
-    $_excludes | ( version=no
+    sed -e 's,^CWD,C C,;/^[CREFLMVX] /!d' -e "s,',,g" |
+    $_excludes | ( version=no epids= xpids=
     while read op pid path junk
     do
 	: op=$op pid=$pid path=$path
@@ -273,8 +273,9 @@ meta2deps() {
 	    ;;
 	esac
 
+	: op=$op path=$path
 	case "$op,$path" in
-	V,*) version=$path; continue;;
+	V,*) version=$pid; continue;;
 	W,*srcrel|*.dirdep) continue;;
 	C,*)
 	    case "$path" in
@@ -291,6 +292,15 @@ meta2deps() {
 	    continue
 	    ;;
 	*)  dir=${path%/*}
+	    case "$op" in
+	    E)	# setid apps get no tracing so we won't see eXit
+		case `'ls' -l $path 2> /dev/null | sed 's, .*,,'` in
+		*s*) ;;
+		*) epids="$epids $pid";;
+		esac
+		;;
+	    X) xpids="$xpids $pid"; continue;;
+	    esac
 	    case "$path" in
 	    $src_re|$obj_re) ;;
 	    /*/stage/*) ;;
@@ -380,9 +390,18 @@ meta2deps() {
 	    echo $dir;;
 	esac
     done > $tf.dirdep
+    : version=$version
     case "$version" in
     0) error "no filemon data";;
-    esac ) || exit 1
+    esac
+    for p in $epids
+    do
+	: p=$p
+	case " $xpids " in
+	*" $p "*) ;;
+	*) error "missing eXit for pid $p";;
+	esac
+    done ) || exit 1
     _nl=echo
     for f in $tf.dirdep $tf.qual $tf.srcdep
     do
diff --git a/mk/mk-files.txt b/mk/mk-files.txt
index 282f9b87a63c..ca0a2868fd8f 100644
--- a/mk/mk-files.txt
+++ b/mk/mk-files.txt
@@ -143,6 +143,8 @@ examples/sys.clean-env.mk
 host-target.mk
 	Is used to set macros like ``HOST_TARGET``, ``HOST_OS`` and
 	``host_os`` which are used to find the next step.
+	Note: since 20130303 bmake provides ``.MAKE.OS`` set to
+	the equivalent of ``HOST_OS``.
 
 sys/\*.mk
 	Platform specific additions, such as ``Darwin.mk`` or ``SunOS.mk``
@@ -159,27 +161,40 @@ local.sys.mk
 The above arrangement makes it easy for the mk files to be part of a
 src tree on an NFS volume and to allow building on multiple platforms.
 
+options.mk
+----------
+
+Inspired by FreeBSD's ``bsd.own.mk`` but more flexible.
+FreeBSD now have similar functionality in ``bsd.mkopt.mk``.
+
+It allows users to express their intent with respect to options
+``MK_*`` by setting ``WITH_*`` or ``WITHOUT_*``.
+
+Note: ``WITHOUT_*`` wins if both are set, and makefiles can set
+``NO_*`` to say they cannot handle that option, or even ``MK_*`` if
+they really need to.
+
 lib.mk
 ------
 
 This file is used to build a number of different libraries from the
 same SRCS.
 
-lib${LIB}.a
+``lib${LIB}.a``
 	An archive lib of ``.o`` files, this is the default
 
-lib${LIB}_p.a
+``lib${LIB}_p.a``
 	A profiled lib of ``.po`` files.
 	Still an archive lib, but all the objects are built with
 	profiling in mind - hence the different extension.
-	It is skipped if ``MKPROFILE`` is "no".
+	It is skipped if ``MK_PROFILE`` is "no".
 
-lib${LIB}_pic.a
+``lib${LIB}_pic.a``
 	An archive of ``.so`` objects compiled for relocation.
 	On NetBSD this is the input to ``lib${LIB}.${LD_so}``, it is
-	skipped if ``MKPICLIB`` is "no".
+	skipped if ``MK_PIC`` or ``MK_PICLIB`` are "no".
 
-lib${LIB}.${LD_so}
+``lib${LIB}.${LD_so}``
 	A shared library.  The value of ``LD_so`` is very platform
 	specific.  For example::
 
@@ -190,7 +205,7 @@ lib${LIB}.${LD_so}
 		libsslfd.1.dylib
 
 	This library will only be built if ``SHLIB_MAJOR`` has
-	a value, and ``MKPIC`` is not set to "no".
+	a value, and ``MK_PIC`` is not set to "no".
 
 There is a lot of platform specific tweaking in ``lib.mk``, largely the
 result of the original distributions trying to avoid interfering with
@@ -202,7 +217,7 @@ libnames.mk
 This is included by both ``prog.mk`` and ``lib.mk`` and tries to
 include ``*.libnames.mk`` of which:
 
-local.libnames.mk
+``local.libnames.mk``
 	does not exist unless you create it.  It is a handy way for you
 	to customize without touching the distributed files.
 	For example, on a test machine I needed to build openssl but
@@ -217,7 +232,7 @@ local.libnames.mk
 	The makefile created an openssl dir in ``${OBJ_libcrypto}`` to
 	gather all the headers. dpadd.mk_ did the rest.
 
-host.libnames.mk
+``host.libnames.mk``
 	contains logic to find any libs named in ``HOST_LIBS`` in
 	``HOST_LIBDIRS``.
 
@@ -256,15 +271,15 @@ else in various ways::
 Any library (referenced by its full path) in any of the above, is
 added to ``DPMAGIC_LIBS`` with the following results, for each lib *foo*.
 
-SRC_libfoo
+``SRC_libfoo``
 	Is set to indicate where the src for libfoo is.
 	By default it is derived from ``LIBFOO`` by replacing
 	``${OBJTOP}`` with ``${SRCTOP}``.
 
-OBJ_libfoo
+``OBJ_libfoo``
 	Not very exciting, is just the dir where libfoo lives.
 
-INCLUDES_libfoo
+``INCLUDES_libfoo``
 	What to add to ``CFLAGS`` to find the public headers.
 	The default varies.  If ``${SRC_libfoo}/h`` exists, it is assumed
 	to be the home of all public headers and thus the default is
@@ -273,7 +288,7 @@ INCLUDES_libfoo
 	Otherwise we make no assumptions and the default is
 	``-I${SRC_libfoo} -I${OBJ_libfoo}``
 
-LDADD_libfoo
+``LDADD_libfoo``
 	This only applies to libs reference via ``DPLIBS``.
 	The default is ``-lfoo``, ``LDADD_*`` provides a hook to
 	instantiate other linker flags at the appropriate point
@@ -303,13 +318,16 @@ object files from the src tree.  This is also the source of much
 confusion to some.
 
 Traditionally one had to do a separate ``make obj`` pass through the
-tree.  If ``MKOBJDIRS`` is "auto", we include auto.obj.mk_.
+tree.  If ``MK_AUTO_OBJ`` is set we include auto.obj.mk_.
+
+In fact if ``MKOBJDIRS`` is set to "auto", `sys.mk`_ will set
+``MK_AUTO_OBJ=yes`` and include auto.obj.mk_ since it is best done early.
 
 auto.obj.mk
 -----------
 
 This leverages the ``.OBJDIR`` target introduced some years ago to
-NetBSD make, to automatically create the desired object dir.
+NetBSD make, to automatically create and use the desired object dir.
 
 subdir.mk
 ---------
@@ -334,6 +352,8 @@ you can suppress that - or enhance it by setting ``ECHO_DIR``::
 	# print time stamps
 	ECHO_DIR=echo @ `date "+%s [%Y-%m-%d %T] "`
 
+I prefer to use `dirdeps.mk`_ which makes ``subdir.mk`` irrelevant.
+
 links.mk
 --------
 
@@ -367,9 +387,12 @@ dep.mk
 
 Deals with collecting dependencies.  Another useful feature of BSD
 make is the separation of this sort of information into a ``.depend``
-file.  ``MKDEP`` needs to point to a suitable tool (like mkdeps.sh_)
+file.  ``MKDEP_CMD`` needs to point to a suitable tool (like mkdeps.sh_)
 
-If ``USE_AUTODEP_MK`` is "yes" includes autodep.mk_
+If ``MK_AUTODEP`` is "yes" it sets ``MKDEP_MK`` to autodep.mk_ by default.
+
+``MKDEP_MK`` can also be set to `auto.dep.mk`_ which is more efficient
+but does not support an explicit ``depend`` target.
 
 autodep.mk
 ----------
@@ -397,19 +420,9 @@ to avoid possible conflicts during parallel builds.
 This precludes the use of suffix rules to drive ``make depend``, so
 dep.mk_ handles that if specifically requested.
 
-options.mk
-----------
-
-Inspired by FreeBSD's ``bsd.own.mk`` more flexible.
-FreeBSD now have similar functionality in ``bsd.mkopt.mk``.
-
-It allows users to express their intent with respect to options
-``MK_*`` by setting ``WITH_*`` or ``WITHOUT_*``.
-
-Note: ``WITHOUT_*`` wins if both are set, and makefiles can set
-``NO_*`` to say they cannot handle that option, or even ``MK_*`` if
-they really need to.
-
+If ``bmake`` is 20160218 or newer, ``auto.dep.mk`` uses ``.dinclude``
+to includes the ``*.d`` files directly thus avoiding the need to
+create a ``.depend`` file from them.
 
 own.mk
 ------
@@ -424,7 +437,7 @@ ldorder.mk
 
 Leverages ``bmake`` to compute optimal link order for libraries.
 This works nicely and makes refactoring a breeze - so long as you
-have not (or few) cicular dependencies between libraries.
+have no (or few) cicular dependencies between libraries.
 
 man.mk
 ------
@@ -463,6 +476,22 @@ Logic to build Python C interface modules using Cython_
 
 .. _Cython: http://www.cython.org/
 
+cc-wrap.mk
+----------
+
+This makefile leverages two new features in bmake 20220126 and later.
+
+First is the ablity to set target local variables (GNU make has done
+this for ages).
+
+The second (only intersting if using `meta mode`_)
+allows filtering commands before comparison with previous run to
+decide if a target is out-of-date.
+
+In the past, making use of compiler wrappers like ``ccache``,
+``distcc`` or the newer ``icecc`` could get quite ugly.
+Using ``cc-wrap.mk`` it could not be simpler.
+
 Meta mode
 =========
 
@@ -496,5 +525,5 @@ where you unpacked the tar file, you can::
 .. _mk.tar.gz: http://www.crufty.net/ftp/pub/sjg/mk.tar.gz
 
 :Author: sjg@crufty.net
-:Revision: $Id: mk-files.txt,v 1.20 2020/08/19 17:51:53 sjg Exp $
+:Revision: $Id: mk-files.txt,v 1.21 2022/02/04 19:01:05 sjg Exp $
 :Copyright: Crufty.NET
diff --git a/mk/sys.clean-env.mk b/mk/sys.clean-env.mk
index 88d32cb3c6e9..85e829c0a8f2 100644
--- a/mk/sys.clean-env.mk
+++ b/mk/sys.clean-env.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $Id: sys.clean-env.mk,v 1.23 2020/08/19 17:51:53 sjg Exp $
+# $Id: sys.clean-env.mk,v 1.24 2022/01/15 17:34:42 sjg Exp $
 #
 #	@(#) Copyright (c) 2009, Simon J. Gerraty
 #
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ MAKE_ENV_SAVE_PREFIX_LIST += \
 
 
 # This could be a list of vars or patterns to explicitly exclude.
-MAKE_ENV_SAVE_EXCLUDE_LIST ?= _
+MAKE_ENV_SAVE_EXCLUDE_LIST += _
 
 # This is the actual list that we will save
 # HOME is probably something worth clobbering eg.
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ MAKEOBJDIR = $${.CURDIR:S,${_srctop},$${OBJTOP},}
 $v := ${$v}
 .endfor
 .else
-# we cannot use the '$$' trick, anymore
+# we cannot rely on the '$$' trick (depending on .MAKE.SAVE_DOLLARS)
 # but we can export a literal (unexpanded) value
 SRCTOP := ${_srctop}
 OBJROOT := ${_objroot}
diff --git a/nonints.h b/nonints.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 8583e50270fd..000000000000
--- a/nonints.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,348 +0,0 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: nonints.h,v 1.217 2021/12/12 20:45:48 sjg Exp $	*/
-
-/*
- * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993
- *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
- *
- * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
- * Adam de Boor.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
- *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
- *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
- *    without specific prior written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
- * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
- * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
- * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
- * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
- * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
- * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
- * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
- * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
- * SUCH DAMAGE.
- *
- *	from: @(#)nonints.h	8.3 (Berkeley) 3/19/94
- */
-
-/*
- * Copyright (c) 1989 by Berkeley Softworks
- * All rights reserved.
- *
- * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
- * Adam de Boor.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
- *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
- *    must display the following acknowledgement:
- *	This product includes software developed by the University of
- *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
- * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
- *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
- *    without specific prior written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
- * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
- * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
- * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
- * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
- * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
- * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
- * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
- * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
- * SUCH DAMAGE.
- *
- *	from: @(#)nonints.h	8.3 (Berkeley) 3/19/94
- */
-
-/* arch.c */
-void Arch_Init(void);
-void Arch_End(void);
-
-bool Arch_ParseArchive(char **, GNodeList *, GNode *);
-void Arch_Touch(GNode *);
-void Arch_TouchLib(GNode *);
-void Arch_UpdateMTime(GNode *gn);
-void Arch_UpdateMemberMTime(GNode *gn);
-void Arch_FindLib(GNode *, SearchPath *);
-bool Arch_LibOODate(GNode *);
-bool Arch_IsLib(GNode *);
-
-/* compat.c */
-int Compat_RunCommand(const char *, GNode *, StringListNode *);
-void Compat_Run(GNodeList *);
-void Compat_Make(GNode *, GNode *);
-
-/* cond.c */
-CondEvalResult Cond_EvalCondition(const char *, bool *);
-CondEvalResult Cond_EvalLine(const char *);
-void Cond_restore_depth(unsigned int);
-unsigned int Cond_save_depth(void);
-
-/* dir.c; see also dir.h */
-
-MAKE_INLINE const char *
-str_basename(const char *pathname)
-{
-	const char *lastSlash = strrchr(pathname, '/');
-	return lastSlash != NULL ? lastSlash + 1 : pathname;
-}
-
-MAKE_INLINE SearchPath *
-SearchPath_New(void)
-{
-	SearchPath *path = bmake_malloc(sizeof *path);
-	Lst_Init(&path->dirs);
-	return path;
-}
-
-void SearchPath_Free(SearchPath *);
-
-/* for.c */
-int For_Eval(const char *);
-bool For_Accum(const char *);
-void For_Run(int);
-
-/* job.c */
-#ifdef WAIT_T
-void JobReapChild(pid_t, WAIT_T, bool);
-#endif
-
-/* main.c */
-bool GetBooleanExpr(const char *, bool);
-void Main_ParseArgLine(const char *);
-char *Cmd_Exec(const char *, const char **);
-void Error(const char *, ...) MAKE_ATTR_PRINTFLIKE(1, 2);
-void Fatal(const char *, ...) MAKE_ATTR_PRINTFLIKE(1, 2) MAKE_ATTR_DEAD;
-void Punt(const char *, ...) MAKE_ATTR_PRINTFLIKE(1, 2) MAKE_ATTR_DEAD;
-void DieHorribly(void) MAKE_ATTR_DEAD;
-void Finish(int) MAKE_ATTR_DEAD;
-int eunlink(const char *);
-void execDie(const char *, const char *);
-char *getTmpdir(void);
-bool ParseBoolean(const char *, bool);
-char *cached_realpath(const char *, char *);
-
-/* parse.c */
-void Parse_Init(void);
-void Parse_End(void);
-
-typedef enum VarAssignOp {
-	VAR_NORMAL,		/* = */
-	VAR_SUBST,		/* := */
-	VAR_SHELL,		/* != or :sh= */
-	VAR_APPEND,		/* += */
-	VAR_DEFAULT		/* ?= */
-} VarAssignOp;
-
-typedef struct VarAssign {
-	char *varname;		/* unexpanded */
-	VarAssignOp op;
-	const char *value;	/* unexpanded */
-} VarAssign;
-
-typedef char *(*ReadMoreProc)(void *, size_t *);
-
-void Parse_Error(ParseErrorLevel, const char *, ...) MAKE_ATTR_PRINTFLIKE(2, 3);
-bool Parse_IsVar(const char *, VarAssign *out_var);
-void Parse_Var(VarAssign *, GNode *);
-void Parse_AddIncludeDir(const char *);
-void Parse_File(const char *, int);
-void Parse_PushInput(const char *, int, int, ReadMoreProc, void *);
-void Parse_MainName(GNodeList *);
-int Parse_NumErrors(void);
-
-
-#ifndef HAVE_STRLCPY
-/* strlcpy.c */
-size_t strlcpy(char *, const char *, size_t);
-#endif
-
-/* suff.c */
-void Suff_Init(void);
-void Suff_End(void);
-
-void Suff_ClearSuffixes(void);
-bool Suff_IsTransform(const char *);
-GNode *Suff_AddTransform(const char *);
-void Suff_EndTransform(GNode *);
-void Suff_AddSuffix(const char *, GNode **);
-SearchPath *Suff_GetPath(const char *);
-void Suff_ExtendPaths(void);
-void Suff_AddInclude(const char *);
-void Suff_AddLib(const char *);
-void Suff_FindDeps(GNode *);
-SearchPath *Suff_FindPath(GNode *);
-void Suff_SetNull(const char *);
-void Suff_PrintAll(void);
-const char *Suff_NamesStr(void);
-
-/* targ.c */
-void Targ_Init(void);
-void Targ_End(void);
-
-void Targ_Stats(void);
-GNodeList *Targ_List(void);
-GNode *GNode_New(const char *);
-GNode *Targ_FindNode(const char *);
-GNode *Targ_GetNode(const char *);
-GNode *Targ_NewInternalNode(const char *);
-GNode *Targ_GetEndNode(void);
-void Targ_FindList(GNodeList *, StringList *);
-bool Targ_Precious(const GNode *);
-void Targ_SetMain(GNode *);
-void Targ_PrintCmds(GNode *);
-void Targ_PrintNode(GNode *, int);
-void Targ_PrintNodes(GNodeList *, int);
-const char *Targ_FmtTime(time_t);
-void Targ_PrintType(GNodeType);
-void Targ_PrintGraph(int);
-void Targ_Propagate(void);
-const char *GNodeMade_Name(GNodeMade);
-
-/* var.c */
-void Var_Init(void);
-void Var_End(void);
-
-typedef enum VarEvalMode {
-
-	/*
-	 * Only parse the expression but don't evaluate any part of it.
-	 *
-	 * TODO: Document what Var_Parse and Var_Subst return in this mode.
-	 *  As of 2021-03-15, they return unspecified, inconsistent results.
-	 */
-	VARE_PARSE_ONLY,
-
-	/* Parse and evaluate the expression. */
-	VARE_WANTRES,
-
-	/*
-	 * Parse and evaluate the expression.  It is an error if a
-	 * subexpression evaluates to undefined.
-	 */
-	VARE_UNDEFERR,
-
-	/*
-	 * Parse and evaluate the expression.  Keep '$$' as '$$' instead of
-	 * reducing it to a single '$'.  Subexpressions that evaluate to
-	 * undefined expand to an empty string.
-	 *
-	 * Used in variable assignments using the ':=' operator.  It allows
-	 * multiple such assignments to be chained without accidentally
-	 * expanding '$$file' to '$file' in the first assignment and
-	 * interpreting it as '${f}' followed by 'ile' in the next assignment.
-	 */
-	VARE_EVAL_KEEP_DOLLAR,
-
-	/*
-	 * Parse and evaluate the expression.  Keep undefined variables as-is
-	 * instead of expanding them to an empty string.
-	 *
-	 * Example for a ':=' assignment:
-	 *	CFLAGS = $(.INCLUDES)
-	 *	CFLAGS := -I.. $(CFLAGS)
-	 *	# If .INCLUDES (an undocumented special variable, by the
-	 *	# way) is still undefined, the updated CFLAGS becomes
-	 *	# "-I.. $(.INCLUDES)".
-	 */
-	VARE_EVAL_KEEP_UNDEF,
-
-	/*
-	 * Parse and evaluate the expression.  Keep '$$' as '$$' and preserve
-	 * undefined subexpressions.
-	 */
-	VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR_UNDEF
-} VarEvalMode;
-
-typedef enum VarSetFlags {
-	VAR_SET_NONE		= 0,
-
-	/* do not export */
-	VAR_SET_NO_EXPORT	= 1 << 0,
-
-	/* Make the variable read-only. No further modification is possible,
-	 * except for another call to Var_Set with the same flag. */
-	VAR_SET_READONLY	= 1 << 1
-} VarSetFlags;
-
-/* The state of error handling returned by Var_Parse. */
-typedef enum VarParseResult {
-
-	/* Both parsing and evaluation succeeded. */
-	VPR_OK,
-
-	/* Parsing or evaluating failed, with an error message. */
-	VPR_ERR,
-
-	/*
-	 * Parsing succeeded, undefined expressions are allowed and the
-	 * expression was still undefined after applying all modifiers.
-	 * No error message is printed in this case.
-	 *
-	 * Some callers handle this case differently, so return this
-	 * information to them, for now.
-	 *
-	 * TODO: Instead of having this special return value, rather ensure
-	 *  that VARE_EVAL_KEEP_UNDEF is processed properly.
-	 */
-	VPR_UNDEF
-
-} VarParseResult;
-
-typedef enum VarExportMode {
-	/* .export-env */
-	VEM_ENV,
-	/* .export: Initial export or update an already exported variable. */
-	VEM_PLAIN,
-	/* .export-literal: Do not expand the variable value. */
-	VEM_LITERAL
-} VarExportMode;
-
-void Var_Delete(GNode *, const char *);
-void Var_DeleteExpand(GNode *, const char *);
-void Var_Undef(const char *);
-void Var_Set(GNode *, const char *, const char *);
-void Var_SetExpand(GNode *, const char *, const char *);
-void Var_SetWithFlags(GNode *, const char *, const char *, VarSetFlags);
-void Var_SetExpandWithFlags(GNode *, const char *, const char *, VarSetFlags);
-void Var_Append(GNode *, const char *, const char *);
-void Var_AppendExpand(GNode *, const char *, const char *);
-bool Var_Exists(GNode *, const char *);
-bool Var_ExistsExpand(GNode *, const char *);
-FStr Var_Value(GNode *, const char *);
-const char *GNode_ValueDirect(GNode *, const char *);
-VarParseResult Var_Parse(const char **, GNode *, VarEvalMode, FStr *);
-VarParseResult Var_Subst(const char *, GNode *, VarEvalMode, char **);
-void Var_Stats(void);
-void Var_Dump(GNode *);
-void Var_ReexportVars(void);
-void Var_Export(VarExportMode, const char *);
-void Var_ExportVars(const char *);
-void Var_UnExport(bool, const char *);
-
-void Global_Set(const char *, const char *);
-void Global_SetExpand(const char *, const char *);
-void Global_Append(const char *, const char *);
-void Global_Delete(const char *);
-
-/* util.c */
-typedef void (*SignalProc)(int);
-SignalProc bmake_signal(int, SignalProc);
diff --git a/parse.c b/parse.c
index 6a310c74ba5c..3faeafe1c739 100644
--- a/parse.c
+++ b/parse.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: parse.c,v 1.574 2021/12/12 15:44:41 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: parse.c,v 1.662 2022/02/05 00:37:19 sjg Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993
@@ -74,10 +74,6 @@
  * Parse_File is the main entry point and controls most of the other
  * functions in this module.
  *
- * The directories for the .include "..." directive are kept in
- * 'parseIncPath', while those for .include <...> are kept in 'sysIncPath'.
- * The targets currently being defined are kept in 'targets'.
- *
  * Interface:
  *	Parse_Init	Initialize the module
  *
@@ -86,15 +82,16 @@
  *	Parse_File	Parse a top-level makefile.  Included files are
  *			handled by IncludeFile instead.
  *
- *	Parse_IsVar	Return true if the given line is a variable
- *			assignment. Used by MainParseArgs to determine if
- *			an argument is a target or a variable assignment.
- *			Used internally for pretty much the same thing.
+ *	Parse_VarAssign
+ *			Try to parse the given line as a variable assignment.
+ *			Used by MainParseArgs to determine if an argument is
+ *			a target or a variable assignment.  Used internally
+ *			for pretty much the same thing.
  *
  *	Parse_Error	Report a parse error, a warning or an informational
  *			message.
  *
- *	Parse_MainName	Returns a list of the main target to create.
+ *	Parse_MainName	Returns a list of the single main target to create.
  */
 
 #include <sys/types.h>
@@ -124,40 +121,32 @@
 #include "pathnames.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)parse.c	8.3 (Berkeley) 3/19/94"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: parse.c,v 1.574 2021/12/12 15:44:41 rillig Exp $");
-
-/* types and constants */
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: parse.c,v 1.662 2022/02/05 00:37:19 sjg Exp $");
 
 /*
- * Structure for a file being read ("included file")
+ * A file being read.
  */
-typedef struct IFile {
-	char *fname;		/* name of file (relative? absolute?) */
-	bool fromForLoop;	/* simulated .include by the .for loop */
-	int lineno;		/* current line number in file */
-	int first_lineno;	/* line number of start of text */
+typedef struct IncludedFile {
+	FStr name;		/* absolute or relative to the cwd */
+	unsigned lineno;	/* 1-based */
+	unsigned readLines;	/* the number of physical lines that have
+				 * been read from the file */
+	unsigned forHeadLineno;	/* 1-based */
+	unsigned forBodyReadLines; /* the number of physical lines that have
+				 * been read from the file above the body of
+				 * the .for loop */
 	unsigned int cond_depth; /* 'if' nesting when file opened */
-	bool depending;	/* state of doing_depend on EOF */
+	bool depending;		/* state of doing_depend on EOF */
 
-	/*
-	 * The buffer from which the file's content is read.  The buffer
-	 * always ends with '\n', the buffer is not null-terminated, that is,
-	 * buf_end[0] is already out of bounds.
-	 */
-	char *buf_freeIt;
+	Buffer buf;		/* the file's content or the body of the .for
+				 * loop; always ends with '\n' */
 	char *buf_ptr;		/* next char to be read */
 	char *buf_end;		/* buf_end[-1] == '\n' */
 
-	/* Function to read more data, with a single opaque argument. */
-	ReadMoreProc readMore;
-	void *readMoreArg;
+	struct ForLoop *forLoop;
+} IncludedFile;
 
-	struct loadedfile *lf;	/* loadedfile object, if any */
-} IFile;
-
-/*
- * Tokens for target attributes
- */
+/* Special attributes for target nodes. */
 typedef enum ParseSpecial {
 	SP_ATTRIBUTE,	/* Generic attribute */
 	SP_BEGIN,	/* .BEGIN */
@@ -169,8 +158,7 @@ typedef enum ParseSpecial {
 	SP_INCLUDES,	/* .INCLUDES; not mentioned in the manual page */
 	SP_INTERRUPT,	/* .INTERRUPT */
 	SP_LIBS,	/* .LIBS; not mentioned in the manual page */
-	/* .MAIN and we don't have anything user-specified to make */
-	SP_MAIN,
+	SP_MAIN,	/* .MAIN and no user-specified targets to make */
 	SP_META,	/* .META */
 	SP_MFLAGS,	/* .MFLAGS or .MAKEFLAGS */
 	SP_NOMETA,	/* .NOMETA */
@@ -199,15 +187,29 @@ typedef enum ParseSpecial {
 typedef List SearchPathList;
 typedef ListNode SearchPathListNode;
 
-/* result data */
+
+typedef enum VarAssignOp {
+	VAR_NORMAL,		/* = */
+	VAR_APPEND,		/* += */
+	VAR_DEFAULT,		/* ?= */
+	VAR_SUBST,		/* := */
+	VAR_SHELL		/* != or :sh= */
+} VarAssignOp;
+
+typedef struct VarAssign {
+	char *varname;		/* unexpanded */
+	VarAssignOp op;
+	const char *value;	/* unexpanded */
+} VarAssign;
+
+static bool Parse_IsVar(const char *, VarAssign *);
+static void Parse_Var(VarAssign *, GNode *);
 
 /*
- * The main target to create. This is the first target on the first
- * dependency line in the first makefile.
+ * The target to be made if no targets are specified in the command line.
+ * This is the first target defined in any of the makefiles.
  */
-static GNode *mainNode;
-
-/* eval state */
+GNode *mainNode;
 
 /*
  * During parsing, the targets from the left-hand side of the currently
@@ -230,19 +232,12 @@ static StringList targCmds = LST_INIT;
 
 /*
  * Predecessor node for handling .ORDER. Initialized to NULL when .ORDER
- * seen, then set to each successive source on the line.
+ * is seen, then set to each successive source on the line.
  */
 static GNode *order_pred;
 
-/* parser state */
-
-/* number of fatal errors */
 static int parseErrors = 0;
 
-/*
- * Variables for doing includes
- */
-
 /*
  * The include chain of makefiles.  At index 0 is the top-level makefile from
  * the command line, followed by the included files or .for loops, up to and
@@ -250,28 +245,12 @@ static int parseErrors = 0;
  *
  * See PrintStackTrace for how to interpret the data.
  */
-static Vector /* of IFile */ includes;
+static Vector /* of IncludedFile */ includes;
 
-static IFile *
-GetInclude(size_t i)
-{
-	return Vector_Get(&includes, i);
-}
-
-/* The file that is currently being read. */
-static IFile *
-CurFile(void)
-{
-	return GetInclude(includes.len - 1);
-}
-
-/* include paths */
 SearchPath *parseIncPath;	/* directories for "..." includes */
 SearchPath *sysIncPath;		/* directories for <...> includes */
 SearchPath *defSysIncPath;	/* default for sysIncPath */
 
-/* parser tables */
-
 /*
  * The parseKeywords table is searched using binary search when deciding
  * if a target or source is special. The 'spec' field is the ParseSpecial
@@ -280,9 +259,9 @@ SearchPath *defSysIncPath;	/* default for sysIncPath */
  * keyword is used as a source ("0" if the keyword isn't special as a source)
  */
 static const struct {
-	const char name[17];	/* Name of keyword */
-	ParseSpecial spec;	/* Type when used as a target */
-	GNodeType op;		/* Operator when used as a source */
+	const char name[17];
+	ParseSpecial special;	/* when used as a target */
+	GNodeType targetAttr;	/* when used as a source */
 } parseKeywords[] = {
     { ".BEGIN",		SP_BEGIN,	OP_NONE },
     { ".DEFAULT",	SP_DEFAULT,	OP_NONE },
@@ -330,120 +309,36 @@ static const struct {
     { ".WAIT",		SP_WAIT,	OP_NONE },
 };
 
-/* file loader */
 
-struct loadedfile {
-	char *buf;		/* contents buffer */
-	size_t len;		/* length of contents */
-	bool used;		/* XXX: have we used the data yet */
-};
-
-/* XXX: What is the lifetime of the path? Who manages the memory? */
-static struct loadedfile *
-loadedfile_create(char *buf, size_t buflen)
+static IncludedFile *
+GetInclude(size_t i)
 {
-	struct loadedfile *lf;
-
-	lf = bmake_malloc(sizeof *lf);
-	lf->buf = buf;
-	lf->len = buflen;
-	lf->used = false;
-	return lf;
+	return Vector_Get(&includes, i);
 }
 
-static void
-loadedfile_destroy(struct loadedfile *lf)
+/* The file that is currently being read. */
+static IncludedFile *
+CurFile(void)
 {
-	free(lf->buf);
-	free(lf);
+	return GetInclude(includes.len - 1);
 }
 
-/*
- * readMore() operation for loadedfile, as needed by the weird and twisted
- * logic below. Once that's cleaned up, we can get rid of lf->used.
- */
-static char *
-loadedfile_readMore(void *x, size_t *len)
-{
-	struct loadedfile *lf = x;
-
-	if (lf->used)
-		return NULL;
-
-	lf->used = true;
-	*len = lf->len;
-	return lf->buf;
-}
-
-/*
- * Try to get the size of a file.
- */
-static bool
-load_getsize(int fd, size_t *ret)
-{
-	struct stat st;
-
-	if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
-		return false;
-
-	if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
-		return false;
-
-	/*
-	 * st_size is an off_t, which is 64 bits signed; *ret is
-	 * size_t, which might be 32 bits unsigned or 64 bits
-	 * unsigned. Rather than being elaborate, just punt on
-	 * files that are more than 1 GiB. We should never
-	 * see a makefile that size in practice.
-	 *
-	 * While we're at it reject negative sizes too, just in case.
-	 */
-	if (st.st_size < 0 || st.st_size > 0x3fffffff)
-		return false;
-
-	*ret = (size_t)st.st_size;
-	return true;
-}
-
-/*
- * Read in a file.
- *
- * Until the path search logic can be moved under here instead of
- * being in the caller in another source file, we need to have the fd
- * passed in already open. Bleh.
- *
- * If the path is NULL, use stdin.
- */
-static struct loadedfile *
+static Buffer
 loadfile(const char *path, int fd)
 {
 	ssize_t n;
 	Buffer buf;
-	size_t filesize;
+	size_t bufSize;
+	struct stat st;
 
-
-	if (path == NULL) {
-		assert(fd == -1);
-		fd = STDIN_FILENO;
-	}
-
-	if (load_getsize(fd, &filesize)) {
-		/*
-		 * Avoid resizing the buffer later for no reason.
-		 *
-		 * At the same time leave space for adding a final '\n',
-		 * just in case it is missing in the file.
-		 */
-		filesize++;
-	} else
-		filesize = 1024;
-	Buf_InitSize(&buf, filesize);
+	bufSize = fstat(fd, &st) == 0 && S_ISREG(st.st_mode) &&
+		  st.st_size > 0 && st.st_size < 1024 * 1024 * 1024
+	    ? (size_t)st.st_size : 1024;
+	Buf_InitSize(&buf, bufSize);
 
 	for (;;) {
-		assert(buf.len <= buf.cap);
 		if (buf.len == buf.cap) {
-			if (buf.cap > 0x1fffffff) {
-				errno = EFBIG;
+			if (buf.cap >= 512 * 1024 * 1024) {
 				Error("%s: file too large", path);
 				exit(2); /* Not 1 so -q can distinguish error */
 			}
@@ -465,79 +360,57 @@ loadfile(const char *path, int fd)
 	if (!Buf_EndsWith(&buf, '\n'))
 		Buf_AddByte(&buf, '\n');
 
-	if (path != NULL)
-		close(fd);
-
-	{
-		struct loadedfile *lf = loadedfile_create(buf.data, buf.len);
-		Buf_DoneData(&buf);
-		return lf;
-	}
+	return buf;		/* may not be null-terminated */
 }
 
-static void
-PrintStackTrace(void)
+/*
+ * Print the current chain of .include and .for directives.  In Parse_Fatal
+ * or other functions that already print the location, includingInnermost
+ * would be redundant, but in other cases like Error or Fatal it needs to be
+ * included.
+ */
+void
+PrintStackTrace(bool includingInnermost)
 {
-	const IFile *entries;
+	const IncludedFile *entries;
 	size_t i, n;
 
-	if (!(DEBUG(PARSE)))
-		return;
-
 	entries = GetInclude(0);
 	n = includes.len;
 	if (n == 0)
 		return;
-	n--;			/* This entry is already in the diagnostic. */
 
-	/*
-	 * For the IFiles with fromForLoop, lineno seems to be sorted
-	 * backwards.  This is because lineno is the number of completely
-	 * parsed lines, which for a .for loop is right after the
-	 * corresponding .endfor.  The intuitive line number comes from
-	 * first_lineno instead, which points at the start of the .for loop.
-	 *
-	 * To make the stack trace intuitive, the entry below each chain of
-	 * .for loop entries must be ignored completely since neither its
-	 * lineno nor its first_lineno is useful.  Instead, the topmost of
-	 * each chain of .for loop entries needs to be printed twice, once
-	 * with its first_lineno and once with its lineno.
-	 */
+	if (!includingInnermost && entries[n - 1].forLoop == NULL)
+		n--;		/* already in the diagnostic */
 
 	for (i = n; i-- > 0;) {
-		const IFile *entry = entries + i;
-		const char *fname = entry->fname;
-		bool printLineno;
+		const IncludedFile *entry = entries + i;
+		const char *fname = entry->name.str;
 		char dirbuf[MAXPATHLEN + 1];
 
 		if (fname[0] != '/' && strcmp(fname, "(stdin)") != 0)
 			fname = realpath(fname, dirbuf);
 
-		printLineno = !entry->fromForLoop;
-		if (i + 1 < n && entries[i + 1].fromForLoop == printLineno)
-			printLineno = entry->fromForLoop;
-
-		if (printLineno)
-			debug_printf("\tin .include from %s:%d\n",
-			    fname, entry->lineno);
-		if (entry->fromForLoop)
-			debug_printf("\tin .for loop from %s:%d\n",
-			    fname, entry->first_lineno);
+		if (entry->forLoop != NULL) {
+			char *details = ForLoop_Details(entry->forLoop);
+			debug_printf("\tin .for loop from %s:%u with %s\n",
+			    fname, entry->forHeadLineno, details);
+			free(details);
+		} else if (i + 1 < n && entries[i + 1].forLoop != NULL) {
+			/* entry->lineno is not a useful line number */
+		} else
+			debug_printf("\tin %s:%u\n", fname, entry->lineno);
 	}
 }
 
 /* Check if the current character is escaped on the current line. */
 static bool
-ParseIsEscaped(const char *line, const char *c)
+IsEscaped(const char *line, const char *p)
 {
-	bool active = false;
-	for (;;) {
-		if (line == c)
-			return active;
-		if (*--c != '\\')
-			return active;
-		active = !active;
-	}
+	bool escaped = false;
+	while (p > line && *--p == '\\')
+		escaped = !escaped;
+	return escaped;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -547,8 +420,8 @@ ParseIsEscaped(const char *line, const char *c)
 static void
 RememberLocation(GNode *gn)
 {
-	IFile *curFile = CurFile();
-	gn->fname = curFile->fname;
+	IncludedFile *curFile = CurFile();
+	gn->fname = Str_Intern(curFile->name.str);
 	gn->lineno = curFile->lineno;
 }
 
@@ -557,12 +430,12 @@ RememberLocation(GNode *gn)
  * Return the index of the keyword, or -1 if it isn't there.
  */
 static int
-ParseFindKeyword(const char *str)
+FindKeyword(const char *str)
 {
 	int start = 0;
 	int end = sizeof parseKeywords / sizeof parseKeywords[0] - 1;
 
-	do {
+	while (start <= end) {
 		int curr = start + (end - start) / 2;
 		int diff = strcmp(str, parseKeywords[curr].name);
 
@@ -572,25 +445,22 @@ ParseFindKeyword(const char *str)
 			end = curr - 1;
 		else
 			start = curr + 1;
-	} while (start <= end);
+	}
 
 	return -1;
 }
 
-static void
-PrintLocation(FILE *f, const char *fname, size_t lineno)
+void
+PrintLocation(FILE *f, bool useVars, const char *fname, unsigned lineno)
 {
 	char dirbuf[MAXPATHLEN + 1];
 	FStr dir, base;
 
-	if (*fname == '/' || strcmp(fname, "(stdin)") == 0) {
-		(void)fprintf(f, "\"%s\" line %u: ", fname, (unsigned)lineno);
+	if (!useVars || fname[0] == '/' || strcmp(fname, "(stdin)") == 0) {
+		(void)fprintf(f, "\"%s\" line %u: ", fname, lineno);
 		return;
 	}
 
-	/* Find out which makefile is the culprit.
-	 * We try ${.PARSEDIR} and apply realpath(3) if not absolute. */
-
 	dir = Var_Value(SCOPE_GLOBAL, ".PARSEDIR");
 	if (dir.str == NULL)
 		dir.str = ".";
@@ -601,15 +471,14 @@ PrintLocation(FILE *f, const char *fname, size_t lineno)
 	if (base.str == NULL)
 		base.str = str_basename(fname);
 
-	(void)fprintf(f, "\"%s/%s\" line %u: ",
-	    dir.str, base.str, (unsigned)lineno);
+	(void)fprintf(f, "\"%s/%s\" line %u: ", dir.str, base.str, lineno);
 
 	FStr_Done(&base);
 	FStr_Done(&dir);
 }
 
-static void
-ParseVErrorInternal(FILE *f, const char *fname, size_t lineno,
+static void MAKE_ATTR_PRINTFLIKE(6, 0)
+ParseVErrorInternal(FILE *f, bool useVars, const char *fname, unsigned lineno,
 		    ParseErrorLevel type, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
 {
 	static bool fatal_warning_error_printed = false;
@@ -617,42 +486,42 @@ ParseVErrorInternal(FILE *f, const char *fname, size_t lineno,
 	(void)fprintf(f, "%s: ", progname);
 
 	if (fname != NULL)
-		PrintLocation(f, fname, lineno);
+		PrintLocation(f, useVars, fname, lineno);
 	if (type == PARSE_WARNING)
 		(void)fprintf(f, "warning: ");
 	(void)vfprintf(f, fmt, ap);
 	(void)fprintf(f, "\n");
 	(void)fflush(f);
 
-	if (type == PARSE_INFO)
-		goto print_stack_trace;
-	if (type == PARSE_WARNING && !opts.parseWarnFatal)
-		goto print_stack_trace;
-	parseErrors++;
-	if (type == PARSE_WARNING && !fatal_warning_error_printed) {
-		Error("parsing warnings being treated as errors");
-		fatal_warning_error_printed = true;
+	if (type == PARSE_FATAL)
+		parseErrors++;
+	if (type == PARSE_WARNING && opts.parseWarnFatal) {
+		if (!fatal_warning_error_printed) {
+			Error("parsing warnings being treated as errors");
+			fatal_warning_error_printed = true;
+		}
+		parseErrors++;
 	}
 
-print_stack_trace:
-	PrintStackTrace();
+	if (DEBUG(PARSE))
+		PrintStackTrace(false);
 }
 
-static void
-ParseErrorInternal(const char *fname, size_t lineno,
+static void MAKE_ATTR_PRINTFLIKE(4, 5)
+ParseErrorInternal(const char *fname, unsigned lineno,
 		   ParseErrorLevel type, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
 	va_list ap;
 
 	(void)fflush(stdout);
 	va_start(ap, fmt);
-	ParseVErrorInternal(stderr, fname, lineno, type, fmt, ap);
+	ParseVErrorInternal(stderr, false, fname, lineno, type, fmt, ap);
 	va_end(ap);
 
-	if (opts.debug_file != stderr && opts.debug_file != stdout) {
+	if (opts.debug_file != stdout && opts.debug_file != stderr) {
 		va_start(ap, fmt);
-		ParseVErrorInternal(opts.debug_file, fname, lineno, type,
-		    fmt, ap);
+		ParseVErrorInternal(opts.debug_file, false, fname, lineno,
+		    type, fmt, ap);
 		va_end(ap);
 	}
 }
@@ -670,37 +539,37 @@ Parse_Error(ParseErrorLevel type, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
 	va_list ap;
 	const char *fname;
-	size_t lineno;
+	unsigned lineno;
 
 	if (includes.len == 0) {
 		fname = NULL;
 		lineno = 0;
 	} else {
-		IFile *curFile = CurFile();
-		fname = curFile->fname;
-		lineno = (size_t)curFile->lineno;
+		IncludedFile *curFile = CurFile();
+		fname = curFile->name.str;
+		lineno = curFile->lineno;
 	}
 
-	va_start(ap, fmt);
 	(void)fflush(stdout);
-	ParseVErrorInternal(stderr, fname, lineno, type, fmt, ap);
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	ParseVErrorInternal(stderr, true, fname, lineno, type, fmt, ap);
 	va_end(ap);
 
-	if (opts.debug_file != stderr && opts.debug_file != stdout) {
+	if (opts.debug_file != stdout && opts.debug_file != stderr) {
 		va_start(ap, fmt);
-		ParseVErrorInternal(opts.debug_file, fname, lineno, type,
-		    fmt, ap);
+		ParseVErrorInternal(opts.debug_file, true, fname, lineno,
+		    type, fmt, ap);
 		va_end(ap);
 	}
 }
 
 
 /*
- * Parse and handle an .info, .warning or .error directive.
- * For an .error directive, immediately exit.
+ * Handle an .info, .warning or .error directive.  For an .error directive,
+ * exit immediately.
  */
 static void
-ParseMessage(ParseErrorLevel level, const char *levelName, const char *umsg)
+HandleMessage(ParseErrorLevel level, const char *levelName, const char *umsg)
 {
 	char *xmsg;
 
@@ -717,17 +586,15 @@ ParseMessage(ParseErrorLevel level, const char *levelName, const char *umsg)
 	free(xmsg);
 
 	if (level == PARSE_FATAL) {
-		PrintOnError(NULL, NULL);
+		PrintOnError(NULL, "\n");
 		exit(1);
 	}
 }
 
 /*
- * Add the child to the parent's children.
- *
- * Additionally, add the parent to the child's parents, but only if the
- * target is not special.  An example for such a special target is .END,
- * which does not need to be informed once the child target has been made.
+ * Add the child to the parent's children, and for non-special targets, vice
+ * versa.  Special targets such as .END do not need to be informed once the
+ * child target has been made.
  */
 static void
 LinkSource(GNode *pgn, GNode *cgn, bool isSpecial)
@@ -743,8 +610,8 @@ LinkSource(GNode *pgn, GNode *cgn, bool isSpecial)
 		Lst_Append(&cgn->parents, pgn);
 
 	if (DEBUG(PARSE)) {
-		debug_printf("# %s: added child %s - %s\n",
-		    __func__, pgn->name, cgn->name);
+		debug_printf("# LinkSource: added child %s - %s\n",
+		    pgn->name, cgn->name);
 		Targ_PrintNode(pgn, 0);
 		Targ_PrintNode(cgn, 0);
 	}
@@ -843,9 +710,9 @@ ApplyDependencyOperator(GNodeType op)
  * We give each .WAIT node a unique name (mainly for diagnostics).
  */
 static void
-ParseDependencySourceWait(bool isSpecial)
+ApplyDependencySourceWait(bool isSpecial)
 {
-	static int wait_number = 0;
+	static unsigned wait_number = 0;
 	char wait_src[16];
 	GNode *gn;
 
@@ -859,41 +726,41 @@ ParseDependencySourceWait(bool isSpecial)
 }
 
 static bool
-ParseDependencySourceKeyword(const char *src, ParseSpecial specType)
+ApplyDependencySourceKeyword(const char *src, ParseSpecial special)
 {
 	int keywd;
-	GNodeType op;
+	GNodeType targetAttr;
 
 	if (*src != '.' || !ch_isupper(src[1]))
 		return false;
 
-	keywd = ParseFindKeyword(src);
+	keywd = FindKeyword(src);
 	if (keywd == -1)
 		return false;
 
-	op = parseKeywords[keywd].op;
-	if (op != OP_NONE) {
-		ApplyDependencyOperator(op);
+	targetAttr = parseKeywords[keywd].targetAttr;
+	if (targetAttr != OP_NONE) {
+		ApplyDependencyOperator(targetAttr);
 		return true;
 	}
-	if (parseKeywords[keywd].spec == SP_WAIT) {
-		ParseDependencySourceWait(specType != SP_NOT);
+	if (parseKeywords[keywd].special == SP_WAIT) {
+		ApplyDependencySourceWait(special != SP_NOT);
 		return true;
 	}
 	return false;
 }
 
+/*
+ * In a line like ".MAIN: source1 source2", add all sources to the list of
+ * things to create, but only if the user didn't specify a target on the
+ * command line and .MAIN occurs for the first time.
+ *
+ * See HandleDependencyTargetSpecial, branch SP_MAIN.
+ * See unit-tests/cond-func-make-main.mk.
+ */
 static void
-ParseDependencySourceMain(const char *src)
+ApplyDependencySourceMain(const char *src)
 {
-	/*
-	 * In a line like ".MAIN: source1 source2", add all sources to the
-	 * list of things to create, but only if the user didn't specify a
-	 * target on the command line and .MAIN occurs for the first time.
-	 *
-	 * See ParseDependencyTargetSpecial, branch SP_MAIN.
-	 * See unit-tests/cond-func-make-main.mk.
-	 */
 	Lst_Append(&opts.create, bmake_strdup(src));
 	/*
 	 * Add the name to the .TARGETS variable as well, so the user can
@@ -903,7 +770,7 @@ ParseDependencySourceMain(const char *src)
 }
 
 static void
-ParseDependencySourceOrder(const char *src)
+ApplyDependencySourceOrder(const char *src)
 {
 	GNode *gn;
 	/*
@@ -917,8 +784,9 @@ ParseDependencySourceOrder(const char *src)
 		Lst_Append(&order_pred->order_succ, gn);
 		Lst_Append(&gn->order_pred, order_pred);
 		if (DEBUG(PARSE)) {
-			debug_printf("# %s: added Order dependency %s - %s\n",
-			    __func__, order_pred->name, gn->name);
+			debug_printf(
+			    "# .ORDER forces '%s' to be made before '%s'\n",
+			    order_pred->name, gn->name);
 			Targ_PrintNode(order_pred, 0);
 			Targ_PrintNode(gn, 0);
 		}
@@ -929,56 +797,42 @@ ParseDependencySourceOrder(const char *src)
 	order_pred = gn;
 }
 
+/* The source is not an attribute, so find/create a node for it. */
 static void
-ParseDependencySourceOther(const char *src, GNodeType tOp,
-			   ParseSpecial specType)
+ApplyDependencySourceOther(const char *src, GNodeType targetAttr,
+			   ParseSpecial special)
 {
 	GNode *gn;
 
-	/*
-	 * The source is not an attribute, so find/create a node for it.
-	 * After that, apply any operator to it from a special target or
-	 * link it to its parents, as appropriate.
-	 *
-	 * In the case of a source that was the object of a '::' operator,
-	 * the attribute is applied to all of its instances (as kept in
-	 * the 'cohorts' list of the node) or all the cohorts are linked
-	 * to all the targets.
-	 */
-
-	/* Find/create the 'src' node and attach to all targets */
 	gn = Targ_GetNode(src);
 	if (doing_depend)
 		RememberLocation(gn);
-	if (tOp != OP_NONE)
-		gn->type |= tOp;
+	if (targetAttr != OP_NONE)
+		gn->type |= targetAttr;
 	else
-		LinkToTargets(gn, specType != SP_NOT);
+		LinkToTargets(gn, special != SP_NOT);
 }
 
 /*
  * Given the name of a source in a dependency line, figure out if it is an
- * attribute (such as .SILENT) and apply it to the targets if it is. Else
+ * attribute (such as .SILENT) and if so, apply it to all targets. Otherwise
  * decide if there is some attribute which should be applied *to* the source
  * because of some special target (such as .PHONY) and apply it if so.
- * Otherwise, make the source a child of the targets in the list 'targets'.
- *
- * Input:
- *	tOp		operator (if any) from special targets
- *	src		name of the source to handle
+ * Otherwise, make the source a child of the targets.
  */
 static void
-ParseDependencySource(GNodeType tOp, const char *src, ParseSpecial specType)
+ApplyDependencySource(GNodeType targetAttr, const char *src,
+		      ParseSpecial special)
 {
-	if (ParseDependencySourceKeyword(src, specType))
+	if (ApplyDependencySourceKeyword(src, special))
 		return;
 
-	if (specType == SP_MAIN)
-		ParseDependencySourceMain(src);
-	else if (specType == SP_ORDER)
-		ParseDependencySourceOrder(src);
+	if (special == SP_MAIN)
+		ApplyDependencySourceMain(src);
+	else if (special == SP_ORDER)
+		ApplyDependencySourceOrder(src);
 	else
-		ParseDependencySourceOther(src, tOp, specType);
+		ApplyDependencySourceOther(src, targetAttr, special);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -987,7 +841,7 @@ ParseDependencySource(GNodeType tOp, const char *src, ParseSpecial specType)
  * actually a real target (i.e. isn't a .USE or .EXEC rule) to be made.
  */
 static void
-FindMainTarget(void)
+MaybeUpdateMainTarget(void)
 {
 	GNodeListNode *ln;
 
@@ -996,32 +850,24 @@ FindMainTarget(void)
 
 	for (ln = targets->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next) {
 		GNode *gn = ln->datum;
-		if (!(gn->type & OP_NOTARGET)) {
+		if (GNode_IsMainCandidate(gn)) {
 			DEBUG1(MAKE, "Setting main node to \"%s\"\n", gn->name);
 			mainNode = gn;
-			Targ_SetMain(gn);
 			return;
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-/*
- * We got to the end of the line while we were still looking at targets.
- *
- * Ending a dependency line without an operator is a Bozo no-no.  As a
- * heuristic, this is also often triggered by undetected conflicts from
- * cvs/rcs merges.
- */
 static void
-ParseErrorNoDependency(const char *lstart)
+InvalidLineType(const char *line)
 {
-	if ((strncmp(lstart, "<<<<<<", 6) == 0) ||
-	    (strncmp(lstart, "======", 6) == 0) ||
-	    (strncmp(lstart, ">>>>>>", 6) == 0))
+	if (strncmp(line, "<<<<<<", 6) == 0 ||
+	    strncmp(line, "======", 6) == 0 ||
+	    strncmp(line, ">>>>>>", 6) == 0)
 		Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL,
 		    "Makefile appears to contain unresolved CVS/RCS/??? merge conflicts");
-	else if (lstart[0] == '.') {
-		const char *dirstart = lstart + 1;
+	else if (line[0] == '.') {
+		const char *dirstart = line + 1;
 		const char *dirend;
 		cpp_skip_whitespace(&dirstart);
 		dirend = dirstart;
@@ -1034,39 +880,35 @@ ParseErrorNoDependency(const char *lstart)
 }
 
 static void
-ParseDependencyTargetWord(const char **pp, const char *lstart)
+ParseDependencyTargetWord(char **pp, const char *lstart)
 {
 	const char *cp = *pp;
 
 	while (*cp != '\0') {
 		if ((ch_isspace(*cp) || *cp == '!' || *cp == ':' ||
 		     *cp == '(') &&
-		    !ParseIsEscaped(lstart, cp))
+		    !IsEscaped(lstart, cp))
 			break;
 
 		if (*cp == '$') {
 			/*
 			 * Must be a dynamic source (would have been expanded
-			 * otherwise), so call the Var module to parse the
-			 * puppy so we can safely advance beyond it.
+			 * otherwise).
 			 *
 			 * There should be no errors in this, as they would
 			 * have been discovered in the initial Var_Subst and
 			 * we wouldn't be here.
 			 */
-			const char *nested_p = cp;
-			FStr nested_val;
+			FStr val;
 
-			(void)Var_Parse(&nested_p, SCOPE_CMDLINE,
-			    VARE_PARSE_ONLY, &nested_val);
-			/* TODO: handle errors */
-			FStr_Done(&nested_val);
-			cp += nested_p - cp;
+			(void)Var_Parse(&cp, SCOPE_CMDLINE,
+			    VARE_PARSE_ONLY, &val);
+			FStr_Done(&val);
 		} else
 			cp++;
 	}
 
-	*pp = cp;
+	*pp += cp - *pp;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1075,11 +917,11 @@ ParseDependencyTargetWord(const char **pp, const char *lstart)
  * See the tests deptgt-*.mk.
  */
 static void
-ParseDependencyTargetSpecial(ParseSpecial *inout_specType,
-			     const char *targetName,
-			     SearchPathList **inout_paths)
+HandleDependencyTargetSpecial(const char *targetName,
+			      ParseSpecial *inout_special,
+			      SearchPathList **inout_paths)
 {
-	switch (*inout_specType) {
+	switch (*inout_special) {
 	case SP_PATH:
 		if (*inout_paths == NULL)
 			*inout_paths = Lst_New();
@@ -1091,7 +933,7 @@ ParseDependencyTargetSpecial(ParseSpecial *inout_specType,
 		 * .MAIN node.
 		 */
 		if (!Lst_IsEmpty(&opts.create))
-			*inout_specType = SP_NOT;
+			*inout_special = SP_NOT;
 		break;
 	case SP_BEGIN:
 	case SP_END:
@@ -1136,13 +978,9 @@ ParseDependencyTargetSpecial(ParseSpecial *inout_specType,
 	}
 }
 
-/*
- * .PATH<suffix> has to be handled specially.
- * Call on the suffix module to give us a path to modify.
- */
 static bool
-ParseDependencyTargetPath(const char *suffixName,
-			  SearchPathList **inout_paths)
+HandleDependencyTargetPath(const char *suffixName,
+			   SearchPathList **inout_paths)
 {
 	SearchPath *path;
 
@@ -1160,13 +998,12 @@ ParseDependencyTargetPath(const char *suffixName,
 	return true;
 }
 
-/*
- * See if it's a special target and if so set specType to match it.
- */
+/* See if it's a special target and if so set inout_special to match it. */
 static bool
-ParseDependencyTarget(const char *targetName,
-		      ParseSpecial *inout_specType,
-		      GNodeType *out_tOp, SearchPathList **inout_paths)
+HandleDependencyTarget(const char *targetName,
+		       ParseSpecial *inout_special,
+		       GNodeType *inout_targetAttr,
+		       SearchPathList **inout_paths)
 {
 	int keywd;
 
@@ -1177,55 +1014,42 @@ ParseDependencyTarget(const char *targetName,
 	 * See if the target is a special target that must have it
 	 * or its sources handled specially.
 	 */
-	keywd = ParseFindKeyword(targetName);
+	keywd = FindKeyword(targetName);
 	if (keywd != -1) {
-		if (*inout_specType == SP_PATH &&
-		    parseKeywords[keywd].spec != SP_PATH) {
+		if (*inout_special == SP_PATH &&
+		    parseKeywords[keywd].special != SP_PATH) {
 			Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "Mismatched special targets");
 			return false;
 		}
 
-		*inout_specType = parseKeywords[keywd].spec;
-		*out_tOp = parseKeywords[keywd].op;
+		*inout_special = parseKeywords[keywd].special;
+		*inout_targetAttr = parseKeywords[keywd].targetAttr;
 
-		ParseDependencyTargetSpecial(inout_specType, targetName,
+		HandleDependencyTargetSpecial(targetName, inout_special,
 		    inout_paths);
 
 	} else if (strncmp(targetName, ".PATH", 5) == 0) {
-		*inout_specType = SP_PATH;
-		if (!ParseDependencyTargetPath(targetName + 5, inout_paths))
+		*inout_special = SP_PATH;
+		if (!HandleDependencyTargetPath(targetName + 5, inout_paths))
 			return false;
 	}
 	return true;
 }
 
 static void
-ParseDependencyTargetMundane(char *targetName, StringList *curTargs)
+HandleDependencyTargetMundane(char *targetName)
 {
+	StringList targetNames = LST_INIT;
+
 	if (Dir_HasWildcards(targetName)) {
-		/*
-		 * Targets are to be sought only in the current directory,
-		 * so create an empty path for the thing. Note we need to
-		 * use Dir_Destroy in the destruction of the path as the
-		 * Dir module could have added a directory to the path...
-		 */
 		SearchPath *emptyPath = SearchPath_New();
-
-		SearchPath_Expand(emptyPath, targetName, curTargs);
-
+		SearchPath_Expand(emptyPath, targetName, &targetNames);
 		SearchPath_Free(emptyPath);
-	} else {
-		/*
-		 * No wildcards, but we want to avoid code duplication,
-		 * so create a list with the word on it.
-		 */
-		Lst_Append(curTargs, targetName);
-	}
+	} else
+		Lst_Append(&targetNames, targetName);
 
-	/* Apply the targets. */
-
-	while (!Lst_IsEmpty(curTargs)) {
-		char *targName = Lst_Dequeue(curTargs);
+	while (!Lst_IsEmpty(&targetNames)) {
+		char *targName = Lst_Dequeue(&targetNames);
 		GNode *gn = Suff_IsTransform(targName)
 		    ? Suff_AddTransform(targName)
 		    : Targ_GetNode(targName);
@@ -1237,33 +1061,28 @@ ParseDependencyTargetMundane(char *targetName, StringList *curTargs)
 }
 
 static void
-ParseDependencyTargetExtraWarn(char **pp, const char *lstart)
+SkipExtraTargets(char **pp, const char *lstart)
 {
 	bool warning = false;
-	char *cp = *pp;
+	const char *p = *pp;
 
-	while (*cp != '\0') {
-		if (!ParseIsEscaped(lstart, cp) && (*cp == '!' || *cp == ':'))
+	while (*p != '\0') {
+		if (!IsEscaped(lstart, p) && (*p == '!' || *p == ':'))
 			break;
-		if (ParseIsEscaped(lstart, cp) || (*cp != ' ' && *cp != '\t'))
+		if (IsEscaped(lstart, p) || (*p != ' ' && *p != '\t'))
 			warning = true;
-		cp++;
+		p++;
 	}
 	if (warning)
 		Parse_Error(PARSE_WARNING, "Extra target ignored");
 
-	*pp = cp;
+	*pp += p - *pp;
 }
 
 static void
-ParseDependencyCheckSpec(ParseSpecial specType)
+CheckSpecialMundaneMixture(ParseSpecial special)
 {
-	switch (specType) {
-	default:
-		Parse_Error(PARSE_WARNING,
-		    "Special and mundane targets don't mix. "
-		    "Mundane ones ignored");
-		break;
+	switch (special) {
 	case SP_DEFAULT:
 	case SP_STALE:
 	case SP_BEGIN:
@@ -1275,7 +1094,14 @@ ParseDependencyCheckSpec(ParseSpecial specType)
 		 * shouldn't be empty.
 		 */
 	case SP_NOT:
-		/* Nothing special here -- targets can be empty if it wants. */
+		/*
+		 * Nothing special here -- targets can be empty if it wants.
+		 */
+		break;
+	default:
+		Parse_Error(PARSE_WARNING,
+		    "Special and mundane targets don't mix. "
+		    "Mundane ones ignored");
 		break;
 	}
 }
@@ -1284,34 +1110,15 @@ ParseDependencyCheckSpec(ParseSpecial specType)
  * In a dependency line like 'targets: sources' or 'targets! sources', parse
  * the operator ':', '::' or '!' from between the targets and the sources.
  */
-static bool
-ParseDependencyOp(char **pp, const char *lstart, GNodeType *out_op)
+static GNodeType
+ParseDependencyOp(char **pp)
 {
-	const char *cp = *pp;
-
-	if (*cp == '!') {
-		*out_op = OP_FORCE;
-		(*pp)++;
-		return true;
-	}
-
-	if (*cp == ':') {
-		if (cp[1] == ':') {
-			*out_op = OP_DOUBLEDEP;
-			(*pp) += 2;
-		} else {
-			*out_op = OP_DEPENDS;
-			(*pp)++;
-		}
-		return true;
-	}
-
-	{
-		const char *msg = lstart[0] == '.'
-		    ? "Unknown directive" : "Missing dependency operator";
-		Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "%s", msg);
-		return false;
-	}
+	if (**pp == '!')
+		return (*pp)++, OP_FORCE;
+	if ((*pp)[1] == ':')
+		return *pp += 2, OP_DOUBLEDEP;
+	else
+		return (*pp)++, OP_DEPENDS;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1326,19 +1133,11 @@ ClearPaths(SearchPathList *paths)
 	Dir_SetPATH();
 }
 
-/*
- * Several special targets take different actions if present with no
- * sources:
- *	a .SUFFIXES line with no sources clears out all old suffixes
- *	a .PRECIOUS line makes all targets precious
- *	a .IGNORE line ignores errors for all targets
- *	a .SILENT line creates silence when making all targets
- *	a .PATH removes all directories from the search path(s).
- */
+/* Handle a "dependency" line like '.SPECIAL:' without any sources. */
 static void
-ParseDependencySourcesEmpty(ParseSpecial specType, SearchPathList *paths)
+HandleDependencySourcesEmpty(ParseSpecial special, SearchPathList *paths)
 {
-	switch (specType) {
+	switch (special) {
 	case SP_SUFFIXES:
 		Suff_ClearSuffixes();
 		break;
@@ -1349,7 +1148,7 @@ ParseDependencySourcesEmpty(ParseSpecial specType, SearchPathList *paths)
 		opts.ignoreErrors = true;
 		break;
 	case SP_SILENT:
-		opts.beSilent = true;
+		opts.silent = true;
 		break;
 	case SP_PATH:
 		ClearPaths(paths);
@@ -1375,39 +1174,17 @@ AddToPaths(const char *dir, SearchPathList *paths)
 }
 
 /*
- * If the target was one that doesn't take files as its sources
- * but takes something like suffixes, we take each
- * space-separated word on the line as a something and deal
- * with it accordingly.
- *
- * If the target was .SUFFIXES, we take each source as a
- * suffix and add it to the list of suffixes maintained by the
- * Suff module.
- *
- * If the target was a .PATH, we add the source as a directory
- * to search on the search path.
- *
- * If it was .INCLUDES, the source is taken to be the suffix of
- * files which will be #included and whose search path should
- * be present in the .INCLUDES variable.
- *
- * If it was .LIBS, the source is taken to be the suffix of
- * files which are considered libraries and whose search path
- * should be present in the .LIBS variable.
- *
- * If it was .NULL, the source is the suffix to use when a file
- * has no valid suffix.
- *
- * If it was .OBJDIR, the source is a new definition for .OBJDIR,
- * and will cause make to do a new chdir to that path.
+ * If the target was one that doesn't take files as its sources but takes
+ * something like suffixes, we take each space-separated word on the line as
+ * a something and deal with it accordingly.
  */
 static void
-ParseDependencySourceSpecial(ParseSpecial specType, char *word,
+ParseDependencySourceSpecial(ParseSpecial special, const char *word,
 			     SearchPathList *paths)
 {
-	switch (specType) {
+	switch (special) {
 	case SP_SUFFIXES:
-		Suff_AddSuffix(word, &mainNode);
+		Suff_AddSuffix(word);
 		break;
 	case SP_PATH:
 		AddToPaths(word, paths);
@@ -1430,121 +1207,92 @@ ParseDependencySourceSpecial(ParseSpecial specType, char *word,
 }
 
 static bool
-ParseDependencyTargets(char **inout_cp,
-		       char **inout_line,
-		       const char *lstart,
-		       ParseSpecial *inout_specType,
-		       GNodeType *inout_tOp,
-		       SearchPathList **inout_paths,
-		       StringList *curTargs)
+ApplyDependencyTarget(char *name, char *nameEnd, ParseSpecial *inout_special,
+		      GNodeType *inout_targetAttr,
+		      SearchPathList **inout_paths)
 {
-	char *cp;
-	char *tgt = *inout_line;
-	char savec;
-	const char *p;
+	char savec = *nameEnd;
+	*nameEnd = '\0';
+
+	if (!HandleDependencyTarget(name, inout_special,
+	    inout_targetAttr, inout_paths))
+		return false;
+
+	if (*inout_special == SP_NOT && *name != '\0')
+		HandleDependencyTargetMundane(name);
+	else if (*inout_special == SP_PATH && *name != '.' && *name != '\0')
+		Parse_Error(PARSE_WARNING, "Extra target (%s) ignored", name);
+
+	*nameEnd = savec;
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+ParseDependencyTargets(char **inout_cp,
+		       const char *lstart,
+		       ParseSpecial *inout_special,
+		       GNodeType *inout_targetAttr,
+		       SearchPathList **inout_paths)
+{
+	char *cp = *inout_cp;
 
 	for (;;) {
-		/*
-		 * Here LINE points to the beginning of the next word, and
-		 * LSTART points to the actual beginning of the line.
-		 */
+		char *tgt = cp;
 
-		/* Find the end of the next word. */
-		cp = tgt;
-		p = cp;
-		ParseDependencyTargetWord(&p, lstart);
-		cp += p - cp;
+		ParseDependencyTargetWord(&cp, lstart);
 
 		/*
 		 * If the word is followed by a left parenthesis, it's the
-		 * name of an object file inside an archive (ar file).
+		 * name of one or more files inside an archive.
 		 */
-		if (!ParseIsEscaped(lstart, cp) && *cp == '(') {
-			/*
-			 * Archives must be handled specially to make sure the
-			 * OP_ARCHV flag is set in their 'type' field, for one
-			 * thing, and because things like "archive(file1.o
-			 * file2.o file3.o)" are permissible.
-			 *
-			 * Arch_ParseArchive will set 'line' to be the first
-			 * non-blank after the archive-spec. It creates/finds
-			 * nodes for the members and places them on the given
-			 * list, returning true if all went well and false if
-			 * there was an error in the specification. On error,
-			 * line should remain untouched.
-			 */
-			if (!Arch_ParseArchive(&tgt, targets, SCOPE_CMDLINE)) {
+		if (!IsEscaped(lstart, cp) && *cp == '(') {
+			cp = tgt;
+			if (!Arch_ParseArchive(&cp, targets, SCOPE_CMDLINE)) {
 				Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL,
 				    "Error in archive specification: \"%s\"",
 				    tgt);
 				return false;
 			}
-
-			cp = tgt;
 			continue;
 		}
 
 		if (*cp == '\0') {
-			ParseErrorNoDependency(lstart);
+			InvalidLineType(lstart);
 			return false;
 		}
 
-		/* Insert a null terminator. */
-		savec = *cp;
-		*cp = '\0';
-
-		if (!ParseDependencyTarget(tgt, inout_specType, inout_tOp,
-		    inout_paths))
+		if (!ApplyDependencyTarget(tgt, cp, inout_special,
+		    inout_targetAttr, inout_paths))
 			return false;
 
-		/*
-		 * Have word in line. Get or create its node and stick it at
-		 * the end of the targets list
-		 */
-		if (*inout_specType == SP_NOT && *tgt != '\0')
-			ParseDependencyTargetMundane(tgt, curTargs);
-		else if (*inout_specType == SP_PATH && *tgt != '.' &&
-			 *tgt != '\0')
-			Parse_Error(PARSE_WARNING, "Extra target (%s) ignored",
-			    tgt);
-
-		/* Don't need the inserted null terminator any more. */
-		*cp = savec;
-
-		/*
-		 * If it is a special type and not .PATH, it's the only target
-		 * we allow on this line.
-		 */
-		if (*inout_specType != SP_NOT && *inout_specType != SP_PATH)
-			ParseDependencyTargetExtraWarn(&cp, lstart);
+		if (*inout_special != SP_NOT && *inout_special != SP_PATH)
+			SkipExtraTargets(&cp, lstart);
 		else
 			pp_skip_whitespace(&cp);
 
-		tgt = cp;
-		if (*tgt == '\0')
+		if (*cp == '\0')
 			break;
-		if ((*tgt == '!' || *tgt == ':') &&
-		    !ParseIsEscaped(lstart, tgt))
+		if ((*cp == '!' || *cp == ':') && !IsEscaped(lstart, cp))
 			break;
 	}
 
 	*inout_cp = cp;
-	*inout_line = tgt;
 	return true;
 }
 
 static void
-ParseDependencySourcesSpecial(char *start, char *end,
-			      ParseSpecial specType, SearchPathList *paths)
+ParseDependencySourcesSpecial(char *start,
+			      ParseSpecial special, SearchPathList *paths)
 {
 	char savec;
 
 	while (*start != '\0') {
+		char *end = start;
 		while (*end != '\0' && !ch_isspace(*end))
 			end++;
 		savec = *end;
 		*end = '\0';
-		ParseDependencySourceSpecial(specType, start, paths);
+		ParseDependencySourceSpecial(special, start, paths);
 		*end = savec;
 		if (savec != '\0')
 			end++;
@@ -1553,11 +1301,42 @@ ParseDependencySourcesSpecial(char *start, char *end,
 	}
 }
 
+static void
+LinkVarToTargets(VarAssign *var)
+{
+	GNodeListNode *ln;
+
+	for (ln = targets->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next)
+		Parse_Var(var, ln->datum);
+}
+
 static bool
-ParseDependencySourcesMundane(char *start, char *end,
-			      ParseSpecial specType, GNodeType tOp)
+ParseDependencySourcesMundane(char *start,
+			      ParseSpecial special, GNodeType targetAttr)
 {
 	while (*start != '\0') {
+		char *end = start;
+		VarAssign var;
+
+		/*
+		 * Check for local variable assignment,
+		 * rest of the line is the value.
+		 */
+		if (Parse_IsVar(start, &var)) {
+			/*
+			 * Check if this makefile has disabled
+			 * setting local variables.
+			 */
+			bool target_vars = GetBooleanExpr(
+			    "${.MAKE.TARGET_LOCAL_VARIABLES}", true);
+
+			if (target_vars)
+				LinkVarToTargets(&var);
+			free(var.varname);
+			if (target_vars)
+				return true;
+		}
+
 		/*
 		 * The targets take real sources, so we must beware of archive
 		 * specifications (i.e. things with left parentheses in them)
@@ -1588,7 +1367,8 @@ ParseDependencySourcesMundane(char *start, char *end,
 
 			while (!Lst_IsEmpty(&sources)) {
 				GNode *gn = Lst_Dequeue(&sources);
-				ParseDependencySource(tOp, gn->name, specType);
+				ApplyDependencySource(targetAttr, gn->name,
+				    special);
 			}
 			Lst_Done(&sources);
 			end = start;
@@ -1598,7 +1378,7 @@ ParseDependencySourcesMundane(char *start, char *end,
 				end++;
 			}
 
-			ParseDependencySource(tOp, start, specType);
+			ApplyDependencySource(targetAttr, start, special);
 		}
 		pp_skip_whitespace(&end);
 		start = end;
@@ -1607,54 +1387,49 @@ ParseDependencySourcesMundane(char *start, char *end,
 }
 
 /*
- * In a dependency line like 'targets: sources', parse the sources.
+ * From a dependency line like 'targets: sources', parse the sources.
  *
  * See the tests depsrc-*.mk.
  */
 static void
-ParseDependencySources(char *line, char *cp, GNodeType tOp,
-		       ParseSpecial specType, SearchPathList **inout_paths)
+ParseDependencySources(char *p, GNodeType targetAttr,
+		       ParseSpecial special, SearchPathList **inout_paths)
 {
-	if (line[0] == '\0') {
-		ParseDependencySourcesEmpty(specType, *inout_paths);
-	} else if (specType == SP_MFLAGS) {
-		Main_ParseArgLine(line);
-		/*
-		 * Set the initial character to a null-character so the loop
-		 * to get sources won't get anything.
-		 */
-		*line = '\0';
-	} else if (specType == SP_SHELL) {
-		if (!Job_ParseShell(line)) {
+	if (*p == '\0') {
+		HandleDependencySourcesEmpty(special, *inout_paths);
+	} else if (special == SP_MFLAGS) {
+		Main_ParseArgLine(p);
+		return;
+	} else if (special == SP_SHELL) {
+		if (!Job_ParseShell(p)) {
 			Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL,
 			    "improper shell specification");
 			return;
 		}
-		*line = '\0';
-	} else if (specType == SP_NOTPARALLEL || specType == SP_SINGLESHELL ||
-		   specType == SP_DELETE_ON_ERROR) {
-		*line = '\0';
+		return;
+	} else if (special == SP_NOTPARALLEL || special == SP_SINGLESHELL ||
+		   special == SP_DELETE_ON_ERROR) {
+		return;
 	}
 
 	/* Now go for the sources. */
-	if (specType == SP_SUFFIXES || specType == SP_PATH ||
-	    specType == SP_INCLUDES || specType == SP_LIBS ||
-	    specType == SP_NULL || specType == SP_OBJDIR) {
-		ParseDependencySourcesSpecial(line, cp, specType,
-		    *inout_paths);
+	if (special == SP_SUFFIXES || special == SP_PATH ||
+	    special == SP_INCLUDES || special == SP_LIBS ||
+	    special == SP_NULL || special == SP_OBJDIR) {
+		ParseDependencySourcesSpecial(p, special, *inout_paths);
 		if (*inout_paths != NULL) {
 			Lst_Free(*inout_paths);
 			*inout_paths = NULL;
 		}
-		if (specType == SP_PATH)
+		if (special == SP_PATH)
 			Dir_SetPATH();
 	} else {
 		assert(*inout_paths == NULL);
-		if (!ParseDependencySourcesMundane(line, cp, specType, tOp))
+		if (!ParseDependencySourcesMundane(p, special, targetAttr))
 			return;
 	}
 
-	FindMainTarget();
+	MaybeUpdateMainTarget();
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1665,8 +1440,7 @@ ParseDependencySources(char *line, char *cp, GNodeType tOp,
  * targets. Nodes are created as necessary.
  *
  * The operator is applied to each node in the global 'targets' list,
- * which is where the nodes found for the targets are kept, by means of
- * the ParseOp function.
+ * which is where the nodes found for the targets are kept.
  *
  * The sources are parsed in much the same way as the targets, except
  * that they are expanded using the wildcarding scheme of the C-Shell,
@@ -1674,109 +1448,61 @@ ParseDependencySources(char *line, char *cp, GNodeType tOp,
  * nodes is then linked to each of the targets as one of its children.
  *
  * Certain targets and sources such as .PHONY or .PRECIOUS are handled
- * specially. These are the ones detailed by the specType variable.
+ * specially, see ParseSpecial.
  *
- * The storing of transformation rules such as '.c.o' is also taken care of
- * here. A target is recognized as a transformation rule by calling
- * Suff_IsTransform. If it is a transformation rule, its node is gotten
- * from the suffix module via Suff_AddTransform rather than the standard
- * Targ_FindNode in the target module.
+ * Transformation rules such as '.c.o' are also handled here, see
+ * Suff_AddTransform.
  *
  * Upon return, the value of the line is unspecified.
  */
 static void
 ParseDependency(char *line)
 {
-	char *cp;		/* our current position */
-	GNodeType op;		/* the operator on the line */
-	SearchPathList *paths;	/* search paths to alter when parsing
-				 * a list of .PATH targets */
-	GNodeType tOp;		/* operator from special target */
-	/* target names to be found and added to the targets list */
-	StringList curTargs = LST_INIT;
-	char *lstart = line;
-
-	/*
-	 * specType contains the SPECial TYPE of the current target. It is
-	 * SP_NOT if the target is unspecial. If it *is* special, however, the
-	 * children are linked as children of the parent but not vice versa.
-	 */
-	ParseSpecial specType = SP_NOT;
+	char *p;
+	SearchPathList *paths;	/* search paths to alter when parsing a list
+				 * of .PATH targets */
+	GNodeType targetAttr;	/* from special sources */
+	ParseSpecial special;	/* in special targets, the children are
+				 * linked as children of the parent but not
+				 * vice versa */
 
 	DEBUG1(PARSE, "ParseDependency(%s)\n", line);
-	tOp = OP_NONE;
-
+	p = line;
 	paths = NULL;
+	targetAttr = OP_NONE;
+	special = SP_NOT;
 
-	/*
-	 * First, grind through the targets.
-	 */
-	/* XXX: don't use 'line' as an iterator variable */
-	if (!ParseDependencyTargets(&cp, &line, lstart, &specType, &tOp,
-	    &paths, &curTargs))
+	if (!ParseDependencyTargets(&p, line, &special, &targetAttr, &paths))
 		goto out;
 
-	/*
-	 * Don't need the list of target names anymore.
-	 * The targets themselves are now in the global variable 'targets'.
-	 */
-	Lst_Done(&curTargs);
-	Lst_Init(&curTargs);
-
 	if (!Lst_IsEmpty(targets))
-		ParseDependencyCheckSpec(specType);
+		CheckSpecialMundaneMixture(special);
 
-	/*
-	 * Have now parsed all the target names. Must parse the operator next.
-	 */
-	if (!ParseDependencyOp(&cp, lstart, &op))
-		goto out;
+	ApplyDependencyOperator(ParseDependencyOp(&p));
 
-	/*
-	 * Apply the operator to the target. This is how we remember which
-	 * operator a target was defined with. It fails if the operator
-	 * used isn't consistent across all references.
-	 */
-	ApplyDependencyOperator(op);
+	pp_skip_whitespace(&p);
 
-	/*
-	 * Onward to the sources.
-	 *
-	 * LINE will now point to the first source word, if any, or the
-	 * end of the string if not.
-	 */
-	pp_skip_whitespace(&cp);
-	line = cp;		/* XXX: 'line' is an inappropriate name */
-
-	ParseDependencySources(line, cp, tOp, specType, &paths);
+	ParseDependencySources(p, targetAttr, special, &paths);
 
 out:
 	if (paths != NULL)
 		Lst_Free(paths);
-	Lst_Done(&curTargs);
 }
 
-typedef struct VarAssignParsed {
-	const char *nameStart;	/* unexpanded */
-	const char *nameEnd;	/* before operator adjustment */
-	const char *eq;		/* the '=' of the assignment operator */
-} VarAssignParsed;
-
 /*
  * Determine the assignment operator and adjust the end of the variable
  * name accordingly.
  */
-static void
-AdjustVarassignOp(const VarAssignParsed *pvar, const char *value,
-		  VarAssign *out_var)
+static VarAssign
+AdjustVarassignOp(const char *name, const char *nameEnd, const char *op,
+		  const char *value)
 {
-	const char *op = pvar->eq;
-	const char *const name = pvar->nameStart;
 	VarAssignOp type;
+	VarAssign va;
 
 	if (op > name && op[-1] == '+') {
-		type = VAR_APPEND;
 		op--;
+		type = VAR_APPEND;
 
 	} else if (op > name && op[-1] == '?') {
 		op--;
@@ -1796,20 +1522,17 @@ AdjustVarassignOp(const VarAssignParsed *pvar, const char *value,
 		while (op > name && ch_isspace(op[-1]))
 			op--;
 
-		if (op >= name + 3 && op[-3] == ':' && op[-2] == 's' &&
-		    op[-1] == 'h') {
-			type = VAR_SHELL;
+		if (op - name >= 3 && memcmp(op - 3, ":sh", 3) == 0) {
 			op -= 3;
+			type = VAR_SHELL;
 		}
 #endif
 	}
 
-	{
-		const char *nameEnd = pvar->nameEnd < op ? pvar->nameEnd : op;
-		out_var->varname = bmake_strsedup(pvar->nameStart, nameEnd);
-		out_var->op = type;
-		out_var->value = value;
-	}
+	va.varname = bmake_strsedup(name, nameEnd < op ? nameEnd : op);
+	va.op = type;
+	va.value = value;
+	return va;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1825,11 +1548,10 @@ AdjustVarassignOp(const VarAssignParsed *pvar, const char *value,
  *
  * Used for both lines in a file and command line arguments.
  */
-bool
+static bool
 Parse_IsVar(const char *p, VarAssign *out_var)
 {
-	VarAssignParsed pvar;
-	const char *firstSpace = NULL;
+	const char *nameStart, *nameEnd, *firstSpace, *eq;
 	int level = 0;
 
 	cpp_skip_hspace(&p);	/* Skip to variable name */
@@ -1837,14 +1559,12 @@ Parse_IsVar(const char *p, VarAssign *out_var)
 	/*
 	 * During parsing, the '+' of the '+=' operator is initially parsed
 	 * as part of the variable name.  It is later corrected, as is the
-	 * ':sh' modifier. Of these two (nameEnd and op), the earlier one
+	 * ':sh' modifier. Of these two (nameEnd and eq), the earlier one
 	 * determines the actual end of the variable name.
 	 */
-	pvar.nameStart = p;
-#ifdef CLEANUP
-	pvar.nameEnd = NULL;
-	pvar.eq = NULL;
-#endif
+
+	nameStart = p;
+	firstSpace = NULL;
 
 	/*
 	 * Scan for one of the assignment operators outside a variable
@@ -1864,36 +1584,34 @@ Parse_IsVar(const char *p, VarAssign *out_var)
 		if (level != 0)
 			continue;
 
-		if (ch == ' ' || ch == '\t')
-			if (firstSpace == NULL)
-				firstSpace = p - 1;
+		if ((ch == ' ' || ch == '\t') && firstSpace == NULL)
+			firstSpace = p - 1;
 		while (ch == ' ' || ch == '\t')
 			ch = *p++;
 
+		if (ch == '\0')
+			return false;
 #ifdef SUNSHCMD
 		if (ch == ':' && p[0] == 's' && p[1] == 'h') {
 			p += 2;
 			continue;
 		}
 #endif
-		if (ch == '=') {
-			pvar.eq = p - 1;
-			pvar.nameEnd = firstSpace != NULL ? firstSpace : p - 1;
-			cpp_skip_whitespace(&p);
-			AdjustVarassignOp(&pvar, p, out_var);
-			return true;
-		}
-		if (*p == '=' &&
-		    (ch == '+' || ch == ':' || ch == '?' || ch == '!')) {
-			pvar.eq = p;
-			pvar.nameEnd = firstSpace != NULL ? firstSpace : p;
-			p++;
-			cpp_skip_whitespace(&p);
-			AdjustVarassignOp(&pvar, p, out_var);
-			return true;
-		}
-		if (firstSpace != NULL)
+		if (ch == '=')
+			eq = p - 1;
+		else if (*p == '=' &&
+		    (ch == '+' || ch == ':' || ch == '?' || ch == '!'))
+			eq = p;
+		else if (firstSpace != NULL)
 			return false;
+		else
+			continue;
+
+		nameEnd = firstSpace != NULL ? firstSpace : eq;
+		p = eq + 1;
+		cpp_skip_whitespace(&p);
+		*out_var = AdjustVarassignOp(nameStart, nameEnd, eq, p);
+		return true;
 	}
 
 	return false;
@@ -1917,6 +1635,7 @@ VarCheckSyntax(VarAssignOp type, const char *uvalue, GNode *scope)
 	}
 }
 
+/* Perform a variable assignment that uses the operator ':='. */
 static void
 VarAssign_EvalSubst(GNode *scope, const char *name, const char *uvalue,
 		    FStr *out_avalue)
@@ -1929,6 +1648,8 @@ VarAssign_EvalSubst(GNode *scope, const char *name, const char *uvalue,
 	 *
 	 * TODO: Add a test that demonstrates why this code is needed,
 	 *  apart from making the debug log longer.
+	 *
+	 * XXX: The variable name is expanded up to 3 times.
 	 */
 	if (!Var_ExistsExpand(scope, name))
 		Var_SetExpand(scope, name, "");
@@ -1941,30 +1662,25 @@ VarAssign_EvalSubst(GNode *scope, const char *name, const char *uvalue,
 	*out_avalue = FStr_InitOwn(evalue);
 }
 
+/* Perform a variable assignment that uses the operator '!='. */
 static void
 VarAssign_EvalShell(const char *name, const char *uvalue, GNode *scope,
 		    FStr *out_avalue)
 {
 	FStr cmd;
-	const char *errfmt;
-	char *cmdOut;
+	char *output, *error;
 
 	cmd = FStr_InitRefer(uvalue);
-	if (strchr(cmd.str, '$') != NULL) {
-		char *expanded;
-		(void)Var_Subst(cmd.str, SCOPE_CMDLINE, VARE_UNDEFERR,
-		    &expanded);
-		/* TODO: handle errors */
-		cmd = FStr_InitOwn(expanded);
+	Var_Expand(&cmd, SCOPE_CMDLINE, VARE_UNDEFERR);
+
+	output = Cmd_Exec(cmd.str, &error);
+	Var_SetExpand(scope, name, output);
+	*out_avalue = FStr_InitOwn(output);
+	if (error != NULL) {
+		Parse_Error(PARSE_WARNING, "%s", error);
+		free(error);
 	}
 
-	cmdOut = Cmd_Exec(cmd.str, &errfmt);
-	Var_SetExpand(scope, name, cmdOut);
-	*out_avalue = FStr_InitOwn(cmdOut);
-
-	if (errfmt != NULL)
-		Parse_Error(PARSE_WARNING, errfmt, cmd.str);
-
 	FStr_Done(&cmd);
 }
 
@@ -1992,6 +1708,7 @@ VarAssign_Eval(const char *name, VarAssignOp op, const char *uvalue,
 	else if (op == VAR_SHELL)
 		VarAssign_EvalShell(name, uvalue, scope, &avalue);
 	else {
+		/* XXX: The variable name is expanded up to 2 times. */
 		if (op == VAR_DEFAULT && Var_ExistsExpand(scope, name))
 			return false;
 
@@ -2007,7 +1724,7 @@ static void
 VarAssignSpecial(const char *name, const char *avalue)
 {
 	if (strcmp(name, MAKEOVERRIDES) == 0)
-		Main_ExportMAKEFLAGS(false); /* re-export MAKEFLAGS */
+		Main_ExportMAKEFLAGS(false);	/* re-export MAKEFLAGS */
 	else if (strcmp(name, ".CURDIR") == 0) {
 		/*
 		 * Someone is being (too?) clever...
@@ -2022,19 +1739,17 @@ VarAssignSpecial(const char *name, const char *avalue)
 		Var_ExportVars(avalue);
 }
 
-/* Perform the variable variable assignment in the given scope. */
-void
+/* Perform the variable assignment in the given scope. */
+static void
 Parse_Var(VarAssign *var, GNode *scope)
 {
-	FStr avalue;	/* actual value (maybe expanded) */
+	FStr avalue;		/* actual value (maybe expanded) */
 
 	VarCheckSyntax(var->op, var->value, scope);
 	if (VarAssign_Eval(var->varname, var->op, var->value, scope, &avalue)) {
 		VarAssignSpecial(var->varname, avalue.str);
 		FStr_Done(&avalue);
 	}
-
-	free(var->varname);
 }
 
 
@@ -2052,7 +1767,7 @@ MaybeSubMake(const char *cmd)
 		char endc;
 
 		/* XXX: What if progname != "make"? */
-		if (p[0] == 'm' && p[1] == 'a' && p[2] == 'k' && p[3] == 'e')
+		if (strncmp(p, "make", 4) == 0)
 			if (start == cmd || !ch_isalnum(p[-1]))
 				if (!ch_isalnum(p[4]))
 					return true;
@@ -2072,9 +1787,8 @@ MaybeSubMake(const char *cmd)
 		if (*p == '.')	/* Accept either ${.MAKE} or ${MAKE}. */
 			p++;
 
-		if (p[0] == 'M' && p[1] == 'A' && p[2] == 'K' && p[3] == 'E')
-			if (p[4] == endc)
-				return true;
+		if (strncmp(p, "MAKE", 4) == 0 && p[4] == endc)
+			return true;
 	}
 	return false;
 }
@@ -2086,7 +1800,7 @@ MaybeSubMake(const char *cmd)
  * be that.
  */
 static void
-ParseAddCmd(GNode *gn, char *cmd)
+GNode_AddCommand(GNode *gn, char *cmd)
 {
 	/* Add to last (ie current) cohort for :: targets */
 	if ((gn->type & OP_DOUBLEDEP) && gn->cohorts.last != NULL)
@@ -2104,13 +1818,13 @@ ParseAddCmd(GNode *gn, char *cmd)
 		Lst_Append(&gn->commands, cmd);
 		Parse_Error(PARSE_WARNING,
 		    "overriding commands for target \"%s\"; "
-		    "previous commands defined at %s: %d ignored",
+		    "previous commands defined at %s: %u ignored",
 		    gn->name, gn->fname, gn->lineno);
 #else
 		Parse_Error(PARSE_WARNING,
 		    "duplicate script for target \"%s\" ignored",
 		    gn->name);
-		ParseErrorInternal(gn->fname, (size_t)gn->lineno, PARSE_WARNING,
+		ParseErrorInternal(gn->fname, gn->lineno, PARSE_WARNING,
 		    "using previous script for \"%s\" defined here",
 		    gn->name);
 #endif
@@ -2140,7 +1854,7 @@ Parse_AddIncludeDir(const char *dir)
 static void
 IncludeFile(const char *file, bool isSystem, bool depinc, bool silent)
 {
-	struct loadedfile *lf;
+	Buffer buf;
 	char *fullname;		/* full pathname of file */
 	char *newName;
 	char *slash, *incdir;
@@ -2158,7 +1872,7 @@ IncludeFile(const char *file, bool isSystem, bool depinc, bool silent)
 		 * we can locate the file.
 		 */
 
-		incdir = bmake_strdup(CurFile()->fname);
+		incdir = bmake_strdup(CurFile()->name.str);
 		slash = strrchr(incdir, '/');
 		if (slash != NULL) {
 			*slash = '\0';
@@ -2233,15 +1947,13 @@ IncludeFile(const char *file, bool isSystem, bool depinc, bool silent)
 		return;
 	}
 
-	/* load it */
-	lf = loadfile(fullname, fd);
+	buf = loadfile(fullname, fd);
+	(void)close(fd);
 
-	/* Start reading from this file next */
-	Parse_PushInput(fullname, 0, -1, loadedfile_readMore, lf);
-	CurFile()->lf = lf;
+	Parse_PushInput(fullname, 1, 0, buf, NULL);
 	if (depinc)
 		doing_depend = depinc;	/* only turn it on */
-	/* TODO: consider free(fullname); */
+	free(fullname);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2285,13 +1997,7 @@ ParseInclude(char *directive)
 
 	*p = '\0';
 
-	if (strchr(file.str, '$') != NULL) {
-		char *xfile;
-		Var_Subst(file.str, SCOPE_CMDLINE, VARE_WANTRES, &xfile);
-		/* TODO: handle errors */
-		file = FStr_InitOwn(xfile);
-	}
-
+	Var_Expand(&file, SCOPE_CMDLINE, VARE_WANTRES);
 	IncludeFile(file.str, endc == '>', directive[0] == 'd', silent);
 	FStr_Done(&file);
 }
@@ -2318,8 +2024,8 @@ SetFilenameVars(const char *filename, const char *dirvar, const char *filevar)
 	Global_Set(dirvar, dirname.str);
 	Global_Set(filevar, basename);
 
-	DEBUG5(PARSE, "%s: ${%s} = `%s' ${%s} = `%s'\n",
-	    __func__, dirvar, dirname.str, filevar, basename);
+	DEBUG4(PARSE, "SetFilenameVars: ${%s} = `%s' ${%s} = `%s'\n",
+	    dirvar, dirname.str, filevar, basename);
 	FStr_Done(&dirname);
 }
 
@@ -2333,17 +2039,17 @@ static const char *
 GetActuallyIncludingFile(void)
 {
 	size_t i;
-	const IFile *incs = GetInclude(0);
+	const IncludedFile *incs = GetInclude(0);
 
 	for (i = includes.len; i >= 2; i--)
-		if (!incs[i - 1].fromForLoop)
-			return incs[i - 2].fname;
+		if (incs[i - 1].forLoop == NULL)
+			return incs[i - 2].name.str;
 	return NULL;
 }
 
 /* Set .PARSEDIR, .PARSEFILE, .INCLUDEDFROMDIR and .INCLUDEDFROMFILE. */
 static void
-ParseSetParseFile(const char *filename)
+SetParseFile(const char *filename)
 {
 	const char *including;
 
@@ -2364,17 +2070,16 @@ StrContainsWord(const char *str, const char *word)
 {
 	size_t strLen = strlen(str);
 	size_t wordLen = strlen(word);
-	const char *p, *end;
+	const char *p;
 
 	if (strLen < wordLen)
-		return false;	/* str is too short to contain word */
+		return false;
 
-	end = str + strLen - wordLen;
 	for (p = str; p != NULL; p = strchr(p, ' ')) {
 		if (*p == ' ')
 			p++;
-		if (p > end)
-			return false;	/* cannot contain word */
+		if (p > str + strLen - wordLen)
+			return false;
 
 		if (memcmp(p, word, wordLen) == 0 &&
 		    (p[wordLen] == '\0' || p[wordLen] == ' '))
@@ -2406,67 +2111,45 @@ VarContainsWord(const char *varname, const char *word)
  * of makefiles that have been loaded.
  */
 static void
-ParseTrackInput(const char *name)
+TrackInput(const char *name)
 {
 	if (!VarContainsWord(MAKE_MAKEFILES, name))
 		Global_Append(MAKE_MAKEFILES, name);
 }
 
 
-/*
- * Start parsing from the given source.
- *
- * The given file is added to the includes stack.
- */
+/* Parse from the given buffer, later return to the current file. */
 void
-Parse_PushInput(const char *name, int lineno, int fd,
-	       ReadMoreProc readMore, void *readMoreArg)
+Parse_PushInput(const char *name, unsigned lineno, unsigned readLines,
+		Buffer buf, struct ForLoop *forLoop)
 {
-	IFile *curFile;
-	char *buf;
-	size_t len;
-	bool fromForLoop = name == NULL;
+	IncludedFile *curFile;
 
-	if (fromForLoop)
-		name = CurFile()->fname;
+	if (forLoop != NULL)
+		name = CurFile()->name.str;
 	else
-		ParseTrackInput(name);
+		TrackInput(name);
 
-	DEBUG3(PARSE, "Parse_PushInput: %s %s, line %d\n",
-	    readMore == loadedfile_readMore ? "file" : ".for loop in",
-	    name, lineno);
-
-	if (fd == -1 && readMore == NULL)
-		/* sanity */
-		return;
+	DEBUG3(PARSE, "Parse_PushInput: %s %s, line %u\n",
+	    forLoop != NULL ? ".for loop in": "file", name, lineno);
 
 	curFile = Vector_Push(&includes);
-	curFile->fname = bmake_strdup(name);
-	curFile->fromForLoop = fromForLoop;
+	curFile->name = FStr_InitOwn(bmake_strdup(name));
 	curFile->lineno = lineno;
-	curFile->first_lineno = lineno;
-	curFile->readMore = readMore;
-	curFile->readMoreArg = readMoreArg;
-	curFile->lf = NULL;
+	curFile->readLines = readLines;
+	curFile->forHeadLineno = lineno;
+	curFile->forBodyReadLines = readLines;
+	curFile->buf = buf;
 	curFile->depending = doing_depend;	/* restore this on EOF */
+	curFile->forLoop = forLoop;
 
-	assert(readMore != NULL);
-
-	/* Get first block of input data */
-	buf = curFile->readMore(curFile->readMoreArg, &len);
-	if (buf == NULL) {
-		/* Was all a waste of time ... */
-		if (curFile->fname != NULL)
-			free(curFile->fname);
-		free(curFile);
-		return;
-	}
-	curFile->buf_freeIt = buf;
-	curFile->buf_ptr = buf;
-	curFile->buf_end = buf + len;
+	if (forLoop != NULL && !For_NextIteration(forLoop, &curFile->buf))
+		abort();	/* see For_Run */
 
+	curFile->buf_ptr = curFile->buf.data;
+	curFile->buf_end = curFile->buf.data + curFile->buf.len;
 	curFile->cond_depth = Cond_save_depth();
-	ParseSetParseFile(name);
+	SetParseFile(name);
 }
 
 /* Check if the directive is an include directive. */
@@ -2518,22 +2201,13 @@ ParseTraditionalInclude(char *line)
 	char *file = line + (silent ? 8 : 7);
 	char *all_files;
 
-	DEBUG2(PARSE, "%s: %s\n", __func__, file);
+	DEBUG1(PARSE, "ParseTraditionalInclude: %s\n", file);
 
 	pp_skip_whitespace(&file);
 
-	/*
-	 * Substitute for any variables in the file name before trying to
-	 * find the thing.
-	 */
 	(void)Var_Subst(file, SCOPE_CMDLINE, VARE_WANTRES, &all_files);
 	/* TODO: handle errors */
 
-	if (*file == '\0') {
-		Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "Filename missing from \"include\"");
-		goto out;
-	}
-
 	for (file = all_files; !done; file = cp + 1) {
 		/* Skip to end of line or next whitespace */
 		for (cp = file; *cp != '\0' && !ch_isspace(*cp); cp++)
@@ -2546,7 +2220,7 @@ ParseTraditionalInclude(char *line)
 
 		IncludeFile(file, false, false, silent);
 	}
-out:
+
 	free(all_files);
 }
 #endif
@@ -2559,7 +2233,7 @@ ParseGmakeExport(char *line)
 	char *variable = line + 6;
 	char *value;
 
-	DEBUG2(PARSE, "%s: %s\n", __func__, variable);
+	DEBUG1(PARSE, "ParseGmakeExport: %s\n", variable);
 
 	pp_skip_whitespace(&variable);
 
@@ -2596,33 +2270,27 @@ ParseGmakeExport(char *line)
 static bool
 ParseEOF(void)
 {
-	char *ptr;
-	size_t len;
-	IFile *curFile = CurFile();
+	IncludedFile *curFile = CurFile();
 
-	assert(curFile->readMore != NULL);
-
-	doing_depend = curFile->depending;	/* restore this */
-	/* get next input buffer, if any */
-	ptr = curFile->readMore(curFile->readMoreArg, &len);
-	curFile->buf_ptr = ptr;
-	curFile->buf_freeIt = ptr;
-	curFile->buf_end = ptr == NULL ? NULL : ptr + len;
-	curFile->lineno = curFile->first_lineno;
-	if (ptr != NULL)
-		return true;	/* Iterate again */
-
-	/* Ensure the makefile (or loop) didn't have mismatched conditionals */
-	Cond_restore_depth(curFile->cond_depth);
-
-	if (curFile->lf != NULL) {
-		loadedfile_destroy(curFile->lf);
-		curFile->lf = NULL;
+	doing_depend = curFile->depending;
+	if (curFile->forLoop != NULL &&
+	    For_NextIteration(curFile->forLoop, &curFile->buf)) {
+		curFile->buf_ptr = curFile->buf.data;
+		curFile->buf_end = curFile->buf.data + curFile->buf.len;
+		curFile->readLines = curFile->forBodyReadLines;
+		return true;
 	}
 
-	/* Dispose of curFile info */
-	/* Leak curFile->fname because all the GNodes have pointers to it. */
-	free(curFile->buf_freeIt);
+	/*
+	 * Ensure the makefile (or .for loop) didn't have mismatched
+	 * conditionals.
+	 */
+	Cond_restore_depth(curFile->cond_depth);
+
+	FStr_Done(&curFile->name);
+	Buf_Done(&curFile->buf);
+	if (curFile->forLoop != NULL)
+		ForLoop_Free(curFile->forLoop);
 	Vector_Pop(&includes);
 
 	if (includes.len == 0) {
@@ -2635,10 +2303,10 @@ ParseEOF(void)
 	}
 
 	curFile = CurFile();
-	DEBUG2(PARSE, "ParseEOF: returning to file %s, line %d\n",
-	    curFile->fname, curFile->lineno);
+	DEBUG2(PARSE, "ParseEOF: returning to file %s, line %u\n",
+	    curFile->name.str, curFile->readLines + 1);
 
-	ParseSetParseFile(curFile->fname);
+	SetParseFile(curFile->name.str);
 	return true;
 }
 
@@ -2654,18 +2322,18 @@ typedef enum ParseRawLineResult {
  * the line is not null-terminated.
  */
 static ParseRawLineResult
-ParseRawLine(IFile *curFile, char **out_line, char **out_line_end,
-	     char **out_firstBackslash, char **out_firstComment)
+ParseRawLine(IncludedFile *curFile, char **out_line, char **out_line_end,
+	     char **out_firstBackslash, char **out_commentLineEnd)
 {
 	char *line = curFile->buf_ptr;
 	char *buf_end = curFile->buf_end;
 	char *p = line;
 	char *line_end = line;
 	char *firstBackslash = NULL;
-	char *firstComment = NULL;
+	char *commentLineEnd = NULL;
 	ParseRawLineResult res = PRLR_LINE;
 
-	curFile->lineno++;
+	curFile->readLines++;
 
 	for (;;) {
 		char ch;
@@ -2676,8 +2344,7 @@ ParseRawLine(IFile *curFile, char **out_line, char **out_line_end,
 		}
 
 		ch = *p;
-		if (ch == '\0' ||
-		    (ch == '\\' && p + 1 < buf_end && p[1] == '\0')) {
+		if (ch == '\0' || (ch == '\\' && p[1] == '\0')) {
 			Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "Zero byte read from file");
 			return PRLR_ERROR;
 		}
@@ -2687,7 +2354,7 @@ ParseRawLine(IFile *curFile, char **out_line, char **out_line_end,
 			if (firstBackslash == NULL)
 				firstBackslash = p;
 			if (p[1] == '\n') {
-				curFile->lineno++;
+				curFile->readLines++;
 				if (p + 2 == buf_end) {
 					line_end = p;
 					*line_end = '\n';
@@ -2705,9 +2372,9 @@ ParseRawLine(IFile *curFile, char **out_line, char **out_line_end,
 		 * Remember the first '#' for comment stripping, unless
 		 * the previous char was '[', as in the modifier ':[#]'.
 		 */
-		if (ch == '#' && firstComment == NULL &&
+		if (ch == '#' && commentLineEnd == NULL &&
 		    !(p > line && p[-1] == '['))
-			firstComment = line_end;
+			commentLineEnd = line_end;
 
 		p++;
 		if (ch == '\n')
@@ -2718,11 +2385,11 @@ ParseRawLine(IFile *curFile, char **out_line, char **out_line_end,
 			line_end = p;
 	}
 
-	*out_line = line;
 	curFile->buf_ptr = p;
+	*out_line = line;
 	*out_line_end = line_end;
 	*out_firstBackslash = firstBackslash;
-	*out_firstComment = firstComment;
+	*out_commentLineEnd = commentLineEnd;
 	return res;
 }
 
@@ -2733,7 +2400,7 @@ ParseRawLine(IFile *curFile, char **out_line, char **out_line_end,
 static void
 UnescapeBackslash(char *line, char *start)
 {
-	char *src = start;
+	const char *src = start;
 	char *dst = start;
 	char *spaceStart = line;
 
@@ -2748,35 +2415,24 @@ UnescapeBackslash(char *line, char *start)
 
 		ch = *src++;
 		if (ch == '\0') {
-			/* Delete '\\' at end of buffer */
+			/* Delete '\\' at the end of the buffer. */
 			dst--;
 			break;
 		}
 
-		/* Delete '\\' from before '#' on non-command lines */
-		if (ch == '#' && line[0] != '\t') {
+		/* Delete '\\' from before '#' on non-command lines. */
+		if (ch == '#' && line[0] != '\t')
 			*dst++ = ch;
-			continue;
-		}
-
-		if (ch != '\n') {
-			/* Leave '\\' in buffer for later */
+		else if (ch == '\n') {
+			cpp_skip_hspace(&src);
+			*dst++ = ' ';
+		} else {
+			/* Leave '\\' in the buffer for later. */
 			*dst++ = '\\';
-			/*
-			 * Make sure we don't delete an escaped ' ' from the
-			 * line end.
-			 */
-			spaceStart = dst + 1;
 			*dst++ = ch;
-			continue;
+			/* Keep an escaped ' ' at the line end. */
+			spaceStart = dst;
 		}
-
-		/*
-		 * Escaped '\n' -- replace following whitespace with a single
-		 * ' '.
-		 */
-		pp_skip_hspace(&src);
-		*dst++ = ' ';
 	}
 
 	/* Delete any trailing spaces - eg from empty continuations */
@@ -2785,13 +2441,13 @@ UnescapeBackslash(char *line, char *start)
 	*dst = '\0';
 }
 
-typedef enum GetLineMode {
+typedef enum LineKind {
 	/*
 	 * Return the next line that is neither empty nor a comment.
 	 * Backslash line continuations are folded into a single space.
 	 * A trailing comment, if any, is discarded.
 	 */
-	GLM_NONEMPTY,
+	LK_NONEMPTY,
 
 	/*
 	 * Return the next line, even if it is empty or a comment.
@@ -2800,7 +2456,7 @@ typedef enum GetLineMode {
 	 * Used in .for loops to collect the body of the loop while waiting
 	 * for the corresponding .endfor.
 	 */
-	GLM_FOR_BODY,
+	LK_FOR_BODY,
 
 	/*
 	 * Return the next line that starts with a dot.
@@ -2810,29 +2466,34 @@ typedef enum GetLineMode {
 	 * Used in .if directives to skip over irrelevant branches while
 	 * waiting for the corresponding .endif.
 	 */
-	GLM_DOT
-} GetLineMode;
+	LK_DOT
+} LineKind;
 
-/* Return the next "interesting" logical line from the current file. */
+/*
+ * Return the next "interesting" logical line from the current file.  The
+ * returned string will be freed at the end of including the file.
+ */
 static char *
-ParseGetLine(GetLineMode mode)
+ReadLowLevelLine(LineKind kind)
 {
-	IFile *curFile = CurFile();
+	IncludedFile *curFile = CurFile();
+	ParseRawLineResult res;
 	char *line;
 	char *line_end;
 	char *firstBackslash;
-	char *firstComment;
+	char *commentLineEnd;
 
 	for (;;) {
-		ParseRawLineResult res = ParseRawLine(curFile,
-		    &line, &line_end, &firstBackslash, &firstComment);
+		curFile->lineno = curFile->readLines + 1;
+		res = ParseRawLine(curFile,
+		    &line, &line_end, &firstBackslash, &commentLineEnd);
 		if (res == PRLR_ERROR)
 			return NULL;
 
-		if (line_end == line || firstComment == line) {
+		if (line == line_end || line == commentLineEnd) {
 			if (res == PRLR_EOF)
 				return NULL;
-			if (mode != GLM_FOR_BODY)
+			if (kind != LK_FOR_BODY)
 				continue;
 		}
 
@@ -2840,59 +2501,53 @@ ParseGetLine(GetLineMode mode)
 		assert(ch_isspace(*line_end));
 		*line_end = '\0';
 
-		if (mode == GLM_FOR_BODY)
+		if (kind == LK_FOR_BODY)
 			return line;	/* Don't join the physical lines. */
 
-		if (mode == GLM_DOT && line[0] != '.')
+		if (kind == LK_DOT && line[0] != '.')
 			continue;
 		break;
 	}
 
-	/* Brutally ignore anything after a non-escaped '#' in non-commands. */
-	if (firstComment != NULL && line[0] != '\t')
-		*firstComment = '\0';
-
-	/* If we didn't see a '\\' then the in-situ data is fine. */
-	if (firstBackslash == NULL)
-		return line;
-
-	/* Remove escapes from '\n' and '#' */
-	UnescapeBackslash(line, firstBackslash);
-
+	if (commentLineEnd != NULL && line[0] != '\t')
+		*commentLineEnd = '\0';
+	if (firstBackslash != NULL)
+		UnescapeBackslash(line, firstBackslash);
 	return line;
 }
 
 static bool
-ParseSkippedBranches(void)
+SkipIrrelevantBranches(void)
 {
-	char *line;
+	const char *line;
 
-	while ((line = ParseGetLine(GLM_DOT)) != NULL) {
-		if (Cond_EvalLine(line) == COND_PARSE)
-			break;
+	while ((line = ReadLowLevelLine(LK_DOT)) != NULL) {
+		if (Cond_EvalLine(line) == CR_TRUE)
+			return true;
 		/*
-		 * TODO: Check for typos in .elif directives
-		 * such as .elsif or .elseif.
+		 * TODO: Check for typos in .elif directives such as .elsif
+		 * or .elseif.
 		 *
-		 * This check will probably duplicate some of
-		 * the code in ParseLine.  Most of the code
-		 * there cannot apply, only ParseVarassign and
-		 * ParseDependencyLine can, and to prevent code
-		 * duplication, these would need to be called
-		 * with a flag called onlyCheckSyntax.
+		 * This check will probably duplicate some of the code in
+		 * ParseLine.  Most of the code there cannot apply, only
+		 * ParseVarassign and ParseDependencyLine can, and to prevent
+		 * code duplication, these would need to be called with a
+		 * flag called onlyCheckSyntax.
 		 *
 		 * See directive-elif.mk for details.
 		 */
 	}
 
-	return line != NULL;
+	return false;
 }
 
 static bool
 ParseForLoop(const char *line)
 {
 	int rval;
-	int firstLineno;
+	unsigned forHeadLineno;
+	unsigned bodyReadLines;
+	int forLevel;
 
 	rval = For_Eval(line);
 	if (rval == 0)
@@ -2900,21 +2555,22 @@ ParseForLoop(const char *line)
 	if (rval < 0)
 		return true;	/* Syntax error - error printed, ignore line */
 
-	firstLineno = CurFile()->lineno;
+	forHeadLineno = CurFile()->lineno;
+	bodyReadLines = CurFile()->readLines;
 
-	/* Accumulate loop lines until matching .endfor */
+	/* Accumulate the loop body until the matching '.endfor'. */
+	forLevel = 1;
 	do {
-		line = ParseGetLine(GLM_FOR_BODY);
+		line = ReadLowLevelLine(LK_FOR_BODY);
 		if (line == NULL) {
 			Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL,
 			    "Unexpected end of file in .for loop");
 			break;
 		}
-	} while (For_Accum(line));
+	} while (For_Accum(line, &forLevel));
 
-	For_Run(firstLineno);	/* Stash each iteration as a new 'input file' */
-
-	return true;		/* Read next line from for-loop buffer */
+	For_Run(forHeadLineno, bodyReadLines);
+	return true;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2924,35 +2580,30 @@ ParseForLoop(const char *line)
  * leaving only variable assignments, other directives, dependency lines
  * and shell commands to the caller.
  *
- * Results:
- *	A line without its newline and without any trailing whitespace,
- *	or NULL.
+ * Return a line without trailing whitespace, or NULL for EOF.  The returned
+ * string will be freed at the end of including the file.
  */
 static char *
-ParseReadLine(void)
+ReadHighLevelLine(void)
 {
 	char *line;
 
 	for (;;) {
-		line = ParseGetLine(GLM_NONEMPTY);
+		line = ReadLowLevelLine(LK_NONEMPTY);
 		if (line == NULL)
 			return NULL;
 
 		if (line[0] != '.')
 			return line;
 
-		/*
-		 * The line might be a conditional. Ask the conditional module
-		 * about it and act accordingly
-		 */
 		switch (Cond_EvalLine(line)) {
-		case COND_SKIP:
-			if (!ParseSkippedBranches())
+		case CR_FALSE:	/* May also mean a syntax error. */
+			if (!SkipIrrelevantBranches())
 				return NULL;
 			continue;
-		case COND_PARSE:
+		case CR_TRUE:
 			continue;
-		case COND_INVALID:	/* Not a conditional line */
+		case CR_ERROR:	/* Not a conditional line */
 			if (ParseForLoop(line))
 				continue;
 			break;
@@ -3007,7 +2658,7 @@ ParseLine_ShellCommand(const char *p)
 
 		for (ln = targets->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next) {
 			GNode *gn = ln->datum;
-			ParseAddCmd(gn, cmd);
+			GNode_AddCommand(gn, cmd);
 		}
 #ifdef CLEANUP
 		Lst_Append(&targCmds, cmd);
@@ -3033,7 +2684,7 @@ ParseDirective(char *line)
 	}
 
 	dir.start = cp;
-	while (ch_isalpha(*cp) || *cp == '-')
+	while (ch_islower(*cp) || *cp == '-')
 		cp++;
 	dir.end = cp;
 
@@ -3043,47 +2694,40 @@ ParseDirective(char *line)
 	pp_skip_whitespace(&cp);
 	arg = cp;
 
-	if (Substring_Equals(dir, "undef")) {
+	if (Substring_Equals(dir, "undef"))
 		Var_Undef(arg);
-		return true;
-	} else if (Substring_Equals(dir, "export")) {
+	else if (Substring_Equals(dir, "export"))
 		Var_Export(VEM_PLAIN, arg);
-		return true;
-	} else if (Substring_Equals(dir, "export-env")) {
+	else if (Substring_Equals(dir, "export-env"))
 		Var_Export(VEM_ENV, arg);
-		return true;
-	} else if (Substring_Equals(dir, "export-literal")) {
+	else if (Substring_Equals(dir, "export-literal"))
 		Var_Export(VEM_LITERAL, arg);
-		return true;
-	} else if (Substring_Equals(dir, "unexport")) {
+	else if (Substring_Equals(dir, "unexport"))
 		Var_UnExport(false, arg);
-		return true;
-	} else if (Substring_Equals(dir, "unexport-env")) {
+	else if (Substring_Equals(dir, "unexport-env"))
 		Var_UnExport(true, arg);
-		return true;
-	} else if (Substring_Equals(dir, "info")) {
-		ParseMessage(PARSE_INFO, "info", arg);
-		return true;
-	} else if (Substring_Equals(dir, "warning")) {
-		ParseMessage(PARSE_WARNING, "warning", arg);
-		return true;
-	} else if (Substring_Equals(dir, "error")) {
-		ParseMessage(PARSE_FATAL, "error", arg);
-		return true;
-	}
-	return false;
+	else if (Substring_Equals(dir, "info"))
+		HandleMessage(PARSE_INFO, "info", arg);
+	else if (Substring_Equals(dir, "warning"))
+		HandleMessage(PARSE_WARNING, "warning", arg);
+	else if (Substring_Equals(dir, "error"))
+		HandleMessage(PARSE_FATAL, "error", arg);
+	else
+		return false;
+	return true;
 }
 
-static bool
-ParseVarassign(const char *line)
+bool
+Parse_VarAssign(const char *line, bool finishDependencyGroup, GNode *scope)
 {
 	VarAssign var;
 
 	if (!Parse_IsVar(line, &var))
 		return false;
-
-	FinishDependencyGroup();
-	Parse_Var(&var, SCOPE_GLOBAL);
+	if (finishDependencyGroup)
+		FinishDependencyGroup();
+	Parse_Var(&var, scope);
+	free(var.varname);
 	return true;
 }
 
@@ -3109,7 +2753,7 @@ FindSemicolon(char *p)
 }
 
 /*
- * dependency	-> target... op [source...] [';' command]
+ * dependency	-> [target...] op [source...] [';' command]
  * op		-> ':' | '::' | '!'
  */
 static void
@@ -3122,7 +2766,7 @@ ParseDependencyLine(char *line)
 	/*
 	 * For some reason - probably to make the parser impossible -
 	 * a ';' can be used to separate commands from dependencies.
-	 * Attempt to avoid ';' inside substitution patterns.
+	 * Attempt to skip over ';' inside substitution patterns.
 	 */
 	{
 		char *semicolon = FindSemicolon(line);
@@ -3150,20 +2794,22 @@ ParseDependencyLine(char *line)
 	 * in which the middle is interpreted as a source, not a target.
 	 */
 
-	/* In lint mode, allow undefined variables to appear in
-	 * dependency lines.
+	/*
+	 * In lint mode, allow undefined variables to appear in dependency
+	 * lines.
 	 *
-	 * Ideally, only the right-hand side would allow undefined
-	 * variables since it is common to have optional dependencies.
-	 * Having undefined variables on the left-hand side is more
-	 * unusual though.  Since both sides are expanded in a single
-	 * pass, there is not much choice what to do here.
+	 * Ideally, only the right-hand side would allow undefined variables
+	 * since it is common to have optional dependencies. Having undefined
+	 * variables on the left-hand side is more unusual though.  Since
+	 * both sides are expanded in a single pass, there is not much choice
+	 * what to do here.
 	 *
-	 * In normal mode, it does not matter whether undefined
-	 * variables are allowed or not since as of 2020-09-14,
-	 * Var_Parse does not print any parse errors in such a case.
-	 * It simply returns the special empty string var_Error,
-	 * which cannot be detected in the result of Var_Subst. */
+	 * In normal mode, it does not matter whether undefined variables are
+	 * allowed or not since as of 2020-09-14, Var_Parse does not print
+	 * any parse errors in such a case. It simply returns the special
+	 * empty string var_Error, which cannot be detected in the result of
+	 * Var_Subst.
+	 */
 	emode = opts.strict ? VARE_WANTRES : VARE_UNDEFERR;
 	(void)Var_Subst(line, SCOPE_CMDLINE, emode, &expanded_line);
 	/* TODO: handle errors */
@@ -3219,7 +2865,7 @@ ParseLine(char *line)
 	}
 #endif
 
-	if (ParseVarassign(line))
+	if (Parse_VarAssign(line, true, SCOPE_GLOBAL))
 		return;
 
 	FinishDependencyGroup();
@@ -3230,30 +2876,24 @@ ParseLine(char *line)
 /*
  * Parse a top-level makefile, incorporating its content into the global
  * dependency graph.
- *
- * Input:
- *	name		The name of the file being read
- *	fd		The open file to parse; will be closed at the end
  */
 void
 Parse_File(const char *name, int fd)
 {
-	char *line;		/* the line we're working on */
-	struct loadedfile *lf;
+	char *line;
+	Buffer buf;
 
-	lf = loadfile(name, fd);
+	buf = loadfile(name, fd != -1 ? fd : STDIN_FILENO);
+	if (fd != -1)
+		(void)close(fd);
 
 	assert(targets == NULL);
 
-	if (name == NULL)
-		name = "(stdin)";
-
-	Parse_PushInput(name, 0, -1, loadedfile_readMore, lf);
-	CurFile()->lf = lf;
+	Parse_PushInput(name, 1, 0, buf, NULL);
 
 	do {
-		while ((line = ParseReadLine()) != NULL) {
-			DEBUG2(PARSE, "ParseReadLine (%d): '%s'\n",
+		while ((line = ReadHighLevelLine()) != NULL) {
+			DEBUG2(PARSE, "Parsing line %u: %s\n",
 			    CurFile()->lineno, line);
 			ParseLine(line);
 		}
@@ -3265,9 +2905,9 @@ Parse_File(const char *name, int fd)
 	if (parseErrors != 0) {
 		(void)fflush(stdout);
 		(void)fprintf(stderr,
-		    "%s: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue",
+		    "%s: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue\n",
 		    progname);
-		PrintOnError(NULL, NULL);
+		PrintOnError(NULL, "");
 		exit(1);
 	}
 }
@@ -3280,7 +2920,7 @@ Parse_Init(void)
 	parseIncPath = SearchPath_New();
 	sysIncPath = SearchPath_New();
 	defSysIncPath = SearchPath_New();
-	Vector_Init(&includes, sizeof(IFile));
+	Vector_Init(&includes, sizeof(IncludedFile));
 }
 
 /* Clean up the parsing module. */
diff --git a/str.c b/str.c
index 11e7595dd867..5c529c894300 100644
--- a/str.c
+++ b/str.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: str.c,v 1.86 2021/06/21 16:59:18 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: str.c,v 1.88 2021/12/15 10:57:01 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993
@@ -71,7 +71,11 @@
 #include "make.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)str.c	5.8 (Berkeley) 6/1/90"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: str.c,v 1.86 2021/06/21 16:59:18 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: str.c,v 1.88 2021/12/15 10:57:01 rillig Exp $");
+
+
+static HashTable interned_strings;
+
 
 /* Return the concatenation of s1 and s2, freshly allocated. */
 char *
@@ -395,3 +399,24 @@ Str_Match(const char *str, const char *pat)
 		str++;
 	}
 }
+
+void
+Str_Intern_Init(void)
+{
+	HashTable_Init(&interned_strings);
+}
+
+void
+Str_Intern_End(void)
+{
+#ifdef CLEANUP
+	HashTable_Done(&interned_strings);
+#endif
+}
+
+/* Return a canonical instance of str, with unlimited lifetime. */
+const char *
+Str_Intern(const char *str)
+{
+	return HashTable_CreateEntry(&interned_strings, str, NULL)->key;
+}
diff --git a/str.h b/str.h
index bd56a2981785..7a4047cb27c3 100644
--- a/str.h
+++ b/str.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: str.h,v 1.12 2021/12/12 13:43:47 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: str.h,v 1.15 2021/12/15 10:57:01 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  Copyright (c) 2021 Roland Illig <rillig@NetBSD.org>
@@ -39,12 +39,6 @@ typedef struct FStr {
 	void *freeIt;
 } FStr;
 
-/* A modifiable string that may need to be freed after use. */
-typedef struct MFStr {
-	char *str;
-	void *freeIt;
-} MFStr;
-
 /* A read-only range of a character array, NOT null-terminated. */
 typedef struct Substring {
 	const char *start;
@@ -111,40 +105,6 @@ FStr_Done(FStr *fstr)
 }
 
 
-MAKE_INLINE MFStr
-MFStr_Init(char *str, void *freeIt)
-{
-	MFStr mfstr;
-	mfstr.str = str;
-	mfstr.freeIt = freeIt;
-	return mfstr;
-}
-
-/* Return a string that is the sole owner of str. */
-MAKE_INLINE MFStr
-MFStr_InitOwn(char *str)
-{
-	return MFStr_Init(str, str);
-}
-
-/* Return a string that refers to the shared str. */
-MAKE_INLINE MFStr
-MFStr_InitRefer(char *str)
-{
-	return MFStr_Init(str, NULL);
-}
-
-MAKE_INLINE void
-MFStr_Done(MFStr *mfstr)
-{
-	free(mfstr->freeIt);
-#ifdef CLEANUP
-	mfstr->str = NULL;
-	mfstr->freeIt = NULL;
-#endif
-}
-
-
 MAKE_STATIC Substring
 Substring_Init(const char *start, const char *end)
 {
@@ -383,3 +343,7 @@ char *str_concat2(const char *, const char *);
 char *str_concat3(const char *, const char *, const char *);
 
 bool Str_Match(const char *, const char *);
+
+void Str_Intern_Init(void);
+void Str_Intern_End(void);
+const char *Str_Intern(const char *);
diff --git a/suff.c b/suff.c
index ab7ac6184173..430dec6bafd2 100644
--- a/suff.c
+++ b/suff.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: suff.c,v 1.357 2021/12/12 20:45:48 sjg Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: suff.c,v 1.364 2022/01/07 20:54:45 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
 #include "dir.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)suff.c	8.4 (Berkeley) 3/21/94"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: suff.c,v 1.357 2021/12/12 20:45:48 sjg Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: suff.c,v 1.364 2022/01/07 20:54:45 rillig Exp $");
 
 typedef List SuffixList;
 typedef ListNode SuffixListNode;
@@ -207,20 +207,26 @@ typedef struct Suffix {
 typedef struct Candidate {
 	/* The file or node to look for. */
 	char *file;
-	/* The prefix from which file was formed.
-	 * Its memory is shared among all candidates. */
+	/*
+	 * The prefix from which file was formed. Its memory is shared among
+	 * all candidates.
+	 */
 	char *prefix;
 	/* The suffix on the file. */
 	Suffix *suff;
 
-	/* The candidate that can be made from this,
-	 * or NULL for the top-level candidate. */
+	/*
+	 * The candidate that can be made from this, or NULL for the
+	 * top-level candidate.
+	 */
 	struct Candidate *parent;
 	/* The node describing the file. */
 	GNode *node;
 
-	/* Count of existing children, only used for memory management, so we
-	 * don't free this candidate too early or too late. */
+	/*
+	 * Count of existing children, only used for memory management, so we
+	 * don't free this candidate too early or too late.
+	 */
 	int numChildren;
 #ifdef DEBUG_SRC
 	CandidateList childrenList;
@@ -240,7 +246,7 @@ typedef struct CandidateSearcher {
 
 
 /* TODO: Document the difference between nullSuff and emptySuff. */
-/* The NULL suffix for this run */
+/* The NULL suffix is used when a file has no known suffix */
 static Suffix *nullSuff;
 /* The empty suffix required for POSIX single-suffix transformation rules */
 static Suffix *emptySuff;
@@ -692,7 +698,9 @@ RebuildGraph(GNode *transform, Suffix *suff)
 	size_t nameLen = strlen(name);
 	const char *toName;
 
-	/* See if it is a transformation from this suffix to another suffix. */
+	/*
+	 * See if it is a transformation from this suffix to another suffix.
+	 */
 	toName = StrTrimPrefix(suff->name, name);
 	if (toName != NULL) {
 		Suffix *to = FindSuffixByName(toName);
@@ -702,7 +710,9 @@ RebuildGraph(GNode *transform, Suffix *suff)
 		}
 	}
 
-	/* See if it is a transformation from another suffix to this suffix. */
+	/*
+	 * See if it is a transformation from another suffix to this suffix.
+	 */
 	toName = Suffix_TrimSuffix(suff, nameLen, name + nameLen);
 	if (toName != NULL) {
 		Suffix *from = FindSuffixByNameLen(name,
@@ -724,17 +734,15 @@ RebuildGraph(GNode *transform, Suffix *suff)
  *	true iff a new main target has been selected.
  */
 static bool
-UpdateTarget(GNode *target, GNode **inout_main, Suffix *suff,
-	     bool *inout_removedMain)
+UpdateTarget(GNode *target, Suffix *suff, bool *inout_removedMain)
 {
 	Suffix *srcSuff, *targSuff;
 	char *ptr;
 
-	if (*inout_main == NULL && *inout_removedMain &&
-	    !(target->type & OP_NOTARGET)) {
+	if (mainNode == NULL && *inout_removedMain &&
+	    GNode_IsMainCandidate(target)) {
 		DEBUG1(MAKE, "Setting main node to \"%s\"\n", target->name);
-		*inout_main = target;
-		Targ_SetMain(target);
+		mainNode = target;
 		/*
 		 * XXX: Why could it be a good idea to return true here?
 		 * The main task of this function is to turn ordinary nodes
@@ -772,13 +780,12 @@ UpdateTarget(GNode *target, GNode **inout_main, Suffix *suff,
 		return false;
 
 	if (ParseTransform(target->name, &srcSuff, &targSuff)) {
-		if (*inout_main == target) {
+		if (mainNode == target) {
 			DEBUG1(MAKE,
 			    "Setting main node from \"%s\" back to null\n",
 			    target->name);
 			*inout_removedMain = true;
-			*inout_main = NULL;
-			Targ_SetMain(NULL);
+			mainNode = NULL;
 		}
 		Lst_Done(&target->children);
 		Lst_Init(&target->children);
@@ -802,14 +809,14 @@ UpdateTarget(GNode *target, GNode **inout_main, Suffix *suff,
  * suffix rules.
  */
 static void
-UpdateTargets(GNode **inout_main, Suffix *suff)
+UpdateTargets(Suffix *suff)
 {
 	bool removedMain = false;
 	GNodeListNode *ln;
 
 	for (ln = Targ_List()->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next) {
 		GNode *gn = ln->datum;
-		if (UpdateTarget(gn, inout_main, suff, &removedMain))
+		if (UpdateTarget(gn, suff, &removedMain))
 			break;
 	}
 }
@@ -828,7 +835,7 @@ UpdateTargets(GNode **inout_main, Suffix *suff)
  *	name		the name of the suffix to add
  */
 void
-Suff_AddSuffix(const char *name, GNode **inout_main)
+Suff_AddSuffix(const char *name)
 {
 	GNodeListNode *ln;
 
@@ -840,7 +847,7 @@ Suff_AddSuffix(const char *name, GNode **inout_main)
 	Lst_Append(&sufflist, suff);
 	DEBUG1(SUFF, "Adding suffix \"%s\"\n", suff->name);
 
-	UpdateTargets(inout_main, suff);
+	UpdateTargets(suff);
 
 	/*
 	 * Look for any existing transformations from or to this suffix.
@@ -1197,7 +1204,9 @@ FindCmds(Candidate *targ, CandidateSearcher *cs)
 		base = str_basename(sgn->name);
 		if (strncmp(base, targ->prefix, prefLen) != 0)
 			continue;
-		/* The node matches the prefix, see if it has a known suffix. */
+		/*
+		 * The node matches the prefix, see if it has a known suffix.
+		 */
 		suff = FindSuffixByName(base + prefLen);
 		if (suff == NULL)
 			continue;
@@ -1254,7 +1263,7 @@ ExpandWildcards(GNodeListNode *cln, GNode *pgn)
 		DEBUG1(SUFF, "%s...", cp);
 		gn = Targ_GetNode(cp);
 
-		/* Add gn to the parents child list before the original child */
+		/* Insert gn before the original child. */
 		Lst_InsertBefore(&pgn->children, cln, gn);
 		Lst_Append(&gn->parents, pgn);
 		pgn->unmade++;
@@ -1767,8 +1776,7 @@ FindDepsRegularPath(GNode *gn, Candidate *targ)
 
 	free(gn->path);
 	gn->path = Dir_FindFile(gn->name,
-	    (targ == NULL ? &dirSearchPath :
-		targ->suff->searchPath));
+	    targ == NULL ? &dirSearchPath : targ->suff->searchPath);
 	if (gn->path == NULL)
 		return;
 
@@ -2178,7 +2186,7 @@ Suff_PrintAll(void)
 	}
 }
 
-const char *
+char *
 Suff_NamesStr(void)
 {
 	Buffer buf;
diff --git a/targ.c b/targ.c
index beb038fa1a4b..52c5531845d8 100644
--- a/targ.c
+++ b/targ.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: targ.c,v 1.173 2021/11/28 19:51:06 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: targ.c,v 1.176 2022/01/07 20:50:35 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993
@@ -78,10 +78,8 @@
  *
  *	Targ_List	Return the list of all targets so far.
  *
- *	GNode_New	Create a new GNode for the passed target
- *			(string). The node is *not* placed in the
- *			hash table, though all its fields are
- *			initialized.
+ *	GNode_New	Create a new GNode with the given name, don't add it
+ *			to allNodes.
  *
  *	Targ_FindNode	Find the node, or return NULL.
  *
@@ -93,9 +91,6 @@
  *	Targ_FindList	Given a list of names, find nodes for all
  *			of them, creating them as necessary.
  *
- *	Targ_Precious	Return true if the target is precious and
- *			should not be removed if we are interrupted.
- *
  *	Targ_Propagate	Propagate information between related nodes.
  *			Should be called after the makefiles are parsed
  *			but before any action is taken.
@@ -103,8 +98,7 @@
  * Debugging:
  *	Targ_PrintGraph
  *			Print out the entire graph, all variables and
- *			statistics for the directory cache. Should print
- *			something for suffixes, too, but...
+ *			statistics for the directory cache.
  */
 
 #include <time.h>
@@ -113,7 +107,7 @@
 #include "dir.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)targ.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 3/19/94"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: targ.c,v 1.173 2021/11/28 19:51:06 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: targ.c,v 1.176 2022/01/07 20:50:35 rillig Exp $");
 
 /*
  * All target nodes that appeared on the left-hand side of one of the
@@ -346,27 +340,6 @@ Targ_FindList(GNodeList *gns, StringList *names)
 	}
 }
 
-/* See if the given target is precious. */
-bool
-Targ_Precious(const GNode *gn)
-{
-	/* XXX: Why are '::' targets precious? */
-	return allPrecious || gn->type & (OP_PRECIOUS | OP_DOUBLEDEP);
-}
-
-/*
- * The main target to be made; only for debugging output.
- * See mainNode in parse.c for the definitive source.
- */
-static GNode *mainTarg;
-
-/* Remember the main target to make; only used for debugging. */
-void
-Targ_SetMain(GNode *gn)
-{
-	mainTarg = gn;
-}
-
 static void
 PrintNodeNames(GNodeList *gnodes)
 {
@@ -508,7 +481,7 @@ Targ_PrintNode(GNode *gn, int pass)
 		return;
 
 	debug_printf("#\n");
-	if (gn == mainTarg)
+	if (gn == mainNode)
 		debug_printf("# *** MAIN TARGET ***\n");
 
 	if (pass >= 2) {
@@ -556,7 +529,6 @@ Targ_PrintNodes(GNodeList *gnodes, int pass)
 		Targ_PrintNode(ln->datum, pass);
 }
 
-/* Print only those targets that are just a source. */
 static void
 PrintOnlySources(void)
 {
diff --git a/trace.c b/trace.c
index 8e2c507d14dc..b48f02296cdf 100644
--- a/trace.c
+++ b/trace.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: trace.c,v 1.29 2021/09/21 23:06:18 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: trace.c,v 1.31 2022/02/05 00:26:21 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 2000 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 #include "job.h"
 #include "trace.h"
 
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: trace.c,v 1.29 2021/09/21 23:06:18 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: trace.c,v 1.31 2022/02/05 00:26:21 rillig Exp $");
 
 static FILE *trfile;
 static pid_t trpid;
@@ -69,8 +69,10 @@ Trace_Init(const char *pathname)
 	if (pathname != NULL) {
 		FStr curDir;
 		trpid = getpid();
-		/* XXX: This variable may get overwritten later, which
-		 * would make trwd point to undefined behavior. */
+		/*
+		 * XXX: This variable may get overwritten later, which would
+		 * make trwd point to undefined behavior.
+		 */
 		curDir = Var_Value(SCOPE_GLOBAL, ".CURDIR");
 		trwd = curDir.str;
 
@@ -88,10 +90,17 @@ Trace_Log(TrEvent event, Job *job)
 
 	gettimeofday(&rightnow, NULL);
 
+#if __STDC__ >= 199901L
 	fprintf(trfile, "%lld.%06ld %d %s %d %s",
 	    (long long)rightnow.tv_sec, (long)rightnow.tv_usec,
 	    jobTokensRunning,
 	    evname[event], trpid, trwd);
+#else
+	fprintf(trfile, "%ld.%06ld %d %s %d %s",
+	    (long)rightnow.tv_sec, (long)rightnow.tv_usec,
+	    jobTokensRunning,
+	    evname[event], trpid, trwd);
+#endif
 	if (job != NULL) {
 		char flags[4];
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/Makefile b/unit-tests/Makefile
index 98ed3907cd5a..2a300133eccc 100644
--- a/unit-tests/Makefile
+++ b/unit-tests/Makefile
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-# $Id: Makefile,v 1.164 2021/12/12 22:50:00 sjg Exp $
+# $Id: Makefile,v 1.171 2022/01/28 21:33:18 sjg Exp $
 #
-# $NetBSD: Makefile,v 1.288 2021/12/12 22:16:48 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: Makefile,v 1.302 2022/01/27 21:50:50 sjg Exp $
 #
 # Unit tests for make(1)
 #
@@ -91,8 +91,10 @@ TESTS+=		dep-colon
 TESTS+=		dep-colon-bug-cross-file
 TESTS+=		dep-double-colon
 TESTS+=		dep-double-colon-indep
+TESTS+=		dep-duplicate
 TESTS+=		dep-exclam
 TESTS+=		dep-none
+TESTS+=		dep-op-missing
 TESTS+=		dep-percent
 TESTS+=		dep-var
 TESTS+=		dep-wildcards
@@ -189,7 +191,6 @@ TESTS+=		directive-warning
 TESTS+=		dollar
 TESTS+=		doterror
 TESTS+=		dotwait
-TESTS+=		envfirst
 TESTS+=		error
 TESTS+=		# escape	# broken by reverting POSIX changes
 TESTS+=		export
@@ -216,8 +217,6 @@ TESTS+=		meta-cmd-cmp
 TESTS+=		moderrs
 TESTS+=		modmatch
 TESTS+=		modmisc
-TESTS+=		modts
-TESTS+=		modword
 .if ${.MAKE.UID} > 0
 TESTS+=		objdir-writable
 .endif
@@ -273,10 +272,12 @@ TESTS+=		opt-touch-jobs
 TESTS+=		opt-tracefile
 TESTS+=		opt-var-expanded
 TESTS+=		opt-var-literal
+TESTS+=		opt-version
 TESTS+=		opt-warnings-as-errors
 TESTS+=		opt-where-am-i
 TESTS+=		opt-x-reduce-exported
 TESTS+=		order
+TESTS+=		parse
 TESTS+=		parse-var
 TESTS+=		phony-end
 TESTS+=		posix
@@ -319,12 +320,12 @@ TESTS+=		ternary
 TESTS+=		unexport
 TESTS+=		unexport-env
 TESTS+=		use-inference
-TESTS+=		var-class
-TESTS+=		var-class-cmdline
-TESTS+=		var-class-env
-TESTS+=		var-class-global
-TESTS+=		var-class-local
-TESTS+=		var-class-local-legacy
+TESTS+=		var-scope
+TESTS+=		var-scope-cmdline
+TESTS+=		var-scope-env
+TESTS+=		var-scope-global
+TESTS+=		var-scope-local
+TESTS+=		var-scope-local-legacy
 TESTS+=		var-eval-short
 TESTS+=		var-op
 TESTS+=		var-op-append
@@ -340,6 +341,7 @@ TESTS+=		varfind
 TESTS+=		varmisc
 TESTS+=		varmod
 TESTS+=		varmod-assign
+TESTS+=		varmod-assign-shell
 TESTS+=		varmod-defined
 TESTS+=		varmod-edge
 TESTS+=		varmod-exclam-shell
@@ -498,7 +500,6 @@ ENV.varname-vpath+=	VPATH=varname-vpath.dir:varname-vpath.dir2
 # If possible, write ".MAKEFLAGS: -dv" in the test .mk file instead of
 # settings FLAGS.test=-dv here, since that is closer to the test code.
 FLAGS.cond-func-make=		via-cmdline
-FLAGS.directive-ifmake=		first second
 FLAGS.doterror=			# none, especially not -k
 FLAGS.jobs-error-indirect=	# none, especially not -k
 FLAGS.jobs-error-nested=	# none, especially not -k
@@ -531,6 +532,7 @@ SED_CMDS.opt-chdir=		-e 's,\(nonexistent\).[1-9][0-9]*,\1,' \
 SED_CMDS.opt-debug-graph1=	${STD_SED_CMDS.dg1}
 SED_CMDS.opt-debug-graph2=	${STD_SED_CMDS.dg2}
 SED_CMDS.opt-debug-graph3=	${STD_SED_CMDS.dg3}
+SED_CMDS.opt-debug-hash=	-e 's,\(numEntries\)=[1-9][0-9],\1=<entries>,'
 SED_CMDS.opt-debug-jobs=	-e 's,([0-9][0-9]*),(<pid>),'
 SED_CMDS.opt-debug-jobs+=	-e 's,pid [0-9][0-9]*,pid <pid>,'
 SED_CMDS.opt-debug-jobs+=	-e 's,Process [0-9][0-9]*,Process <pid>,'
@@ -541,6 +543,7 @@ SED_CMDS.opt-debug-jobs+=	-e 's,^\(.Command: <shell>\) -q,\1,'
 SED_CMDS.opt-debug-lint+=	${STD_SED_CMDS.regex}
 SED_CMDS.opt-jobs-no-action=	${STD_SED_CMDS.hide-from-output}
 SED_CMDS.opt-no-action-runflags= ${STD_SED_CMDS.hide-from-output}
+SED_CMDS.opt-where-am-i=	-e '/usr.obj/d'
 # For Compat_RunCommand, useShell == false.
 SED_CMDS.sh-dots=		-e 's,^.*\.\.\.:.*,<not found: ...>,'
 # For Compat_RunCommand, useShell == true.
@@ -736,6 +739,9 @@ _SED_CMDS+=	-e 's,${TEST_MAKE:T:S,.,\\.,g}[][0-9]* warning,make warning,'
 _SED_CMDS+=	-e 's,^usage: ${TEST_MAKE:T:S,.,\\.,g} ,usage: make ,'
 # replace anything after 'stopped in' with unit-tests
 _SED_CMDS+=	-e '/stopped/s, /.*, unit-tests,'
+# Allow the test files to be placed anywhere.
+_SED_CMDS+=	-e 's,\(\.PARSEDIR}\) = `'"/[^']*'"',\1 = <some-dir>,'
+_SED_CMDS+=	-e 's,\(\.INCLUDEDFROMDIR}\) = `'"/[^']*'"',\1 = <some-dir>,'
 _SED_CMDS+=	-e 's,${TMPDIR},TMPDIR,g'
 # canonicalize ${.OBJDIR} and ${.CURDIR}
 .if ${.OBJDIR} != ${.CURDIR}
diff --git a/unit-tests/comment.mk b/unit-tests/comment.mk
index d4fb041104a7..2471c8cf659d 100644
--- a/unit-tests/comment.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/comment.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: comment.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/15 14:07:53 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: comment.mk,v 1.4 2022/01/23 18:00:53 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Demonstrate how comments are written in makefiles.
 
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ on and on.
  # Comments can be indented with spaces, but that is rather unusual.
 
 	# Comments can be indented with a tab.
-	# These are not shell commands, they are just makefile comments.
+	# Since parse.c 1.127 from 2007-01-01, these are not shell commands,
+	# they are just makefile comments.  Before that commit, these comments
+	# triggered the error message "Unassociated shell command".
 
 .if 1			# There can be comments after conditions.
 .endif			# And after the closing directive.
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-func-empty.mk b/unit-tests/cond-func-empty.mk
index 25c850d23d93..24cb7a680b2a 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-func-empty.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-func-empty.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-func-empty.mk,v 1.16 2021/12/11 10:41:31 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-func-empty.mk,v 1.17 2021/12/28 22:13:56 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the empty() function in .if conditions, which tests a variable
 # expression for emptiness.
@@ -189,5 +189,16 @@ VARNAME=	${VARNAME${:U1}}
 .if defined(VARNAME${:U2}) && !empty(VARNAME${:U2})
 .endif
 
-all:
-	@:;
+
+# If the word 'empty' is not followed by '(', it is not a function call but an
+# ordinary bare word.  This bare word is interpreted as 'defined(empty)', and
+# since there is no variable named 'empty', the condition evaluates to false.
+.if empty
+.  error
+.endif
+
+empty=		# defined but empty
+.if empty
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-func.exp b/unit-tests/cond-func.exp
index 8dc0f821a255..d0663ea68647 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-func.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-func.exp
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ make: "cond-func.mk" line 36: Missing closing parenthesis for defined()
 make: "cond-func.mk" line 51: Missing closing parenthesis for defined()
 make: "cond-func.mk" line 54: Missing closing parenthesis for defined()
 make: "cond-func.mk" line 94: The empty variable is never defined.
-make: "cond-func.mk" line 102: A plain function name is parsed as !empty(...).
-make: "cond-func.mk" line 109: A plain function name is parsed as !empty(...).
-make: "cond-func.mk" line 119: Symbols may start with a function name.
-make: "cond-func.mk" line 124: Symbols may start with a function name.
-make: "cond-func.mk" line 130: Missing closing parenthesis for defined()
+make: "cond-func.mk" line 103: A plain function name is parsed as defined(...).
+make: "cond-func.mk" line 110: A plain function name is parsed as defined(...).
+make: "cond-func.mk" line 120: Symbols may start with a function name.
+make: "cond-func.mk" line 125: Symbols may start with a function name.
+make: "cond-func.mk" line 131: Missing closing parenthesis for defined()
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-func.mk b/unit-tests/cond-func.mk
index 4ff43b72ef88..959367f5c6ab 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-func.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-func.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-func.mk,v 1.9 2020/11/15 14:07:53 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-func.mk,v 1.11 2022/01/07 19:30:17 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for those parts of the functions in .if conditions that are common
 # among several functions.
@@ -94,19 +94,20 @@ ${VARNAME_UNBALANCED_BRACES}=	variable name with unbalanced braces
 .  info The empty variable is never defined.
 .endif
 
-# The plain word 'defined' is interpreted as '!empty(defined)'.
+# The plain word 'defined' is interpreted as 'defined(defined)', see
+# CondParser_ComparisonOrLeaf.
 # That variable is not defined (yet).
 .if defined
 .  error
 .else
-.  info A plain function name is parsed as !empty(...).
+.  info A plain function name is parsed as defined(...).
 .endif
 
-# If a variable named 'defined' is actually defined and not empty, the plain
-# symbol 'defined' evaluates to true.
-defined=	non-empty
+# If a variable named 'defined' is actually defined, the bare word 'defined'
+# is interpreted as 'defined(defined)', and the condition evaluates to true.
+defined=	# defined but empty
 .if defined
-.  info A plain function name is parsed as !empty(...).
+.  info A plain function name is parsed as defined(...).
 .else
 .  error
 .endif
@@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ defined=	non-empty
 .  info Symbols may start with a function name.
 .endif
 
-defined-var=	non-empty
+defined-var=	# defined but empty
 .if defined-var
 .  info Symbols may start with a function name.
 .else
@@ -132,6 +133,3 @@ defined-var=	non-empty
 .else
 .  error
 .endif
-
-all:
-	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-op-parentheses.exp b/unit-tests/cond-op-parentheses.exp
index b44093304100..63f7b19570b5 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-op-parentheses.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-op-parentheses.exp
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-make: "cond-op-parentheses.mk" line 13: Parentheses can be nested at least to depth 112.
-make: "cond-op-parentheses.mk" line 19: Malformed conditional (()
-make: "cond-op-parentheses.mk" line 29: Malformed conditional ())
+make: "cond-op-parentheses.mk" line 19: String comparison operator must be either == or !=
+make: "cond-op-parentheses.mk" line 22: Malformed conditional ((3) > 2)
+make: "cond-op-parentheses.mk" line 40: Malformed conditional (()
+make: "cond-op-parentheses.mk" line 53: Malformed conditional ())
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-op-parentheses.mk b/unit-tests/cond-op-parentheses.mk
index ca288cad5826..b790f8bec330 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-op-parentheses.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-op-parentheses.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,26 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-op-parentheses.mk,v 1.4 2021/01/19 17:49:13 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-op-parentheses.mk,v 1.5 2022/01/22 21:50:41 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Tests for parentheses in .if conditions.
+# Tests for parentheses in .if conditions, which group expressions to override
+# the precedence of the operators '!', '&&' and '||'.  Parentheses cannot be
+# used to form arithmetic expressions such as '(3+4)' though.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+# Contrary to the C family of programming languages, the outermost condition
+# does not have to be enclosed in parentheses.
+.if defined(VAR)
+.  error
+.elif !1
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# Parentheses cannot enclose numbers as there is no need for it.  Make does
+# not implement any arithmetic functions in its condition parser.  If
+# absolutely necessary, use expr(1).
+# expect+1: String comparison operator must be either == or !=
+.if 3 > (2)
+.endif
+# expect+1: Malformed conditional ((3) > 2)
+.if (3) > 2
+.endif
 
 # Test for deeply nested conditions.
 .if	((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((	\
@@ -10,7 +28,10 @@
 	1								\
 	))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))	\
 	))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
-.  info Parentheses can be nested at least to depth 112.
+# Parentheses can be nested at least to depth 112.  There is nothing special
+# about this number though, much higher numbers work as well, at least on
+# NetBSD.  The actual limit depends on the allowed call stack depth for C code
+# of the platform.  Anyway, 112 should be enough for all practical purposes.
 .else
 .  error
 .endif
@@ -24,8 +45,11 @@
 
 # An unbalanced closing parenthesis is a parse error.
 #
-# As of 2021-01-19, CondParser_Term returned TOK_RPAREN even though this
-# function promised to only ever return TOK_TRUE, TOK_FALSE or TOK_ERROR.
+# Before cond.c 1.237 from 2021-01-19, CondParser_Term returned TOK_RPAREN
+# even though the documentation of that function promised to only ever return
+# TOK_TRUE, TOK_FALSE or TOK_ERROR.  In cond.c 1.241, the return type of that
+# function was changed to a properly restricted enum type, to prevent this bug
+# from occurring again.
 .if )
 .  error
 .else
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-short.mk b/unit-tests/cond-short.mk
index d41c38488fd6..f4e8f87043b5 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-short.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-short.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-short.mk,v 1.18 2021/12/12 09:49:09 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-short.mk,v 1.19 2021/12/27 18:54:19 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Demonstrates that in conditions, the right-hand side of an && or ||
 # is only evaluated if it can actually influence the result.
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@
 # relevant variable expressions was that in the irrelevant variable
 # expressions, undefined variables were allowed.  This allowed for conditions
 # like 'defined(VAR) && ${VAR:S,from,to,} != ""', which no longer produced an
-# error message 'Malformed conditional', but it still evaluated the
-# expression, even though the expression was irrelevant.
+# error message 'Malformed conditional', but the irrelevant expression was
+# still evaluated.
 #
 # Since the initial commit on 1993-03-21, the manual page has been saying that
 # make 'will only evaluate a conditional as far as is necessary to determine',
 # but that was wrong.  The code in cond.c 1.1 from 1993-03-21 looks good since
 # it calls Var_Parse(condExpr, VAR_CMD, doEval,&varSpecLen,&doFree), but the
-# definition of Var_Parse does not call the third parameter 'doEval', as would
+# definition of Var_Parse did not call the third parameter 'doEval', as would
 # be expected, but instead 'err', accompanied by the comment 'TRUE if
 # undefined variables are an error'.  This subtle difference between 'do not
 # evaluate at all' and 'allow undefined variables' led to the unexpected
@@ -122,7 +122,9 @@ VAR=	# empty again, for the following tests
 .if 0 || empty(${echo "expected or empty" 1>&2 :L:sh})
 .endif
 
-# Unreachable nested conditions are skipped completely as well.
+# Unreachable nested conditions are skipped completely as well.  These skipped
+# lines may even contain syntax errors.  This allows to skip syntactically
+# incompatible new features in older versions of make.
 
 .if 0
 .  if ${echo "unexpected nested and" 1>&2 :L:sh}
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-token-number.exp b/unit-tests/cond-token-number.exp
index b5bfaf95d575..f078cb007323 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-token-number.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-token-number.exp
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ make: "cond-token-number.mk" line 15: Malformed conditional (-0)
 make: "cond-token-number.mk" line 25: Malformed conditional (+0)
 make: "cond-token-number.mk" line 35: Malformed conditional (!-1)
 make: "cond-token-number.mk" line 45: Malformed conditional (!+1)
-make: "cond-token-number.mk" line 80: End of the tests.
+make: "cond-token-number.mk" line 89: End of the tests.
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-token-number.mk b/unit-tests/cond-token-number.mk
index 93e2646a60eb..eef528f4b7c6 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-token-number.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-token-number.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-token-number.mk,v 1.5 2020/11/15 14:58:14 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-token-number.mk,v 1.7 2022/01/02 02:57:39 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for number tokens in .if conditions.
 #
@@ -69,13 +69,22 @@
 .  error
 .endif
 
-# This is not a hexadecimal number, even though it has an x.
-# It is interpreted as a string instead, effectively meaning defined(3x4).
+# This is not a hexadecimal number, even though it has an x.  It is
+# interpreted as a string instead.  In a plain '.if', such a token evaluates
+# to true if it is non-empty.  In other '.if' directives, such a token is
+# evaluated by either FuncDefined or FuncMake.
 .if 3x4
 .else
 .  error
 .endif
 
+# Make can do radix conversion from hex.
+HEX=	dead
+.if 0x${HEX} == 57005
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
 # Ensure that parsing continues until here.
 .info End of the tests.
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-token-plain.exp b/unit-tests/cond-token-plain.exp
index 8afde2d41788..b39e952bf3d0 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-token-plain.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-token-plain.exp
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ lhs = "var&&name", rhs = "var&&name", op = !=
 CondParser_Eval: ${:Uvar}||name != "var||name"
 lhs = "var||name", rhs = "var||name", op = !=
 CondParser_Eval: bare
-make: "cond-token-plain.mk" line 106: A bare word is treated like defined(...), and the variable 'bare' is not defined.
+make: "cond-token-plain.mk" line 105: A bare word is treated like defined(...), and the variable 'bare' is not defined.
 CondParser_Eval: VAR
 make: "cond-token-plain.mk" line 111: A bare word is treated like defined(...).
 CondParser_Eval: V${:UA}R
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ CondParser_Eval: 0
 make: "cond-token-plain.mk" line 201: Malformed conditional (${0:?:} || left == right)
 CondParser_Eval: left == right || ${0:?:}
 make: "cond-token-plain.mk" line 206: Malformed conditional (left == right || ${0:?:})
+make: "cond-token-plain.mk" line 225: Malformed conditional (VAR.${IF_COUNT::+=1} != "")
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-token-plain.mk b/unit-tests/cond-token-plain.mk
index 3e59f48bc3c7..1e9f30be9153 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-token-plain.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-token-plain.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-token-plain.mk,v 1.14 2021/12/12 09:36:00 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-token-plain.mk,v 1.15 2021/12/30 02:14:55 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for plain tokens (that is, string literals without quotes)
 # in .if conditions.  These are also called bare words.
@@ -209,5 +209,48 @@ ${:U\\\\}=	backslash
 # See cond-token-string.mk for similar tests where the condition is enclosed
 # in "quotes".
 
-all:
-	@:;
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
+
+
+# As of cond.c 1.320 from 2021-12-30, the code in CondParser_ComparisonOrLeaf
+# looks suspicious of evaluating the expression twice: first for parsing a
+# bare word and second for parsing the left-hand side of a comparison.
+#
+# In '.if' directives, the left-hand side of a comparison must not be a bare
+# word though, and this keeps CondParser_Leaf from evaluating the expression
+# for the second time.  The right-hand side of a comparison may be a bare
+# word, but that side has no risk of being parsed more than once.
+#
+# expect+1: Malformed conditional (VAR.${IF_COUNT::+=1} != "")
+.if VAR.${IF_COUNT::+=1} != ""
+.  error
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+.if ${IF_COUNT} != "1"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# A different situation is when CondParser.leftUnquotedOK is true.  This
+# situation arises in expressions of the form ${cond:?yes:no}.  As of
+# 2021-12-30, the condition in such an expression is evaluated before parsing
+# the condition, see varmod-ifelse.mk.  To pass a variable expression to the
+# condition parser, it needs to be escaped.  This rarely happens in practice,
+# in most cases the conditions are simple enough that it doesn't matter
+# whether the condition is first evaluated and then parsed, or vice versa.
+# A half-baked attempt at hiding this implementation detail is
+# CondParser.leftUnquotedOK, but that is a rather leaky abstraction.
+
+#.MAKEFLAGS: -dcv
+COND=	VAR.$${MOD_COUNT::+=1}
+.if ${${COND} == "VAR.":?yes:no} != "yes"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# The value "1 1" demonstrates that the expression ${MOD_COUNT::+=1} was
+# evaluated twice.  In practice, expressions that occur in conditions do not
+# have side effects, making this problem rather academic, but it is there.
+.if ${MOD_COUNT} != "1 1"
+.  error
+.endif
+#.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-token-string.exp b/unit-tests/cond-token-string.exp
index 45f9993457d3..1c0f086b464e 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-token-string.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-token-string.exp
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ make: "cond-token-string.mk" line 37: Expected.
 CondParser_Eval: "UNDEF"
 make: "cond-token-string.mk" line 46: The string literal "UNDEF" is not empty.
 CondParser_Eval: " "
-make: "cond-token-string.mk" line 55: The string literal " " is not empty, even though it consists of whitespace only.
+make: "cond-token-string.mk" line 54: The string literal " " is not empty, even though it consists of whitespace only.
 CondParser_Eval: "${UNDEF}"
-make: "cond-token-string.mk" line 64: An undefined variable in quotes expands to an empty string, which then evaluates to false.
+make: "cond-token-string.mk" line 63: An undefined variable in quotes expands to an empty string, which then evaluates to false.
 CondParser_Eval: "${:Uvalue}"
 make: "cond-token-string.mk" line 68: A nonempty variable expression evaluates to true.
 CondParser_Eval: "${:U}"
diff --git a/unit-tests/dep-duplicate.exp b/unit-tests/dep-duplicate.exp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..039145f8fd97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/dep-duplicate.exp
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+make: "dep-duplicate.inc" line 1: warning: duplicate script for target "all" ignored
+make: "dep-duplicate.main" line 3: warning: using previous script for "all" defined here
+main-output
+exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/dep-duplicate.mk b/unit-tests/dep-duplicate.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6f64ba1c1981
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/dep-duplicate.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# $NetBSD: dep-duplicate.mk,v 1.3 2022/01/20 19:24:53 rillig Exp $
+#
+# Test for a target whose commands are defined twice.  This generates a
+# warning, not an error, so ensure that the correct commands are kept.
+#
+# Also ensure that the diagnostics mention the correct file in case of
+# included files.  Since parse.c 1.231 from 2018-12-22 and before parse.c
+# 1.653 from 2022-01-20, the wrong filename had been printed if the file of
+# the first commands section was included by its relative path.
+
+all: .PHONY
+	@exec > dep-duplicate.main; \
+	echo '# empty line 1'; \
+	echo '# empty line 2'; \
+	echo 'all:; @echo main-output'; \
+	echo '.include "dep-duplicate.inc"'
+
+	@exec > dep-duplicate.inc; \
+	echo 'all:; @echo inc-output'
+
+	# The main file must be specified using a relative path, just like the
+	# default 'makefile' or 'Makefile', to produce the same result when
+	# run via ATF or 'make test'.
+	@${MAKE} -r -f dep-duplicate.main
+
+	@rm -f dep-duplicate.main
+	@rm -f dep-duplicate.inc
diff --git a/unit-tests/dep-op-missing.exp b/unit-tests/dep-op-missing.exp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..58b9be353eaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/dep-op-missing.exp
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+make: "dep-op-missing.tmp" line 1: Invalid line type
+make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/dep-op-missing.mk b/unit-tests/dep-op-missing.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2079f3c19871
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/dep-op-missing.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# $NetBSD: dep-op-missing.mk,v 1.1 2021/12/14 00:02:57 rillig Exp $
+#
+# Test for a missing dependency operator, in a line with trailing whitespace.
+
+# Before parse.c 1.578 from 2021-12-14, there was some unreachable error
+# handling code in ParseDependencyOp.  This test tried to reach it and failed.
+# To reach that point, there would have to be trailing whitespace in the line,
+# but that is removed in an early stage of parsing.
+
+all: .PHONY
+	@printf 'target ' > dep-op-missing.tmp
+	@${MAKE} -r -f dep-op-missing.tmp || exit 0
+	@rm dep-op-missing.tmp
diff --git a/unit-tests/dep-wildcards.exp b/unit-tests/dep-wildcards.exp
index fb8a44e2c80a..45eafb5d2693 100644
--- a/unit-tests/dep-wildcards.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/dep-wildcards.exp
@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@ dep-colon-bug-cross-file.mk
 dep-colon.mk
 dep-double-colon-indep.mk
 dep-double-colon.mk
+dep-duplicate.mk
 dep-exclam.mk
 dep-none.mk
+dep-op-missing.mk
 dep-percent.mk
 dep-var.mk
 dep-wildcards.mk
diff --git a/unit-tests/dep.exp b/unit-tests/dep.exp
index 39a9383953dd..6b7f0fabb12b 100644
--- a/unit-tests/dep.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/dep.exp
@@ -1 +1,5 @@
-exit status 0
+make: "dep.mk" line 11: Inconsistent operator for only-colon
+make: "dep.mk" line 13: Inconsistent operator for only-colon
+make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/dep.mk b/unit-tests/dep.mk
index b2463dfc6458..54566d43d2a1 100644
--- a/unit-tests/dep.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/dep.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,18 @@
-# $NetBSD: dep.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: dep.mk,v 1.3 2021/12/13 23:38:54 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for dependency declarations, such as "target: sources".
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+.MAIN: all
+
+# As soon as a target is defined using one of the dependency operators, it is
+# restricted to this dependency operator and cannot use the others anymore.
+only-colon:
+# expect+1: Inconsistent operator for only-colon
+only-colon!
+# expect+1: Inconsistent operator for only-colon
+only-colon::
+# Ensure that the target still has the original operator.  If it hadn't, there
+# would be another error message.
+only-colon:
 
 all:
-	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/depsrc-meta.exp b/unit-tests/depsrc-meta.exp
index 77e27582f7da..6f17dcf0ba8a 100644
--- a/unit-tests/depsrc-meta.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/depsrc-meta.exp
@@ -2,4 +2,6 @@ Skipping meta for actual-test: no commands
 Skipping meta for .END: .SPECIAL
 Targets from meta mode:
 | TARGET depsrc-meta-target
+Targets from meta mode in jobs mode:
+| TARGET depsrc-meta-target
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/depsrc-meta.mk b/unit-tests/depsrc-meta.mk
index d41aad9a9c96..2c7d63a5f2a2 100644
--- a/unit-tests/depsrc-meta.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/depsrc-meta.mk
@@ -1,31 +1,30 @@
-# $NetBSD: depsrc-meta.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/27 08:39:07 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: depsrc-meta.mk,v 1.6 2022/01/26 22:47:03 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the special source .META in dependency declarations.
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 # TODO: Explanation
 
-.if make(actual-test)
+.MAIN: all
 
+.if make(actual-test)
 .MAKEFLAGS: -dM
 .MAKE.MODE=	meta curDirOk=true
+.endif
 
 actual-test: depsrc-meta-target
 depsrc-meta-target: .META
 	@> ${.TARGET}-file
 	@rm -f ${.TARGET}-file
 
-.elif make(check-results)
-
 check-results:
-	@echo 'Targets from meta mode:'
+	@echo 'Targets from meta mode${.MAKE.JOBS:D in jobs mode}:'
 	@awk '/^TARGET/ { print "| " $$0 }' depsrc-meta-target.meta
 	@rm depsrc-meta-target.meta
 
-.else
-
 all:
-	@${MAKE} -f ${MAKEFILE} actual-test
-	@${MAKE} -f ${MAKEFILE} check-results
+	@${MAKE} -r -f ${MAKEFILE} actual-test
+	@${MAKE} -r -f ${MAKEFILE} check-results
 
-.endif
+	@${MAKE} -r -f ${MAKEFILE} actual-test -j1
+	@${MAKE} -r -f ${MAKEFILE} check-results -j1
diff --git a/unit-tests/depsrc-use.mk b/unit-tests/depsrc-use.mk
index 17836cd39e23..3f73a5f04ad9 100644
--- a/unit-tests/depsrc-use.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/depsrc-use.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
-# $NetBSD: depsrc-use.mk,v 1.4 2020/08/22 12:30:57 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: depsrc-use.mk,v 1.5 2021/12/28 14:22:51 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the special source .USE in dependency declarations,
 # which allows to append common commands to other targets.
 
+# Before make.h 1.280 from 2021-12-28, a .USEBEFORE target was accidentally
+# regarded as a candidate for the main target.  On the other hand, a .USE
+# target was not.
+not-a-main-candidate: .USE
+
 all: action directly
 
 first: .USE
diff --git a/unit-tests/depsrc-usebefore.mk b/unit-tests/depsrc-usebefore.mk
index 001cfb0d71c1..58b3145e4f3f 100644
--- a/unit-tests/depsrc-usebefore.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/depsrc-usebefore.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: depsrc-usebefore.mk,v 1.6 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: depsrc-usebefore.mk,v 1.7 2021/12/28 14:22:51 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the special source .USEBEFORE in dependency declarations,
 # which allows to prepend common commands to other targets.
@@ -7,6 +7,11 @@
 #	.USE
 #	depsrc-use.mk
 
+# Before make.h 1.280 from 2021-12-28, a .USEBEFORE target was accidentally
+# regarded as a candidate for the main target.  On the other hand, a .USE
+# target was not.
+not-a-main-candidate: .USEBEFORE
+
 all: action directly
 
 first: .USEBEFORE
diff --git a/unit-tests/depsrc.exp b/unit-tests/depsrc.exp
index 06165e6f9ac4..147ea8b24371 100644
--- a/unit-tests/depsrc.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/depsrc.exp
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 : 'Undefined variables are expanded directly in the dependency'
 : 'declaration.  They are not preserved and maybe expanded later.'
 : 'This is in contrast to local variables such as ${.TARGET}.'
+: Making .UNKNOWN from nothing.
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/depsrc.mk b/unit-tests/depsrc.mk
index ab9d04c1d3a4..4e5752c97184 100644
--- a/unit-tests/depsrc.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/depsrc.mk
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-# $NetBSD: depsrc.mk,v 1.4 2020/12/22 19:38:44 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: depsrc.mk,v 1.5 2021/12/13 23:38:54 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for special sources (those starting with a dot, followed by
-# uppercase letters) in dependency declarations, such as .PHONY.
+# uppercase letters) in dependency declarations, such as '.PHONY'.
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
@@ -14,13 +14,19 @@ target: .PHONY source-${DEFINED_LATER}
 DEFINED_LATER=	later
 #
 source-: .PHONY
+	# This section applies.
 	: 'Undefined variables are expanded directly in the dependency'
 	: 'declaration.  They are not preserved and maybe expanded later.'
 	: 'This is in contrast to local variables such as $${.TARGET}.'
 source-later: .PHONY
+	# This section doesn't apply.
 	: 'Undefined variables are tried to be expanded in a dependency'
 	: 'declaration.  If that fails because the variable is undefined,'
 	: 'the expression is preserved and tried to be expanded later.'
 
-all:
-	@:;
+# Sources that look like keywords but are not known are interpreted as
+# ordinary sources.
+target: .UNKNOWN
+
+.UNKNOWN:
+	: Making ${.TARGET} from ${.ALLSRC:S,^$,nothing,W}.
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-error.exp b/unit-tests/deptgt-error.exp
index 39a9383953dd..48e2f90954cf 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-error.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-error.exp
@@ -1 +1,9 @@
-exit status 0
+false fails
+*** Error code 1 (continuing)
+
+Stop.
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+ERROR_INFO='This information is printed on 'errors'.'
+Making sub-error as prerequisite.
+Making .ERROR out of nothing.
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-error.mk b/unit-tests/deptgt-error.mk
index 5d515b95afc3..67f94e6999f7 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-error.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-error.mk
@@ -1,9 +1,21 @@
-# $NetBSD: deptgt-error.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: deptgt-error.mk,v 1.4 2022/01/22 21:50:41 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the special target .ERROR in dependency declarations, which
-# collects commands that are run when another target fails.
+# is made when another target fails.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+all: .PHONY
+	false fails
 
-all:
-	@:;
+.ERROR:
+	@echo 'Making ${.TARGET} out of nothing.'
+
+.ERROR: sub-error
+sub-error: .PHONY
+	@echo 'Making ${.TARGET} as prerequisite.'
+
+# Before making the '.ERROR' target, these variable values are printed.
+MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR=	ERROR_INFO
+
+# Use single quotes to demonstrate that the output is only informational, it
+# does not use any established escaping mechanism.
+ERROR_INFO=	This information is ${:Uprinted} on 'errors'.
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-ignore.exp b/unit-tests/deptgt-ignore.exp
index 39a9383953dd..2aa1311c8ff7 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-ignore.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-ignore.exp
@@ -1 +1,11 @@
-exit status 0
+error-failed before
+*** Error code 1 (continuing)
+error-ignored before
+*** Error code 1 (ignored)
+error-ignored after
+Making depends-on-ignored from error-ignored.
+`all' not remade because of errors.
+
+Stop.
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-ignore.mk b/unit-tests/deptgt-ignore.mk
index 49c14d2cfd43..a0191847e69f 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-ignore.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-ignore.mk
@@ -1,9 +1,31 @@
-# $NetBSD: deptgt-ignore.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: deptgt-ignore.mk,v 1.4 2022/01/22 21:50:41 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the special target .IGNORE in dependency declarations, which
 # does not stop if a command from this target exits with a non-zero status.
+#
+# This test only applies to compatibility mode.  In jobs mode such as with
+# '-j1', all commands for a single target are bundled into a single shell
+# program, which is a different implementation technique, the .IGNORE applies
+# there as well.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0			# force stdout to be unbuffered
 
-all:
-	@:;
+all: depends-on-failed depends-on-ignored
+.PHONY: all depends-on-failed depends-on-ignored error-failed error-ignored
+
+error-failed error-ignored:
+	@echo '${.TARGET} before'
+	@false
+	@echo '${.TARGET} after'
+
+depends-on-failed: error-failed
+	@echo 'Making ${.TARGET} from ${.ALLSRC}.'
+depends-on-ignored: error-ignored
+	@echo 'Making ${.TARGET} from ${.ALLSRC}.'
+
+# Even though the command 'false' in the middle fails, the remaining commands
+# are still run.  After that, the target is marked made, so targets depending
+# on the target with the ignored commands are made.
+.IGNORE: error-ignored
+
+#.MAKEFLAGS: -dg2
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-interrupt.exp b/unit-tests/deptgt-interrupt.exp
index 39a9383953dd..e59bdc7d7c41 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-interrupt.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-interrupt.exp
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
-exit status 0
+Ctrl-C
+exit status 130
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-interrupt.mk b/unit-tests/deptgt-interrupt.mk
index d94009a52e05..9a3b4d9e81c9 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-interrupt.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-interrupt.mk
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-# $NetBSD: deptgt-interrupt.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: deptgt-interrupt.mk,v 1.4 2022/01/22 21:50:41 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the special target .INTERRUPT in dependency declarations, which
 # collects commands to be run when make is interrupted while building another
 # target.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
-
 all:
-	@:;
+	@kill -INT ${.MAKE.PID}
+
+.INTERRUPT:
+	@echo 'Ctrl-C'
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-main.exp b/unit-tests/deptgt-main.exp
index 39a9383953dd..40c9a2c3cb8f 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-main.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-main.exp
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+This target real-main is the one that is made.
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-main.mk b/unit-tests/deptgt-main.mk
index 84d05dc25ed6..184b6f3f73bb 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-main.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-main.mk
@@ -1,10 +1,29 @@
-# $NetBSD: deptgt-main.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: deptgt-main.mk,v 1.4 2022/01/23 21:48:59 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the special target .MAIN in dependency declarations, which defines
 # the main target.  This main target is built if no target has been specified
 # on the command line or via MAKEFLAGS.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+# The first target becomes the main target by default.  It can be overridden
+# though.
+all: .PHONY
+	@echo 'This target is not made.'
 
-all:
-	@:;
+# This target is not the first to be defined, but it lists '.MAIN' as one of
+# its sources.  The word '.MAIN' only has a special meaning when it appears as
+# a _target_ in a dependency declaration, not as a _source_.  It is thus
+# ignored.
+depsrc-main: .PHONY .MAIN
+	@echo 'This target is not made either.'
+
+# This target is the first to be marked with '.MAIN', so it replaces the
+# previous main target, which was 'all'.
+.MAIN: real-main
+real-main: .PHONY
+	@echo 'This target ${.TARGET} is the one that is made.'
+
+# This target is marked with '.MAIN' but there already is a main target.  The
+# attribute '.MAIN' is thus ignored.
+.MAIN: too-late
+too-late: .PHONY
+	@echo 'This target comes too late, there is already a .MAIN target.'
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-notparallel.exp b/unit-tests/deptgt-notparallel.exp
index 39a9383953dd..1e4d8ad7befb 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-notparallel.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-notparallel.exp
@@ -1 +1,9 @@
+: Making 1 out of nothing.
+: Making 2 out of nothing.
+: Making 3 out of nothing.
+: Making 4 out of nothing.
+: Making 5 out of nothing.
+: Making 6 out of nothing.
+: Making 7 out of nothing.
+: Making 8 out of nothing.
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-notparallel.mk b/unit-tests/deptgt-notparallel.mk
index db08aa9d3558..8d32ed8f2461 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-notparallel.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-notparallel.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,16 @@
-# $NetBSD: deptgt-notparallel.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: deptgt-notparallel.mk,v 1.3 2021/12/13 23:38:54 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Tests for the special target .NOTPARALLEL in dependency declarations.
+# Tests for the special target .NOTPARALLEL in dependency declarations, which
+# prevents the job module from doing anything in parallel, by setting the
+# maximum jobs to 1.  This only applies to the current make, it is not
+# exported to submakes.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+.MAKEFLAGS: -j4
 
-all:
-	@:;
+# Set opts.maxJobs back to 1.  Without this line, the output would be in
+# random order, interleaved with separators like '--- 1 ---'.
+.NOTPARALLEL:
+
+all: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8: .PHONY
+	: Making ${.TARGET} out of nothing.
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-order.exp b/unit-tests/deptgt-order.exp
index 5f7dde0ac69d..ecbf03fcc572 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-order.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-order.exp
@@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
+Parsing line 15: .ORDER: three one
+ParseDependency(.ORDER: three one)
+# .ORDER forces 'three' to be made before 'one'
+# three, unmade, type OP_DEPENDS|OP_PHONY|OP_HAS_COMMANDS, flags none
+# one, unmade, type OP_DEPENDS|OP_PHONY, flags none
+Parsing line 16: .MAKEFLAGS: -d0
+ParseDependency(.MAKEFLAGS: -d0)
 : 'Making two out of one.'
 : 'Making three out of two.'
 : 'Making all out of three.'
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-order.mk b/unit-tests/deptgt-order.mk
index f241331ae1e1..88f5958425dd 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-order.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-order.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: deptgt-order.mk,v 1.3 2021/06/17 15:25:33 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: deptgt-order.mk,v 1.4 2021/12/13 23:38:54 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the special target .ORDER in dependency declarations.
 
@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ three: two
 
 # This .ORDER creates a circular dependency since 'three' depends on 'one'
 # but 'one' is supposed to be built after 'three'.
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dp
 .ORDER: three one
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
 
 # XXX: The circular dependency should be detected here.
 all: three
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-path-suffix.exp b/unit-tests/deptgt-path-suffix.exp
index 39a9383953dd..228a29851f48 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-path-suffix.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-path-suffix.exp
@@ -1 +1,4 @@
-exit status 0
+make: "deptgt-path-suffix.mk" line 8: Suffix '.c' not defined (yet)
+make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-path-suffix.mk b/unit-tests/deptgt-path-suffix.mk
index 3a7e697bc748..494a076a5520 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-path-suffix.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-path-suffix.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,16 @@
-# $NetBSD: deptgt-path-suffix.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: deptgt-path-suffix.mk,v 1.3 2021/12/13 23:38:54 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the special target .PATH.suffix in dependency declarations.
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
+# expect+1: Suffix '.c' not defined (yet)
+.PATH.c: ..
+
+.SUFFIXES: .c
+
+# Now the suffix is defined, and the path is recorded.
+.PATH.c: ..
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt.exp b/unit-tests/deptgt.exp
index bdac2aee3e6c..0a27f562293d 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt.exp
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 make: "deptgt.mk" line 10: warning: Extra target ignored
 make: "deptgt.mk" line 28: Unassociated shell command ": command3		# parse error, since targets == NULL"
-ParseReadLine (34): '${:U}: empty-source'
+Parsing line 34: ${:U}: empty-source
 ParseDependency(: empty-source)
-ParseReadLine (35): '	: command for empty targets list'
-ParseReadLine (36): ': empty-source'
+Parsing line 35: 	: command for empty targets list
+Parsing line 36: : empty-source
 ParseDependency(: empty-source)
-ParseReadLine (37): '	: command for empty targets list'
-ParseReadLine (38): '.MAKEFLAGS: -d0'
+Parsing line 37: 	: command for empty targets list
+Parsing line 38: .MAKEFLAGS: -d0
 ParseDependency(.MAKEFLAGS: -d0)
 make: "deptgt.mk" line 46: Unknown modifier "Z"
+make: "deptgt.mk" line 49: warning: Extra target ignored
+make: "deptgt.mk" line 52: warning: Extra target (ordinary) ignored
+make: "deptgt.mk" line 55: warning: Special and mundane targets don't mix. Mundane ones ignored
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt.mk b/unit-tests/deptgt.mk
index 15d7e59aeced..044644dcbd66 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: deptgt.mk,v 1.11 2021/04/04 10:13:09 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: deptgt.mk,v 1.12 2021/12/13 23:38:54 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for special targets like .BEGIN or .SUFFIXES in dependency
 # declarations.
@@ -45,5 +45,14 @@ ${:U}: empty-source
 # that nobody uses it.
 $$$$$$$${:U:Z}:
 
+# expect+1: warning: Extra target ignored
+.END ordinary:
+
+# expect+1: warning: Extra target (ordinary) ignored
+.PATH ordinary:
+
+# expect+1: Special and mundane targets don't mix. Mundane ones ignored
+ordinary .PATH:
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-dinclude.exp b/unit-tests/directive-dinclude.exp
index 39a9383953dd..5ea0dabb3c7e 100755
--- a/unit-tests/directive-dinclude.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-dinclude.exp
@@ -1 +1,4 @@
-exit status 0
+make: "directive-dinclude-error.inc" line 1: Invalid line type
+make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-dinclude.mk b/unit-tests/directive-dinclude.mk
index 94fa5fb4429b..d968924a6a99 100755
--- a/unit-tests/directive-dinclude.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-dinclude.mk
@@ -1,9 +1,24 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-dinclude.mk,v 1.1 2020/09/13 09:20:23 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-dinclude.mk,v 1.2 2022/01/23 21:48:59 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .dinclude directive, which includes another file,
-# typically named .depend.
+# silently skipping it if it cannot be opened.  This is primarily used for
+# including '.depend' files, that's where the 'd' comes from.
+#
+# The 'silently skipping' only applies to the case where the file cannot be
+# opened.  Parse errors and other errors are handled the same way as in the
+# other .include directives.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+# No complaint that there is no such file.
+.dinclude "${.CURDIR}/directive-dinclude-nonexistent.inc"
 
-all:
-	@:;
+# No complaint either, even though the operating system error is ENOTDIR, not
+# ENOENT.
+.dinclude "${MAKEFILE}/subdir"
+
+# Errors that are not related to opening the file are still reported.
+# expect: make: "directive-dinclude-error.inc" line 1: Invalid line type
+_!=	echo 'syntax error' > directive-dinclude-error.inc
+.dinclude "${.CURDIR}/directive-dinclude-error.inc"
+_!=	rm directive-dinclude-error.inc
+
+all: .PHONY
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-elifdef.mk b/unit-tests/directive-elifdef.mk
index f960c1513e8e..6a9925a67376 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-elifdef.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-elifdef.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,21 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-elifdef.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-elifdef.mk,v 1.3 2022/01/22 16:23:56 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Tests for the .elifdef directive.
+# Tests for the .elifdef directive, which is seldom used.  Instead of writing
+# '.elifdef VAR', the usual form is the more versatile '.elif defined(VAR)'.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+# At this point, VAR is not defined, so the condition evaluates to false.
+.if 0
+.elifdef VAR
+.  error
+.endif
+
+VAR=	# defined
+
+# At this point, VAR is defined, so the condition evaluates to true.
+.if 0
+.elifdef VAR
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
 
 all:
-	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-elifndef.mk b/unit-tests/directive-elifndef.mk
index 19bb66c11b01..87aaf2fdd9ac 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-elifndef.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-elifndef.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,23 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-elifndef.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-elifndef.mk,v 1.3 2022/01/22 21:50:41 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Tests for the .elifndef directive.
+# Tests for the .elifndef directive, which is an obscure form of writing the
+# more usual '.elif !defined(VAR)'.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+# At this point, VAR is not yet defined, and due to the 'n' in 'elifndef' the
+# condition evaluates to true.
+.if 0
+.elifndef VAR && VAR || VAR
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
+VAR=	# defined
+
+# At this point, VAR is defined, and due to the 'n' in 'elifndef' the
+# condition evaluates to false.
+.if 0
+.elifndef VAR && VAR || VAR
+.  error
+.endif
 
 all:
-	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-export-impl.exp b/unit-tests/directive-export-impl.exp
index 152fc0de4063..778d825996ff 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-export-impl.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-export-impl.exp
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-ParseReadLine (21): 'UT_VAR=		<${REF}>'
+Parsing line 21: UT_VAR=		<${REF}>
 Global: UT_VAR = <${REF}>
-ParseReadLine (28): '.export UT_VAR'
+Parsing line 28: .export UT_VAR
 Global: .MAKE.EXPORTED = UT_VAR
-ParseReadLine (32): ': ${UT_VAR:N*}'
+Parsing line 32: : ${UT_VAR:N*}
 Var_Parse: ${UT_VAR:N*} (eval-defined)
 Var_Parse: ${REF}> (eval-defined)
 Evaluating modifier ${UT_VAR:N...} on value "<>"
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ CondParser_Eval: ${:!echo "\$UT_VAR"!} != "<>"
 Var_Parse: ${:!echo "\$UT_VAR"!} != "<>" (eval-defined)
 Evaluating modifier ${:!...} on value "" (eval-defined, undefined)
 Modifier part: "echo "$UT_VAR""
+Capturing the output of command "echo "$UT_VAR""
 Var_Parse: ${.MAKE.EXPORTED:O:u} (eval)
 Evaluating modifier ${.MAKE.EXPORTED:O} on value "UT_VAR"
 Result of ${.MAKE.EXPORTED:O} is "UT_VAR"
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ Var_Parse: ${UT_VAR} (eval)
 Var_Parse: ${REF}> (eval)
 Result of ${:!echo "\$UT_VAR"!} is "<>" (eval-defined, defined)
 lhs = "<>", rhs = "<>", op = !=
-ParseReadLine (50): ': ${UT_VAR:N*}'
+Parsing line 50: : ${UT_VAR:N*}
 Var_Parse: ${UT_VAR:N*} (eval-defined)
 Var_Parse: ${REF}> (eval-defined)
 Evaluating modifier ${UT_VAR:N...} on value "<>"
@@ -31,12 +32,13 @@ Pattern for ':N' is "*"
 ModifyWords: split "<>" into 1 word
 Result of ${UT_VAR:N*} is ""
 ParseDependency(: )
-ParseReadLine (54): 'REF=		defined'
+Parsing line 54: REF=		defined
 Global: REF = defined
 CondParser_Eval: ${:!echo "\$UT_VAR"!} != "<defined>"
 Var_Parse: ${:!echo "\$UT_VAR"!} != "<defined>" (eval-defined)
 Evaluating modifier ${:!...} on value "" (eval-defined, undefined)
 Modifier part: "echo "$UT_VAR""
+Capturing the output of command "echo "$UT_VAR""
 Var_Parse: ${.MAKE.EXPORTED:O:u} (eval)
 Evaluating modifier ${.MAKE.EXPORTED:O} on value "UT_VAR"
 Result of ${.MAKE.EXPORTED:O} is "UT_VAR"
@@ -46,10 +48,10 @@ Var_Parse: ${UT_VAR} (eval)
 Var_Parse: ${REF}> (eval)
 Result of ${:!echo "\$UT_VAR"!} is "<defined>" (eval-defined, defined)
 lhs = "<defined>", rhs = "<defined>", op = !=
-ParseReadLine (62): 'all:'
+Parsing line 62: all:
 ParseDependency(all:)
 Global: .ALLTARGETS =  all
-ParseReadLine (63): '.MAKEFLAGS: -d0'
+Parsing line 63: .MAKEFLAGS: -d0
 ParseDependency(.MAKEFLAGS: -d0)
 Global: .MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d cpv -d
 Global: .MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d cpv -d 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-for-escape.exp b/unit-tests/directive-for-escape.exp
index 492f82e16d1f..5fa4ae1ed877 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-for-escape.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-for-escape.exp
@@ -27,29 +27,29 @@ make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 43: value-with-modifier
 For: end for 1
 For: loop body:
 .  info ${:U\${UNDEF\:U\\$\\$}
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 57: ${UNDEF:U\$
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 72: ${UNDEF:U\backslash$
 For: loop body:
 .  info ${:U{{\}\}}
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 57: {{}}
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 72: {{}}
 For: loop body:
 .  info ${:Uend\}}
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 57: end}
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 72: end}
 For: end for 1
 For: loop body:
 .  info ${:Ubegin<${UNDEF:Ufallback:N{{{}}}}>end}
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 69: begin<fallback>end
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 84: begin<fallback>end
 For: end for 1
 For: loop body:
 .  info ${:U\$}
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 77: $
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 92: $
 For: end for 1
 For: loop body:
 .  info ${NUMBERS} ${:Ureplaced}
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 85: one two three replaced
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 100: one two three replaced
 For: end for 1
 For: loop body:
 .  info ${:Ureplaced}
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 95: replaced
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 110: replaced
 For: end for 1
 For: loop body:
 .  info .        $$i: ${:Uinner}
@@ -62,31 +62,85 @@ For: loop body:
 .  info .     $${i2}: ${i2}
 .  info .     $${i,}: ${i,}
 .  info .  adjacent: ${:Uinner}${:Uinner}${:Uinner:M*}${:Uinner}
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 103: .        $i: inner
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 104: .      ${i}: inner
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 105: .   ${i:M*}: inner
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 106: .      $(i): inner
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 107: .   $(i:M*): inner
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 108: . ${i${:U}}: outer
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 109: .    ${i\}}: inner}
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 110: .     ${i2}: two
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 111: .     ${i,}: comma
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 112: .  adjacent: innerinnerinnerinner
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 118: .        $i: inner
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 119: .      ${i}: inner
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 120: .   ${i:M*}: inner
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 121: .      $(i): inner
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 122: .   $(i:M*): inner
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 123: . ${i${:U}}: outer
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 124: .    ${i\}}: inner}
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 125: .     ${i2}: two
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 126: .     ${i,}: comma
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 127: .  adjacent: innerinnerinnerinner
 For: end for 1
 For: loop body:
 .  info eight $$$$$$$$ and no cents.
 .  info eight ${:Udollar}${:Udollar}${:Udollar}${:Udollar} and no cents.
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 120: eight $$$$ and no cents.
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 121: eight dollardollardollardollar and no cents.
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 130: eight  and no cents.
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 135: eight $$$$ and no cents.
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 136: eight dollardollardollardollar and no cents.
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 145: eight  and no cents.
 For: end for 1
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 137: newline in .for value
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 137: newline in .for value
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 152: newline in .for value
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 152: newline in .for value
 For: loop body:
 .  info short: ${:U" "}
 .  info long: ${:U" "}
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 138: short: " "
-make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 139: long: " "
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 153: short: " "
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 154: long: " "
+For: end for 1
+For: loop body:
+For: end for 1
+Parse_PushInput: .for loop in directive-for-escape.mk, line 167
+make: "directive-for-escape.mk" line 167: newline in .for value
+	in .for loop from directive-for-escape.mk:167 with i = "
+"
+For: loop body:
+: ${:U" "}
+SetFilenameVars: ${.PARSEDIR} = <some-dir> ${.PARSEFILE} = `directive-for-escape.mk'
+Parsing line 168: : ${:U" "}
+ParseDependency(: " ")
+ParseEOF: returning to file directive-for-escape.mk, line 170
+SetFilenameVars: ${.PARSEDIR} = <some-dir> ${.PARSEFILE} = `directive-for-escape.mk'
+Parsing line 170: .MAKEFLAGS: -d0
+ParseDependency(.MAKEFLAGS: -d0)
+For: end for 1
+For: loop body:
+# ${:U#}
+For: loop body:
+# ${:U\\\\#}
+For: end for 1
+For: loop body:
+# ${:U\$}
+For: loop body:
+# ${:U$i}
+For: loop body:
+# ${:U$(i)}
+For: loop body:
+# ${:U${i}}
+For: loop body:
+# ${:U$$}
+For: loop body:
+# ${:U$$$$}
+For: loop body:
+# ${:U${:U\$\$}}
+For: end for 1
+For: loop body:
+# ${:U${.TARGET}}
+For: loop body:
+# ${:U${.TARGET}}
+For: loop body:
+# ${:U$${.TARGET\}}
+For: loop body:
+# ${:U$${.TARGET\}}
+For: end for 1
+For: loop body:
+# ${:U(((}
+For: loop body:
+# ${:U{{{}
+For: loop body:
+# ${:U)))}
+For: loop body:
+# ${:U\}\}\}}
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-for-escape.mk b/unit-tests/directive-for-escape.mk
index 725fa85d68c3..03a7a16b6a7b 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-for-escape.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-for-escape.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-for-escape.mk,v 1.12 2021/12/05 11:40:03 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-for-escape.mk,v 1.15 2022/01/27 20:15:14 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Test escaping of special characters in the iteration values of a .for loop.
 # These values get expanded later using the :U variable modifier, and this
@@ -50,7 +50,22 @@ VALUES=		$$ $${V} $${V:=-with-modifier} $$(V) $$(V:=-with-modifier)
 # being that each '$' is written as '$$'.
 #
 # The .for loop splits ${VALUES} into 3 words, at the space characters, since
-# these are not escaped.
+# the '$$' is an ordinary character and the spaces are not escaped.
+#	Word 1 is '${UNDEF:U\$\$'
+#	Word 2 is '{{}}'
+#	Word 3 is 'end}'
+# The first iteration expands the body of the .for loop to:
+# expect: .  info ${:U\${UNDEF\:U\\$\\$}
+# The modifier ':U' unescapes the '\$' to a simple '$'.
+# The modifier ':U' unescapes the '\:' to a simple ':'.
+# The modifier ':U' unescapes the '\\' to a simple '\'.
+# The modifier ':U' resolves the expression '$\' to the word 'backslash', due
+# to the following variable definition.
+${:U\\}=	backslash
+# FIXME: There was no expression '$\' in the original text of the previous
+# line, that's a surprise in the parser.
+# The modifier ':U' unescapes the '\$' to a simple '$'.
+# expect+4: ${UNDEF:U\backslash$
 VALUES=		$${UNDEF:U\$$\$$ {{}} end}
 # XXX: Where in the code does the '\$\$' get converted into a single '\$'?
 .for i in ${VALUES}
@@ -139,4 +154,47 @@ ${closing-brace}=	<closing-brace>	# alternative interpretation
 .  info long: ${i}
 .endfor
 
+# No error since the newline character is not actually used.
+.for i in "${.newline}"
+.endfor
+
+# Between for.c 1.161 from 2022-01-08 and before for.c 1.163 from 2022-01-09,
+# a newline character in a .for loop led to a crash since at the point where
+# the error message including the stack trace is printed, the body of the .for
+# loop is assembled, and at that point, ForLoop.nextItem had already been
+# advanced.
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dp
+.for i in "${.newline}"
+: $i
+.endfor
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
+
+.MAKEFLAGS: -df
+.for i in \# \\\#
+# $i
+.endfor
+
+.for i in $$ $$i $$(i) $${i} $$$$ $$$$$$$$ $${:U\$$\$$}
+# $i
+.endfor
+
+# The expression '${.TARGET}' must be preserved as it is one of the 7 built-in
+# target-local variables.  See for.c 1.45 from 2009-01-14.
+.for i in ${.TARGET} $${.TARGET} $$${.TARGET} $$$${.TARGET}
+# $i
+.endfor
+# expect: # ${:U${.TARGET}}
+# XXX: Why does '$' result in the same text as '$$'?
+# expect: # ${:U${.TARGET}}
+# XXX: Why does the '$$' before the '${.TARGET}' lead to an escaped '}'?
+# expect: # ${:U$${.TARGET\}}
+# XXX: Why does '$' result in the same text as '$$'?
+# XXX: Why does the '$$' before the '${.TARGET}' lead to an escaped '}'?
+# expect: # ${:U$${.TARGET\}}
+
+.for i in ((( {{{ ))) }}}
+# $i
+.endfor
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
+
 all:
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-for-generating-endif.exp b/unit-tests/directive-for-generating-endif.exp
index 9e1301abf96f..5f57f89c250f 100755
--- a/unit-tests/directive-for-generating-endif.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-for-generating-endif.exp
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 make: "directive-for-generating-endif.mk" line 21: if-less endif
 make: "directive-for-generating-endif.mk" line 21: if-less endif
 make: "directive-for-generating-endif.mk" line 21: if-less endif
-make: "directive-for-generating-endif.mk" line 0: 3 open conditionals
+make: "directive-for-generating-endif.mk" line 26: 3 open conditionals
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-for.exp b/unit-tests/directive-for.exp
index 4e882aad7b68..dda487917e68 100755
--- a/unit-tests/directive-for.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-for.exp
@@ -19,6 +19,24 @@ make: "directive-for.mk" line 148: outer "quoted" \"quoted\"
 make: "directive-for.mk" line 154: Unknown modifier "Z"
 make: "directive-for.mk" line 155: XXX: Not reached word1
 make: "directive-for.mk" line 155: XXX: Not reached word3
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 160: no iteration variables in for
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 162: Missing argument for ".error"
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 163: for-less endfor
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 187: 1 open conditional
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 203: for-less endfor
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 204: if-less endif
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 212: if-less endif
+For: end for 1
+For: loop body:
+.\
+   for inner in i
+.\
+   endfor
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 229: Unexpected end of file in .for loop
+For: loop body:
+.\
+   endfor
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 227: for-less endfor
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-for.mk b/unit-tests/directive-for.mk
index 153762509b7a..572c4d6a5c92 100755
--- a/unit-tests/directive-for.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-for.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-for.mk,v 1.10 2020/12/27 09:58:35 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-for.mk,v 1.13 2022/01/15 12:35:18 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .for directive.
 #
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 
 # Using the .for loop, lists of values can be produced.
 # In simple cases, the :@var@${var}@ variable modifier can be used to
-# reach the same effects.
+# achieve the same effects.
 #
 .undef NUMBERS
 .for num in 1 2 3
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ EXPANSION${plus}=	value
 
 # Ensure that braces and parentheses are properly escaped by the .for loop.
 # Each line must print the same word 3 times.
-# See GetEscapes.
+# See ForLoop_SubstBody.
 .for v in ( [ { ) ] } (()) [[]] {{}} )( ][ }{
 .  info $v ${v} $(v)
 .endfor
@@ -155,5 +155,76 @@ var=	outer
 .  info XXX: Not reached ${var}
 .endfor
 
-all:
-	@:;
+
+# An empty list of variables to the left of the 'in' is a parse error.
+.for in value			# expect+0: no iteration variables in for
+# XXX: The loop body is evaluated once, even with the parse error above.
+.  error			# expect+0: Missing argument for ".error"
+.endfor				# expect+0: for-less endfor
+
+# An empty list of iteration values to the right of the 'in' is accepted.
+# Unlike in the shell, it is not a parse error.
+.for var in
+.  error
+.endfor
+
+# If the iteration values become empty after expanding the expressions, the
+# body of the loop is not evaluated.  It is not a parse error.
+.for var in ${:U}
+.  error
+.endfor
+
+
+# The loop body can be empty.
+.for var in 1 2 3
+.endfor
+
+
+# A mismatched .if inside a .for loop is detected each time when the loop body
+# is processed.
+.for var in value
+.  if 0
+.endfor				# expect+0: 1 open conditional
+
+# If there are no iteration values, the loop body is not processed, and the
+# check for mismatched conditionals is not performed.
+.for var in ${:U}
+.  if 0
+.endfor
+
+
+# When a .for without the corresponding .endfor occurs in an inactive branch
+# of an .if, the .for directive is just skipped, it does not even need a
+# corresponding .endfor.  In other words, the behavior of the parser depends
+# on the actual values of the conditions in the .if clauses.
+.if 0
+.  for var in value		# does not need a corresponding .endfor
+.endif
+.endfor				# expect+0: for-less endfor
+.endif				# expect+0: if-less endif
+
+
+# When a .for without the corresponding .endfor occurs in an active branch of
+# an .if, the parser just counts the number of .for and .endfor directives,
+# without looking at any other directives.
+.if 1
+.  for var in value
+.    endif			# expect+0: if-less endif
+.  endfor			# no 'for-less endfor'
+.endif				# no 'if-less endif'
+
+
+# When make parses a .for loop, it assumes that there is no line break between
+# the '.' and the 'for' or 'endfor', as there is no practical reason to break
+# the line at this point.  When make scans the outer .for loop, it does not
+# recognize the inner directives as such.  When make scans the inner .for
+# loop, it recognizes the '.\n for' but does not recognize the '.\n endfor',
+# as LK_FOR_BODY preserves the backslash-newline sequences.
+.MAKEFLAGS: -df
+.for outer in o
+.\
+   for inner in i
+.\
+   endfor
+.endfor
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-hyphen-include.exp b/unit-tests/directive-hyphen-include.exp
index 39a9383953dd..d0835fe464b1 100755
--- a/unit-tests/directive-hyphen-include.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-hyphen-include.exp
@@ -1 +1,4 @@
-exit status 0
+make: "directive-hyphen-include-error.inc" line 1: Invalid line type
+make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-hyphen-include.mk b/unit-tests/directive-hyphen-include.mk
index 8c851be43215..fbfbeb200d4f 100755
--- a/unit-tests/directive-hyphen-include.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-hyphen-include.mk
@@ -1,9 +1,23 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-hyphen-include.mk,v 1.1 2020/09/13 09:20:23 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-hyphen-include.mk,v 1.2 2022/01/23 21:48:59 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .-include directive, which includes another file,
 # silently skipping it if it cannot be opened.
+#
+# The 'silently skipping' only applies to the case where the file cannot be
+# opened.  Parse errors and other errors are handled the same way as in the
+# other .include directives.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+# No complaint that there is no such file.
+.-include "${.CURDIR}/directive-hyphen-include-nonexistent.inc"
 
-all:
-	@:;
+# No complaint either, even though the operating system error is ENOTDIR, not
+# ENOENT.
+.-include "${MAKEFILE}/subdir"
+
+# Errors that are not related to opening the file are still reported.
+# expect: make: "directive-hyphen-include-error.inc" line 1: Invalid line type
+_!=	echo 'syntax error' > directive-hyphen-include-error.inc
+.-include "${.CURDIR}/directive-hyphen-include-error.inc"
+_!=	rm directive-hyphen-include-error.inc
+
+all: .PHONY
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-if.exp b/unit-tests/directive-if.exp
index 89a394fc0f22..5682df501e9c 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-if.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-if.exp
@@ -1,17 +1,18 @@
 make: "directive-if.mk" line 13: 0 evaluates to false.
 make: "directive-if.mk" line 17: 1 evaluates to true.
-make: "directive-if.mk" line 40: Unknown directive "ifx"
-make: "directive-if.mk" line 41: This is not conditional.
-make: "directive-if.mk" line 42: if-less else
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 41: Unknown directive "ifx"
 make: "directive-if.mk" line 43: This is not conditional.
-make: "directive-if.mk" line 44: if-less endif
-make: "directive-if.mk" line 47: Malformed conditional ()
-make: "directive-if.mk" line 57: Quotes in plain words are probably a mistake.
-make: "directive-if.mk" line 66: Don't do this, always put a space after a directive.
-make: "directive-if.mk" line 70: Don't do this, always put a space after a directive.
-make: "directive-if.mk" line 76: Don't do this, always put a space around comparison operators.
-make: "directive-if.mk" line 82: Don't do this, always put a space after a directive.
-make: "directive-if.mk" line 86: Don't do this, always put a space after a directive.
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 45: if-less else
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 47: This is not conditional.
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 49: if-less endif
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 53: Malformed conditional ()
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 63: Quotes in plain words are probably a mistake.
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 72: Don't do this, always put a space after a directive.
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 76: Don't do this, always put a space after a directive.
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 82: Don't do this, always put a space around comparison operators.
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 88: Don't do this, always put a space after a directive.
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 92: Don't do this, always put a space after a directive.
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 100: Unknown directive "ifn"
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-if.mk b/unit-tests/directive-if.mk
index b1ad2396b398..1acd5c958008 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-if.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-if.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-if.mk,v 1.9 2020/12/19 22:33:11 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-if.mk,v 1.11 2022/01/23 21:48:59 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .if directive.
 #
@@ -37,13 +37,19 @@
 # longer interpreted as a variant of '.if', therefore the '.error' and '.else'
 # are interpreted as ordinary directives, producing the error messages
 # "if-less else" and "if-less endif".
+# expect+1: Unknown directive "ifx"
 .ifx 123
+# expect+1: This is not conditional.
 .info This is not conditional.
+# expect+1: if-less else
 .else
+# expect+1: This is not conditional.
 .info This is not conditional.
+# expect+1: if-less endif
 .endif
 
 # Missing condition.
+# expect+1: Malformed conditional ()
 .if
 .  error
 .else
@@ -86,4 +92,9 @@
 .  info Don't do this, always put a space after a directive.
 .endif
 
-all:
+
+# The directives '.ifdef' and '.ifmake' can be negated by inserting an 'n'.
+# This doesn't work for a plain '.if' though.
+#
+# expect+1: Unknown directive "ifn"
+.ifn 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-ifdef.exp b/unit-tests/directive-ifdef.exp
index 1a1358988f39..39a9383953dd 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-ifdef.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-ifdef.exp
@@ -1,4 +1 @@
-make: "directive-ifdef.mk" line 12: Function calls in .ifdef are possible.
-make: "directive-ifdef.mk" line 23: String literals are tested for emptiness.
-make: "directive-ifdef.mk" line 27: String literals are tested for emptiness.  Whitespace is non-empty.
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-ifdef.mk b/unit-tests/directive-ifdef.mk
index 12f3648e8b2c..8a60fb4a2669 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-ifdef.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-ifdef.mk
@@ -1,33 +1,51 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-ifdef.mk,v 1.4 2021/01/21 23:03:41 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-ifdef.mk,v 1.5 2022/01/23 21:48:59 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Tests for the .ifdef directive.
-
-# TODO: Implementation
+# Tests for the .ifdef directive, which evaluates bare words by calling
+# 'defined(word)'.
 
 DEFINED=	defined
 
-# It looks redundant to have a call to defined() in an .ifdef, but it's
-# possible.  The .ifdef only affects plain symbols, not function calls.
-.ifdef defined(DEFINED)
-.  info Function calls in .ifdef are possible.
+# There is no variable named 'UNDEF', therefore the condition evaluates to
+# false.
+.ifdef UNDEF
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# There is a variable named 'DEFINED', so the condition evaluates to true.
+.ifdef DEFINED
 .else
 .  error
 .endif
 
-# String literals are handled the same in all variants of the .if directive.
-# They evaluate to true if they are not empty.  Whitespace counts as non-empty
-# as well.
+# Since a bare word is an abbreviation for 'defined(word)', these can be
+# used to construct complex conditions.
+.ifdef UNDEF && DEFINED
+.  error
+.endif
+.ifdef UNDEF || DEFINED
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# It looks redundant to have a call to defined() in an .ifdef, but it's
+# possible.  The '.ifdef' only affects bare words, not function calls.
+.ifdef defined(DEFINED)
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# String literals are handled the same in all variants of the '.if' directive,
+# they evaluate to true if they are not empty, therefore this particular
+# example looks confusing and is thus not found in practice.
 .ifdef ""
 .  error
 .else
-.  info String literals are tested for emptiness.
 .endif
 
+# Whitespace counts as non-empty as well.
 .ifdef " "
-.  info String literals are tested for emptiness.  Whitespace is non-empty.
 .else
 .  error
 .endif
 
-all:
-	@:;
+all: .PHONY
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-ifmake.exp b/unit-tests/directive-ifmake.exp
index fd4bcae151a0..bf4ded97911f 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-ifmake.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-ifmake.exp
@@ -8,4 +8,8 @@ make: "directive-ifmake.mk" line 75: ok
 : first
 : second
 : late-target
-exit status 0
+make: don't know how to make !edge (continuing)
+
+Stop.
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-ifmake.mk b/unit-tests/directive-ifmake.mk
index 4d49add72626..4824ce4d0570 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-ifmake.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-ifmake.mk
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-ifmake.mk,v 1.8 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-ifmake.mk,v 1.9 2022/01/22 16:23:56 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .ifmake directive, which provides a shortcut for asking
 # whether a certain target is requested to be made from the command line.
 #
 # TODO: Describe why the shortcut may be useful (if it's useful at all),
-# instead of sticking to the simple '.if' only.
+# instead of using the more versatile '.if make(target)'.
 
-# The targets 'first' and 'second' are passed in on the command line.
+.MAKEFLAGS: first second
 
 # This is the most basic form.
 .ifmake first
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@
 .  warning positive condition fails
 .endif
 
-# The not operator works as expected.
-# An alternative interpretation were that this condition is asking whether
-# the target "!first" was requested.  To distinguish this, see the next test.
+# The '!' is interpreted as 'not'.  A possible alternative interpretation of
+# this condition is whether the target named "!first" was requested.  To
+# distinguish these cases, see the next test.
 .ifmake !first
 .  warning unexpected
 .else
@@ -78,5 +78,30 @@
 .endif
 
 
-first second unmentioned late-target:
+# As an edge case, a target can actually be named "!first" on the command
+# line.  There is no way to define a target of this name though since in a
+# dependency line, a plain '!' is interpreted as a dependency operator.
+
+.MAKEFLAGS: !edge
+.ifmake edge
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# The '\!edge' in the following condition is parsed as a bare word.  For such
+# a bare word, there is no escaping mechanism so the backslash passes through.
+# Since the condition function 'make' accepts a pattern instead of a plain
+# target name, the '\' is finally discarded in Str_Match.
+.ifmake \!edge
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# In a dependency line, a plain '!' is interpreted as a dependency operator
+# (the other two are ':' and '::').  If the '!' is escaped by a '\', as
+# implemented in ParseDependencyTargetWord, the additional backslash is never
+# removed though.  The target name thus becomes '\!edge' instead of the
+# intended '!edge'.  Defining a target whose name contains a '!' will either
+# require additional tricks, or it may even be impossible.
+
+first second unmentioned late-target \!edge:
 	: $@
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-include.exp b/unit-tests/directive-include.exp
index b339f393e7e8..42975d444c31 100755
--- a/unit-tests/directive-include.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-include.exp
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ make: "directive-include.mk" line 25: Could not find nonexistent.mk
 make: "directive-include.mk" line 47: Could not find "
 make: "directive-include.mk" line 52: Unknown modifier "Z"
 make: "directive-include.mk" line 52: Could not find nonexistent.mk
+make: "directive-include.mk" line 57: Cannot open /nonexistent
+make: "directive-include.mk" line 62: Invalid line type
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-include.mk b/unit-tests/directive-include.mk
index a6b300b3d273..edf27d02483e 100755
--- a/unit-tests/directive-include.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-include.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-include.mk,v 1.7 2021/12/03 22:48:07 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-include.mk,v 1.11 2022/01/15 12:35:18 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .include directive, which includes another file.
 
@@ -51,4 +51,35 @@ DQUOT=	"
 # FIXME: Add proper error handling, no file must be included here.
 .include "nonexistent${:U123:Z}.mk"
 
+# The traditional include directive is seldom used.
+include /dev/null		# comment
+# expect+1: Cannot open /nonexistent
+include /nonexistent		# comment
+sinclude /nonexistent		# comment
+include ${:U/dev/null}		# comment
+include /dev/null /dev/null
+# expect+1: Invalid line type
+include
+
+# XXX: trailing whitespace in diagnostic, missing quotes around filename
+### TODO: expect+1: Could not find
+# The following include directive behaves differently, depending on whether
+# the current file has a slash or is a relative filename.  In the first case,
+# make opens the directory of the current file and tries to read from it,
+# resulting in the error message """ line 1: Zero byte read from file".
+# In the second case, the error message is "Could not find ", without quotes
+# or any other indicator for the empty filename at the end of the line.
+#include ${:U}
+
+
+# Since parse.c 1.612 from 2022-01-01 and before parse.c 1.620 from
+# 2022-01-07, including an empty regular file called bmake_malloc(0), which
+# may return a null pointer.  On OpenBSD, this led to a segmentation fault in
+# Buf_InitSize, which assumes that bmake_malloc never returns NULL, just like
+# all other places in the code.
+_!=		> directive-include-empty
+.include "${.CURDIR}/directive-include-empty"
+_!=		rm directive-include-empty
+
+
 all:
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-info.exp b/unit-tests/directive-info.exp
index 2652c191460c..70def02441d1 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-info.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-info.exp
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ make: "directive-info.mk" line 22: Missing argument for ".info"
 make: "directive-info.mk" line 23: Missing argument for ".info"
 make: "directive-info.mk" line 26: Unknown directive "info-message"
 make: "directive-info.mk" line 27: no-target: no-source
-make: "directive-info.mk" line 36: expect line 30 for multi-line message
+make: "directive-info.mk" line 35: expect line 35 for multi-line message
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-info.mk b/unit-tests/directive-info.mk
index 5feea0cde565..54f6a0f5aad0 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-info.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-info.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-info.mk,v 1.8 2020/12/19 22:33:11 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-info.mk,v 1.9 2022/01/08 20:21:34 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .info directive.
 #
@@ -27,11 +27,12 @@
 .info no-target: no-source	# This is a .info directive, not a dependency.
 # See directive.mk for more tests of this kind.
 
-# Since at least 2002-01-01, the line number that is used in error messages
-# and the .info directives is the number of completely read lines.  For the
-# following multi-line directive, this means that the reported line number is
-# the one of the last line, not the first line.
-.info expect line 30 for\
+# Since at least 2002-01-01 and before parse.c 1.639 from 2022-01-08, the line
+# number that is used in error messages and the .info directives was the
+# number of completely read lines.  For the following multi-line directive,
+# this meant that the reported line number was the one of the last line, not
+# of the first line.
+.info expect line 35 for\
 	multi$\
 	-line message
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-sinclude.exp b/unit-tests/directive-sinclude.exp
index 39a9383953dd..ffdfefca0d4f 100755
--- a/unit-tests/directive-sinclude.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-sinclude.exp
@@ -1 +1,4 @@
-exit status 0
+make: "directive-include-error.inc" line 1: Invalid line type
+make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-sinclude.mk b/unit-tests/directive-sinclude.mk
index 1932e7b3ba13..a935ea2c068f 100755
--- a/unit-tests/directive-sinclude.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-sinclude.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-sinclude.mk,v 1.2 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-sinclude.mk,v 1.4 2022/01/23 21:48:59 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .sinclude directive, which includes another file,
 # silently skipping it if it cannot be opened.
@@ -7,7 +7,17 @@
 # opened.  Parse errors and other errors are handled the same way as in the
 # other .include directives.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+# No complaint that there is no such file.
+.sinclude "${.CURDIR}/directive-include-nonexistent.inc"
 
-all:
-	@:;
+# No complaint either, even though the operating system error is ENOTDIR, not
+# ENOENT.
+.sinclude "${MAKEFILE}/subdir"
+
+# Errors that are not related to opening the file are still reported.
+# expect: make: "directive-include-error.inc" line 1: Invalid line type
+_!=	echo 'syntax error' > directive-include-error.inc
+.sinclude "${.CURDIR}/directive-include-error.inc"
+_!=	rm directive-include-error.inc
+
+all: .PHONY
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-undef.exp b/unit-tests/directive-undef.exp
index 56c871429397..20df58a8dc73 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-undef.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-undef.exp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 make: "directive-undef.mk" line 29: The .undef directive requires an argument
 make: "directive-undef.mk" line 86: Unknown modifier "Z"
-make: "directive-undef.mk" line 103: warning: UT_EXPORTED is still listed in .MAKE.EXPORTED even though spaceit is not exported anymore.
+make: "directive-undef.mk" line 102: warning: UT_EXPORTED is still listed in .MAKE.EXPORTED even though spaceit is not exported anymore.
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-unexport-env.mk b/unit-tests/directive-unexport-env.mk
index ef58ae732e6d..e9620684dfcb 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-unexport-env.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-unexport-env.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-unexport-env.mk,v 1.7 2020/12/12 18:11:42 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-unexport-env.mk,v 1.8 2022/01/23 16:09:38 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .unexport-env directive.
 #
@@ -21,5 +21,4 @@ UT_UNEXPORTED=	value
 .unexport-env UT_EXPORTED UT_UNEXPORTED
 .MAKEFLAGS: -d0
 
-all:
-	@:;
+all: .PHONY
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-warning.exp b/unit-tests/directive-warning.exp
index b08b3207392c..932b88a151e2 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-warning.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-warning.exp
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-make: "directive-warning.mk" line 11: Unknown directive "warn"
-make: "directive-warning.mk" line 12: Unknown directive "warn"
-make: "directive-warning.mk" line 13: Unknown directive "warnin"
-make: "directive-warning.mk" line 14: Unknown directive "warnin"
-make: "directive-warning.mk" line 15: Missing argument for ".warning"
-make: "directive-warning.mk" line 16: warning: message
-make: "directive-warning.mk" line 17: Unknown directive "warnings"
-make: "directive-warning.mk" line 18: Unknown directive "warnings"
+make: "directive-warning.mk" line 9: Unknown directive "warn"
+make: "directive-warning.mk" line 10: Unknown directive "warn"
+make: "directive-warning.mk" line 11: Unknown directive "warnin"
+make: "directive-warning.mk" line 12: Unknown directive "warnin"
+make: "directive-warning.mk" line 13: Missing argument for ".warning"
+make: "directive-warning.mk" line 14: warning: message
+make: "directive-warning.mk" line 15: Unknown directive "warnings"
+make: "directive-warning.mk" line 16: Unknown directive "warnings"
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-warning.mk b/unit-tests/directive-warning.mk
index d586c9fed170..9d5cec1ff0b8 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-warning.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-warning.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-warning.mk,v 1.6 2020/12/19 22:33:11 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-warning.mk,v 1.7 2022/01/23 16:09:38 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .warning directive.
 #
@@ -6,16 +6,13 @@
 # produced the wrong error message "Unknown directive".  Since parse.c 1.503
 # from 2020-12-19, the correct "Missing argument" is produced.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
-
 .warn				# misspelled
 .warn message			# misspelled
 .warnin				# misspelled
 .warnin	message			# misspelled
 .warning			# "Missing argument"
-.warning message		# ok
+.warning message		# expect+0: message
 .warnings			# misspelled
 .warnings messages		# Accepted before 2020-12-13 01:07:54.
 
-all:
-	@:;
+all: .PHONY
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive.exp b/unit-tests/directive.exp
index ee866b7ee2b3..2002fa73f58c 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive.exp
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
-make: "directive.mk" line 9: Unknown directive "indented"
 make: "directive.mk" line 10: Unknown directive "indented"
-make: "directive.mk" line 11: Unknown directive "indented"
-make: "directive.mk" line 15: Unknown directive "info"
+make: "directive.mk" line 12: Unknown directive "indented"
+make: "directive.mk" line 14: Unknown directive "indented"
+make: "directive.mk" line 21: Unknown directive "info"
 Global: .info = 
 Global: .info = value
-make: "directive.mk" line 26: :=	value
+make: "directive.mk" line 33: :=	value
 Global: .MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d v -d
 Global: .MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d v -d 0
+make: "directive.mk" line 42: Invalid line type
+make: "directive.mk" line 45: Invalid line type
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive.mk b/unit-tests/directive.mk
index d463ce4f009a..365a070f8f30 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/15 11:57:00 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive.mk,v 1.6 2022/01/23 16:09:38 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the preprocessing directives, such as .if or .info.
 
@@ -6,23 +6,30 @@
 
 # Unknown directives are correctly named in the error messages,
 # even if they are indented.
+# expect+1: Unknown directive "indented"
 .indented none
+# expect+1: Unknown directive "indented"
 .  indented 2 spaces
+# expect+1: Unknown directive "indented"
 .	indented tab
 
 # Directives must be written directly, not indirectly via variable
 # expressions.
+# FIXME: The error message is misleading because it shows the expanded text of
+#  the line, while the parser works on the unexpanded line.
+# expect+1: Unknown directive "info"
 .${:Uinfo} directives cannot be indirect
 
 # There is no directive called '.target', therefore this is parsed as a
 # dependency declaration with 2 targets and 1 source.
 .target target: source
 
-# This looks ambiguous.  It could be either an .info message or a variable
-# assignment.  It is a variable assignment.
+# The following lines demonstrate how the parser tells an .info message apart
+# from a variable assignment to ".info", which syntactically is very similar.
 .MAKEFLAGS: -dv
-.info:=		value
+.info:=		value		# This is a variable assignment.
 .info?=		value		# This is a variable assignment as well.
+# expect+1: :=	value
 .info :=	value		# The space after the '.info' makes this
 				# a directive.
 .MAKEFLAGS: -d0
@@ -31,5 +38,8 @@
 # Not even the space after the '.info' can change anything about this.
 .${:Uinfo} : source
 
-all:
-	@:;
+# expect+1: Invalid line type
+target-without-colon
+
+# expect+1: Invalid line type
+target-without-colon another-target
diff --git a/unit-tests/envfirst.mk b/unit-tests/envfirst.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 60a331a5db64..000000000000
--- a/unit-tests/envfirst.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-# $NetBSD: envfirst.mk,v 1.5 2021/02/04 21:42:47 rillig Exp $
-#
-# The -e option makes environment variables stronger than global variables.
-
-.MAKEFLAGS: -e
-
-.if ${FROM_ENV} != value-from-env
-.  error ${FROM_ENV}
-.endif
-
-# Try to override the variable; this does not have any effect.
-FROM_ENV=	value-from-mk
-.if ${FROM_ENV} != value-from-env
-.  error ${FROM_ENV}
-.endif
-
-# Try to append to the variable; this also doesn't have any effect.
-FROM_ENV+=	appended
-.if ${FROM_ENV} != value-from-env
-.  error ${FROM_ENV}
-.endif
-
-# The default assignment also cannot change the variable.
-FROM_ENV?=	default
-.if ${FROM_ENV} != value-from-env
-.  error ${FROM_ENV}
-.endif
-
-# Neither can the assignment modifiers.
-.if ${FROM_ENV::=from-condition}
-.endif
-.if ${FROM_ENV} != value-from-env
-.  error ${FROM_ENV}
-.endif
-
-# Even .undef doesn't work since it only affects the global scope,
-# which is independent from the environment variables.
-.undef FROM_ENV
-.if ${FROM_ENV} != value-from-env
-.  error ${FROM_ENV}
-.endif
-
-all:
-	@: nothing
diff --git a/unit-tests/hanoi-include.mk b/unit-tests/hanoi-include.mk
index 3ad0a751845a..3b9438bf2169 100644
--- a/unit-tests/hanoi-include.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/hanoi-include.mk
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-# $NetBSD: hanoi-include.mk,v 1.1 2020/10/03 17:30:54 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: hanoi-include.mk,v 1.2 2022/01/08 22:13:43 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Implements the Towers of Hanoi puzzle, thereby demonstrating a bunch of
-# useful programming techniques:
+# more or less useful programming techniques:
 #
 # * default assignment using the ?= assignment operator
-# * including the same file recursively
+# * including the same file recursively (rather unusual)
 # * extracting the current value of a variable using the .for loop
 # * using shell commands for calculations since make is a text processor
 # * using the :: dependency operator for adding commands to a target
diff --git a/unit-tests/include-main.exp b/unit-tests/include-main.exp
index c8a670a1c14a..e677826373c1 100644
--- a/unit-tests/include-main.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/include-main.exp
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ make: "include-main.mk" line 14: main-before-ok
 make: "include-main.mk" line 21: main-before-for-ok
 make: "include-sub.mk" line 4: sub-before-ok
 make: "include-sub.mk" line 14: sub-before-for-ok
-ParseReadLine (5): '.  info subsub-ok'
+Parsing line 5: .  info subsub-ok
 make: "include-subsub.mk" line 5: subsub-ok
-	in .for loop from include-sub.mk:31
-	in .for loop from include-sub.mk:30
-	in .for loop from include-sub.mk:29
-	in .include from include-main.mk:27
-ParseReadLine (6): '.MAKEFLAGS: -d0'
+	in .for loop from include-sub.mk:31 with i = include
+	in .for loop from include-sub.mk:30 with i = nested
+	in .for loop from include-sub.mk:29 with i = deeply
+	in include-main.mk:27
+Parsing line 6: .MAKEFLAGS: -d0
 ParseDependency(.MAKEFLAGS: -d0)
 make: "include-sub.mk" line 38: sub-after-ok
 make: "include-sub.mk" line 45: sub-after-for-ok
diff --git a/unit-tests/include-main.mk b/unit-tests/include-main.mk
index d3f122aef718..9a4c6630506b 100644
--- a/unit-tests/include-main.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/include-main.mk
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-# $NetBSD: include-main.mk,v 1.6 2021/01/22 00:44:55 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: include-main.mk,v 1.7 2022/01/08 23:41:43 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Until 2020-09-05, the .INCLUDEDFROMFILE magic variable did not behave
 # as described in the manual page.
 #
 # The manual page says that it is the "filename of the file this Makefile
 # was included from", while before 2020-09-05 it was the "filename in which
-# the latest .include happened". See parse.c, function ParseSetIncludeFile.
+# the latest .include happened". See parse.c, function SetParseFile.
 #
 # Since 2020-09-05, the .INCLUDEDFROMDIR and .INCLUDEDFROMFILE variables
 # properly handle nested includes and even .for loops.
diff --git a/unit-tests/include-sub.mk b/unit-tests/include-sub.mk
index 0b8dc77398ab..57d2aafe9d1d 100644
--- a/unit-tests/include-sub.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/include-sub.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: include-sub.mk,v 1.7 2020/11/02 19:07:09 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: include-sub.mk,v 1.9 2022/01/08 23:41:43 rillig Exp $
 
 .if ${.INCLUDEDFROMFILE} == "include-main.mk"
 .  info sub-before-ok
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@
 # To see the variable 'includes' in action:
 #
 # Breakpoints:
-#	Parse_File		at "Vector_Push(&includes)"
-#	ParseMessage		at entry
+#	Parse_PushInput		at "Vector_Push(&includes)"
+#	HandleMessage		at entry
 # Watches:
-#	((const IFile *[10])(*includes.items))
-#	*curFile
+#	((const IncludedFile *[10])(*includes.items))
+#	*CurFile()
 
 .for i in deeply
 .  for i in nested
diff --git a/unit-tests/meta-cmd-cmp.exp b/unit-tests/meta-cmd-cmp.exp
index bfc52123e3b2..dc63da3b346b 100644
--- a/unit-tests/meta-cmd-cmp.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/meta-cmd-cmp.exp
@@ -34,4 +34,20 @@ vs
 Building .meta-cmd-cmp.cmp2
 This line not compared FLAGS=
 Skipping meta for .END: .SPECIAL
+filter0:
+Building .meta-cmd-cmp.filter
+Skipping meta for .END: .SPECIAL
+filter1:
+.meta-cmd-cmp.filter.meta: 2: a build command has changed
+@echo ccache cc -c foo.c > .meta-cmd-cmp.filter
+vs
+@echo  cc -c foo.c > .meta-cmd-cmp.filter
+Building .meta-cmd-cmp.filter
+Skipping meta for .END: .SPECIAL
+filter2:
+`.meta-cmd-cmp.filter' is up to date.
+Skipping meta for .END: .SPECIAL
+filter3:
+`.meta-cmd-cmp.filter' is up to date.
+Skipping meta for .END: .SPECIAL
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/meta-cmd-cmp.mk b/unit-tests/meta-cmd-cmp.mk
index a1c0f7c10063..b2628fdbd2a9 100644
--- a/unit-tests/meta-cmd-cmp.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/meta-cmd-cmp.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: meta-cmd-cmp.mk,v 1.2 2020/12/05 22:51:34 sjg Exp $
+# $NetBSD: meta-cmd-cmp.mk,v 1.4 2022/01/27 06:02:59 sjg Exp $
 #
 # Tests META_MODE command line comparison
 #
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 tf:= .${.PARSEFILE:R}
 
 .if ${.TARGETS:Nall} == ""
-all: prep one two change1 change2 post
+all: prep one two change1 change2 filter0 filter1 filter2 filter3 post
 
 CLEANFILES= ${tf}*
 
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ FLAGS?=
 FLAGS2?=
 
 tests= ${tf}.cmp ${tf}.nocmp ${tf}.cmp2
+filter_tests= ${tf}.filter
 
 ${tf}.cmp:
 	@echo FLAGS=${FLAGS:Uempty} > $@
@@ -35,6 +36,19 @@ ${tf}.cmp2:
 	@echo FLAGS2=${FLAGS2:Uempty} > $@
 	@echo This line not compared FLAGS=${FLAGS:Uempty} ${.OODATE:MNOMETA_CMP}
 
+COMPILER_WRAPPERS+= ccache distcc icecc
+WRAPPER?= ccache
+.ifdef WITH_CMP_FILTER
+.MAKE.META.CMP_FILTER+= ${COMPILER_WRAPPERS:S,^,N,}
+.endif
+.ifdef WITH_LOCAL_CMP_FILTER
+# local variable
+${tf}.filter: .MAKE.META.CMP_FILTER= ${COMPILER_WRAPPERS:S,^,N,}
+.endif
+
+${tf}.filter:
+	@echo ${WRAPPER} cc -c foo.c > $@
+
 # these do the same 
 one two: .PHONY
 	@echo $@:
@@ -48,5 +62,23 @@ change2: .PHONY
 	@echo $@:
 	@${.MAKE} -dM -r -C ${.CURDIR} -f ${MAKEFILE} FLAGS2=changed ${tests}
 
+filter0: .PHONY
+	@echo $@:
+	@${.MAKE} -dM -r -C ${.CURDIR} -f ${MAKEFILE} ${filter_tests}
+
+filter1: .PHONY
+	@echo $@:
+	@${.MAKE} -dM -r -C ${.CURDIR} -f ${MAKEFILE} WRAPPER= ${filter_tests}
+
+filter2: .PHONY
+	@echo $@:
+	@${.MAKE} -dM -r -C ${.CURDIR} -f ${MAKEFILE} -DWITH_CMP_FILTER \
+		WRAPPER=distcc ${filter_tests}
+
+filter3: .PHONY
+	@echo $@:
+	@${.MAKE} -dM -r -C ${.CURDIR} -f ${MAKEFILE} -DWITH_LOCAL_CMP_FILTER \
+		WRAPPER=icecc ${filter_tests}
+
 # don't let gcov mess up the results
 .MAKE.META.IGNORE_PATTERNS+= *.gcda
diff --git a/unit-tests/modts.exp b/unit-tests/modts.exp
deleted file mode 100644
index 18837016add4..000000000000
--- a/unit-tests/modts.exp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-make: Bad modifier ":tx" for variable "LIST"
-LIST:tx="}"
-make: Bad modifier ":ts\X" for variable "LIST"
-LIST:ts/x:tu="\X:tu}"
-FU_mod-ts="a/b/cool"
-FU_mod-ts:ts:T="cool" == cool?
-B.${AAA:ts}="Baaa" == Baaa?
-:ts :S => aaxBbxaaxbbxaaxbb
-:ts :S space    => axa a axc
-:ts :S space :M => axaxaxaxc
-:ts :S       => axa a axc
-:ts :S :@    => axa a axc
-:ts :S :@ :M => axaxaxaxc
-exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/modts.mk b/unit-tests/modts.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 4776c5818ea5..000000000000
--- a/unit-tests/modts.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-# $NetBSD: modts.mk,v 1.8 2020/11/03 18:42:33 rillig Exp $
-
-LIST=	one two three four five six
-
-FU_mod-ts=	a / b / cool
-
-AAA=	a a a
-B.aaa=	Baaa
-
-all:   mod-ts mod-ts-space
-
-# Use print or printf iff they are builtin.
-# XXX note that this causes problems, when make decides
-# there is no need to use a shell, so avoid where possible.
-.if ${(type print) 2> /dev/null || echo:L:sh:Mbuiltin} != ""
-PRINT=  print -r --
-.elif ${(type printf) 2> /dev/null || echo:L:sh:Mbuiltin} != ""
-PRINT=  printf '%s\n'
-.else
-PRINT=	echo
-.endif
-
-mod-ts:
-	@${PRINT} 'LIST:tx="${LIST:tx}"'
-	@${PRINT} 'LIST:ts/x:tu="${LIST:ts\X:tu}"'
-	@${PRINT} 'FU_$@="${FU_${@:ts}:ts}"'
-	@${PRINT} 'FU_$@:ts:T="${FU_${@:ts}:ts:T}" == cool?'
-	@${PRINT} 'B.$${AAA:ts}="${B.${AAA:ts}}" == Baaa?'
-
-mod-ts-space:
-	# After the :ts modifier, the whole string is interpreted as a single
-	# word since all spaces have been replaced with x.
-	@${PRINT} ':ts :S => '${aa bb aa bb aa bb:L:tsx:S,b,B,:Q}
-
-	# The :ts modifier also applies to word separators that are added
-	# afterwards.
-	@${PRINT} ':ts :S space    => '${a ababa c:L:tsx:S,b, ,g:Q}
-	@${PRINT} ':ts :S space :M => '${a ababa c:L:tsx:S,b, ,g:M*:Q}
-
-	# Not all modifiers behave this way though.  Some of them always use
-	# a space as word separator instead of the :ts separator.
-	# This seems like an oversight during implementation.
-	@${PRINT} ':ts :S       => '${a ababa c:L:tsx:S,b, ,g:Q}
-	@${PRINT} ':ts :S :@    => '${a ababa c:L:tsx:S,b, ,g:@v@${v}@:Q}
-
-	# A final :M* modifier applies the :ts separator again, though.
-	@${PRINT} ':ts :S :@ :M => '${a ababa c:L:tsx:S,b, ,g:@v@${v}@:M*:Q}
diff --git a/unit-tests/modword.exp b/unit-tests/modword.exp
deleted file mode 100644
index 02e9974c02d6..000000000000
--- a/unit-tests/modword.exp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
-make: Bad modifier ":[]" for variable "LIST"
-LIST:[]="" is an error
-LIST:[0]="one two three four five six"
-LIST:[0x0]="one two three four five six"
-LIST:[000]="one two three four five six"
-LIST:[*]="one two three four five six"
-LIST:[@]="one two three four five six"
-LIST:[0]:C/ /,/="one,two three four five six"
-LIST:[0]:C/ /,/g="one,two,three,four,five,six"
-LIST:[0]:C/ /,/1g="one,two,three,four,five,six"
-LIST:[*]:C/ /,/="one,two three four five six"
-LIST:[*]:C/ /,/g="one,two,three,four,five,six"
-LIST:[*]:C/ /,/1g="one,two,three,four,five,six"
-LIST:[@]:C/ /,/="one two three four five six"
-LIST:[@]:C/ /,/g="one two three four five six"
-LIST:[@]:C/ /,/1g="one two three four five six"
-LIST:[@]:[0]:C/ /,/="one,two three four five six"
-LIST:[0]:[@]:C/ /,/="one two three four five six"
-LIST:[@]:[*]:C/ /,/="one,two three four five six"
-LIST:[*]:[@]:C/ /,/="one two three four five six"
-EMPTY=""
-EMPTY:[#]="1" == 1 ?
-ESCAPEDSPACE="\ "
-ESCAPEDSPACE:[#]="1" == 1 ?
-REALLYSPACE=" "
-REALLYSPACE:[#]="1" == 1 ?
-LIST:[#]="6"
-LIST:[0]:[#]="1" == 1 ?
-LIST:[*]:[#]="1" == 1 ?
-LIST:[@]:[#]="6"
-LIST:[1]:[#]="1"
-LIST:[1..3]:[#]="3"
-EMPTY:[1]=""
-ESCAPEDSPACE="\ "
-ESCAPEDSPACE:[1]="\ "
-REALLYSPACE=" "
-REALLYSPACE:[1]="" == "" ?
-REALLYSPACE:[*]:[1]=" " == " " ?
-LIST:[1]="one"
-make: Bad modifier ":[1.]" for variable "LIST"
-LIST:[1.]="" is an error
-make: Bad modifier ":[1]." for variable "LIST"
-LIST:[1].="}" is an error
-LIST:[2]="two"
-LIST:[6]="six"
-LIST:[7]=""
-LIST:[999]=""
-make: Bad modifier ":[-]" for variable "LIST"
-LIST:[-]="" is an error
-make: Bad modifier ":[--]" for variable "LIST"
-LIST:[--]="" is an error
-LIST:[-1]="six"
-LIST:[-2]="five"
-LIST:[-6]="one"
-LIST:[-7]=""
-LIST:[-999]=""
-LONGLIST:[17]="17"
-LONGLIST:[0x11]="17"
-LONGLIST:[021]="17"
-LIST:[0]:[1]="one two three four five six"
-LIST:[*]:[1]="one two three four five six"
-LIST:[@]:[1]="one"
-LIST:[0]:[2]=""
-LIST:[*]:[2]=""
-LIST:[@]:[2]="two"
-LIST:[*]:C/ /,/:[2]=""
-LIST:[*]:C/ /,/:[*]:[2]=""
-LIST:[*]:C/ /,/:[@]:[2]="three"
-LONGLIST:[012..0x12]="10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18"
-make: Bad modifier ":[1.]" for variable "LIST"
-LIST:[1.]="" is an error
-make: Bad modifier ":[1..]" for variable "LIST"
-LIST:[1..]="" is an error
-make: Bad modifier ":[1.. ]" for variable "LIST"
-LIST:[1.. ]="" is an error
-LIST:[1..1]="one"
-make: Bad modifier ":[1..1.]" for variable "LIST"
-LIST:[1..1.]="" is an error
-LIST:[1..2]="one two"
-LIST:[2..1]="two one"
-LIST:[3..-2]="three four five"
-LIST:[-4..4]="three four"
-make: Bad modifier ":[0..1]" for variable "LIST"
-LIST:[0..1]="" is an error
-make: Bad modifier ":[-1..0]" for variable "LIST"
-LIST:[-1..0]="" is an error
-LIST:[-1..1]="six five four three two one"
-LIST:[0..0]="one two three four five six"
-LIST:[3..99]="three four five six"
-LIST:[-3..-99]="four three two one"
-LIST:[-99..-3]="one two three four"
-HASH="#" == "#" ?
-LIST:[${HASH}]="6"
-LIST:[${ZERO}]="one two three four five six"
-LIST:[${ZERO}x${ONE}]="one"
-LIST:[${ONE}]="one"
-LIST:[${MINUSONE}]="six"
-LIST:[${STAR}]="one two three four five six"
-LIST:[${AT}]="one two three four five six"
-make: Bad modifier ":[${EMPTY" for variable "LIST"
-LIST:[${EMPTY}]="" is an error
-LIST:[${LONGLIST:[21]:S/2//}]="one"
-LIST:[${LIST:[#]}]="six"
-LIST:[${LIST:[${HASH}]}]="six"
-LIST:[  -1..   +3]="six five four three"
-LIST:S/ /,/="one two three four five six"
-LIST:S/ /,/W="one,two three four five six"
-LIST:S/ /,/gW="one,two,three,four,five,six"
-EMPTY:S/^/,/=","
-EMPTY:S/^/,/W=","
-LIST:C/ /,/="one two three four five six"
-LIST:C/ /,/W="one,two three four five six"
-LIST:C/ /,/gW="one,two,three,four,five,six"
-EMPTY:C/^/,/=","
-EMPTY:C/^/,/W=","
-LIST:tW="one two three four five six"
-LIST:tw="one two three four five six"
-LIST:tW:C/ /,/="one,two three four five six"
-LIST:tW:C/ /,/g="one,two,three,four,five,six"
-LIST:tW:C/ /,/1g="one,two,three,four,five,six"
-LIST:tw:C/ /,/="one two three four five six"
-LIST:tw:C/ /,/g="one two three four five six"
-LIST:tw:C/ /,/1g="one two three four five six"
-LIST:tw:tW:C/ /,/="one,two three four five six"
-LIST:tW:tw:C/ /,/="one two three four five six"
-exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/modword.mk b/unit-tests/modword.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 95bb1fec78c3..000000000000
--- a/unit-tests/modword.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,161 +0,0 @@
-# $NetBSD: modword.mk,v 1.6 2021/03/14 16:00:07 rillig Exp $
-#
-# Test behaviour of new :[] modifier
-# TODO: When was this modifier new?
-
-all: mod-squarebrackets mod-S-W mod-C-W mod-tW-tw
-
-LIST=		one two three
-LIST+=		four five six
-LONGLIST=	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
-
-EMPTY=		# the space should be ignored
-ESCAPEDSPACE=	\ # escaped space before the '#'
-REALLYSPACE:=	${EMPTY:C/^/ /W}
-HASH=		\#
-AT=		@
-STAR=		*
-ZERO=		0
-ONE=		1
-MINUSONE=	-1
-
-mod-squarebrackets: mod-squarebrackets-0-star-at \
-	mod-squarebrackets-hash \
-	mod-squarebrackets-n \
-	mod-squarebrackets-start-end \
-	mod-squarebrackets-nested \
-	mod-squarebrackets-space
-
-mod-squarebrackets-0-star-at:
-	@echo 'LIST:[]="${LIST:[]}" is an error'
-	@echo 'LIST:[0]="${LIST:[0]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[0x0]="${LIST:[0x0]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[000]="${LIST:[000]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[*]="${LIST:[*]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[@]="${LIST:[@]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[0]:C/ /,/="${LIST:[0]:C/ /,/}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[0]:C/ /,/g="${LIST:[0]:C/ /,/g}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[0]:C/ /,/1g="${LIST:[0]:C/ /,/1g}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[*]:C/ /,/="${LIST:[*]:C/ /,/}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[*]:C/ /,/g="${LIST:[*]:C/ /,/g}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[*]:C/ /,/1g="${LIST:[*]:C/ /,/1g}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[@]:C/ /,/="${LIST:[@]:C/ /,/}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[@]:C/ /,/g="${LIST:[@]:C/ /,/g}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[@]:C/ /,/1g="${LIST:[@]:C/ /,/1g}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[@]:[0]:C/ /,/="${LIST:[@]:[0]:C/ /,/}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[0]:[@]:C/ /,/="${LIST:[0]:[@]:C/ /,/}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[@]:[*]:C/ /,/="${LIST:[@]:[*]:C/ /,/}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[*]:[@]:C/ /,/="${LIST:[*]:[@]:C/ /,/}"'
-
-mod-squarebrackets-hash:
-	@echo 'EMPTY="${EMPTY}"'
-	@echo 'EMPTY:[#]="${EMPTY:[#]}" == 1 ?'
-	@echo 'ESCAPEDSPACE="${ESCAPEDSPACE}"'
-	@echo 'ESCAPEDSPACE:[#]="${ESCAPEDSPACE:[#]}" == 1 ?'
-	@echo 'REALLYSPACE="${REALLYSPACE}"'
-	@echo 'REALLYSPACE:[#]="${REALLYSPACE:[#]}" == 1 ?'
-	@echo 'LIST:[#]="${LIST:[#]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[0]:[#]="${LIST:[0]:[#]}" == 1 ?'
-	@echo 'LIST:[*]:[#]="${LIST:[*]:[#]}" == 1 ?'
-	@echo 'LIST:[@]:[#]="${LIST:[@]:[#]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[1]:[#]="${LIST:[1]:[#]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[1..3]:[#]="${LIST:[1..3]:[#]}"'
-
-mod-squarebrackets-n:
-	@echo 'EMPTY:[1]="${EMPTY:[1]}"'
-	@echo 'ESCAPEDSPACE="${ESCAPEDSPACE}"'
-	@echo 'ESCAPEDSPACE:[1]="${ESCAPEDSPACE:[1]}"'
-	@echo 'REALLYSPACE="${REALLYSPACE}"'
-	@echo 'REALLYSPACE:[1]="${REALLYSPACE:[1]}" == "" ?'
-	@echo 'REALLYSPACE:[*]:[1]="${REALLYSPACE:[*]:[1]}" == " " ?'
-	@echo 'LIST:[1]="${LIST:[1]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[1.]="${LIST:[1.]}" is an error'
-	@echo 'LIST:[1].="${LIST:[1].}" is an error'
-	@echo 'LIST:[2]="${LIST:[2]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[6]="${LIST:[6]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[7]="${LIST:[7]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[999]="${LIST:[999]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[-]="${LIST:[-]}" is an error'
-	@echo 'LIST:[--]="${LIST:[--]}" is an error'
-	@echo 'LIST:[-1]="${LIST:[-1]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[-2]="${LIST:[-2]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[-6]="${LIST:[-6]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[-7]="${LIST:[-7]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[-999]="${LIST:[-999]}"'
-	@echo 'LONGLIST:[17]="${LONGLIST:[17]}"'
-	@echo 'LONGLIST:[0x11]="${LONGLIST:[0x11]}"'
-	@echo 'LONGLIST:[021]="${LONGLIST:[021]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[0]:[1]="${LIST:[0]:[1]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[*]:[1]="${LIST:[*]:[1]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[@]:[1]="${LIST:[@]:[1]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[0]:[2]="${LIST:[0]:[2]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[*]:[2]="${LIST:[*]:[2]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[@]:[2]="${LIST:[@]:[2]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[*]:C/ /,/:[2]="${LIST:[*]:C/ /,/:[2]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[*]:C/ /,/:[*]:[2]="${LIST:[*]:C/ /,/:[*]:[2]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[*]:C/ /,/:[@]:[2]="${LIST:[*]:C/ /,/:[@]:[2]}"'
-	@echo 'LONGLIST:[012..0x12]="${LONGLIST:[012..0x12]}"'
-
-mod-squarebrackets-start-end:
-	@echo 'LIST:[1.]="${LIST:[1.]}" is an error'
-	@echo 'LIST:[1..]="${LIST:[1..]}" is an error'
-	@echo 'LIST:[1.. ]="${LIST:[1.. ]}" is an error'
-	@echo 'LIST:[1..1]="${LIST:[1..1]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[1..1.]="${LIST:[1..1.]}" is an error'
-	@echo 'LIST:[1..2]="${LIST:[1..2]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[2..1]="${LIST:[2..1]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[3..-2]="${LIST:[3..-2]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[-4..4]="${LIST:[-4..4]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[0..1]="${LIST:[0..1]}" is an error'
-	@echo 'LIST:[-1..0]="${LIST:[-1..0]}" is an error'
-	@echo 'LIST:[-1..1]="${LIST:[-1..1]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[0..0]="${LIST:[0..0]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[3..99]="${LIST:[3..99]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[-3..-99]="${LIST:[-3..-99]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[-99..-3]="${LIST:[-99..-3]}"'
-
-mod-squarebrackets-nested:
-	@echo 'HASH="${HASH}" == "#" ?'
-	@echo 'LIST:[$${HASH}]="${LIST:[${HASH}]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[$${ZERO}]="${LIST:[${ZERO}]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[$${ZERO}x$${ONE}]="${LIST:[${ZERO}x${ONE}]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[$${ONE}]="${LIST:[${ONE}]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[$${MINUSONE}]="${LIST:[${MINUSONE}]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[$${STAR}]="${LIST:[${STAR}]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[$${AT}]="${LIST:[${AT}]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[$${EMPTY}]="${LIST:[${EMPTY}]}" is an error'
-	@echo 'LIST:[$${LONGLIST:[21]:S/2//}]="${LIST:[${LONGLIST:[21]:S/2//}]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[$${LIST:[#]}]="${LIST:[${LIST:[#]}]}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:[$${LIST:[$${HASH}]}]="${LIST:[${LIST:[${HASH}]}]}"'
-
-mod-squarebrackets-space:
-	# As of 2020-11-01, it is possible to have spaces before the numbers
-	# but not after them.  This is an unintended side-effect of using
-	# strtol for parsing the numbers.
-	@echo 'LIST:[  -1..   +3]="${LIST:[  -1..   +3]}"'
-
-mod-C-W:
-	@echo 'LIST:C/ /,/="${LIST:C/ /,/}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:C/ /,/W="${LIST:C/ /,/W}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:C/ /,/gW="${LIST:C/ /,/gW}"'
-	@echo 'EMPTY:C/^/,/="${EMPTY:C/^/,/}"'
-	@echo 'EMPTY:C/^/,/W="${EMPTY:C/^/,/W}"'
-
-mod-S-W:
-	@echo 'LIST:S/ /,/="${LIST:S/ /,/}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:S/ /,/W="${LIST:S/ /,/W}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:S/ /,/gW="${LIST:S/ /,/gW}"'
-	@echo 'EMPTY:S/^/,/="${EMPTY:S/^/,/}"'
-	@echo 'EMPTY:S/^/,/W="${EMPTY:S/^/,/W}"'
-
-mod-tW-tw:
-	@echo 'LIST:tW="${LIST:tW}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:tw="${LIST:tw}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:tW:C/ /,/="${LIST:tW:C/ /,/}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:tW:C/ /,/g="${LIST:tW:C/ /,/g}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:tW:C/ /,/1g="${LIST:tW:C/ /,/1g}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:tw:C/ /,/="${LIST:tw:C/ /,/}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:tw:C/ /,/g="${LIST:tw:C/ /,/g}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:tw:C/ /,/1g="${LIST:tw:C/ /,/1g}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:tw:tW:C/ /,/="${LIST:tw:tW:C/ /,/}"'
-	@echo 'LIST:tW:tw:C/ /,/="${LIST:tW:tw:C/ /,/}"'
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-debug-cond.exp b/unit-tests/opt-debug-cond.exp
index 39a9383953dd..c2bd1e168bcf 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-debug-cond.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-debug-cond.exp
@@ -1 +1,6 @@
+CondParser_Eval: ${:U12345} > ${:U55555}
+lhs = 12345.000000, rhs = 55555.000000, op = >
+CondParser_Eval: "string" != "string"
+lhs = "string", rhs = "string", op = !=
+CondParser_Eval: "nonempty"
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-debug-cond.mk b/unit-tests/opt-debug-cond.mk
index 2b9d1029c7d9..056996cf0ece 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-debug-cond.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-debug-cond.mk
@@ -1,10 +1,24 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-debug-cond.mk,v 1.1 2020/09/05 06:20:51 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-debug-cond.mk,v 1.2 2022/01/23 16:09:38 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the -dc command line option, which adds debug logging for the
 # evaluation of conditional expressions, such as in .if directives and
 # ${cond:?then:else} expressions.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dc
 
-all:
-	@:;
+# expect: CondParser_Eval: ${:U12345} > ${:U55555}
+# expect: lhs = 12345.000000, rhs = 55555.000000, op = >
+.if ${:U12345} > ${:U55555}
+
+# expect: CondParser_Eval: "string" != "string"
+# expect: lhs = "string", rhs = "string", op = !=
+.elif "string" != "string"
+
+# expect: CondParser_Eval: "nonempty"
+.elif "nonempty"
+
+.endif
+
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
+
+all: .PHONY
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-debug-curdir.mk b/unit-tests/opt-debug-curdir.mk
index 3c37d2988675..ac5750e7e18c 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-debug-curdir.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-debug-curdir.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-debug-curdir.mk,v 1.1 2020/09/05 06:20:51 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-debug-curdir.mk,v 1.2 2022/01/23 16:09:38 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Tests for the -dC command line option, which does nothing, as of 2020-09-05.
+# Tests for the -dC command line option, which does nothing, as of 2020-09-05,
+# as the string "DEBUG(CWD" does not occur in the source code.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dC
 
-all:
-	@:;
+all: .PHONY
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-debug-file.exp b/unit-tests/opt-debug-file.exp
index 39a9383953dd..8ff220b3f541 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-debug-file.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-debug-file.exp
@@ -1 +1,12 @@
-exit status 0
+make: "opt-debug-file.mk" line 43: This goes to stderr only, once.
+make: "opt-debug-file.mk" line 45: This goes to stderr only, once.
+make: "opt-debug-file.mk" line 47: This goes to stderr, and in addition to the debug log.
+CondParser_Eval: ${:!cat opt-debug-file.debuglog!:Maddition:[#]} != 1
+lhs = 1.000000, rhs = 1.000000, op = !=
+make: Missing delimiter for modifier ':S'
+make: Missing delimiter for modifier ':S'
+make: Missing delimiter for modifier ':S'
+CondParser_Eval: ${:!cat opt-debug-file.debuglog!:Mdelimiter:[#]} != 1
+lhs = 1.000000, rhs = 1.000000, op = !=
+Cannot open debug file "/nonexistent-6f21c672-a22d-4ef7/opt-debug-file.debuglog"
+exit status 2
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-debug-file.mk b/unit-tests/opt-debug-file.mk
index 1ed477ef3c40..b878c2bcf734 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-debug-file.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-debug-file.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-debug-file.mk,v 1.4 2020/10/05 19:27:48 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-debug-file.mk,v 1.8 2022/01/11 19:47:34 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the -dF command line option, which redirects the debug log
 # to a file instead of writing it to stderr.
@@ -11,14 +11,16 @@
 VAR=	value ${:Uexpanded}
 
 # Hide the logging output for the remaining actions.
-# As of 2020-10-03, it is not possible to disable debug logging again.
+# Before main.c 1.362 from 2020-10-03, it was not possible to disable debug
+# logging again.  Since then, an easier way is the undocumented option '-d0'.
 .MAKEFLAGS: -dF/dev/null
 
 # Make sure that the debug logging file contains some logging.
 DEBUG_OUTPUT:=	${:!cat opt-debug-file.debuglog!}
 # Grmbl.  Because of the := operator in the above line, the variable
 # value contains ${:Uexpanded}.  This variable expression is expanded
-# upon further processing.  Therefore, don't read from untrusted input.
+# when it is used in the condition below.  Therefore, be careful when storing
+# untrusted input in variables.
 #.MAKEFLAGS: -dc -dFstderr
 .if !${DEBUG_OUTPUT:tW:M*VAR = value expanded*}
 .  error ${DEBUG_OUTPUT}
@@ -26,12 +28,44 @@ DEBUG_OUTPUT:=	${:!cat opt-debug-file.debuglog!}
 
 # To get the unexpanded text that was actually written to the debug log
 # file, the content of that log file must not be stored in a variable.
-# XXX: In the :M modifier, a dollar is escaped as '$$', not '\$'.
+#
+# XXX: In the :M modifier, a dollar is escaped using '$$', not '\$'.  This
+# escaping scheme unnecessarily differs from all other modifiers.
 .if !${:!cat opt-debug-file.debuglog!:tW:M*VAR = value $${:Uexpanded}*}
 .  error
 .endif
 
-_!=	rm opt-debug-file.debuglog
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
 
-all:
-	@:;
+
+# See Parse_Error.
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dFstdout
+.  info This goes to stderr only, once.
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dFstderr
+.  info This goes to stderr only, once.
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dFopt-debug-file.debuglog
+.  info This goes to stderr, and in addition to the debug log.
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dFstderr -d0c
+.if ${:!cat opt-debug-file.debuglog!:Maddition:[#]} != 1
+.  error
+.endif
+
+
+# See ApplyModifier_Subst, which calls Error.
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dFstdout
+: This goes to stderr only, once. ${:U:S
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dFstderr
+: This goes to stderr only, once. ${:U:S
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dFopt-debug-file.debuglog
+: This goes to stderr, and in addition to the debug log. ${:U:S
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dFstderr -d0c
+.if ${:!cat opt-debug-file.debuglog!:Mdelimiter:[#]} != 1
+.  error
+.endif
+
+
+# If the debug log file cannot be opened, make prints an error message and
+# exits immediately since the debug log file is usually selected from the
+# command line.
+_:=	${:!rm opt-debug-file.debuglog!}
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dF/nonexistent-6f21c672-a22d-4ef7/opt-debug-file.debuglog
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-debug-hash.exp b/unit-tests/opt-debug-hash.exp
index 39a9383953dd..b239399ec44d 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-debug-hash.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-debug-hash.exp
@@ -1 +1,6 @@
-exit status 0
+make: "opt-debug-hash.mk" line 11: Missing argument for ".error"
+make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
+HashTable targets: size=16 numEntries=0 maxchain=0
+HashTable Global variables: size=16 numEntries=<entries> maxchain=3
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-debug-hash.mk b/unit-tests/opt-debug-hash.mk
index c8cb99acd261..8b757ff3f290 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-debug-hash.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-debug-hash.mk
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-debug-hash.mk,v 1.1 2020/09/05 06:20:51 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-debug-hash.mk,v 1.3 2022/01/22 18:59:24 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the -dh command line option, which adds debug logging for
 # hash tables.  Even more detailed logging is available by compiling
 # make with -DDEBUG_HASH_LOOKUP.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dh
 
-all:
-	@:;
+# Force a parse error, to demonstrate the newline character in the diagnostic
+# that had been missing before parse.c 1.655 from 2022-01-22.
+.error
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-debug-parse.exp b/unit-tests/opt-debug-parse.exp
index 39a9383953dd..0e11024647a1 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-debug-parse.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-debug-parse.exp
@@ -1 +1,26 @@
+Parse_PushInput: .for loop in opt-debug-parse.mk, line 16
+SetFilenameVars: ${.PARSEDIR} = <some-dir> ${.PARSEFILE} = `opt-debug-parse.mk'
+Parsing line 20: .info trace with multi-line .for loop head
+make: "opt-debug-parse.mk" line 20: trace with multi-line .for loop head
+	in .for loop from opt-debug-parse.mk:16 with var = value
+ParseEOF: returning to file opt-debug-parse.mk, line 22
+SetFilenameVars: ${.PARSEDIR} = <some-dir> ${.PARSEFILE} = `opt-debug-parse.mk'
+Parsing line 25: .include "/dev/null"
+Parse_PushInput: file /dev/null, line 1
+SetFilenameVars: ${.PARSEDIR} = <some-dir> ${.PARSEFILE} = `null'
+SetFilenameVars: ${.INCLUDEDFROMDIR} = <some-dir> ${.INCLUDEDFROMFILE} = `opt-debug-parse.mk'
+ParseEOF: returning to file opt-debug-parse.mk, line 26
+SetFilenameVars: ${.PARSEDIR} = <some-dir> ${.PARSEFILE} = `opt-debug-parse.mk'
+Parse_PushInput: .for loop in opt-debug-parse.mk, line 30
+SetFilenameVars: ${.PARSEDIR} = <some-dir> ${.PARSEFILE} = `opt-debug-parse.mk'
+Parsing line 31: .info trace
+make: "opt-debug-parse.mk" line 31: trace
+	in .for loop from opt-debug-parse.mk:30 with a = 1, b = 2, c = 3
+Parsing line 31: .info trace
+make: "opt-debug-parse.mk" line 31: trace
+	in .for loop from opt-debug-parse.mk:30 with a = 4, b = 5, c = 6
+ParseEOF: returning to file opt-debug-parse.mk, line 33
+SetFilenameVars: ${.PARSEDIR} = <some-dir> ${.PARSEFILE} = `opt-debug-parse.mk'
+Parsing line 35: .MAKEFLAGS: -d0
+ParseDependency(.MAKEFLAGS: -d0)
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-debug-parse.mk b/unit-tests/opt-debug-parse.mk
index 3427b68beb96..c56b46c261b3 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-debug-parse.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-debug-parse.mk
@@ -1,9 +1,37 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-debug-parse.mk,v 1.1 2020/09/05 06:20:51 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-debug-parse.mk,v 1.6 2022/01/08 23:52:26 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the -dp command line option, which adds debug logging about
 # makefile parsing.
 
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dp
+
 # TODO: Implementation
 
-all:
-	@:;
+# Before parse.c 1.639 from 2022-01-08, PrintStackTrace and other diagnostics
+# printed a wrong line number, using the last line before the loop body, while
+# it should rather be the line number where the .for loop starts.
+#
+# Before parse.c 1.643 from 2022-01-08, PrintStackTrace tried to be too clever
+# by merging stack trace entries, printing confusing line numbers as a result.
+.for \
+    var \
+    in \
+    value
+.info trace with multi-line .for loop head
+.endfor
+
+# Before parse.c 1.461 from 2022-01-08, the debug log said it returned to
+# the line of the '.include' instead of the line following it.
+.include "/dev/null"
+
+
+# In .for loops with multiple variables, the variable details are included in
+# the stack trace, just as with a single variable.
+.for a b c in 1 2 3 ${:U4 5 6}
+.info trace
+.endfor
+
+
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
+
+all: .PHONY
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-debug-var.exp b/unit-tests/opt-debug-var.exp
index 39a9383953dd..b8cbddeb30bb 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-debug-var.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-debug-var.exp
@@ -1 +1,7 @@
+Global: ASSIGNED = value
+Global: SUBST = 
+Global: SUBST = value
+Var_Parse: y(ASSIGNED) (eval)
+Global: .MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d v -d
+Global: .MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d v -d 0
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-debug-var.mk b/unit-tests/opt-debug-var.mk
index 4d0ef9447324..5b0c5648ab55 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-debug-var.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-debug-var.mk
@@ -1,9 +1,31 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-debug-var.mk,v 1.1 2020/09/05 06:20:51 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-debug-var.mk,v 1.2 2022/01/23 16:09:38 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the -dv command line option, which adds debug logging about
 # variable assignment and evaluation.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dv
 
-all:
-	@:;
+# expect: Global: ASSIGNED = value
+ASSIGNED=	value
+
+# TODO: Explain why the empty assignment "Global: SUBST = " is needed.
+# expect: Global: SUBST = value
+SUBST:=		value
+
+.if defined(ASSIGNED)
+.endif
+
+# The usual form of variable expressions is ${VAR}.  The form $(VAR) is used
+# less often as it can be visually confused with the shell construct for
+# capturing the output of a subshell, which looks the same.
+#
+# In conditions, a call to the function 'empty' is syntactically similar to
+# the form $(VAR), only that the initial '$' is the 'y' of 'empty'.
+#
+# expect: Var_Parse: y(ASSIGNED) (eval)
+.if !empty(ASSIGNED)
+.endif
+
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
+
+all: .PHONY
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-debug-x-trace.exp b/unit-tests/opt-debug-x-trace.exp
index 39a9383953dd..abd4a61e2d82 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-debug-x-trace.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-debug-x-trace.exp
@@ -1 +1,3 @@
++ echo 'Counting 1 2 3 4 5 6 7'
+Counting 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-debug-x-trace.mk b/unit-tests/opt-debug-x-trace.mk
index 0936ba506966..54c04a9a4cf8 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-debug-x-trace.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-debug-x-trace.mk
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-debug-x-trace.mk,v 1.1 2020/09/05 06:20:51 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-debug-x-trace.mk,v 1.2 2022/01/23 16:09:38 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the -dx command line option, which runs shell commands with
 # the -x option, thereby printing the actual commands as they are
 # executed.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dx
 
-all:
-	@:;
+# expect: + echo 'Counting 1 2 3 4 5 6 7'
+# expect: Counting 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+all: .PHONY
+	@echo 'Counting ${:U:range=7}'
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-define.mk b/unit-tests/opt-define.mk
index ce0516ba44bc..7c4bbc179316 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-define.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-define.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,28 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-define.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-define.mk,v 1.3 2022/01/23 16:09:38 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Tests for the -D command line option.
+# Tests for the -D command line option, which defines global variables to the
+# value 1, like in the C preprocessor.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+.MAKEFLAGS: -DVAR
 
-all:
-	@:;
+# The variable has the exact value "1", not "1.0".
+.if ${VAR} != "1"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# The variable can be overwritten by assigning another value to it.  This
+# would not be possible if the variable had been specified on the command line
+# as 'VAR=1' instead of '-DVAR'.
+VAR=		overwritten
+.if ${VAR} != "overwritten"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# The variable can be undefined.  If the variable had been defined in the
+# "Internal" scope instead, undefining it would have no effect.
+.undef VAR
+.if defined(VAR)
+.  error
+.endif
+
+all: .PHONY
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-env.exp b/unit-tests/opt-env.exp
index 39a9383953dd..e584a77e01b9 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-env.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-env.exp
@@ -1 +1,5 @@
-exit status 0
+make: "opt-env.mk" line 9: Malformed conditional (${FROM_ENV} != value-from-env)
+make: "opt-env.mk" line 16: value-from-mk
+
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-env.mk b/unit-tests/opt-env.mk
index 32e95ef41f5a..0cfa1aa6470f 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-env.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-env.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,45 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-env.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-env.mk,v 1.3 2022/01/23 16:09:38 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the -e command line option.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+# The variable FROM_ENV is defined in ./Makefile.
 
-all:
-	@:;
+.MAKEFLAGS: -e
+
+.if ${FROM_ENV} != value-from-env
+.  error ${FROM_ENV}
+.endif
+
+# Try to override the variable; this does not have any effect.
+FROM_ENV=	value-from-mk
+.if ${FROM_ENV} != value-from-env
+.  error ${FROM_ENV}
+.endif
+
+# Try to append to the variable; this also doesn't have any effect.
+FROM_ENV+=	appended
+.if ${FROM_ENV} != value-from-env
+.  error ${FROM_ENV}
+.endif
+
+# The default assignment also cannot change the variable.
+FROM_ENV?=	default
+.if ${FROM_ENV} != value-from-env
+.  error ${FROM_ENV}
+.endif
+
+# Neither can the assignment modifiers.
+.if ${FROM_ENV::=from-condition}
+.endif
+.if ${FROM_ENV} != value-from-env
+.  error ${FROM_ENV}
+.endif
+
+# Even .undef doesn't work since it only affects the global scope,
+# which is independent from the environment variables.
+.undef FROM_ENV
+.if ${FROM_ENV} != value-from-env
+.  error ${FROM_ENV}
+.endif
+
+all: .PHONY
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-jobs-internal.exp b/unit-tests/opt-jobs-internal.exp
index 39a9383953dd..470bdbddd0f8 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-jobs-internal.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-jobs-internal.exp
@@ -1 +1,6 @@
-exit status 0
+make: internal error -- J option malformed (garbage)
+usage: make [-BeikNnqrSstWwX]
+            [-C directory] [-D variable] [-d flags] [-f makefile]
+            [-I directory] [-J private] [-j max_jobs] [-m directory] [-T file]
+            [-V variable] [-v variable] [variable=value] [target ...]
+exit status 2
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-jobs-internal.mk b/unit-tests/opt-jobs-internal.mk
index 5426807ca98b..44755a797751 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-jobs-internal.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-jobs-internal.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-jobs-internal.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-jobs-internal.mk,v 1.3 2022/01/23 16:09:38 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the (intentionally undocumented) -J command line option.
+#
+# Only test the error handling here, the happy path is covered in other tests
+# as a side effect.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
-
-all:
-	@:;
+# expect: make: internal error -- J option malformed (garbage)
+.MAKEFLAGS: -Jgarbage
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-raw.mk b/unit-tests/opt-raw.mk
index d3591bb99dab..91caffcd72ae 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-raw.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-raw.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-raw.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-raw.mk,v 1.3 2022/01/23 16:09:38 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Tests for the -r command line option.
+# Tests for the -r command line option, which skips the system-defined default
+# rules from <sys.mk>.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+# To provide a clean testing environment without unintended side effects,
+# these unit tests run make with the option '-r' by default.  This means there
+# are no predefined suffixes and no predefined tools.
 
-all:
-	@:;
+.if defined(CC)
+.  error
+.endif
+
+all: .PHONY
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-silent.exp b/unit-tests/opt-silent.exp
index 39a9383953dd..8863b8a2965d 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-silent.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-silent.exp
@@ -1 +1,3 @@
+message
+silent message
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-silent.mk b/unit-tests/opt-silent.mk
index 7822d46ac48a..01e5b18e2b12 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-silent.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-silent.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-silent.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-silent.mk,v 1.3 2022/01/23 16:09:38 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the -s command line option.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+.MAKEFLAGS: -s
 
+# No matter whether a command is prefixed by '@' or not, it is not echoed.
 all:
-	@:;
+	echo 'message'
+	@echo 'silent message'
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-class.exp b/unit-tests/opt-version.exp
similarity index 93%
rename from unit-tests/var-class.exp
rename to unit-tests/opt-version.exp
index 39a9383953dd..1636aafc11e5 100644
--- a/unit-tests/var-class.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-version.exp
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-version.mk b/unit-tests/opt-version.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..51a4e8a1a0aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-version.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# $NetBSD: opt-version.mk,v 1.1 2021/12/23 11:05:59 rillig Exp $
+#
+# Tests for the command line option '--version', which outputs the version
+# number of make.  NetBSD's make does not have a version number, but the bmake
+# distribution created from it has.
+
+# As of 2021-12-23, the output is a single empty line since the '--' does not
+# end the command line options.  Command line parsing then continues as if
+# nothing had happened, and the '-version' is split into '-v ersion', which is
+# interpreted as "print the expanded variable named 'ersion'".
+
+.MAKEFLAGS: --version
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-where-am-i.exp b/unit-tests/opt-where-am-i.exp
index 39a9383953dd..e64df44b83b7 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-where-am-i.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-where-am-i.exp
@@ -1 +1,4 @@
+make: Entering directory `/'
+make: Leaving directory `/'
+make: Leaving directory `<curdir>'
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-where-am-i.mk b/unit-tests/opt-where-am-i.mk
index 9158a598174c..f1eeca920a32 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-where-am-i.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-where-am-i.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-where-am-i.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-where-am-i.mk,v 1.4 2022/01/27 02:24:46 sjg Exp $
 #
-# Tests for the -w command line option.
+# Tests for the -w command line option, which outputs the current directory
+# at the beginning and end of running make.  This is useful when building
+# large source trees that involve several nested make calls.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+# The first "Entering directory" is missing since the below .MAKEFLAGS comes
+# too late for it.
+.MAKEFLAGS: -w
 
 all:
-	@:;
+.if ${.CURDIR} != "/"
+	@MAKE_OBJDIR_CHECK_WRITABLE=no ${MAKE} -r -f ${MAKEFILE:tA} -C /
+.endif
diff --git a/unit-tests/parse.exp b/unit-tests/parse.exp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5807f9c17e2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/parse.exp
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+make: "parse.mk" line 7: Makefile appears to contain unresolved CVS/RCS/??? merge conflicts
+make: "parse.mk" line 14: Makefile appears to contain unresolved CVS/RCS/??? merge conflicts
+make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/parse.mk b/unit-tests/parse.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9dccc7f5b7ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/parse.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# $NetBSD: parse.mk,v 1.2 2022/01/22 17:10:51 rillig Exp $
+#
+# Test those parts of the parsing that do not belong in any of the other
+# categories.
+
+# expect+1: Makefile appears to contain unresolved CVS/RCS/??? merge conflicts
+<<<<<< old
+
+# No diagnostic since the following line is parsed as a variable assignment,
+# even though the variable name is empty.  See also varname-empty.mk.
+====== middle
+
+# expect+1: Makefile appears to contain unresolved CVS/RCS/??? merge conflicts
+>>>>>> new
diff --git a/unit-tests/posix.mk b/unit-tests/posix.mk
index fc4cbead3263..43219258306e 100644
--- a/unit-tests/posix.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/posix.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: posix.mk,v 1.2 2020/10/24 08:34:59 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: posix.mk,v 1.3 2022/01/23 18:15:29 rillig Exp $
 
 all:	x plus subs err
 
@@ -14,11 +14,10 @@ plus:
 
 subs:
 	@echo make -n
-	@${.MAKE} -f ${MAKEFILE} -n plus
+	@${.MAKE} -r -f ${MAKEFILE} -n plus
 	@echo make -n -j1
-	@${.MAKE} -f ${MAKEFILE} -n -j1 plus
+	@${.MAKE} -r -f ${MAKEFILE} -n -j1 plus
 
 err:
 	@(echo Now we expect an error...; exit 1)
 	@echo "Oops! you shouldn't see this!"
-
diff --git a/unit-tests/sh.mk b/unit-tests/sh.mk
index f79a4099e990..3bbedf4d678a 100644
--- a/unit-tests/sh.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/sh.mk
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
-# $NetBSD: sh.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: sh.mk,v 1.3 2022/01/23 16:09:38 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for running shell commands from the targets, or from the != variable
 # assignment operator or the :sh variable modifier.
+#
+# See also:
+#	var-op-shell.mk		for the assignment operator '!='
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/suff-incomplete.exp b/unit-tests/suff-incomplete.exp
index 2331436d378e..acb5f0542dbe 100644
--- a/unit-tests/suff-incomplete.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/suff-incomplete.exp
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
-ParseReadLine (9): '.SUFFIXES:'
+Parsing line 9: .SUFFIXES:
 ParseDependency(.SUFFIXES:)
 Clearing all suffixes
-ParseReadLine (11): '.SUFFIXES: .a .b .c'
+Parsing line 11: .SUFFIXES: .a .b .c
 ParseDependency(.SUFFIXES: .a .b .c)
 Adding suffix ".a"
 Adding suffix ".b"
 Adding suffix ".c"
-ParseReadLine (17): '.a.b:'
+Parsing line 17: .a.b:
 ParseDependency(.a.b:)
 defining transformation from `.a' to `.b'
 inserting ".a" (1) at end of list
 inserting ".b" (2) at end of list
-ParseReadLine (21): '.a.c: ${.PREFIX}.dependency'
+Parsing line 21: .a.c: ${.PREFIX}.dependency
 deleting incomplete transformation from `.a' to `.b'
 ParseDependency(.a.c: ${.PREFIX}.dependency)
 defining transformation from `.a' to `.c'
@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ inserting ".c" (3) at end of list
 # LinkSource: added child .a.c - ${.PREFIX}.dependency
 # .a.c, unmade, type OP_DEPENDS|OP_TRANSFORM, flags none
 # ${.PREFIX}.dependency, unmade, type none, flags none
-ParseReadLine (23): '.DEFAULT:'
+Parsing line 23: .DEFAULT:
 transformation .a.c complete
 ParseDependency(.DEFAULT:)
-ParseReadLine (24): '	: Making ${.TARGET} from ${.IMPSRC} all ${.ALLSRC} by default.'
+Parsing line 24: 	: Making ${.TARGET} from ${.IMPSRC} all ${.ALLSRC} by default.
 transformation .DEFAULT complete
 Wildcard expanding "all"...
 SuffFindDeps "all"
diff --git a/unit-tests/suff-main-several.exp b/unit-tests/suff-main-several.exp
index b20f5ecf1143..7d499bcf5040 100644
--- a/unit-tests/suff-main-several.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/suff-main-several.exp
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-ParseReadLine (8): '.1.2 .1.3 .1.4:'
+Parsing line 8: .1.2 .1.3 .1.4:
 ParseDependency(.1.2 .1.3 .1.4:)
 Setting main node to ".1.2"
-ParseReadLine (9): '	: Making ${.TARGET} from ${.IMPSRC}.'
-ParseReadLine (14): 'next-main:'
+Parsing line 9: 	: Making ${.TARGET} from ${.IMPSRC}.
+Parsing line 14: next-main:
 ParseDependency(next-main:)
-ParseReadLine (15): '	: Making ${.TARGET}'
-ParseReadLine (19): '.SUFFIXES: .1 .2 .3 .4'
+Parsing line 15: 	: Making ${.TARGET}
+Parsing line 19: .SUFFIXES: .1 .2 .3 .4
 ParseDependency(.SUFFIXES: .1 .2 .3 .4)
 Adding suffix ".1"
 Adding suffix ".2"
@@ -26,42 +26,42 @@ defining transformation from `.1' to `.4'
 inserting ".1" (1) at end of list
 inserting ".4" (4) at end of list
 Setting main node to "next-main"
-ParseReadLine (24): '.SUFFIXES:'
+Parsing line 24: .SUFFIXES:
 ParseDependency(.SUFFIXES:)
 Clearing all suffixes
-ParseReadLine (32): '.SUFFIXES: .4 .3 .2 .1'
+Parsing line 32: .SUFFIXES: .4 .3 .2 .1
 ParseDependency(.SUFFIXES: .4 .3 .2 .1)
 Adding suffix ".4"
 Adding suffix ".3"
 Adding suffix ".2"
 Adding suffix ".1"
-ParseReadLine (33): '.SUFFIXES:'
+Parsing line 33: .SUFFIXES:
 ParseDependency(.SUFFIXES:)
 Clearing all suffixes
-ParseReadLine (34): '.SUFFIXES: .1 .2 .3 .4'
+Parsing line 34: .SUFFIXES: .1 .2 .3 .4
 ParseDependency(.SUFFIXES: .1 .2 .3 .4)
 Adding suffix ".1"
 Adding suffix ".2"
 Adding suffix ".3"
 Adding suffix ".4"
-ParseReadLine (35): '.SUFFIXES:'
+Parsing line 35: .SUFFIXES:
 ParseDependency(.SUFFIXES:)
 Clearing all suffixes
-ParseReadLine (36): '.SUFFIXES: .4 .3 .2 .1'
+Parsing line 36: .SUFFIXES: .4 .3 .2 .1
 ParseDependency(.SUFFIXES: .4 .3 .2 .1)
 Adding suffix ".4"
 Adding suffix ".3"
 Adding suffix ".2"
 Adding suffix ".1"
-ParseReadLine (38): 'suff-main-several.1:'
+Parsing line 38: suff-main-several.1:
 ParseDependency(suff-main-several.1:)
-ParseReadLine (39): '	: Making ${.TARGET} out of nothing.'
-ParseReadLine (40): 'next-main: suff-main-several.{2,3,4}'
+Parsing line 39: 	: Making ${.TARGET} out of nothing.
+Parsing line 40: next-main: suff-main-several.{2,3,4}
 ParseDependency(next-main: suff-main-several.{2,3,4})
 # LinkSource: added child next-main - suff-main-several.{2,3,4}
 # next-main, unmade, type OP_DEPENDS|OP_HAS_COMMANDS, flags none
 # suff-main-several.{2,3,4}, unmade, type none, flags none
-ParseReadLine (42): '.MAKEFLAGS: -d0 -dg1'
+Parsing line 42: .MAKEFLAGS: -d0 -dg1
 ParseDependency(.MAKEFLAGS: -d0 -dg1)
 #*** Input graph:
 # .1.2, unmade, type OP_TRANSFORM, flags none
diff --git a/unit-tests/suff-rebuild.exp b/unit-tests/suff-rebuild.exp
index 7ef53ae2e151..8c0979537524 100644
--- a/unit-tests/suff-rebuild.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/suff-rebuild.exp
@@ -1,36 +1,36 @@
-ParseReadLine (10): '.SUFFIXES:'
+Parsing line 10: .SUFFIXES:
 ParseDependency(.SUFFIXES:)
 Clearing all suffixes
-ParseReadLine (12): '.SUFFIXES: .a .b .c'
+Parsing line 12: .SUFFIXES: .a .b .c
 ParseDependency(.SUFFIXES: .a .b .c)
 Adding suffix ".a"
 Adding suffix ".b"
 Adding suffix ".c"
-ParseReadLine (14): 'suff-rebuild-example.a:'
+Parsing line 14: suff-rebuild-example.a:
 ParseDependency(suff-rebuild-example.a:)
 Adding "suff-rebuild-example.a" to all targets.
-ParseReadLine (15): '	: Making ${.TARGET} out of nothing.'
-ParseReadLine (17): '.a.b:'
+Parsing line 15: 	: Making ${.TARGET} out of nothing.
+Parsing line 17: .a.b:
 ParseDependency(.a.b:)
 defining transformation from `.a' to `.b'
 inserting ".a" (1) at end of list
 inserting ".b" (2) at end of list
-ParseReadLine (18): '	: Making ${.TARGET} from ${.IMPSRC}.'
-ParseReadLine (19): '.b.c:'
+Parsing line 18: 	: Making ${.TARGET} from ${.IMPSRC}.
+Parsing line 19: .b.c:
 transformation .a.b complete
 ParseDependency(.b.c:)
 defining transformation from `.b' to `.c'
 inserting ".b" (2) at end of list
 inserting ".c" (3) at end of list
-ParseReadLine (20): '	: Making ${.TARGET} from ${.IMPSRC}.'
-ParseReadLine (21): '.c:'
+Parsing line 20: 	: Making ${.TARGET} from ${.IMPSRC}.
+Parsing line 21: .c:
 transformation .b.c complete
 ParseDependency(.c:)
 defining transformation from `.c' to `'
 inserting ".c" (3) at end of list
 inserting "" (0) at end of list
-ParseReadLine (22): '	: Making ${.TARGET} from ${.IMPSRC}.'
-ParseReadLine (44): '.SUFFIXES: .c .b .a'
+Parsing line 22: 	: Making ${.TARGET} from ${.IMPSRC}.
+Parsing line 44: .SUFFIXES: .c .b .a
 transformation .c complete
 ParseDependency(.SUFFIXES: .c .b .a)
 Adding ".END" to all targets.
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-class-cmdline.exp b/unit-tests/var-class-cmdline.exp
deleted file mode 100644
index 6df2155ca7eb..000000000000
--- a/unit-tests/var-class-cmdline.exp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-make: "var-class-cmdline.mk" line 67: global
-make: "var-class-cmdline.mk" line 76: makeflags
-makeflags
-exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-class-global.mk b/unit-tests/var-class-global.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 81345ffda463..000000000000
--- a/unit-tests/var-class-global.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# $NetBSD: var-class-global.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
-#
-# Tests for global variables, which are the most common variables.
-
-# TODO: Implementation
-
-all:
-	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-class-local.exp b/unit-tests/var-class-local.exp
deleted file mode 100644
index db85b47cae06..000000000000
--- a/unit-tests/var-class-local.exp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-: Making var-class-local.c out of nothing.
-: Making var-class-local.o from var-class-local.c.
-: Making basename "var-class-local.o" in "." from "var-class-local.c" in ".".
-: all overwritten
-exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-class-local.mk b/unit-tests/var-class-local.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index f9d56e539ff0..000000000000
--- a/unit-tests/var-class-local.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-# $NetBSD: var-class-local.mk,v 1.5 2020/11/05 18:08:39 rillig Exp $
-#
-# Tests for target-local variables, such as ${.TARGET} or $@.
-
-# TODO: Implementation
-
-# Ensure that the name of the variable is exactly the given one.
-# The variable "@" is an alias for ".TARGET", so the implementation might
-# canonicalize these aliases at some point, and that might be surprising.
-# This aliasing happens for single-character variable names like $@ or $<
-# (see VarFind, CanonicalVarname), but not for braced or parenthesized
-# expressions like ${@}, ${.TARGET} ${VAR:Mpattern} (see Var_Parse,
-# ParseVarname).
-.if ${@:L} != "@"
-.  error
-.endif
-.if ${.TARGET:L} != ".TARGET"
-.  error
-.endif
-.if ${@F:L} != "@F"
-.  error
-.endif
-.if ${@D:L} != "@D"
-.  error
-.endif
-
-all:
-
-.SUFFIXES: .c .o
-
-var-class-local.c:
-	: Making ${.TARGET} out of nothing.
-
-.c.o:
-	: Making ${.TARGET} from ${.IMPSRC}.
-
-	# The local variables @F, @D, <F, <D are legacy forms.
-	# See the manual page for details.
-	: Making basename "${@F}" in "${@D}" from "${<F}" in "${<D}".
-
-all: var-class-local.o
-	# The ::= modifier overwrites the .TARGET variable in the node
-	# 'all', not in the global scope.  This can be seen with the -dv
-	# option, looking for "all:@ = overwritten".
-	: ${.TARGET} ${.TARGET::=overwritten}${.TARGET}
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-class.mk b/unit-tests/var-class.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index b20fca565e16..000000000000
--- a/unit-tests/var-class.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# $NetBSD: var-class.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
-#
-# Tests for the different variable classes (local, command-line, global,
-# environment), and which of them takes precedence over the others.
-
-# TODO: Implementation
-
-all:
-	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-eval-short.exp b/unit-tests/var-eval-short.exp
index c476c93125e3..f574a6444e1b 100644
--- a/unit-tests/var-eval-short.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/var-eval-short.exp
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-make: "var-eval-short.mk" line 41: In the :@ modifier of "", the variable name "${FAIL}" must not contain a dollar
-make: "var-eval-short.mk" line 41: Malformed conditional (0 && ${:Uword:@${FAIL}@expr@})
-make: "var-eval-short.mk" line 81: Invalid time value at "${FAIL}}"
-make: "var-eval-short.mk" line 81: Malformed conditional (0 && ${:Uword:gmtime=${FAIL}})
-make: "var-eval-short.mk" line 95: Invalid time value at "${FAIL}}"
-make: "var-eval-short.mk" line 95: Malformed conditional (0 && ${:Uword:localtime=${FAIL}})
+make: "var-eval-short.mk" line 44: In the :@ modifier of "", the variable name "${FAIL}" must not contain a dollar
+make: "var-eval-short.mk" line 44: Malformed conditional (0 && ${:Uword:@${FAIL}@expr@})
+make: "var-eval-short.mk" line 84: Invalid time value at "${FAIL}}"
+make: "var-eval-short.mk" line 84: Malformed conditional (0 && ${:Uword:gmtime=${FAIL}})
+make: "var-eval-short.mk" line 98: Invalid time value at "${FAIL}}"
+make: "var-eval-short.mk" line 98: Malformed conditional (0 && ${:Uword:localtime=${FAIL}})
 CondParser_Eval: 0 && ${0:?${FAIL}then:${FAIL}else}
 Var_Parse: ${0:?${FAIL}then:${FAIL}else} (parse-only)
 Parsing modifier ${0:?...}
 Modifier part: "${FAIL}then"
 Modifier part: "${FAIL}else"
 Result of ${0:?${FAIL}then:${FAIL}else} is "" (parse-only, defined)
-ParseReadLine (160): 'DEFINED=	defined'
+Parsing line 163: DEFINED=	defined
 Global: DEFINED = defined
 CondParser_Eval: 0 && ${DEFINED:L:?${FAIL}then:${FAIL}else}
 Var_Parse: ${DEFINED:L:?${FAIL}then:${FAIL}else} (parse-only)
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Parsing modifier ${DEFINED:?...}
 Modifier part: "${FAIL}then"
 Modifier part: "${FAIL}else"
 Result of ${DEFINED:?${FAIL}then:${FAIL}else} is "defined" (parse-only, regular)
-ParseReadLine (163): '.MAKEFLAGS: -d0'
+Parsing line 166: .MAKEFLAGS: -d0
 ParseDependency(.MAKEFLAGS: -d0)
 Global: .MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d cpv -d
 Global: .MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d cpv -d 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-eval-short.mk b/unit-tests/var-eval-short.mk
index 1b9ccc714736..a099b6871d1e 100644
--- a/unit-tests/var-eval-short.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/var-eval-short.mk
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-# $NetBSD: var-eval-short.mk,v 1.7 2021/09/07 20:41:58 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: var-eval-short.mk,v 1.8 2021/12/27 18:54:19 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for each variable modifier to ensure that they only do the minimum
-# necessary computations.  If the result of the expression is not needed, they
-# should only parse the modifier but not actually evaluate it.
+# necessary computations.  If the result of the expression is irrelevant,
+# the modifier should only be parsed.  The modifier should not be evaluated,
+# but if it is evaluated for simplicity of the code (such as ':ts'), it must
+# not have any observable side effects.
 #
 # See also:
 #	var.c, the comment starting with 'The ApplyModifier functions'
-#	ApplyModifier, for the order of the modifiers
 #	ParseModifierPart, for evaluating nested expressions
 #	cond-short.mk
 
@@ -17,6 +18,8 @@ FAIL=	${:!echo unexpected 1>&2!}
 # is ignored as well.  To do that, it is necessary to step through the code of
 # each modifier.
 
+# TODO: Test the modifiers in the same order as they appear in ApplyModifier.
+
 .if 0 && ${FAIL}
 .endif
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-op-expand.mk b/unit-tests/var-op-expand.mk
index 237f7baf1c62..1d905aeb3757 100644
--- a/unit-tests/var-op-expand.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/var-op-expand.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: var-op-expand.mk,v 1.15 2021/11/30 23:52:19 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: var-op-expand.mk,v 1.16 2021/12/28 10:47:00 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the := variable assignment operator, which expands its
 # right-hand side.
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 # Force the test results to be independent of the default value of this
 # setting, which is 'yes' for NetBSD's usr.bin/make but 'no' for the bmake
 # distribution and pkgsrc/devel/bmake.
-.MAKE.SAVE_DOLLARS:=      yes
+.MAKE.SAVE_DOLLARS:=	yes
 
 # If the right-hand side does not contain a dollar sign, the ':=' assignment
 # operator has the same effect as the '=' assignment operator.
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-op-shell.exp b/unit-tests/var-op-shell.exp
index 890bfa43c38e..0e9bd2cbc35a 100644
--- a/unit-tests/var-op-shell.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/var-op-shell.exp
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
-make: "var-op-shell.mk" line 28: warning: "echo "failed"; false" returned non-zero status
-make: "var-op-shell.mk" line 34: warning: "false" returned non-zero status
-make: "var-op-shell.mk" line 56: warning: "kill $$" exited on a signal
+make: "var-op-shell.mk" line 31: warning: "echo "failed"; false" returned non-zero status
+make: "var-op-shell.mk" line 37: warning: "false" returned non-zero status
+make: "var-op-shell.mk" line 59: warning: "kill $$" exited on a signal
 /bin/no/such/command: not found
-make: "var-op-shell.mk" line 62: warning: "/bin/no/such/command" returned non-zero status
+make: "var-op-shell.mk" line 65: warning: "/bin/no/such/command" returned non-zero status
 stderr
+Capturing the output of command "echo '$$$$'"
+Global: OUTPUT = $$$$
+Global: .MAKEFLAGS = -r -k -d v -d
+Global: .MAKEFLAGS = -r -k -d v -d 0
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-op-shell.mk b/unit-tests/var-op-shell.mk
index 0fdc54fc6041..bd2a48f17cc4 100644
--- a/unit-tests/var-op-shell.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/var-op-shell.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: var-op-shell.mk,v 1.4 2021/02/06 04:55:08 sjg Exp $
+# $NetBSD: var-op-shell.mk,v 1.6 2022/01/10 20:32:29 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the != variable assignment operator, which runs its right-hand
 # side through the shell.
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ OUTPUT!=	echo "success"'ful'
 # an empty output produced the error message "Couldn't read shell's output
 # for \"%s\"".
 #
-# The error message is still there but reserved for technical errors.
+# The error message is still in Cmd_Exec but reserved for technical errors.
 # It may be possible to trigger the error message by killing the shell after
 # reading part of its output.
 OUTPUT!=	true
@@ -24,7 +24,10 @@ OUTPUT!=	true
 .endif
 
 # The output of a shell command that failed is processed nevertheless.
-# TODO: Make this an error in lint mode.
+# Unlike the other places that run external commands (expression modifier
+# '::!=', expression modifier ':!...!'), a failed command generates only a
+# warning, not an "error".  These "errors" are ignored in default mode, for
+# compatibility, but not in lint mode (-dL).
 OUTPUT!=	echo "failed"; false
 .if ${OUTPUT} != "failed"
 .  error
@@ -78,4 +81,10 @@ OUTPUT!=	echo '$$$$$$$$'
 .  error
 .endif
 
+
+# As a debugging aid, log the exact command that is run via the shell.
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dv
+OUTPUT!=	echo '$$$$$$$$'
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
+
 all:
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-op-sunsh.mk b/unit-tests/var-op-sunsh.mk
index 0d15b8c88b92..956c1192616c 100644
--- a/unit-tests/var-op-sunsh.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/var-op-sunsh.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# $NetBSD: var-op-sunsh.mk,v 1.8 2021/04/04 10:13:09 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: var-op-sunsh.mk,v 1.9 2022/01/16 09:38:04 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the :sh= variable assignment operator, which runs its right-hand
 # side through the shell.  It is a seldom-used alternative to the !=
-# assignment operator, adopted from Sun make.
+# assignment operator, adopted from SUN make.
 
 .MAKEFLAGS: -dL			# Enable sane error messages
 
@@ -24,9 +24,12 @@ VAR :sh =	echo colon-sh-spaced
 # This was neither documented by NetBSD make nor by Solaris make and was
 # an implementation error.
 #
-# Since 2020-10-04, this is a normal variable assignment using the '='
-# assignment operator.
+# Since 2020-10-04, this is a normal variable assignment to the variable named
+# 'VAR:shell', using the '=' assignment operator.
 VAR:shell=	echo colon-shell
+# The variable name needs to be generated using a ${:U...} expression because
+# it is not possible to express the ':' as part of a literal variable name,
+# see ParseVarname.
 .if ${${:UVAR\:shell}} != "echo colon-shell"
 .  error
 .endif
@@ -95,30 +98,52 @@ VAR :sh :sh :sh :sh=	echo multiple
 # expanding nested expressions, the token ' :sh' can be used to add arbitrary
 # text between the variable name and the assignment operator, it just has to
 # be enclosed in braces or parentheses.
+#
+# Since the text to the left of the assignment operator '=' does not end with
+# ':sh', the effective assignment operator becomes '=', not '!='.
 VAR :sh(Put a comment here)=	comment in parentheses
 .if ${VAR} != "comment in parentheses"
 .  error
 .endif
 
 # The unintended comment can include multiple levels of nested braces and
-# parentheses, they don't even need to be balanced since they are only
-# counted by Parse_IsVar and ignored by Parse_Var.
+# parentheses.  Braces and parentheses are interchangeable, that is, a '(' can
+# be closed by either ')' or '}'.  These braces and parentheses are only
+# counted by Parse_IsVar, in particular Parse_Var doesn't see them.
 VAR :sh{Put}((((a}{comment}}}}{here}=	comment in braces
 .if ${VAR} != "comment in braces"
 .  error
 .endif
 
-# Syntactically, the ':sh' modifier can be combined with the '+=' assignment
-# operator.  In such a case the ':sh' modifier is silently ignored.
+# The assignment modifier ':sh' can be combined with the assignment operator
+# '+='.  In such a case the ':sh' is silently ignored, and the effective
+# assignment operator is '+='.
 #
-# XXX: This combination should not be allowed at all.
+# XXX: This combination should not be allowed at all, as it is confusing.
 VAR=		one
 VAR :sh +=	echo two
 .if ${VAR} != "one echo two"
 .  error ${VAR}
 .endif
 
-# TODO: test VAR:sh!=command
+# The assignment modifier ':sh' can be combined with the assignment operator
+# '!='.  In such a case the ':sh' is silently ignored, and the effective
+# assignment operator is '!=', just like with '+=' or the other compound
+# assignment operators.
+#
+# XXX: This combination should not be allowed at all, as it is confusing.
+VAR :sh !=	echo echo echo echo spaces-around
+.if ${VAR} != "echo echo echo spaces-around"
+.  error ${VAR}
+.endif
 
-all:
-	@:;
+# If there is no space between the variable name and the assignment modifier
+# ':sh', the ':sh' becomes part of the variable name, as the parser only
+# expects a single assignment modifier to the left of the '=', which in this
+# case is the '!'.
+VAR:sh !=	echo echo echo echo space-after
+.if ${${:UVAR\:sh}} != "echo echo echo space-after"
+.  error ${${:UVAR\:sh}}
+.endif
+
+all: .PHONY
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-recursive.exp b/unit-tests/var-recursive.exp
index 9739d8bcca13..44c381f94ff9 100644
--- a/unit-tests/var-recursive.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/var-recursive.exp
@@ -1,12 +1,19 @@
 make: "var-recursive.mk" line 20: still there
 Variable DIRECT is recursive.
+	in var-recursive.mk:21
 
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 Variable INDIRECT1 is recursive.
+	in var-recursive.mk:28
 
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 make: "var-recursive.mk" line 35: ok
 Variable V is recursive.
+	in var-recursive.mk:43
+
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+: OK
+In a command near "var-recursive.mk" line 55: Variable VAR is recursive.
 
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-recursive.mk b/unit-tests/var-recursive.mk
index da1fb696d655..1825c8a63120 100644
--- a/unit-tests/var-recursive.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/var-recursive.mk
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-# $NetBSD: var-recursive.mk,v 1.2 2020/10/31 13:45:00 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: var-recursive.mk,v 1.4 2022/01/29 10:21:26 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for variable expressions that refer to themselves and thus
 # cannot be evaluated.
 
-TESTS=	direct indirect conditional short
+TESTS=	direct indirect conditional short target
 
 # Since make exits immediately when it detects a recursive expression,
 # the actual tests are run in sub-makes.
@@ -42,6 +42,18 @@ CONDITIONAL=	${1:?ok:${CONDITIONAL}}
 V=	$V
 .  info $V
 
+.elif ${TEST} == target
+
+# If a recursive variable is accessed in a command of a target, the makefiles
+# are not parsed anymore, so there is no location information from the
+# .includes and .for directives.  In such a case, use the location of the last
+# command of the target to provide at least a hint to the location.
+VAR=	${VAR}
+target:
+	: OK
+	: ${VAR}
+	: OK
+
 .else
 .  error Unknown test "${TEST}"
 .endif
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-scope-cmdline.exp b/unit-tests/var-scope-cmdline.exp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a1227a1dd1f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/var-scope-cmdline.exp
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+make: "var-scope-cmdline.mk" line 67: global
+make: "var-scope-cmdline.mk" line 76: makeflags
+makeflags
+exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-class-cmdline.mk b/unit-tests/var-scope-cmdline.mk
similarity index 98%
rename from unit-tests/var-class-cmdline.mk
rename to unit-tests/var-scope-cmdline.mk
index 679e051bb242..1f4a3e700253 100644
--- a/unit-tests/var-class-cmdline.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/var-scope-cmdline.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: var-class-cmdline.mk,v 1.5 2021/02/23 21:59:31 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: var-scope-cmdline.mk,v 1.1 2022/01/23 16:25:54 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for variables specified on the command line.
 #
diff --git a/unit-tests/envfirst.exp b/unit-tests/var-scope-env.exp
similarity index 100%
rename from unit-tests/envfirst.exp
rename to unit-tests/var-scope-env.exp
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-class-env.mk b/unit-tests/var-scope-env.mk
similarity index 60%
rename from unit-tests/var-class-env.mk
rename to unit-tests/var-scope-env.mk
index 6e6b4891d3fd..d58ad7c6f2e2 100644
--- a/unit-tests/var-class-env.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/var-scope-env.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: var-class-env.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: var-scope-env.mk,v 1.1 2022/01/23 16:25:54 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for variables specified in the process environment.
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-class-env.exp b/unit-tests/var-scope-global.exp
similarity index 100%
rename from unit-tests/var-class-env.exp
rename to unit-tests/var-scope-global.exp
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-scope-global.mk b/unit-tests/var-scope-global.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..02ed8fe701c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/var-scope-global.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# $NetBSD: var-scope-global.mk,v 1.1 2022/01/23 16:25:54 rillig Exp $
+#
+# Tests for global variables, which are the most common variables.
+
+# Global variables can be assigned and appended to.
+GLOBAL=		value
+GLOBAL+=	addition
+.if ${GLOBAL} != "value addition"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# Global variables can be removed from their scope.
+.undef GLOBAL
+.if defined(GLOBAL)
+.  error
+.endif
+
+all: .PHONY
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-class-global.exp b/unit-tests/var-scope-local-legacy.exp
similarity index 100%
rename from unit-tests/var-class-global.exp
rename to unit-tests/var-scope-local-legacy.exp
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-class-local-legacy.mk b/unit-tests/var-scope-local-legacy.mk
similarity index 64%
rename from unit-tests/var-class-local-legacy.mk
rename to unit-tests/var-scope-local-legacy.mk
index bfd9733fd42b..e519d63e7c51 100644
--- a/unit-tests/var-class-local-legacy.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/var-scope-local-legacy.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: var-class-local-legacy.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: var-scope-local-legacy.mk,v 1.1 2022/01/23 16:25:54 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for legacy target-local variables, such as ${<F} or ${@D}.
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-scope-local.exp b/unit-tests/var-scope-local.exp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..051ede288bc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/var-scope-local.exp
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Global: .ALLTARGETS =  one
+Global: .ALLTARGETS =  one two
+Var_Parse: ${.MAKE.TARGET_LOCAL_VARIABLES} (eval)
+Var_SetExpand: variable name "" expands to empty string, with value "three" - ignored
+Var_SetExpand: variable name "" expands to empty string, with value "three" - ignored
+Global: one two = 
+Global: one two = three
+Global: .MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d v -d
+Global: .MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d v -d 0
+: Making var-scope-local.c out of nothing.
+: Making var-scope-local.o from var-scope-local.c.
+: Making basename "var-scope-local.o" in "." from "var-scope-local.c" in ".".
+: Making var-scope-local-assign.o with VAR="local".
+: Making var-scope-local-append.o with VAR="local to var-scope-local-append.o".
+: Making var-scope-local-append-global.o with VAR="global+local".
+: Making var-scope-local-default.o with VAR="global".
+: Making var-scope-local-subst.o with VAR="global+local".
+: Making var-scope-local-shell.o with VAR="output".
+: var-scope-local-use.o uses .USE VAR="global"
+: all overwritten
+exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-scope-local.mk b/unit-tests/var-scope-local.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..91a5f525e855
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/var-scope-local.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+# $NetBSD: var-scope-local.mk,v 1.3 2022/01/29 00:52:53 rillig Exp $
+#
+# Tests for target-local variables, such as ${.TARGET} or $@.  These variables
+# are relatively short-lived as they are created just before making the
+# target.  In contrast, global variables are typically created when the
+# makefiles are read in.
+#
+# The 7 built-in target-local variables are listed in the manual page.  They
+# are defined just before the target is actually made.  Additional
+# target-local variables can be defined in dependency lines like
+# 'target: VAR=value', one at a time.
+
+.MAIN: all
+
+# The target-local variables can be used in expressions, just like other
+# variables.  When these expressions are evaluated outside of a target, these
+# expressions are not yet expanded, instead their text is preserved, to allow
+# these expressions to expand right in time when the target-local variables
+# are actually set.
+#
+# Conditions like the ones below are evaluated in the scope of the command
+# line, which means that variables from the command line, from the global
+# scope and from the environment are resolved, in this order (but see the
+# command line option '-e').  In that phase, expressions involving
+# target-local variables need to be preserved, including the exact names of
+# the variables.
+#
+# Each of the built-in target-local variables has two equivalent names, for
+# example '@' is equivalent to '.TARGET'.  The implementation might
+# canonicalize these aliases at some point, and that might be surprising.
+# This aliasing happens for single-character variable names like $@ or $<
+# (see VarFind, CanonicalVarname), but not for braced or parenthesized
+# expressions like ${@}, ${.TARGET} ${VAR:Mpattern} (see Var_Parse,
+# ParseVarname).
+#
+# In the following condition, make does not expand '$@' but instead changes it
+# to the long-format alias '$(.TARGET)'; note that the alias is not written
+# with braces, as would be common in BSD makefiles, but with parentheses.
+# This alternative form behaves equivalently though.
+.if $@ != "\$\(.TARGET)"
+.  error
+.endif
+# In the long form of writing a target-local variable, the expression is
+# preserved exactly as written, no matter whether with '{' or '('.
+.if ${@} != "\$\{@}"
+.  error
+.endif
+.if $(@) != "\$\(@)"
+.  error
+.endif
+# If the variable expression contains modifiers, the behavior depends on the
+# actual modifiers.  The modifier ':M' keeps the expression in the state
+# 'undefined'.  Since the expression is still undefined after evaluating all
+# the modifiers, the value of the expression is discarded and the expression
+# text is used instead.  This preserves the expressions based on target-local
+# variables as long as possible.
+.if ${@:M*} != "\$\{@:M*}"
+.  error
+.endif
+# In the following examples, the expressions are based on target-local
+# variables but use the modifier ':L', which turns an undefined expression
+# into a defined one.  At the end of evaluating the expression, the state of
+# the expression is not 'undefined' anymore, and the value of the expression
+# is the name of the variable, since that's what the modifier ':L' does.
+.if ${@:L} != "@"
+.  error
+.endif
+.if ${.TARGET:L} != ".TARGET"
+.  error
+.endif
+.if ${@F:L} != "@F"
+.  error
+.endif
+.if ${@D:L} != "@D"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+
+# Additional target-local variables may be defined in dependency lines.
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dv
+# In the following line, the ':=' may either be interpreted as an assignment
+# operator or as the dependency operator ':', followed by an empty variable
+# name and the assignment operator '='.  It is the latter since in an
+# assignment, the left-hand side must be at most a single word.  The empty
+# variable name is expanded twice, once for 'one' and once for 'two'.
+# expect: Var_SetExpand: variable name "" expands to empty string, with value "three" - ignored
+# expect: Var_SetExpand: variable name "" expands to empty string, with value "three" - ignored
+one two:=three
+# If the two targets to the left are generated by a variable expression, the
+# line is parsed as a variable assignment since its left-hand side is a single
+# word.
+# expect: Global: one two = three
+${:Uone two}:=three
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
+
+
+.SUFFIXES: .c .o
+
+# One of the dynamic target-local variables is '.TARGET'.  Since this is not
+# a suffix transformation rule, the variable '.IMPSRC' is not defined.
+# expect: : Making var-scope-local.c out of nothing.
+var-scope-local.c:
+	: Making ${.TARGET} ${.IMPSRC:Dfrom ${.IMPSRC}:Uout of nothing}.
+
+# This is a suffix transformation rule, so both '.TARGET' and '.IMPSRC' are
+# defined.
+# expect: : Making var-scope-local.o from var-scope-local.c.
+# expect: : Making basename "var-scope-local.o" in "." from "var-scope-local.c" in ".".
+.c.o:
+	: Making ${.TARGET} from ${.IMPSRC}.
+
+	# The local variables @F, @D, <F, <D are legacy forms.
+	# See the manual page for details.
+	: Making basename "${@F}" in "${@D}" from "${<F}" in "${<D}".
+
+# expect: : all overwritten
+all: var-scope-local.o
+	# The ::= modifier overwrites the .TARGET variable in the node
+	# 'all', not in the global scope.  This can be seen with the -dv
+	# option, looking for "all: @ = overwritten".
+	: ${.TARGET} ${.TARGET::=overwritten}${.TARGET}
+
+
+# Begin tests for custom target-local variables, for all 5 variable assignment
+# operators.
+all: var-scope-local-assign.o
+all: var-scope-local-append.o
+all: var-scope-local-append-global.o
+all: var-scope-local-default.o
+all: var-scope-local-subst.o
+all: var-scope-local-shell.o
+
+var-scope-local-assign.o \
+var-scope-local-append.o \
+var-scope-local-append-global.o \
+var-scope-local-default.o \
+var-scope-local-subst.o \
+var-scope-local-shell.o:
+	: Making ${.TARGET} with VAR="${VAR}".
+
+# Target-local variables are enabled by default.  Force them to be enabled
+# just in case a test above has disabled them.
+.MAKE.TARGET_LOCAL_VARIABLES= yes
+
+VAR=	global
+
+# If the sources of a dependency line look like a variable assignment, make
+# treats them as such.  There is only a single variable assignment per
+# dependency line, which makes whitespace around the assignment operator
+# irrelevant.
+#
+# expect-reset
+# expect: : Making var-scope-local-assign.o with VAR="local".
+var-scope-local-assign.o: VAR= local
+
+# Assignments using '+=' do *not* look up the global value, instead they only
+# look up the variable in the target's own scope.
+var-scope-local-append.o: VAR+= local
+# Once a variable is defined in the target-local scope, appending using '+='
+# behaves as expected.  Note that the expression '${.TARGET}' is not resolved
+# when parsing the dependency line, its evaluation is deferred until the
+# target is actually made.
+# expect: : Making var-scope-local-append.o with VAR="local to var-scope-local-append.o".
+var-scope-local-append.o: VAR += to ${.TARGET}
+# To access the value of a global variable, use a variable expression.  This
+# expression is expanded before parsing the whole dependency line.  Since the
+# expansion happens to the right of both the dependency operator ':' and also
+# to the right of the assignment operator '=', the expanded text does not
+# affect the dependency or the variable assignment structurally.  The
+# effective variable assignment, after expanding the whole line first, is thus
+# 'VAR= global+local'.
+# expect: : Making var-scope-local-append-global.o with VAR="global+local".
+var-scope-local-append-global.o: VAR= ${VAR}+local
+
+var-scope-local-default.o: VAR ?= first
+var-scope-local-default.o: VAR ?= second
+# XXX: '?=' does look at the global variable.  That's a long-standing
+# inconsistency between the assignment operators '+=' and '?='.  See
+# Var_AppendExpand and VarAssign_Eval.
+# expect: : Making var-scope-local-default.o with VAR="global".
+
+# Using the variable assignment operator ':=' provides another way of
+# accessing a global variable and extending it with local modifications.  The
+# '$' has to be written as '$$' though to survive the expansion of the
+# dependency line as a whole.
+var-scope-local-subst.o: VAR := $${VAR}+local
+
+# The variable assignment operator '!=' assigns the output of the shell
+# command, as everywhere else.
+var-scope-local-shell.o: VAR != echo output
+
+
+# While VAR=use will be set for a .USE node, it will never be seen since only
+# the ultimate target's context is searched; the variable assignments from the
+# .USE target are not copied to the ultimate target's.
+a_use: .USE VAR=use
+	: ${.TARGET} uses .USE VAR="${VAR}"
+
+all: var-scope-local-use.o
+var-scope-local-use.o: a_use
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-class-local-legacy.exp b/unit-tests/var-scope.exp
similarity index 100%
rename from unit-tests/var-class-local-legacy.exp
rename to unit-tests/var-scope.exp
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-scope.mk b/unit-tests/var-scope.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cbbcea526d54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/var-scope.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# $NetBSD: var-scope.mk,v 1.1 2022/01/23 16:25:54 rillig Exp $
+#
+# Tests for the different variable scopes (local, command-line, global,
+# environment), and which of them takes precedence over the others.
+
+# TODO: Implementation
+
+all:
+	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-assign-shell.exp b/unit-tests/varmod-assign-shell.exp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3d4a90fb1be4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-assign-shell.exp
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+make: "varmod-assign-shell.mk" line 27: warning: "echo output; false" returned non-zero status
+Global: _ = 
+Var_Parse: ${ASSIGNED::!=echo output; ${:Ufalse}} (eval-keep-dollar-and-undefined)
+Evaluating modifier ${ASSIGNED::...} on value "previous" (eval-keep-dollar-and-undefined, regular)
+Modifier part: "echo output; false"
+Capturing the output of command "echo output; false"
+make: "echo output; false" returned non-zero status
+Result of ${ASSIGNED::!=echo output; ${:Ufalse}} is "" (eval-keep-dollar-and-undefined, regular)
+Global: _ = 
+Global: .MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d v -d
+Global: .MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d v -d 0
+DIRECT=output
+ASSIGNED=previous
+exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-assign-shell.mk b/unit-tests/varmod-assign-shell.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d03692942d5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-assign-shell.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# $NetBSD: varmod-assign-shell.mk,v 1.4 2022/01/10 20:32:29 rillig Exp $
+#
+# Tests for the variable modifier '::!=', which assigns the output of a shell
+# command to the variable, but only if the command exited successfully.  This
+# is different from the other places that capture the output of an external
+# command (variable assignment operator '!=', expression modifier ':sh',
+# expression modifier ':!...!'), which also use the output when the shell
+# command fails or crashes.
+#
+# The variable modifier '::!=' and its close relatives have been around since
+# var.c 1.45 from 2000-06-01.
+#
+# Before 2020.08.25.21.16.53, the variable modifier '::!=' had a bug for
+# unsuccessful commands, it put the previous value of the variable into the
+# error message instead of the command that was executed.  That's where the
+# counterintuitive error message 'make: "previous" returned non-zero status'
+# comes from.
+#
+# BUGS
+#	Even though the variable modifier '::!=' produces an error message,
+#	the exit status of make is still 0.
+#
+#	Having an error message instead of a warning like for the variable
+#	assignment operator '!=' is another unnecessary inconsistency.
+
+DIRECT=		previous
+DIRECT!=	echo output; false
+
+ASSIGNED=	previous
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dv			# to see the actual command
+_:=		${ASSIGNED::!=echo output; ${:Ufalse}}
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
+
+all:
+	@echo DIRECT=${DIRECT:Q}
+	@echo ASSIGNED=${ASSIGNED:Q}
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-ifelse.mk b/unit-tests/varmod-ifelse.mk
index 0e16032a6543..37e8f620d883 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-ifelse.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-ifelse.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: varmod-ifelse.mk,v 1.17 2021/06/11 13:01:28 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmod-ifelse.mk,v 1.18 2022/01/15 20:16:55 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the ${cond:?then:else} variable modifier, which evaluates either
 # the then-expression or the else-expression, depending on the condition.
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@
 # TODO: Implementation
 
 # The variable name of the expression is expanded and then taken as the
-# condition.  In this case it becomes:
+# condition.  In the below example it becomes:
 #
-#	variable expression == "variable expression"
+#	variable expression == "literal"
 #
 # This confuses the parser, which expects an operator instead of the bare
 # word "expression".  If the name were expanded lazily, everything would be
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-indirect.exp b/unit-tests/varmod-indirect.exp
index 9cff88eb760a..9ae41f002caa 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-indirect.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-indirect.exp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 make: "varmod-indirect.mk" line 19: Unknown modifier "${"
 make: "varmod-indirect.mk" line 52: Unknown modifier "${"
-make: "varmod-indirect.mk" line 55: warning: FIXME: this expression should have resulted in a parse error rather than returning the unparsed portion of the expression.
+make: "varmod-indirect.mk" line 53: warning: FIXME: this expression should have resulted in a parse error rather than returning the unparsed portion of the expression.
 make: "varmod-indirect.mk" line 140: before
 make: "varmod-indirect.mk" line 140: after
 make: "varmod-indirect.mk" line 146: before
@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ make: "varmod-indirect.mk" line 152: after
 make: "varmod-indirect.mk" line 156: Unknown modifier "Z"
 make: "varmod-indirect.mk" line 157: before
 make: "varmod-indirect.mk" line 157: after
-ParseReadLine (166): '_:=	before ${UNDEF} after'
+Parsing line 166: _:=	before ${UNDEF} after
 Global: _ = 
 Var_Parse: ${UNDEF} after (eval-keep-dollar-and-undefined)
 Global: _ = before ${UNDEF} after
-ParseReadLine (169): '_:=	before ${UNDEF:${:US,a,a,}} after'
+Parsing line 169: _:=	before ${UNDEF:${:US,a,a,}} after
 Var_Parse: ${UNDEF:${:US,a,a,}} after (eval-keep-dollar-and-undefined)
 Indirect modifier "S,a,a," from "${:US,a,a,}"
 Evaluating modifier ${UNDEF:S...} on value "" (eval-keep-dollar-and-undefined, undefined)
@@ -23,18 +23,18 @@ Modifier part: "a"
 ModifyWords: split "" into 1 word
 Result of ${UNDEF:S,a,a,} is "" (eval-keep-dollar-and-undefined, undefined)
 Global: _ = before ${UNDEF:S,a,a,} after
-ParseReadLine (179): '_:=	before ${UNDEF:${:U}} after'
+Parsing line 179: _:=	before ${UNDEF:${:U}} after
 Var_Parse: ${UNDEF:${:U}} after (eval-keep-dollar-and-undefined)
 Indirect modifier "" from "${:U}"
 Global: _ = before ${UNDEF:} after
-ParseReadLine (184): '_:=	before ${UNDEF:${:UZ}} after'
+Parsing line 184: _:=	before ${UNDEF:${:UZ}} after
 Var_Parse: ${UNDEF:${:UZ}} after (eval-keep-dollar-and-undefined)
 Indirect modifier "Z" from "${:UZ}"
 Evaluating modifier ${UNDEF:Z} on value "" (eval-keep-dollar-and-undefined, undefined)
 make: "varmod-indirect.mk" line 184: Unknown modifier "Z"
 Result of ${UNDEF:Z} is error (eval-keep-dollar-and-undefined, undefined)
 Global: _ = before ${UNDEF:Z} after
-ParseReadLine (186): '.MAKEFLAGS: -d0'
+Parsing line 186: .MAKEFLAGS: -d0
 ParseDependency(.MAKEFLAGS: -d0)
 Global: .MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d 0 -d pv -d
 Global: .MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d 0 -d pv -d 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-indirect.mk b/unit-tests/varmod-indirect.mk
index fa58997cc849..082efb035c74 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-indirect.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-indirect.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: varmod-indirect.mk,v 1.9 2021/03/15 20:00:50 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmod-indirect.mk,v 1.11 2022/01/15 12:35:18 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for indirect variable modifiers, such as in ${VAR:${M_modifiers}}.
 # These can be used for very basic purposes like converting a string to either
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 # The following expression generates a parse error since its indirect
 # modifier contains more than a sole variable expression.
 #
-# expect+1: Unknown modifier '$'
+# expect+1: Unknown modifier "${"
 .if ${value:L:${:US}${:U,value,replacement,}} != "S,value,replacement,}"
 .  warning unexpected
 .endif
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 # error.  Because of this parse error, this feature cannot be used reasonably
 # in practice.
 #
-# expect+1: Unknown modifier '$'
+# expect+2: Unknown modifier "${"
 #.MAKEFLAGS: -dvc
 .if ${value:L:${:UM*}S,value,replaced,} == "M*S,value,replaced,}"
 .  warning	FIXME: this expression should have resulted in a parse $\
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-loop.exp b/unit-tests/varmod-loop.exp
index d05b870d5b5e..11a74e571a17 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-loop.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-loop.exp
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-ParseReadLine (78): 'USE_8_DOLLARS=	${:U1:@var@${8_DOLLARS}@} ${8_DOLLARS} $$$$$$$$'
+Parsing line 78: USE_8_DOLLARS=	${:U1:@var@${8_DOLLARS}@} ${8_DOLLARS} $$$$$$$$
 CondParser_Eval: ${USE_8_DOLLARS} != "\$\$\$\$ \$\$\$\$ \$\$\$\$"
 lhs = "$$$$ $$$$ $$$$", rhs = "$$$$ $$$$ $$$$", op = !=
-ParseReadLine (83): 'SUBST_CONTAINING_LOOP:= ${USE_8_DOLLARS}'
+Parsing line 83: SUBST_CONTAINING_LOOP:= ${USE_8_DOLLARS}
 CondParser_Eval: ${SUBST_CONTAINING_LOOP} != "\$\$ \$\$\$\$ \$\$\$\$"
 lhs = "$$ $$$$ $$$$", rhs = "$$ $$$$ $$$$", op = !=
-ParseReadLine (108): '.MAKEFLAGS: -d0'
+Parsing line 108: .MAKEFLAGS: -d0
 ParseDependency(.MAKEFLAGS: -d0)
 :varname-overwriting-target: :x1y x2y x3y: ::
 mod-loop-dollar:1:
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-order-numeric.mk b/unit-tests/varmod-order-numeric.mk
index 40a1d408e9ae..70b2f2834370 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-order-numeric.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-order-numeric.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: varmod-order-numeric.mk,v 1.5 2021/08/03 04:46:49 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmod-order-numeric.mk,v 1.6 2022/02/04 23:43:10 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the variable modifiers ':On', which returns the words, sorted in
 # ascending numeric order, and for ':Orn' and ':Onr', which additionally
@@ -8,9 +8,8 @@
 # from 2021-07-30.
 
 # This list contains only 32-bit numbers since the make code needs to conform
-# to C90, which does not provide integer types larger than 32 bit.  It uses
-# 'long long' by default, but that type is overridable if necessary to support
-# older environments.
+# to C90, which does not necessarily provide integer types larger than 32 bit.
+# Make uses 'long long' for C99 or later, and 'long' for older C versions.
 #
 # To get 53-bit integers even in C90, it would be possible to switch to
 # 'double' instead, but that would allow floating-point numbers as well, which
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-order.mk b/unit-tests/varmod-order.mk
index 7f3d485fe8e3..c6028fc10abd 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-order.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-order.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: varmod-order.mk,v 1.7 2021/08/03 04:46:49 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmod-order.mk,v 1.8 2022/01/15 12:35:18 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the :O variable modifier and its variants, which either sort the
 # words of the value or shuffle them.
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ _:=	${NUMBERS:Onr
 # Shuffling numerically doesn't make sense, so don't allow 'x' and 'n' to be
 # combined.
 #
-# expect-text: Bad modifier ":Oxn" for variable "NUMBERS"
+# expect: make: Bad modifier ":Oxn" for variable "NUMBERS"
 # expect+1: Malformed conditional (${NUMBERS:Oxn})
 .if ${NUMBERS:Oxn}
 .  error
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ _:=	${NUMBERS:Onr
 # Extra characters after ':On' are detected and diagnosed.
 # TODO: Add line number information to the "Bad modifier" diagnostic.
 #
-# expect-text: Bad modifier ":On_typo" for variable "NUMBERS"
+# expect: make: Bad modifier ":On_typo" for variable "NUMBERS"
 .if ${NUMBERS:On_typo}
 .  error
 .else
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ _:=	${NUMBERS:Onr
 
 # Extra characters after ':Onr' are detected and diagnosed.
 #
-# expect-text: Bad modifier ":Onr_typo" for variable "NUMBERS"
+# expect: make: Bad modifier ":Onr_typo" for variable "NUMBERS"
 .if ${NUMBERS:Onr_typo}
 .  error
 .else
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ _:=	${NUMBERS:Onr
 
 # Extra characters after ':Orn' are detected and diagnosed.
 #
-# expect+1: Bad modifier ":Orn_typo" for variable "NUMBERS"
+# expect: make: Bad modifier ":Orn_typo" for variable "NUMBERS"
 .if ${NUMBERS:Orn_typo}
 .  error
 .else
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ _:=	${NUMBERS:Onr
 # criteria are fixed, not computed, therefore allowing this redundancy does
 # not make sense.
 #
-# expect-text: Bad modifier ":Onn" for variable "NUMBERS"
+# expect: make: Bad modifier ":Onn" for variable "NUMBERS"
 .if ${NUMBERS:Onn}
 .  error
 .else
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ _:=	${NUMBERS:Onr
 
 # Repeating the 'r' is not supported as well, for the same reasons as above.
 #
-# expect-text: Bad modifier ":Onrr" for variable "NUMBERS"
+# expect: make: Bad modifier ":Onrr" for variable "NUMBERS"
 .if ${NUMBERS:Onrr}
 .  error
 .else
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ _:=	${NUMBERS:Onr
 
 # Repeating the 'r' is not supported as well, for the same reasons as above.
 #
-# expect-text: Bad modifier ":Orrn" for variable "NUMBERS"
+# expect: make: Bad modifier ":Orrn" for variable "NUMBERS"
 .if ${NUMBERS:Orrn}
 .  error
 .else
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-quote-dollar.exp b/unit-tests/varmod-quote-dollar.exp
index 39a9383953dd..4346401c5a9d 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-quote-dollar.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-quote-dollar.exp
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+!"#$$%&'()*+,-./09:;<=>?@AZ[\]^_`az{|}~
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-quote-dollar.mk b/unit-tests/varmod-quote-dollar.mk
index fedbe8a10f4b..3316b04bed1e 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-quote-dollar.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-quote-dollar.mk
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-# $NetBSD: varmod-quote-dollar.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmod-quote-dollar.mk,v 1.3 2022/01/22 17:10:51 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the :q variable modifier, which quotes the string for the shell
 # and doubles dollar signs, to prevent them from being interpreted by a
 # child process of make.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+ASCII_CHARS=	${.newline} !"\#$$%&'()*+,-./09:;<=>?@AZ[\]^_`az{|}~
 
 all:
-	@:;
+	@${MAKE} -r -f /dev/null CHARS=${ASCII_CHARS:q} -V CHARS
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-select-words.exp b/unit-tests/varmod-select-words.exp
index 39a9383953dd..02e9974c02d6 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-select-words.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-select-words.exp
@@ -1 +1,126 @@
+make: Bad modifier ":[]" for variable "LIST"
+LIST:[]="" is an error
+LIST:[0]="one two three four five six"
+LIST:[0x0]="one two three four five six"
+LIST:[000]="one two three four five six"
+LIST:[*]="one two three four five six"
+LIST:[@]="one two three four five six"
+LIST:[0]:C/ /,/="one,two three four five six"
+LIST:[0]:C/ /,/g="one,two,three,four,five,six"
+LIST:[0]:C/ /,/1g="one,two,three,four,five,six"
+LIST:[*]:C/ /,/="one,two three four five six"
+LIST:[*]:C/ /,/g="one,two,three,four,five,six"
+LIST:[*]:C/ /,/1g="one,two,three,four,five,six"
+LIST:[@]:C/ /,/="one two three four five six"
+LIST:[@]:C/ /,/g="one two three four five six"
+LIST:[@]:C/ /,/1g="one two three four five six"
+LIST:[@]:[0]:C/ /,/="one,two three four five six"
+LIST:[0]:[@]:C/ /,/="one two three four five six"
+LIST:[@]:[*]:C/ /,/="one,two three four five six"
+LIST:[*]:[@]:C/ /,/="one two three four five six"
+EMPTY=""
+EMPTY:[#]="1" == 1 ?
+ESCAPEDSPACE="\ "
+ESCAPEDSPACE:[#]="1" == 1 ?
+REALLYSPACE=" "
+REALLYSPACE:[#]="1" == 1 ?
+LIST:[#]="6"
+LIST:[0]:[#]="1" == 1 ?
+LIST:[*]:[#]="1" == 1 ?
+LIST:[@]:[#]="6"
+LIST:[1]:[#]="1"
+LIST:[1..3]:[#]="3"
+EMPTY:[1]=""
+ESCAPEDSPACE="\ "
+ESCAPEDSPACE:[1]="\ "
+REALLYSPACE=" "
+REALLYSPACE:[1]="" == "" ?
+REALLYSPACE:[*]:[1]=" " == " " ?
+LIST:[1]="one"
+make: Bad modifier ":[1.]" for variable "LIST"
+LIST:[1.]="" is an error
+make: Bad modifier ":[1]." for variable "LIST"
+LIST:[1].="}" is an error
+LIST:[2]="two"
+LIST:[6]="six"
+LIST:[7]=""
+LIST:[999]=""
+make: Bad modifier ":[-]" for variable "LIST"
+LIST:[-]="" is an error
+make: Bad modifier ":[--]" for variable "LIST"
+LIST:[--]="" is an error
+LIST:[-1]="six"
+LIST:[-2]="five"
+LIST:[-6]="one"
+LIST:[-7]=""
+LIST:[-999]=""
+LONGLIST:[17]="17"
+LONGLIST:[0x11]="17"
+LONGLIST:[021]="17"
+LIST:[0]:[1]="one two three four five six"
+LIST:[*]:[1]="one two three four five six"
+LIST:[@]:[1]="one"
+LIST:[0]:[2]=""
+LIST:[*]:[2]=""
+LIST:[@]:[2]="two"
+LIST:[*]:C/ /,/:[2]=""
+LIST:[*]:C/ /,/:[*]:[2]=""
+LIST:[*]:C/ /,/:[@]:[2]="three"
+LONGLIST:[012..0x12]="10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18"
+make: Bad modifier ":[1.]" for variable "LIST"
+LIST:[1.]="" is an error
+make: Bad modifier ":[1..]" for variable "LIST"
+LIST:[1..]="" is an error
+make: Bad modifier ":[1.. ]" for variable "LIST"
+LIST:[1.. ]="" is an error
+LIST:[1..1]="one"
+make: Bad modifier ":[1..1.]" for variable "LIST"
+LIST:[1..1.]="" is an error
+LIST:[1..2]="one two"
+LIST:[2..1]="two one"
+LIST:[3..-2]="three four five"
+LIST:[-4..4]="three four"
+make: Bad modifier ":[0..1]" for variable "LIST"
+LIST:[0..1]="" is an error
+make: Bad modifier ":[-1..0]" for variable "LIST"
+LIST:[-1..0]="" is an error
+LIST:[-1..1]="six five four three two one"
+LIST:[0..0]="one two three four five six"
+LIST:[3..99]="three four five six"
+LIST:[-3..-99]="four three two one"
+LIST:[-99..-3]="one two three four"
+HASH="#" == "#" ?
+LIST:[${HASH}]="6"
+LIST:[${ZERO}]="one two three four five six"
+LIST:[${ZERO}x${ONE}]="one"
+LIST:[${ONE}]="one"
+LIST:[${MINUSONE}]="six"
+LIST:[${STAR}]="one two three four five six"
+LIST:[${AT}]="one two three four five six"
+make: Bad modifier ":[${EMPTY" for variable "LIST"
+LIST:[${EMPTY}]="" is an error
+LIST:[${LONGLIST:[21]:S/2//}]="one"
+LIST:[${LIST:[#]}]="six"
+LIST:[${LIST:[${HASH}]}]="six"
+LIST:[  -1..   +3]="six five four three"
+LIST:S/ /,/="one two three four five six"
+LIST:S/ /,/W="one,two three four five six"
+LIST:S/ /,/gW="one,two,three,four,five,six"
+EMPTY:S/^/,/=","
+EMPTY:S/^/,/W=","
+LIST:C/ /,/="one two three four five six"
+LIST:C/ /,/W="one,two three four five six"
+LIST:C/ /,/gW="one,two,three,four,five,six"
+EMPTY:C/^/,/=","
+EMPTY:C/^/,/W=","
+LIST:tW="one two three four five six"
+LIST:tw="one two three four five six"
+LIST:tW:C/ /,/="one,two three four five six"
+LIST:tW:C/ /,/g="one,two,three,four,five,six"
+LIST:tW:C/ /,/1g="one,two,three,four,five,six"
+LIST:tw:C/ /,/="one two three four five six"
+LIST:tw:C/ /,/g="one two three four five six"
+LIST:tw:C/ /,/1g="one two three four five six"
+LIST:tw:tW:C/ /,/="one,two three four five six"
+LIST:tW:tw:C/ /,/="one two three four five six"
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-select-words.mk b/unit-tests/varmod-select-words.mk
index ab094bf056b0..910b67a24e39 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-select-words.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-select-words.mk
@@ -1,12 +1,166 @@
-# $NetBSD: varmod-select-words.mk,v 1.3 2021/12/05 12:06:23 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmod-select-words.mk,v 1.4 2022/01/23 16:09:38 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the :[...] variable modifier, which selects a single word
 # or a range of words from a variable.
 #
+# History:
+#	The variable modifier ':[...]' was added on 2003-09-27.
+#
 # See also:
 #	modword.mk		(should be migrated here)
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+all: mod-squarebrackets mod-S-W mod-C-W mod-tW-tw
 
-all:
-	@:;
+LIST=		one two three four five six
+LONGLIST=	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
+
+EMPTY=		# the space should be ignored
+ESCAPEDSPACE=	\ # escaped space before the '#', the actual value is '\ '
+REALLYSPACE:=	${:U }
+HASH=		\#
+AT=		@
+STAR=		*
+ZERO=		0
+ONE=		1
+MINUSONE=	-1
+
+mod-squarebrackets: mod-squarebrackets-0-star-at \
+	mod-squarebrackets-hash \
+	mod-squarebrackets-n \
+	mod-squarebrackets-start-end \
+	mod-squarebrackets-nested \
+	mod-squarebrackets-space
+
+mod-squarebrackets-0-star-at:
+	@echo 'LIST:[]="${LIST:[]}" is an error'
+	@echo 'LIST:[0]="${LIST:[0]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[0x0]="${LIST:[0x0]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[000]="${LIST:[000]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[*]="${LIST:[*]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[@]="${LIST:[@]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[0]:C/ /,/="${LIST:[0]:C/ /,/}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[0]:C/ /,/g="${LIST:[0]:C/ /,/g}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[0]:C/ /,/1g="${LIST:[0]:C/ /,/1g}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[*]:C/ /,/="${LIST:[*]:C/ /,/}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[*]:C/ /,/g="${LIST:[*]:C/ /,/g}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[*]:C/ /,/1g="${LIST:[*]:C/ /,/1g}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[@]:C/ /,/="${LIST:[@]:C/ /,/}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[@]:C/ /,/g="${LIST:[@]:C/ /,/g}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[@]:C/ /,/1g="${LIST:[@]:C/ /,/1g}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[@]:[0]:C/ /,/="${LIST:[@]:[0]:C/ /,/}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[0]:[@]:C/ /,/="${LIST:[0]:[@]:C/ /,/}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[@]:[*]:C/ /,/="${LIST:[@]:[*]:C/ /,/}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[*]:[@]:C/ /,/="${LIST:[*]:[@]:C/ /,/}"'
+
+mod-squarebrackets-hash:
+	@echo 'EMPTY="${EMPTY}"'
+	@echo 'EMPTY:[#]="${EMPTY:[#]}" == 1 ?'
+	@echo 'ESCAPEDSPACE="${ESCAPEDSPACE}"'
+	@echo 'ESCAPEDSPACE:[#]="${ESCAPEDSPACE:[#]}" == 1 ?'
+	@echo 'REALLYSPACE="${REALLYSPACE}"'
+	@echo 'REALLYSPACE:[#]="${REALLYSPACE:[#]}" == 1 ?'
+	@echo 'LIST:[#]="${LIST:[#]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[0]:[#]="${LIST:[0]:[#]}" == 1 ?'
+	@echo 'LIST:[*]:[#]="${LIST:[*]:[#]}" == 1 ?'
+	@echo 'LIST:[@]:[#]="${LIST:[@]:[#]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[1]:[#]="${LIST:[1]:[#]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[1..3]:[#]="${LIST:[1..3]:[#]}"'
+
+mod-squarebrackets-n:
+	@echo 'EMPTY:[1]="${EMPTY:[1]}"'
+	@echo 'ESCAPEDSPACE="${ESCAPEDSPACE}"'
+	@echo 'ESCAPEDSPACE:[1]="${ESCAPEDSPACE:[1]}"'
+	@echo 'REALLYSPACE="${REALLYSPACE}"'
+	@echo 'REALLYSPACE:[1]="${REALLYSPACE:[1]}" == "" ?'
+	@echo 'REALLYSPACE:[*]:[1]="${REALLYSPACE:[*]:[1]}" == " " ?'
+	@echo 'LIST:[1]="${LIST:[1]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[1.]="${LIST:[1.]}" is an error'
+	@echo 'LIST:[1].="${LIST:[1].}" is an error'
+	@echo 'LIST:[2]="${LIST:[2]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[6]="${LIST:[6]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[7]="${LIST:[7]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[999]="${LIST:[999]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[-]="${LIST:[-]}" is an error'
+	@echo 'LIST:[--]="${LIST:[--]}" is an error'
+	@echo 'LIST:[-1]="${LIST:[-1]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[-2]="${LIST:[-2]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[-6]="${LIST:[-6]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[-7]="${LIST:[-7]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[-999]="${LIST:[-999]}"'
+	@echo 'LONGLIST:[17]="${LONGLIST:[17]}"'
+	@echo 'LONGLIST:[0x11]="${LONGLIST:[0x11]}"'
+	@echo 'LONGLIST:[021]="${LONGLIST:[021]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[0]:[1]="${LIST:[0]:[1]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[*]:[1]="${LIST:[*]:[1]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[@]:[1]="${LIST:[@]:[1]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[0]:[2]="${LIST:[0]:[2]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[*]:[2]="${LIST:[*]:[2]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[@]:[2]="${LIST:[@]:[2]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[*]:C/ /,/:[2]="${LIST:[*]:C/ /,/:[2]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[*]:C/ /,/:[*]:[2]="${LIST:[*]:C/ /,/:[*]:[2]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[*]:C/ /,/:[@]:[2]="${LIST:[*]:C/ /,/:[@]:[2]}"'
+	@echo 'LONGLIST:[012..0x12]="${LONGLIST:[012..0x12]}"'
+
+mod-squarebrackets-start-end:
+	@echo 'LIST:[1.]="${LIST:[1.]}" is an error'
+	@echo 'LIST:[1..]="${LIST:[1..]}" is an error'
+	@echo 'LIST:[1.. ]="${LIST:[1.. ]}" is an error'
+	@echo 'LIST:[1..1]="${LIST:[1..1]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[1..1.]="${LIST:[1..1.]}" is an error'
+	@echo 'LIST:[1..2]="${LIST:[1..2]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[2..1]="${LIST:[2..1]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[3..-2]="${LIST:[3..-2]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[-4..4]="${LIST:[-4..4]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[0..1]="${LIST:[0..1]}" is an error'
+	@echo 'LIST:[-1..0]="${LIST:[-1..0]}" is an error'
+	@echo 'LIST:[-1..1]="${LIST:[-1..1]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[0..0]="${LIST:[0..0]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[3..99]="${LIST:[3..99]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[-3..-99]="${LIST:[-3..-99]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[-99..-3]="${LIST:[-99..-3]}"'
+
+mod-squarebrackets-nested:
+	@echo 'HASH="${HASH}" == "#" ?'
+	@echo 'LIST:[$${HASH}]="${LIST:[${HASH}]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[$${ZERO}]="${LIST:[${ZERO}]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[$${ZERO}x$${ONE}]="${LIST:[${ZERO}x${ONE}]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[$${ONE}]="${LIST:[${ONE}]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[$${MINUSONE}]="${LIST:[${MINUSONE}]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[$${STAR}]="${LIST:[${STAR}]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[$${AT}]="${LIST:[${AT}]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[$${EMPTY}]="${LIST:[${EMPTY}]}" is an error'
+	@echo 'LIST:[$${LONGLIST:[21]:S/2//}]="${LIST:[${LONGLIST:[21]:S/2//}]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[$${LIST:[#]}]="${LIST:[${LIST:[#]}]}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:[$${LIST:[$${HASH}]}]="${LIST:[${LIST:[${HASH}]}]}"'
+
+mod-squarebrackets-space:
+	# As of 2020-11-01, it is possible to have spaces before the numbers
+	# but not after them.  This is an unintended side-effect of using
+	# strtol for parsing the numbers.
+	@echo 'LIST:[  -1..   +3]="${LIST:[  -1..   +3]}"'
+
+mod-C-W:
+	@echo 'LIST:C/ /,/="${LIST:C/ /,/}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:C/ /,/W="${LIST:C/ /,/W}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:C/ /,/gW="${LIST:C/ /,/gW}"'
+	@echo 'EMPTY:C/^/,/="${EMPTY:C/^/,/}"'
+	@echo 'EMPTY:C/^/,/W="${EMPTY:C/^/,/W}"'
+
+mod-S-W:
+	@echo 'LIST:S/ /,/="${LIST:S/ /,/}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:S/ /,/W="${LIST:S/ /,/W}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:S/ /,/gW="${LIST:S/ /,/gW}"'
+	@echo 'EMPTY:S/^/,/="${EMPTY:S/^/,/}"'
+	@echo 'EMPTY:S/^/,/W="${EMPTY:S/^/,/W}"'
+
+mod-tW-tw:
+	@echo 'LIST:tW="${LIST:tW}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:tw="${LIST:tw}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:tW:C/ /,/="${LIST:tW:C/ /,/}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:tW:C/ /,/g="${LIST:tW:C/ /,/g}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:tW:C/ /,/1g="${LIST:tW:C/ /,/1g}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:tw:C/ /,/="${LIST:tw:C/ /,/}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:tw:C/ /,/g="${LIST:tw:C/ /,/g}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:tw:C/ /,/1g="${LIST:tw:C/ /,/1g}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:tw:tW:C/ /,/="${LIST:tw:tW:C/ /,/}"'
+	@echo 'LIST:tW:tw:C/ /,/="${LIST:tW:tw:C/ /,/}"'
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-shell.exp b/unit-tests/varmod-shell.exp
index 9aef0c9e5acc..adcfe7f251a9 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-shell.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-shell.exp
@@ -1,3 +1,13 @@
 make: "echo word; false" returned non-zero status
 make: "echo word; false" returned non-zero status
+Global: _ = 
+Var_Parse: ${:!echo word; ${:Ufalse}!} (eval-keep-dollar-and-undefined)
+Evaluating modifier ${:!...} on value "" (eval-keep-dollar-and-undefined, undefined)
+Modifier part: "echo word; false"
+Capturing the output of command "echo word; false"
+make: "echo word; false" returned non-zero status
+Result of ${:!echo word; ${:Ufalse}!} is "word" (eval-keep-dollar-and-undefined, defined)
+Global: _ = word
+Global: .MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d v -d
+Global: .MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d v -d 0
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-shell.mk b/unit-tests/varmod-shell.mk
index c736042f80a0..d449709cee0f 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-shell.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-shell.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: varmod-shell.mk,v 1.6 2021/02/14 20:16:17 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmod-shell.mk,v 1.7 2022/01/10 20:32:29 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the ':!cmd!' variable modifier, which runs the shell command
 # given by the variable modifier and returns its output.
@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@
 #
 # Between 2000-04-29 and 2020-11-17, the error message mentioned the previous
 # value of the expression (which is usually an empty string) instead of the
-# command that was executed.  It's strange that such a simple bug could
-# survive such a long time.
+# command that was executed.
 .if ${:!echo word; false!} != "word"
 .  error
 .endif
@@ -29,4 +28,9 @@
 .  error
 .endif
 
+
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dv			# to see the actual command
+_:=	${:!echo word; ${:Ufalse}!}
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
+
 all:
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-sun-shell.exp b/unit-tests/varmod-sun-shell.exp
index 5087bc66d943..4954458b13e1 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-sun-shell.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-sun-shell.exp
@@ -1,2 +1,13 @@
 make: "echo word; false" returned non-zero status
+Global: _ = 
+Var_Parse: ${echo word; ${:Ufalse}:L:sh} (eval-keep-dollar-and-undefined)
+Evaluating modifier ${echo word; false:L} on value "" (eval-keep-dollar-and-undefined, undefined)
+Result of ${echo word; false:L} is "echo word; false" (eval-keep-dollar-and-undefined, defined)
+Evaluating modifier ${echo word; false:s...} on value "echo word; false" (eval-keep-dollar-and-undefined, defined)
+Capturing the output of command "echo word; false"
+make: "echo word; false" returned non-zero status
+Result of ${echo word; false:sh} is "word" (eval-keep-dollar-and-undefined, defined)
+Global: _ = word
+Global: .MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d v -d
+Global: .MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d v -d 0
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-sun-shell.mk b/unit-tests/varmod-sun-shell.mk
index 712b36bc7030..97acc5bd8c0f 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-sun-shell.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-sun-shell.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: varmod-sun-shell.mk,v 1.1 2021/02/14 20:16:17 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmod-sun-shell.mk,v 1.2 2022/01/10 20:32:29 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the :sh variable modifier, which runs the shell command
 # given by the variable value and returns its output.
@@ -18,4 +18,9 @@
 .  error
 .endif
 
+
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dv			# to see the actual command
+_:=	${echo word; ${:Ufalse}:L:sh}
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
+
 all:
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-to-separator.exp b/unit-tests/varmod-to-separator.exp
index 3f8f1b2a11eb..bfcfa3ebc103 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-to-separator.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-to-separator.exp
@@ -1,19 +1,25 @@
-make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 107: Invalid character number at "400:tu}"
-make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 107: Malformed conditional (${WORDS:[1..3]:ts\400:tu})
-make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 121: Invalid character number at "100:tu}"
-make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 121: Malformed conditional (${WORDS:[1..3]:ts\x100:tu})
+make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 153: Invalid character number at "400:tu}"
+make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 153: Malformed conditional (${WORDS:[1..3]:ts\400:tu})
+make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 167: Invalid character number at "100:tu}"
+make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 167: Malformed conditional (${WORDS:[1..3]:ts\x100:tu})
 make: Bad modifier ":ts\-300" for variable "WORDS"
-make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 128: Malformed conditional (${WORDS:[1..3]:ts\-300:tu})
+make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 174: Malformed conditional (${WORDS:[1..3]:ts\-300:tu})
 make: Bad modifier ":ts\8" for variable "1 2 3"
-make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 136: Malformed conditional (${1 2 3:L:ts\8:tu})
+make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 182: Malformed conditional (${1 2 3:L:ts\8:tu})
 make: Bad modifier ":ts\100L" for variable "1 2 3"
-make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 143: Malformed conditional (${1 2 3:L:ts\100L})
+make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 189: Malformed conditional (${1 2 3:L:ts\100L})
 make: Bad modifier ":ts\x40g" for variable "1 2 3"
-make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 150: Malformed conditional (${1 2 3:L:ts\x40g})
+make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 196: Malformed conditional (${1 2 3:L:ts\x40g})
 make: Bad modifier ":tx" for variable "WORDS"
-make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 158: Malformed conditional (${WORDS:tx} != "anything")
+make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 205: Malformed conditional (${WORDS:tx})
+make: Bad modifier ":ts\X" for variable "WORDS"
+make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 213: Malformed conditional (${WORDS:ts\X})
 make: Bad modifier ":t\X" for variable "WORDS"
-make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 165: Malformed conditional (${WORDS:t\X} != "anything")
+make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 221: Malformed conditional (${WORDS:t\X} != "anything")
+make: Bad modifier ":ts\69" for variable ""
+make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 237: Malformed conditional (${:Ua b:ts\69})
+make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 246: Invalid character number at "1F60E}"
+make: "varmod-to-separator.mk" line 246: Malformed conditional (${:Ua b:ts\x1F60E})
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-to-separator.mk b/unit-tests/varmod-to-separator.mk
index 08c6126ecc68..e724a9a1ce82 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-to-separator.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-to-separator.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: varmod-to-separator.mk,v 1.7 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmod-to-separator.mk,v 1.10 2022/01/23 21:48:59 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the :ts variable modifier, which joins the words of the variable
 # using an arbitrary character as word separator.
@@ -80,6 +80,52 @@ WORDS=	one two three four five six
 .  warning The :ts modifier followed by an :S modifier does not work.
 .endif
 
+# After the modifier ':ts/', the expression value is a single word since all
+# spaces have been replaced with '/'.  This single word does not start with
+# 'two', which makes the modifier ':S' a no-op.
+.if ${WORDS:ts/:S/^two/2/} != "one/two/three/four/five/six"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# After the :ts modifier, the whole string is interpreted as a single
+# word since all spaces have been replaced with x.  Because of this single
+# word, only the first 'b' is replaced with 'B'.
+.if ${aa bb aa bb aa bb:L:tsx:S,b,B,} != "aaxBbxaaxbbxaaxbb"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# The :ts modifier also applies to word separators that are added
+# afterwards.  First, the modifier ':tsx' joins the 3 words, then the modifier
+# ':S' replaces the 2 'b's with spaces.  These spaces are part of the word,
+# so when the words are joined at the end of the modifier ':S', there is only
+# a single word, and the custom separator from the modifier ':tsx' has no
+# effect.
+.if ${a ababa c:L:tsx:S,b, ,g} != "axa a axc"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# Adding the modifier ':M*' at the end of the above chain splits the
+# expression value and then joins it again.  At this point of splitting, the
+# newly added spaces are treated as word separators, resulting in 3 words.
+# When these 3 words are joined, the separator from the modifier ':tsx' is
+# used.
+.if ${a ababa c:L:tsx:S,b, ,g:M*} != "axaxaxaxc"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# Not all modifiers use the separator from the previous modifier ':ts' though.
+# The modifier ':@' always uses a space as word separator instead.  This has
+# probably been an oversight during implementation.  For consistency, the
+# result should rather be "axaxaxaxc", as in the previous example.
+.if ${a ababa c:L:tsx:S,b, ,g:@v@$v@} != "axa a axc"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# Adding a final :M* modifier applies the :ts separator again, though.
+.if ${a ababa c:L:tsx:S,b, ,g:@v@${v}@:M*} != "axaxaxaxc"
+.  error
+.endif
+
 # The separator can be \n, which is a newline.
 .if ${WORDS:[1..3]:ts\n} != "one${.newline}two${.newline}three"
 .  warning The separator \n does not produce a newline.
@@ -155,9 +201,19 @@ WORDS=	one two three four five six
 
 
 # In the :t modifier, the :t must be followed by any of A, l, s, u.
-.if ${WORDS:tx} != "anything"
-.  info This line is not reached because of the malformed condition.
-.  info If this line were reached, it would be visible in the -dcpv log.
+# expect: make: Bad modifier ":tx" for variable "WORDS"
+.if ${WORDS:tx}
+.  error
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# The word separator must be can only be a single character.
+# expect: make: Bad modifier ":ts\X" for variable "WORDS"
+.if ${WORDS:ts\X}
+.  error
+.else
+.  error
 .endif
 
 # After the backslash, only n, t, an octal number, or x and a hexadecimal
@@ -166,10 +222,29 @@ WORDS=	one two three four five six
 .  info This line is not reached.
 .endif
 
-# TODO: This modifier used to accept decimal numbers as well, in the form
-# ':ts\120'.  When has this been changed to octal, and what happens now
-# for ':ts\90' ('Z' in decimal ASCII, undefined in octal)?
 
-# TODO: :ts\x1F600
+# Since 2003.07.23.18.06.46 and before 2016.03.07.20.20.35, the modifier ':ts'
+# interpreted an "octal escape" as decimal if the first digit was not '0'.
+.if ${:Ua b:ts\61} != "a1b"	# decimal would have been "a=b"
+.  error
+.endif
 
-all:
+# Since the character escape is always interpreted as octal, let's see what
+# happens for non-octal digits.  From 2003.07.23.18.06.46 to
+# 2016.02.27.16.20.06, the result was '1E2', since 2016.03.07.20.20.35 make no
+# longer accepts this escape and complains.
+# expect: make: Bad modifier ":ts\69" for variable ""
+.if ${:Ua b:ts\69}
+.  error
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# Try whether bmake is Unicode-ready.
+# expect+2: Invalid character number at "1F60E}"
+# expect+1: Malformed conditional (${:Ua b:ts\x1F60E})
+.if ${:Ua b:ts\x1F60E}		# U+1F60E "smiling face with sunglasses"
+.  error
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
diff --git a/unit-tests/varname-dot-make-jobs.exp b/unit-tests/varname-dot-make-jobs.exp
index 39a9383953dd..1308f9116240 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varname-dot-make-jobs.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varname-dot-make-jobs.exp
@@ -1 +1,8 @@
+undefined
+1
+--- echo ---
+5
+--- echo ---
+20
+00000000000000000000000000000001
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/varname-dot-make-jobs.mk b/unit-tests/varname-dot-make-jobs.mk
index 1e99b3d28ea8..af5eebfe7498 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varname-dot-make-jobs.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varname-dot-make-jobs.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,24 @@
-# $NetBSD: varname-dot-make-jobs.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varname-dot-make-jobs.mk,v 1.3 2022/01/26 22:47:03 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Tests for the special .MAKE.JOBS variable.
+# Tests for the special .MAKE.JOBS variable, which is defined in jobs mode
+# only.  There it contains the number of jobs that may run in parallel.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+.MAIN: all
+
+echo: .PHONY
+	@echo ${.MAKE.JOBS:Uundefined}
 
 all:
-	@:;
+	@${MAKE} -r -f ${MAKEFILE} echo
+	@${MAKE} -r -f ${MAKEFILE} echo -j1
+	@${MAKE} -r -f ${MAKEFILE} echo -j5
+	@${MAKE} -r -f ${MAKEFILE} echo -j20
+	@${MAKE} -r -f ${MAKEFILE} echo -j00000000000000000000000000000001
+
+# expect: undefined
+# expect: 1
+# expect: 5
+# expect: 20
+# The value of .MAKE.JOBS is the exact text given in the command line, not the
+# canonical number.  This doesn't have practical consequences though.
+# expect: 00000000000000000000000000000001
diff --git a/unit-tests/varname-dot-make-pid.mk b/unit-tests/varname-dot-make-pid.mk
index bea114d33547..d7ef5bfd5c44 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varname-dot-make-pid.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varname-dot-make-pid.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,16 @@
-# $NetBSD: varname-dot-make-pid.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varname-dot-make-pid.mk,v 1.3 2022/01/23 21:48:59 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Tests for the special .MAKE.PID variable.
+# Tests for the special .MAKE.PID variable, which contains the process ID of
+# the make process itself.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+# The process ID must be a positive integer.
+.if ${.MAKE.PID:C,[0-9],,g} != ""
+.  error
+.elif !(${.MAKE.PID} > 0)
+.  error
+.endif
 
-all:
-	@:;
+# Ensure that the process exists.
+_!=	kill -0 ${.MAKE.PID}
+
+all: .PHONY
diff --git a/unit-tests/varname-dot-make-ppid.mk b/unit-tests/varname-dot-make-ppid.mk
index c9471542ca35..91f13fd2feec 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varname-dot-make-ppid.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varname-dot-make-ppid.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,23 @@
-# $NetBSD: varname-dot-make-ppid.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varname-dot-make-ppid.mk,v 1.3 2022/01/23 21:48:59 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Tests for the special .MAKE.PPID variable.
+# Tests for the special .MAKE.PPID variable, which contains the process ID of
+# make's parent process.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+# The parent process ID must be a positive integer.
+.if ${.MAKE.PPID:C,[0-9],,g} != ""
+.  error
+.elif !(${.MAKE.PPID} > 0)
+.  error
+.endif
 
-all:
-	@:;
+# Ensure that the process exists.
+_!=	kill -0 ${.MAKE.PPID}
+
+# The parent process ID must be different from the process ID.  If they were
+# the same, make would run as process 1, which is not a good idea because make
+# is not prepared to clean up after other processes.
+.if ${.MAKE.PPID} == ${.MAKE.PID}
+.  error
+.endif
+
+all: .PHONY
diff --git a/unit-tests/varname-dot-shell.exp b/unit-tests/varname-dot-shell.exp
index bfbcfc960182..28516ab1ea84 100755
--- a/unit-tests/varname-dot-shell.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varname-dot-shell.exp
@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
-ParseReadLine (10): 'ORIG_SHELL:=	${.SHELL}'
+Parsing line 10: ORIG_SHELL:=	${.SHELL}
 Global: ORIG_SHELL = 
 Var_Parse: ${.SHELL} (eval-keep-dollar-and-undefined)
 Global:delete .SHELL (not found)
 Command: .SHELL = (details omitted)
 Global: ORIG_SHELL = (details omitted)
-ParseReadLine (12): '.SHELL=		overwritten'
+Parsing line 12: .SHELL=		overwritten
 Global: .SHELL = overwritten
 CondParser_Eval: ${.SHELL} != ${ORIG_SHELL}
 Var_Parse: ${.SHELL} != ${ORIG_SHELL} (eval-defined)
 Var_Parse: ${ORIG_SHELL} (eval-defined)
 lhs = "(details omitted)", rhs = "(details omitted)", op = !=
-ParseReadLine (19): '.MAKEFLAGS: .SHELL+=appended'
+Parsing line 19: .MAKEFLAGS: .SHELL+=appended
 ParseDependency(.MAKEFLAGS: .SHELL+=appended)
 Ignoring append to .SHELL since it is read-only
 CondParser_Eval: ${.SHELL} != ${ORIG_SHELL}
 Var_Parse: ${.SHELL} != ${ORIG_SHELL} (eval-defined)
 Var_Parse: ${ORIG_SHELL} (eval-defined)
 lhs = "(details omitted)", rhs = "(details omitted)", op = !=
-ParseReadLine (27): '.undef .SHELL'
+Parsing line 27: .undef .SHELL
 Global:delete .SHELL
-ParseReadLine (28): '.SHELL=		newly overwritten'
+Parsing line 28: .SHELL=		newly overwritten
 Global: .SHELL = newly overwritten
 CondParser_Eval: ${.SHELL} != ${ORIG_SHELL}
 Var_Parse: ${.SHELL} != ${ORIG_SHELL} (eval-defined)
 Var_Parse: ${ORIG_SHELL} (eval-defined)
 lhs = "(details omitted)", rhs = "(details omitted)", op = !=
-ParseReadLine (33): '.MAKEFLAGS: -d0'
+Parsing line 33: .MAKEFLAGS: -d0
 ParseDependency(.MAKEFLAGS: -d0)
 Global: .MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d cpv -d
 Global: .MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d cpv -d 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/varname-dot-suffixes.mk b/unit-tests/varname-dot-suffixes.mk
index de8034a172cc..babbe20d1c7c 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varname-dot-suffixes.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varname-dot-suffixes.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: varname-dot-suffixes.mk,v 1.1 2021/12/12 22:16:48 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varname-dot-suffixes.mk,v 1.2 2022/01/15 12:35:18 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the special "variable" .SUFFIXES, which lists the suffixes that
 # have been registered for use in suffix transformation rules.  Suffixes are
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
 .SUFFIXES+=	append
 # expect: Global: .SUFFIXES = assign ignored (read-only)
 _:=		${.SUFFIXES::=assign}
-# expect: Command: .SUFFIXES = preserve ignored (read-only)
+# expect: Global: .SUFFIXES = preserve ignored (read-only)
 _:=		${preserve:L:_=.SUFFIXES}
 .MAKEFLAGS: -d0
 
@@ -96,6 +96,8 @@ _:=		${preserve:L:_=.SUFFIXES}
 .MAKEFLAGS: -dv
 # expect: Command: .SUFFIXES = 1 ignored (read-only)
 # expect: Command: .SUFFIXES = 2 ignored (read-only)
+# XXX: Missing space after ':'
+# expect: Command:delete .SUFFIXES (not found)
 .if ${1 2:L:@.SUFFIXES@${.SUFFIXES}@} != ".c .o .1 .err .tar.gz .c .o .1 .err .tar.gz"
 .  error
 .endif
diff --git a/unit-tests/varname-empty.exp b/unit-tests/varname-empty.exp
index 75a3f4151a8c..72e79abe1ea9 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varname-empty.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varname-empty.exp
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ Var_SetExpand: variable name "" expands to empty string, with value "assigned" -
 SetVar: variable name is empty - ignored
 Var_SetExpand: variable name "" expands to empty string, with value "" - ignored
 Var_SetExpand: variable name "" expands to empty string, with value "subst" - ignored
+Capturing the output of command "echo 'shell-output'"
 Var_SetExpand: variable name "" expands to empty string, with value "shell-output" - ignored
 Var_SetExpand: variable name "${:U}" expands to empty string, with value "assigned indirectly" - ignored
 Var_AppendExpand: variable name "${:U}" expands to empty string, with value "appended indirectly" - ignored
diff --git a/unit-tests/varname-makeflags.mk b/unit-tests/varname-makeflags.mk
index 3b4fd91c3f57..f7840c2eb7a5 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varname-makeflags.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varname-makeflags.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: varname-makeflags.mk,v 1.3 2020/12/01 20:37:30 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varname-makeflags.mk,v 1.5 2022/01/16 18:16:06 sjg Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the special MAKEFLAGS variable, which is basically just a normal
 # environment variable.  It is closely related to .MAKEFLAGS but captures the
@@ -23,4 +23,22 @@
 .  error
 .endif
 
+
+# In POSIX mode, the environment variable MAKEFLAGS can contain letters only,
+# for compatibility.  These letters are exploded to form regular options.
+OUTPUT!=	env MAKEFLAGS=ikrs ${MAKE} -f /dev/null -v .MAKEFLAGS
+.if ${OUTPUT} != " -i -k -r -s -V .MAKEFLAGS"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# As soon as there is a single non-alphabetic character in the environment
+# variable MAKEFLAGS, it is no longer split.  In this example, the word
+# "d0ikrs" is treated as a target, but the option '-v' prevents any targets
+# from being built.
+OUTPUT!=	env MAKEFLAGS=d0ikrs ${MAKE} -r -f /dev/null -v .MAKEFLAGS
+.if ${OUTPUT} != " -r -V .MAKEFLAGS"
+.  error ${OUTPUT}
+.endif
+
+
 all:
diff --git a/unit-tests/varname.mk b/unit-tests/varname.mk
index f586c7602cb7..0fc908c36481 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varname.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varname.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: varname.mk,v 1.8 2020/11/02 22:59:48 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varname.mk,v 1.9 2022/01/27 10:42:02 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for special variables, such as .MAKE or .PARSEDIR.
 # And for variable names in general.
@@ -41,4 +41,46 @@ ${VARNAME}=	try3
 
 .MAKEFLAGS: -d0
 
+# All variable names of a scope are stored in the same hash table, using a
+# simple hash function.  Ensure that HashEntry_KeyEquals handles collisions
+# correctly and that the correct variable is looked up.  The strings "0x" and
+# "1Y" have the same hash code, as 31 * '0' + 'x' == 31 * '1' + 'Y'.
+V.0x=	0x
+V.1Y=	1Y
+.if ${V.0x} != "0x" || ${V.1Y} != "1Y"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# The string "ASDZguv", when used as a prefix of a variable name, keeps the
+# hash code unchanged, its own hash code is 0.
+ASDZguvV.0x=	0x
+ASDZguvV.1Y=	1Y
+.if ${ASDZguvV.0x} != "0x"
+.  error
+.elif ${ASDZguvV.1Y} != "1Y"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# Ensure that variables with the same hash code whose name is a prefix of the
+# other can be accessed.  In this case, the shorter variable name is defined
+# first to make it appear later in the bucket of the hash table.
+ASDZguv=	once
+ASDZguvASDZguv=	twice
+.if ${ASDZguv} != "once"
+.  error
+.elif ${ASDZguvASDZguv} != "twice"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# Ensure that variables with the same hash code whose name is a prefix of the
+# other can be accessed.  In this case, the longer variable name is defined
+# first to make it appear later in the bucket of the hash table.
+ASDZguvASDZguv.param=	twice
+ASDZguv.param=		once
+.if ${ASDZguv.param} != "once"
+.  error
+.elif ${ASDZguvASDZguv.param} != "twice"
+.  error
+.endif
+
 all:
diff --git a/unit-tests/varparse-errors.exp b/unit-tests/varparse-errors.exp
index 27589e0b21af..e47127447cda 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varparse-errors.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varparse-errors.exp
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 make: "varparse-errors.mk" line 38: Unknown modifier "Z"
 make: "varparse-errors.mk" line 46: Unknown modifier "Z"
+make: Bad modifier ":OX" for variable ""
+make: "varparse-errors.mk" line 68: Undefined variable "${:U:OX"
+make: Bad modifier ":OX" for variable ""
+make: Bad modifier ":OX" for variable ""
+make: "varparse-errors.mk" line 68: Undefined variable "${:U:OX"
+make: Bad modifier ":OX" for variable ""
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/varparse-errors.mk b/unit-tests/varparse-errors.mk
index f0947bb9410a..51a403fa898f 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varparse-errors.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varparse-errors.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: varparse-errors.mk,v 1.4 2021/03/15 12:15:03 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varparse-errors.mk,v 1.5 2022/01/24 22:59:49 rillig Exp $
 
 # Tests for parsing and evaluating all kinds of variable expressions.
 #
@@ -48,4 +48,24 @@ VAR.${:U:Z}post=	unknown modifier with text in the variable name
 .  error
 .endif
 
+# Demonstrate an edge case in which the 'static' for 'errorReported' in
+# Var_Subst actually makes a difference, preventing "a plethora of messages".
+# Given that this is an edge case and the error message is wrong and thus
+# misleading anyway, that piece of code is probably not necessary.  The wrong
+# condition was added in var.c 1.185 from 2014-05-19.
+#
+# To trigger this difference, the variable assignment must use the assignment
+# operator ':=' to make VarEvalMode_ShouldKeepUndef return true.  There must
+# be 2 expressions that create a parse error, which in this case is ':OX'.
+# These expressions must be nested in some way.  The below expressions are
+# minimal, that is, removing any part of it destroys the effect.
+#
+# Without the 'static', there would be one more message like this:
+#	Undefined variable "${:U:OX"
+#
+#.MAKEFLAGS: -dv
+IND=	${:OX}
+_:=	${:U:OX:U${IND}} ${:U:OX:U${IND}}
+#.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
+
 all:
diff --git a/unit-tests/varquote.mk b/unit-tests/varquote.mk
index fb8b1066ac15..3d5e8a7f32e9 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varquote.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varquote.mk
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-# $NetBSD: varquote.mk,v 1.4 2018/12/16 18:53:34 christos Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varquote.mk,v 1.5 2021/12/28 10:47:00 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Test VAR:q modifier
 
 .if !defined(REPROFLAGS)
-REPROFLAGS+=    -fdebug-prefix-map=\$$NETBSDSRCDIR=/usr/src
-REPROFLAGS+=    -fdebug-regex-map='/usr/src/(.*)/obj$$=/usr/obj/\1'
+REPROFLAGS+=	-fdebug-prefix-map=\$$NETBSDSRCDIR=/usr/src
+REPROFLAGS+=	-fdebug-regex-map='/usr/src/(.*)/obj$$=/usr/obj/\1'
 all:
 	@${MAKE} -f ${MAKEFILE} REPROFLAGS=${REPROFLAGS:S/\$/&&/g:Q}
 	@${MAKE} -f ${MAKEFILE} REPROFLAGS=${REPROFLAGS:q}
diff --git a/util.c b/util.c
index dab18e2ece53..eeda3d8f8a0c 100644
--- a/util.c
+++ b/util.c
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: util.c,v 1.76 2021/02/03 08:00:36 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: util.c,v 1.78 2021/12/15 12:58:01 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Missing stuff from OS's
  *
- *	$Id: util.c,v 1.49 2021/10/14 19:26:52 sjg Exp $
+ *	$Id: util.c,v 1.50 2021/12/21 18:47:24 sjg Exp $
  */
 
 #include <sys/param.h>
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 #include "make.h"
 
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: util.c,v 1.76 2021/02/03 08:00:36 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: util.c,v 1.78 2021/12/15 12:58:01 rillig Exp $");
 
 #if !defined(MAKE_NATIVE) && !defined(HAVE_STRERROR)
 extern int errno, sys_nerr;
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ extern char *sys_errlist[];
 char *
 strerror(int e)
 {
-    static char buf[100];
-    if (e < 0 || e >= sys_nerr) {
-	snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "Unknown error %d", e);
-	return buf;
-    } else
-	return sys_errlist[e];
+	static char buf[100];
+	if (e < 0 || e >= sys_nerr) {
+		snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "Unknown error %d", e);
+		return buf;
+	} else
+		return sys_errlist[e];
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -57,9 +57,9 @@ findenv(const char *name, int *offset)
 char *
 getenv(const char *name)
 {
-    int offset;
+	int offset;
 
-    return findenv(name, &offset);
+	return findenv(name, &offset);
 }
 
 int
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ unsetenv(const char *name)
 		return -1;
 	}
 
-	while (findenv(name, &offset))	{ /* if set multiple times */
+	while (findenv(name, &offset)) {	/* if set multiple times */
 		for (p = &environ[offset];; p++)
 			if (!(*p = *(p + 1)))
 				break;
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ setenv(const char *name, const char *value, int rewrite)
 		return -1;
 	}
 
-	if (*value == '=')			/* no `=' in value */
+	if (*value == '=')	/* no `=' in value */
 		value++;
 	l_value = strlen(value);
 
@@ -160,16 +160,15 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 static char *
 strrcpy(char *ptr, char *str)
 {
-    int len = strlen(str);
+	int len = strlen(str);
 
-    while (len != 0)
-	*--ptr = str[--len];
+	while (len != 0)
+		*--ptr = str[--len];
 
-    return ptr;
-} /* end strrcpy */
+	return ptr;
+}
 
-
-char    *sys_siglist[] = {
+char *sys_siglist[] = {
 	"Signal 0",
 	"Hangup",			/* SIGHUP    */
 	"Interrupt",			/* SIGINT    */
@@ -218,7 +217,7 @@ char    *sys_siglist[] = {
 int
 killpg(int pid, int sig)
 {
-    return kill(-pid, sig);
+	return kill(-pid, sig);
 }
 
 #if !defined(BSD) && !defined(d_fileno)
@@ -393,7 +392,7 @@ vsnprintf(char *s, size_t n, const char *fmt, va_list args)
 	fakebuf._cnt++;
 	putc('\0', &fakebuf);
 	if (fakebuf._cnt < 0)
-	    fakebuf._cnt = 0;
+		fakebuf._cnt = 0;
 	return n - fakebuf._cnt - 1;
 #else
 #ifndef _PATH_DEVNULL
diff --git a/var.c b/var.c
index 4542a2f9a2ed..53d325d0d95a 100644
--- a/var.c
+++ b/var.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: var.c,v 1.973 2021/12/12 20:45:48 sjg Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: var.c,v 1.1009 2022/02/04 23:43:10 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993
@@ -103,7 +103,6 @@
  *	Var_Parse	Parse a variable expression such as ${VAR:Mpattern}.
  *
  *	Var_Delete
- *	Var_DeleteExpand
  *			Delete a variable.
  *
  *	Var_ReexportVars
@@ -148,7 +147,7 @@
 #include "metachar.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)var.c	8.3 (Berkeley) 3/19/94" */
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: var.c,v 1.973 2021/12/12 20:45:48 sjg Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: var.c,v 1.1009 2022/02/04 23:43:10 rillig Exp $");
 
 /*
  * Variables are defined using one of the VAR=value assignments.  Their
@@ -161,10 +160,11 @@ MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: var.c,v 1.973 2021/12/12 20:45:48 sjg Exp $");
  * Scope variables are stored in a GNode.scope.  The only way to undefine
  * a scope variable is using the .undef directive.  In particular, it must
  * not be possible to undefine a variable during the evaluation of an
- * expression, or Var.name might point nowhere.
+ * expression, or Var.name might point nowhere.  (There is another,
+ * unintended way to undefine a scope variable, see varmod-loop-delete.mk.)
  *
- * Environment variables are temporary.  They are returned by VarFind, and
- * after using them, they must be freed using VarFreeEnv.
+ * Environment variables are short-lived.  They are returned by VarFind, and
+ * after using them, they must be freed using VarFreeShortLived.
  *
  * Undefined variables occur during evaluation of variable expressions such
  * as ${UNDEF:Ufallback} in Var_Parse and ApplyModifiers.
@@ -181,14 +181,20 @@ typedef struct Var {
 	Buffer val;
 
 	/* The variable came from the command line. */
-	bool fromCmd: 1;
+	bool fromCmd:1;
+
+	/*
+	 * The variable is short-lived.
+	 * These variables are not registered in any GNode, therefore they
+	 * must be freed after use.
+	 */
+	bool shortLived:1;
 
 	/*
 	 * The variable comes from the environment.
-	 * These variables are not registered in any GNode, therefore they
-	 * must be freed as soon as they are not used anymore.
+	 * Appending to its value moves the variable to the global scope.
 	 */
-	bool fromEnv: 1;
+	bool fromEnvironment:1;
 
 	/*
 	 * The variable value cannot be changed anymore, and the variable
@@ -197,19 +203,19 @@ typedef struct Var {
 	 *
 	 * See VAR_SET_READONLY.
 	 */
-	bool readOnly: 1;
+	bool readOnly:1;
 
 	/*
 	* The variable's value is currently being used by Var_Parse or
 	* Var_Subst.  This marker is used to avoid endless recursion.
 	*/
-	bool inUse: 1;
+	bool inUse:1;
 
 	/*
 	 * The variable is exported to the environment, to be used by child
 	 * processes.
 	 */
-	bool exported: 1;
+	bool exported:1;
 
 	/*
 	 * At the point where this variable was exported, it contained an
@@ -217,7 +223,7 @@ typedef struct Var {
 	 * process is started, it needs to be exported again, in the hope
 	 * that the referenced variable can then be resolved.
 	 */
-	bool reexport: 1;
+	bool reexport:1;
 } Var;
 
 /*
@@ -250,10 +256,10 @@ typedef enum UnexportWhat {
 
 /* Flags for pattern matching in the :S and :C modifiers */
 typedef struct PatternFlags {
-	bool subGlobal: 1;	/* 'g': replace as often as possible */
-	bool subOnce: 1;	/* '1': replace only once */
-	bool anchorStart: 1;	/* '^': match only at start of word */
-	bool anchorEnd: 1;	/* '$': match only at end of word */
+	bool subGlobal:1;	/* 'g': replace as often as possible */
+	bool subOnce:1;		/* '1': replace only once */
+	bool anchorStart:1;	/* '^': match only at start of word */
+	bool anchorEnd:1;	/* '$': match only at end of word */
 } PatternFlags;
 
 /* SepBuf builds a string from words interleaved with separators. */
@@ -317,7 +323,8 @@ static bool save_dollars = false;
  * be simpler or more complex than the current implementation.
  *
  * Each target has its own scope, containing the 7 target-local variables
- * .TARGET, .ALLSRC, etc.  No other variables are in these scopes.
+ * .TARGET, .ALLSRC, etc.  Variables set on dependency lines also go in
+ * this scope.
  */
 
 GNode *SCOPE_CMDLINE;
@@ -337,7 +344,8 @@ static const char VarEvalMode_Name[][32] = {
 
 
 static Var *
-VarNew(FStr name, const char *value, bool fromEnv, bool readOnly)
+VarNew(FStr name, const char *value,
+       bool shortLived, bool fromEnvironment, bool readOnly)
 {
 	size_t value_len = strlen(value);
 	Var *var = bmake_malloc(sizeof *var);
@@ -345,7 +353,8 @@ VarNew(FStr name, const char *value, bool fromEnv, bool readOnly)
 	Buf_InitSize(&var->val, value_len + 1);
 	Buf_AddBytes(&var->val, value, value_len);
 	var->fromCmd = false;
-	var->fromEnv = fromEnv;
+	var->shortLived = shortLived;
+	var->fromEnvironment = fromEnvironment;
 	var->readOnly = readOnly;
 	var->inUse = false;
 	var->exported = false;
@@ -399,8 +408,8 @@ GNode_FindVar(GNode *scope, Substring varname, unsigned int hash)
  *
  * Results:
  *	The found variable, or NULL if the variable does not exist.
- *	If the variable is an environment variable, it must be freed using
- *	VarFreeEnv after use.
+ *	If the variable is short-lived (such as environment variables), it
+ *	must be freed using VarFreeShortLived after use.
  */
 static Var *
 VarFindSubstring(Substring name, GNode *scope, bool elsewhere)
@@ -439,7 +448,7 @@ VarFindSubstring(Substring name, GNode *scope, bool elsewhere)
 		envName = Substring_Str(name);
 		envValue = getenv(envName.str);
 		if (envValue != NULL)
-			return VarNew(envName, envValue, true, false);
+			return VarNew(envName, envValue, true, true, false);
 		FStr_Done(&envName);
 
 		if (opts.checkEnvFirst && scope != SCOPE_GLOBAL) {
@@ -463,11 +472,11 @@ VarFind(const char *name, GNode *scope, bool elsewhere)
 	return VarFindSubstring(Substring_InitStr(name), scope, elsewhere);
 }
 
-/* If the variable is an environment variable, free it, including its value. */
+/* If the variable is short-lived, free it, including its value. */
 static void
-VarFreeEnv(Var *v)
+VarFreeShortLived(Var *v)
 {
-	if (!v->fromEnv)
+	if (!v->shortLived)
 		return;
 
 	FStr_Done(&v->name);
@@ -481,7 +490,7 @@ VarAdd(const char *name, const char *value, GNode *scope, VarSetFlags flags)
 {
 	HashEntry *he = HashTable_CreateEntry(&scope->vars, name, NULL);
 	Var *v = VarNew(FStr_InitRefer(/* aliased to */ he->key), value,
-	    false, (flags & VAR_SET_READONLY) != 0);
+	    false, false, (flags & VAR_SET_READONLY) != 0);
 	HashEntry_Set(he, v);
 	DEBUG3(VAR, "%s: %s = %s\n", scope->name, name, value);
 	return v;
@@ -520,27 +529,6 @@ Var_Delete(GNode *scope, const char *varname)
 	free(v);
 }
 
-/*
- * Remove a variable from a scope, freeing all related memory as well.
- * The variable name is expanded once.
- */
-void
-Var_DeleteExpand(GNode *scope, const char *name)
-{
-	FStr varname = FStr_InitRefer(name);
-
-	if (strchr(varname.str, '$') != NULL) {
-		char *expanded;
-		(void)Var_Subst(varname.str, SCOPE_GLOBAL, VARE_WANTRES,
-		    &expanded);
-		/* TODO: handle errors */
-		varname = FStr_InitOwn(expanded);
-	}
-
-	Var_Delete(scope, varname.str);
-	FStr_Done(&varname);
-}
-
 /*
  * Undefine one or more variables from the global scope.
  * The argument is expanded exactly once and then split into words.
@@ -948,7 +936,7 @@ ExistsInCmdline(const char *name, const char *val)
 		return true;
 	}
 
-	VarFreeEnv(v);
+	VarFreeShortLived(v);
 	return false;
 }
 
@@ -998,7 +986,7 @@ Var_SetWithFlags(GNode *scope, const char *name, const char *val,
 			    scope->name, name, val);
 			return;
 		}
-		Buf_Empty(&v->val);
+		Buf_Clear(&v->val);
 		Buf_AddStr(&v->val, val);
 
 		DEBUG3(VAR, "%s: %s = %s\n", scope->name, name, val);
@@ -1023,8 +1011,10 @@ Var_SetWithFlags(GNode *scope, const char *name, const char *val,
 		if (!opts.varNoExportEnv)
 			setenv(name, val, 1);
 		/* XXX: What about .MAKE.EXPORTED? */
-		/* XXX: Why not just mark the variable for needing export,
-		 *  as in ExportVarPlain? */
+		/*
+		 * XXX: Why not just mark the variable for needing export, as
+		 * in ExportVarPlain?
+		 */
 
 		Global_Append(MAKEOVERRIDES, name);
 	}
@@ -1033,35 +1023,7 @@ Var_SetWithFlags(GNode *scope, const char *name, const char *val,
 		save_dollars = ParseBoolean(val, save_dollars);
 
 	if (v != NULL)
-		VarFreeEnv(v);
-}
-
-/* See Var_Set for documentation. */
-void
-Var_SetExpandWithFlags(GNode *scope, const char *name, const char *val,
-		       VarSetFlags flags)
-{
-	const char *unexpanded_name = name;
-	FStr varname = FStr_InitRefer(name);
-
-	assert(val != NULL);
-
-	if (strchr(varname.str, '$') != NULL) {
-		char *expanded;
-		(void)Var_Subst(varname.str, scope, VARE_WANTRES, &expanded);
-		/* TODO: handle errors */
-		varname = FStr_InitOwn(expanded);
-	}
-
-	if (varname.str[0] == '\0') {
-		DEBUG2(VAR,
-		    "Var_SetExpand: variable name \"%s\" expands "
-		    "to empty string, with value \"%s\" - ignored\n",
-		    unexpanded_name, val);
-	} else
-		Var_SetWithFlags(scope, varname.str, val, flags);
-
-	FStr_Done(&varname);
+		VarFreeShortLived(v);
 }
 
 void
@@ -1084,7 +1046,22 @@ Var_Set(GNode *scope, const char *name, const char *val)
 void
 Var_SetExpand(GNode *scope, const char *name, const char *val)
 {
-	Var_SetExpandWithFlags(scope, name, val, VAR_SET_NONE);
+	const char *unexpanded_name = name;
+	FStr varname = FStr_InitRefer(name);
+
+	assert(val != NULL);
+
+	Var_Expand(&varname, scope, VARE_WANTRES);
+
+	if (varname.str[0] == '\0') {
+		DEBUG2(VAR,
+		    "Var_SetExpand: variable name \"%s\" expands "
+		    "to empty string, with value \"%s\" - ignored\n",
+		    unexpanded_name, val);
+	} else
+		Var_SetWithFlags(scope, varname.str, val, VAR_SET_NONE);
+
+	FStr_Done(&varname);
 }
 
 void
@@ -1093,12 +1070,6 @@ Global_Set(const char *name, const char *value)
 	Var_Set(SCOPE_GLOBAL, name, value);
 }
 
-void
-Global_SetExpand(const char *name, const char *value)
-{
-	Var_SetExpand(SCOPE_GLOBAL, name, value);
-}
-
 void
 Global_Delete(const char *name)
 {
@@ -1129,17 +1100,18 @@ Var_Append(GNode *scope, const char *name, const char *val)
 
 		DEBUG3(VAR, "%s: %s = %s\n", scope->name, name, v->val.data);
 
-		if (v->fromEnv) {
+		if (v->fromEnvironment) {
 			/*
-			 * If the original variable came from the environment,
-			 * we have to install it in the global scope (we
-			 * could place it in the environment, but then we
-			 * should provide a way to export other variables...)
+			 * The variable originally came from the environment.
+			 * Install it in the global scope (we could place it
+			 * in the environment, but then we should provide a
+			 * way to export other variables...)
 			 */
-			v->fromEnv = false;
+			v->fromEnvironment = false;
+			v->shortLived = false;
 			/*
 			 * This is the only place where a variable is
-			 * created whose v->name is not the same as
+			 * created in a scope, where v->name does not alias
 			 * scope->vars->key.
 			 */
 			HashTable_Set(&scope->vars, name, v);
@@ -1174,22 +1146,14 @@ Var_AppendExpand(GNode *scope, const char *name, const char *val)
 
 	assert(val != NULL);
 
-	if (strchr(name, '$') != NULL) {
-		char *expanded;
-		(void)Var_Subst(name, scope, VARE_WANTRES, &expanded);
-		/* TODO: handle errors */
-		xname = FStr_InitOwn(expanded);
-		if (expanded[0] == '\0') {
-			DEBUG2(VAR,
-			    "Var_AppendExpand: variable name \"%s\" expands "
-			    "to empty string, with value \"%s\" - ignored\n",
-			    name, val);
-			FStr_Done(&xname);
-			return;
-		}
-	}
-
-	Var_Append(scope, xname.str, val);
+	Var_Expand(&xname, scope, VARE_WANTRES);
+	if (xname.str != name && xname.str[0] == '\0')
+		DEBUG2(VAR,
+		    "Var_AppendExpand: variable name \"%s\" expands "
+		    "to empty string, with value \"%s\" - ignored\n",
+		    name, val);
+	else
+		Var_Append(scope, xname.str, val);
 
 	FStr_Done(&xname);
 }
@@ -1207,7 +1171,7 @@ Var_Exists(GNode *scope, const char *name)
 	if (v == NULL)
 		return false;
 
-	VarFreeEnv(v);
+	VarFreeShortLived(v);
 	return true;
 }
 
@@ -1225,13 +1189,7 @@ Var_ExistsExpand(GNode *scope, const char *name)
 	FStr varname = FStr_InitRefer(name);
 	bool exists;
 
-	if (strchr(varname.str, '$') != NULL) {
-		char *expanded;
-		(void)Var_Subst(varname.str, scope, VARE_WANTRES, &expanded);
-		/* TODO: handle errors */
-		varname = FStr_InitOwn(expanded);
-	}
-
+	Var_Expand(&varname, scope, VARE_WANTRES);
 	exists = Var_Exists(scope, varname.str);
 	FStr_Done(&varname);
 	return exists;
@@ -1258,13 +1216,13 @@ Var_Value(GNode *scope, const char *name)
 	if (v == NULL)
 		return FStr_InitRefer(NULL);
 
-	if (!v->fromEnv)
+	if (!v->shortLived)
 		return FStr_InitRefer(v->val.data);
 
-	/* Since environment variables are short-lived, free it now. */
-	FStr_Done(&v->name);
-	value = Buf_DoneData(&v->val);
-	free(v);
+	value = v->val.data;
+	v->val.data = NULL;
+	VarFreeShortLived(v);
+
 	return FStr_InitOwn(value);
 }
 
@@ -1475,7 +1433,6 @@ ModifyWord_SysVSubst(Substring word, SepBuf *buf, void *data)
 {
 	const struct ModifyWord_SysVSubstArgs *args = data;
 	FStr rhs;
-	char *rhsExp;
 	const char *percent;
 
 	if (Substring_IsEmpty(word))
@@ -1487,11 +1444,7 @@ ModifyWord_SysVSubst(Substring word, SepBuf *buf, void *data)
 		goto no_match;
 
 	rhs = FStr_InitRefer(args->rhs);
-	if (strchr(rhs.str, '$') != NULL) {
-		(void)Var_Subst(args->rhs, args->scope, VARE_WANTRES, &rhsExp);
-		/* TODO: handle errors */
-		rhs = FStr_InitOwn(rhsExp);
-	}
+	Var_Expand(&rhs, args->scope, VARE_WANTRES);
 
 	percent = args->lhsPercent ? strchr(rhs.str, '%') : NULL;
 
@@ -1605,58 +1558,55 @@ VarREError(int reerr, const regex_t *pat, const char *str)
 	free(errbuf);
 }
 
+/* In the modifier ':C', replace a backreference from \0 to \9. */
+static void
+RegexReplaceBackref(char ref, SepBuf *buf, const char *wp,
+		    const regmatch_t *m, size_t nsub)
+{
+	unsigned int n = ref - '0';
+
+	if (n >= nsub)
+		Error("No subexpression \\%u", n);
+	else if (m[n].rm_so == -1) {
+		if (opts.strict)
+			Error("No match for subexpression \\%u", n);
+	} else {
+		SepBuf_AddBytesBetween(buf,
+		    wp + (size_t)m[n].rm_so,
+		    wp + (size_t)m[n].rm_eo);
+	}
+}
+
 /*
- * Replacement of regular expressions is not specified by POSIX, therefore
- * re-implement it here.
+ * The regular expression matches the word; now add the replacement to the
+ * buffer, taking back-references from 'wp'.
  */
 static void
-RegexReplace(const char *replace, SepBuf *buf, const char *wp,
+RegexReplace(Substring replace, SepBuf *buf, const char *wp,
 	     const regmatch_t *m, size_t nsub)
 {
 	const char *rp;
-	unsigned int n;
 
-	for (rp = replace; *rp != '\0'; rp++) {
-		if (*rp == '\\' && (rp[1] == '&' || rp[1] == '\\')) {
-			SepBuf_AddBytes(buf, rp + 1, 1);
-			rp++;
-			continue;
-		}
-
-		if (*rp == '&') {
+	for (rp = replace.start; rp != replace.end; rp++) {
+		if (*rp == '\\' && rp + 1 != replace.end &&
+		    (rp[1] == '&' || rp[1] == '\\'))
+			SepBuf_AddBytes(buf, ++rp, 1);
+		else if (*rp == '\\' && rp + 1 != replace.end &&
+			 ch_isdigit(rp[1]))
+			RegexReplaceBackref(*++rp, buf, wp, m, nsub);
+		else if (*rp == '&') {
 			SepBuf_AddBytesBetween(buf,
 			    wp + (size_t)m[0].rm_so,
 			    wp + (size_t)m[0].rm_eo);
-			continue;
-		}
-
-		if (*rp != '\\' || !ch_isdigit(rp[1])) {
+		} else
 			SepBuf_AddBytes(buf, rp, 1);
-			continue;
-		}
-
-		/* \0 to \9 backreference */
-		n = rp[1] - '0';
-		rp++;
-
-		if (n >= nsub) {
-			Error("No subexpression \\%u", n);
-		} else if (m[n].rm_so == -1) {
-			if (opts.strict) {
-				Error("No match for subexpression \\%u", n);
-			}
-		} else {
-			SepBuf_AddBytesBetween(buf,
-			    wp + (size_t)m[n].rm_so,
-			    wp + (size_t)m[n].rm_eo);
-		}
 	}
 }
 
 struct ModifyWord_SubstRegexArgs {
 	regex_t re;
 	size_t nsub;
-	const char *replace;
+	Substring replace;
 	PatternFlags pflags;
 	bool matched;
 };
@@ -1686,7 +1636,7 @@ ModifyWord_SubstRegex(Substring word, SepBuf *buf, void *data)
 	if (xrv != REG_NOMATCH)
 		VarREError(xrv, &args->re, "Unexpected regex error");
 no_match:
-	SepBuf_AddStr(buf, wp);
+	SepBuf_AddBytesBetween(buf, wp, word.end);
 	return;
 
 ok:
@@ -1836,7 +1786,9 @@ SubstringWords_JoinFree(SubstringWords words)
 
 	for (i = 0; i < words.len; i++) {
 		if (i != 0) {
-			/* XXX: Use ch->sep instead of ' ', for consistency. */
+			/*
+			 * XXX: Use ch->sep instead of ' ', for consistency.
+			 */
 			Buf_AddByte(&buf, ' ');
 		}
 		Buf_AddBytesBetween(&buf,
@@ -1867,7 +1819,7 @@ VarQuote(const char *str, bool quoteDollar, LazyBuf *buf)
 			LazyBuf_AddStr(buf, newline);
 			continue;
 		}
-		if (ch_isspace(*p) || is_shell_metachar((unsigned char)*p))
+		if (ch_isspace(*p) || ch_is_shell_meta(*p))
 			LazyBuf_Add(buf, '\\');
 		LazyBuf_Add(buf, *p);
 		if (quoteDollar && *p == '$')
@@ -1940,15 +1892,15 @@ VarHash(const char *str)
 }
 
 static char *
-VarStrftime(const char *fmt, bool zulu, time_t tim)
+VarStrftime(const char *fmt, time_t t, bool gmt)
 {
 	char buf[BUFSIZ];
 
-	if (tim == 0)
-		time(&tim);
+	if (t == 0)
+		time(&t);
 	if (*fmt == '\0')
 		fmt = "%c";
-	strftime(buf, sizeof buf, fmt, zulu ? gmtime(&tim) : localtime(&tim));
+	strftime(buf, sizeof buf, fmt, gmt ? gmtime(&t) : localtime(&t));
 
 	buf[sizeof buf - 1] = '\0';
 	return bmake_strdup(buf);
@@ -2036,9 +1988,9 @@ static const char ExprDefined_Name[][10] = {
 };
 
 #if __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
-#define const_member const
+#define const_member		const
 #else
-#define const_member /* no const possible */
+#define const_member		/* no const possible */
 #endif
 
 /* An expression based on a variable, such as $@ or ${VAR:Mpattern:Q}. */
@@ -2234,11 +2186,15 @@ ParseModifierPartSubst(
     VarEvalMode emode,
     ModChain *ch,
     LazyBuf *part,
-    /* For the first part of the modifier ':S', set anchorEnd if the last
-     * character of the pattern is a $. */
+    /*
+     * For the first part of the modifier ':S', set anchorEnd if the last
+     * character of the pattern is a $.
+     */
     PatternFlags *out_pflags,
-    /* For the second part of the :S modifier, allow ampersands to be
-     * escaped and replace unescaped ampersands with subst->lhs. */
+    /*
+     * For the second part of the :S modifier, allow ampersands to be escaped
+     * and replace unescaped ampersands with subst->lhs.
+     */
     struct ModifyWord_SubstArgs *subst
 )
 {
@@ -2508,9 +2464,11 @@ ApplyModifier_Defined(const char **pp, ModChain *ch)
 	LazyBuf_Init(&buf, p);
 	while (!IsDelimiter(*p, ch) && *p != '\0') {
 
-		/* XXX: This code is similar to the one in Var_Parse.
-		 * See if the code can be merged.
-		 * See also ApplyModifier_Match and ParseModifierPart. */
+		/*
+		 * XXX: This code is similar to the one in Var_Parse. See if
+		 * the code can be merged. See also ApplyModifier_Match and
+		 * ParseModifierPart.
+		 */
 
 		/* Escaped delimiter or other special character */
 		/* See Buf_AddEscaped in for.c. */
@@ -2586,66 +2544,36 @@ TryParseTime(const char **pp, time_t *out_time)
 	return true;
 }
 
-/* :gmtime */
+/* :gmtime and :localtime */
 static ApplyModifierResult
-ApplyModifier_Gmtime(const char **pp, ModChain *ch)
+ApplyModifier_Time(const char **pp, ModChain *ch)
 {
 	Expr *expr;
-	time_t utc;
-
+	time_t t;
+	const char *args;
 	const char *mod = *pp;
-	if (!ModMatchEq(mod, "gmtime", ch))
-		return AMR_UNKNOWN;
+	bool gmt = mod[0] == 'g';
 
-	if (mod[6] == '=') {
-		const char *p = mod + 7;
-		if (!TryParseTime(&p, &utc)) {
+	if (!ModMatchEq(mod, gmt ? "gmtime" : "localtime", ch))
+		return AMR_UNKNOWN;
+	args = mod + (gmt ? 6 : 9);
+
+	if (args[0] == '=') {
+		const char *p = args + 1;
+		if (!TryParseTime(&p, &t)) {
 			Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL,
-			    "Invalid time value at \"%s\"", mod + 7);
+			    "Invalid time value at \"%s\"", p);
 			return AMR_CLEANUP;
 		}
 		*pp = p;
 	} else {
-		utc = 0;
-		*pp = mod + 6;
+		t = 0;
+		*pp = args;
 	}
 
 	expr = ch->expr;
 	if (Expr_ShouldEval(expr))
-		Expr_SetValueOwn(expr,
-		    VarStrftime(Expr_Str(expr), true, utc));
-
-	return AMR_OK;
-}
-
-/* :localtime */
-static ApplyModifierResult
-ApplyModifier_Localtime(const char **pp, ModChain *ch)
-{
-	Expr *expr;
-	time_t utc;
-
-	const char *mod = *pp;
-	if (!ModMatchEq(mod, "localtime", ch))
-		return AMR_UNKNOWN;
-
-	if (mod[9] == '=') {
-		const char *p = mod + 10;
-		if (!TryParseTime(&p, &utc)) {
-			Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL,
-			    "Invalid time value at \"%s\"", mod + 10);
-			return AMR_CLEANUP;
-		}
-		*pp = p;
-	} else {
-		utc = 0;
-		*pp = mod + 9;
-	}
-
-	expr = ch->expr;
-	if (Expr_ShouldEval(expr))
-		Expr_SetValueOwn(expr,
-		    VarStrftime(Expr_Str(expr), false, utc));
+		Expr_SetValueOwn(expr, VarStrftime(Expr_Str(expr), t, gmt));
 
 	return AMR_OK;
 }
@@ -2700,7 +2628,6 @@ static ApplyModifierResult
 ApplyModifier_ShellCommand(const char **pp, ModChain *ch)
 {
 	Expr *expr = ch->expr;
-	const char *errfmt;
 	VarParseResult res;
 	LazyBuf cmdBuf;
 	FStr cmd;
@@ -2711,14 +2638,18 @@ ApplyModifier_ShellCommand(const char **pp, ModChain *ch)
 		return AMR_CLEANUP;
 	cmd = LazyBuf_DoneGet(&cmdBuf);
 
-
-	errfmt = NULL;
-	if (Expr_ShouldEval(expr))
-		Expr_SetValueOwn(expr, Cmd_Exec(cmd.str, &errfmt));
-	else
+	if (Expr_ShouldEval(expr)) {
+		char *output, *error;
+		output = Cmd_Exec(cmd.str, &error);
+		Expr_SetValueOwn(expr, output);
+		if (error != NULL) {
+			/* XXX: why still return AMR_OK? */
+			Error("%s", error);
+			free(error);
+		}
+	} else
 		Expr_SetValueRefer(expr, "");
-	if (errfmt != NULL)
-		Error(errfmt, cmd.str); /* XXX: why still return AMR_OK? */
+
 	FStr_Done(&cmd);
 	Expr_Define(expr);
 
@@ -2767,7 +2698,9 @@ ApplyModifier_Range(const char **pp, ModChain *ch)
 
 	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 		if (i != 0) {
-			/* XXX: Use ch->sep instead of ' ', for consistency. */
+			/*
+			 * XXX: Use ch->sep instead of ' ', for consistency.
+			 */
 			Buf_AddByte(&buf, ' ');
 		}
 		Buf_AddInt(&buf, 1 + (int)i);
@@ -2858,7 +2791,7 @@ ParseModifier_Match(const char **pp, const ModChain *ch,
 static ApplyModifierResult
 ApplyModifier_Match(const char **pp, ModChain *ch)
 {
-	const char mod = **pp;
+	char mod = **pp;
 	char *pattern;
 
 	ParseModifier_Match(pp, ch, &pattern);
@@ -2956,7 +2889,7 @@ ApplyModifier_Regex(const char **pp, ModChain *ch)
 	int error;
 	VarParseResult res;
 	LazyBuf reBuf, replaceBuf;
-	FStr re, replace;
+	FStr re;
 
 	char delim = (*pp)[1];
 	if (delim == '\0') {
@@ -2977,8 +2910,7 @@ ApplyModifier_Regex(const char **pp, ModChain *ch)
 		FStr_Done(&re);
 		return AMR_CLEANUP;
 	}
-	replace = LazyBuf_DoneGet(&replaceBuf);
-	args.replace = replace.str;
+	args.replace = LazyBuf_Get(&replaceBuf);
 
 	args.pflags = PatternFlags_None();
 	args.matched = false;
@@ -2986,7 +2918,7 @@ ApplyModifier_Regex(const char **pp, ModChain *ch)
 	ParsePatternFlags(pp, &args.pflags, &oneBigWord);
 
 	if (!ModChain_ShouldEval(ch)) {
-		FStr_Done(&replace);
+		LazyBuf_Done(&replaceBuf);
 		FStr_Done(&re);
 		return AMR_OK;
 	}
@@ -2994,7 +2926,7 @@ ApplyModifier_Regex(const char **pp, ModChain *ch)
 	error = regcomp(&args.re, re.str, REG_EXTENDED);
 	if (error != 0) {
 		VarREError(error, &args.re, "Regex compilation error");
-		FStr_Done(&replace);
+		LazyBuf_Done(&replaceBuf);
 		FStr_Done(&re);
 		return AMR_CLEANUP;
 	}
@@ -3006,7 +2938,7 @@ ApplyModifier_Regex(const char **pp, ModChain *ch)
 	ModifyWords(ch, ModifyWord_SubstRegex, &args, oneBigWord);
 
 	regfree(&args.re);
-	FStr_Done(&replace);
+	LazyBuf_Done(&replaceBuf);
 	FStr_Done(&re);
 	return AMR_OK;
 }
@@ -3304,15 +3236,12 @@ ApplyModifier_Words(const char **pp, ModChain *ch)
 	return AMR_BAD;
 }
 
-#ifndef NUM_TYPE
-# ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG_INT
-#   define NUM_TYPE long long
-# elif defined(_INT64_T_DECLARED) || defined(int64_t)
-#   define NUM_TYPE int64_t
-# else
-#   define NUM_TYPE long
-#   define strtoll strtol
-# endif
+#if __STDC__ >= 199901L || defined(HAVE_LONG_LONG_INT)
+# define NUM_TYPE long long
+# define PARSE_NUM_TYPE strtoll
+#else
+# define NUM_TYPE long
+# define PARSE_NUM_TYPE strtol
 #endif
 
 static NUM_TYPE
@@ -3321,7 +3250,7 @@ num_val(Substring s)
 	NUM_TYPE val;
 	char *ep;
 
-	val = strtoll(s.start, &ep, 0);
+	val = PARSE_NUM_TYPE(s.start, &ep, 0);
 	if (ep != s.start) {
 		switch (*ep) {
 		case 'K':
@@ -3417,9 +3346,8 @@ ApplyModifier_Order(const char **pp, ModChain *ch)
 		else
 			goto bad;
 		*pp += 3;
-	} else {
+	} else
 		goto bad;
-	}
 
 	if (!ModChain_ShouldEval(ch))
 		return AMR_OK;
@@ -3446,54 +3374,55 @@ ApplyModifier_IfElse(const char **pp, ModChain *ch)
 {
 	Expr *expr = ch->expr;
 	VarParseResult res;
-	LazyBuf buf;
-	FStr then_expr, else_expr;
+	LazyBuf thenBuf;
+	LazyBuf elseBuf;
 
-	bool value = false;
 	VarEvalMode then_emode = VARE_PARSE_ONLY;
 	VarEvalMode else_emode = VARE_PARSE_ONLY;
 
-	CondEvalResult cond_rc = COND_PARSE;	/* just not COND_INVALID */
+	CondResult cond_rc = CR_TRUE;	/* just not CR_ERROR */
 	if (Expr_ShouldEval(expr)) {
-		cond_rc = Cond_EvalCondition(expr->name, &value);
-		if (cond_rc != COND_INVALID && value)
+		cond_rc = Cond_EvalCondition(expr->name);
+		if (cond_rc == CR_TRUE)
 			then_emode = expr->emode;
-		if (cond_rc != COND_INVALID && !value)
+		if (cond_rc == CR_FALSE)
 			else_emode = expr->emode;
 	}
 
-	(*pp)++;			/* skip past the '?' */
-	res = ParseModifierPart(pp, ':', then_emode, ch, &buf);
+	(*pp)++;		/* skip past the '?' */
+	res = ParseModifierPart(pp, ':', then_emode, ch, &thenBuf);
 	if (res != VPR_OK)
 		return AMR_CLEANUP;
-	then_expr = LazyBuf_DoneGet(&buf);
 
-	res = ParseModifierPart(pp, ch->endc, else_emode, ch, &buf);
+	res = ParseModifierPart(pp, ch->endc, else_emode, ch, &elseBuf);
 	if (res != VPR_OK) {
-		FStr_Done(&then_expr);
+		LazyBuf_Done(&thenBuf);
 		return AMR_CLEANUP;
 	}
-	else_expr = LazyBuf_DoneGet(&buf);
 
 	(*pp)--;		/* Go back to the ch->endc. */
 
-	if (cond_rc == COND_INVALID) {
-		Error("Bad conditional expression '%s' in '%s?%s:%s'",
-		    expr->name, expr->name, then_expr.str, else_expr.str);
-		FStr_Done(&then_expr);
-		FStr_Done(&else_expr);
+	if (cond_rc == CR_ERROR) {
+		Substring thenExpr = LazyBuf_Get(&thenBuf);
+		Substring elseExpr = LazyBuf_Get(&elseBuf);
+		Error("Bad conditional expression '%s' in '%s?%.*s:%.*s'",
+		    expr->name, expr->name,
+		    (int)Substring_Length(thenExpr), thenExpr.start,
+		    (int)Substring_Length(elseExpr), elseExpr.start);
+		LazyBuf_Done(&thenBuf);
+		LazyBuf_Done(&elseBuf);
 		return AMR_CLEANUP;
 	}
 
 	if (!Expr_ShouldEval(expr)) {
-		FStr_Done(&then_expr);
-		FStr_Done(&else_expr);
-	} else if (value) {
-		Expr_SetValue(expr, then_expr);
-		FStr_Done(&else_expr);
+		LazyBuf_Done(&thenBuf);
+		LazyBuf_Done(&elseBuf);
+	} else if (cond_rc == CR_TRUE) {
+		Expr_SetValue(expr, LazyBuf_DoneGet(&thenBuf));
+		LazyBuf_Done(&elseBuf);
 	} else {
-		FStr_Done(&then_expr);
-		Expr_SetValue(expr, else_expr);
+		LazyBuf_Done(&thenBuf);
+		Expr_SetValue(expr, LazyBuf_DoneGet(&elseBuf));
 	}
 	Expr_Define(expr);
 	return AMR_OK;
@@ -3534,27 +3463,18 @@ ApplyModifier_Assign(const char **pp, ModChain *ch)
 	const char *op = mod + 1;
 
 	if (op[0] == '=')
-		goto ok;
-	if ((op[0] == '!' || op[0] == '+' || op[0] == '?') && op[1] == '=')
-		goto ok;
+		goto found_op;
+	if ((op[0] == '+' || op[0] == '?' || op[0] == '!') && op[1] == '=')
+		goto found_op;
 	return AMR_UNKNOWN;	/* "::<unrecognised>" */
 
-ok:
+found_op:
 	if (expr->name[0] == '\0') {
 		*pp = mod + 1;
 		return AMR_BAD;
 	}
 
-	switch (op[0]) {
-	case '+':
-	case '?':
-	case '!':
-		*pp = mod + 3;
-		break;
-	default:
-		*pp = mod + 2;
-		break;
-	}
+	*pp = mod + (op[0] == '+' || op[0] == '?' || op[0] == '!' ? 3 : 2);
 
 	res = ParseModifierPart(pp, ch->endc, expr->emode, ch, &buf);
 	if (res != VPR_OK)
@@ -3572,31 +3492,25 @@ ApplyModifier_Assign(const char **pp, ModChain *ch)
 		if (gv == NULL)
 			scope = SCOPE_GLOBAL;
 		else
-			VarFreeEnv(gv);
+			VarFreeShortLived(gv);
 	}
 
-	switch (op[0]) {
-	case '+':
+	if (op[0] == '+')
 		Var_Append(scope, expr->name, val.str);
-		break;
-	case '!': {
-		const char *errfmt;
-		char *cmd_output = Cmd_Exec(val.str, &errfmt);
-		if (errfmt != NULL)
-			Error(errfmt, val.str);
-		else
-			Var_Set(scope, expr->name, cmd_output);
-		free(cmd_output);
-		break;
-	}
-	case '?':
-		if (expr->defined == DEF_REGULAR)
-			break;
-		/* FALLTHROUGH */
-	default:
+	else if (op[0] == '!') {
+		char *output, *error;
+		output = Cmd_Exec(val.str, &error);
+		if (error != NULL) {
+			Error("%s", error);
+			free(error);
+		} else
+			Var_Set(scope, expr->name, output);
+		free(output);
+	} else if (op[0] == '?' && expr->defined == DEF_REGULAR) {
+		/* Do nothing. */
+	} else
 		Var_Set(scope, expr->name, val.str);
-		break;
-	}
+
 	Expr_SetValueRefer(expr, "");
 
 done:
@@ -3731,7 +3645,9 @@ ApplyModifier_SysV(const char **pp, ModChain *ch)
 	if (res != VPR_OK)
 		return AMR_CLEANUP;
 
-	/* The SysV modifier lasts until the end of the variable expression. */
+	/*
+	 * The SysV modifier lasts until the end of the variable expression.
+	 */
 	res = ParseModifierPart(pp, ch->endc, expr->emode, ch, &rhsBuf);
 	if (res != VPR_OK) {
 		LazyBuf_Done(&lhsBuf);
@@ -3775,10 +3691,12 @@ ApplyModifier_SunShell(const char **pp, ModChain *ch)
 	*pp = p + 2;
 
 	if (Expr_ShouldEval(expr)) {
-		const char *errfmt;
-		char *output = Cmd_Exec(Expr_Str(expr), &errfmt);
-		if (errfmt != NULL)
-			Error(errfmt, Expr_Str(expr));
+		char *output, *error;
+		output = Cmd_Exec(Expr_Str(expr), &error);
+		if (error != NULL) {
+			Error("%s", error);
+			free(error);
+		}
 		Expr_SetValueOwn(expr, output);
 	}
 
@@ -3867,15 +3785,14 @@ ApplyModifier(const char **pp, ModChain *ch)
 	case 'E':
 		return ApplyModifier_WordFunc(pp, ch, ModifyWord_Suffix);
 	case 'g':
-		return ApplyModifier_Gmtime(pp, ch);
+	case 'l':
+		return ApplyModifier_Time(pp, ch);
 	case 'H':
 		return ApplyModifier_WordFunc(pp, ch, ModifyWord_Head);
 	case 'h':
 		return ApplyModifier_Hash(pp, ch);
 	case 'L':
 		return ApplyModifier_Literal(pp, ch);
-	case 'l':
-		return ApplyModifier_Localtime(pp, ch);
 	case 'M':
 	case 'N':
 		return ApplyModifier_Match(pp, ch);
@@ -4106,7 +4023,7 @@ ApplyModifiers(
 	}
 
 	*pp = p;
-	assert(Expr_Str(expr) != NULL); /* Use var_Error or varUndefined. */
+	assert(Expr_Str(expr) != NULL);	/* Use var_Error or varUndefined. */
 	return;
 
 bad_modifier:
@@ -4417,17 +4334,18 @@ ParseVarnameLong(
 
 	v = VarFindSubstring(name, scope, true);
 
-	/* At this point, p points just after the variable name,
-	 * either at ':' or at endc. */
+	/*
+	 * At this point, p points just after the variable name, either at
+	 * ':' or at endc.
+	 */
 
-	if (v == NULL) {
-		if (Substring_Equals(name, ".SUFFIXES"))
-			v = VarNew(Substring_Str(name),
-			    Suff_NamesStr(), false, true);
-		else
-			v = FindLocalLegacyVar(name, scope,
-			    out_true_extraModifiers);
-	}
+	if (v == NULL && Substring_Equals(name, ".SUFFIXES")) {
+		char *suffixes = Suff_NamesStr();
+		v = VarNew(FStr_InitRefer(".SUFFIXES"), suffixes,
+		    true, false, true);
+		free(suffixes);
+	} else if (v == NULL)
+		v = FindLocalLegacyVar(name, scope, out_true_extraModifiers);
 
 	if (v == NULL) {
 		/*
@@ -4442,6 +4360,7 @@ ParseVarnameLong(
 			*out_false_pp = p;
 			*out_false_res = EvalUndefined(dynamic, start, p,
 			    name, emode, out_false_val);
+			LazyBuf_Done(&varname);
 			return false;
 		}
 
@@ -4459,7 +4378,8 @@ ParseVarnameLong(
 		 * is still undefined, Var_Parse will return an empty string
 		 * instead of the actually computed value.
 		 */
-		v = VarNew(LazyBuf_DoneGet(&varname), "", false, false);
+		v = VarNew(LazyBuf_DoneGet(&varname), "",
+		    true, false, false);
 		*out_true_exprDefined = DEF_UNDEF;
 	} else
 		LazyBuf_Done(&varname);
@@ -4472,20 +4392,6 @@ ParseVarnameLong(
 	return true;
 }
 
-/* Free the environment variable now since we own it. */
-static void
-FreeEnvVar(Var *v, Expr *expr)
-{
-	char *varValue = Buf_DoneData(&v->val);
-	if (expr->value.str == varValue)
-		expr->value.freeIt = varValue;
-	else
-		free(varValue);
-
-	FStr_Done(&v->name);
-	free(v);
-}
-
 #if __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
 #define Expr_Literal(name, value, emode, scope, defined) \
 	{ name, value, emode, scope, defined }
@@ -4626,8 +4532,14 @@ Var_Parse(const char **pp, GNode *scope, VarEvalMode emode, FStr *out_val)
 	}
 
 	expr.name = v->name.str;
-	if (v->inUse)
+	if (v->inUse) {
+		if (scope->fname != NULL) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "In a command near ");
+			PrintLocation(stderr, false,
+			    scope->fname, scope->lineno);
+		}
 		Fatal("Variable %s is recursive.", v->name.str);
+	}
 
 	/*
 	 * XXX: This assignment creates an alias to the current value of the
@@ -4644,8 +4556,8 @@ Var_Parse(const char **pp, GNode *scope, VarEvalMode emode, FStr *out_val)
 	 * Before applying any modifiers, expand any nested expressions from
 	 * the variable value.
 	 */
-	if (strchr(Expr_Str(&expr), '$') != NULL &&
-	    VarEvalMode_ShouldEval(emode)) {
+	if (VarEvalMode_ShouldEval(emode) &&
+	    strchr(Expr_Str(&expr), '$') != NULL) {
 		char *expanded;
 		VarEvalMode nested_emode = emode;
 		if (opts.strict)
@@ -4664,7 +4576,7 @@ Var_Parse(const char **pp, GNode *scope, VarEvalMode emode, FStr *out_val)
 	}
 
 	if (haveModifier) {
-		p++;	/* Skip initial colon. */
+		p++;		/* Skip initial colon. */
 		ApplyModifiers(&expr, &p, startc, endc);
 	}
 
@@ -4673,31 +4585,30 @@ Var_Parse(const char **pp, GNode *scope, VarEvalMode emode, FStr *out_val)
 
 	*pp = p;
 
-	if (v->fromEnv) {
-		FreeEnvVar(v, &expr);
-
-	} else if (expr.defined != DEF_REGULAR) {
-		if (expr.defined == DEF_UNDEF) {
-			if (dynamic) {
-				Expr_SetValueOwn(&expr,
-				    bmake_strsedup(start, p));
-			} else {
-				/*
-				 * The expression is still undefined,
-				 * therefore discard the actual value and
-				 * return an error marker instead.
-				 */
-				Expr_SetValueRefer(&expr,
-				    emode == VARE_UNDEFERR
-					? var_Error : varUndefined);
-			}
+	if (expr.defined == DEF_UNDEF) {
+		if (dynamic)
+			Expr_SetValueOwn(&expr, bmake_strsedup(start, p));
+		else {
+			/*
+			 * The expression is still undefined, therefore
+			 * discard the actual value and return an error marker
+			 * instead.
+			 */
+			Expr_SetValueRefer(&expr,
+			    emode == VARE_UNDEFERR
+				? var_Error : varUndefined);
 		}
-		/* XXX: This is not standard memory management. */
-		if (expr.value.str != v->val.data)
-			Buf_Done(&v->val);
-		FStr_Done(&v->name);
-		free(v);
 	}
+
+	if (v->shortLived) {
+		if (expr.value.str == v->val.data) {
+			/* move ownership */
+			expr.value.freeIt = v->val.data;
+			v->val.data = NULL;
+		}
+		VarFreeShortLived(v);
+	}
+
 	*out_val = expr.value;
 	return VPR_OK;		/* XXX: Is not correct in all cases */
 }
@@ -4726,7 +4637,7 @@ VarSubstExpr(const char **pp, Buffer *buf, GNode *scope,
 	if (val.str == var_Error || val.str == varUndefined) {
 		if (!VarEvalMode_ShouldKeepUndef(emode)) {
 			p = nested_p;
-		} else if (emode == VARE_UNDEFERR || val.str == var_Error) {
+		} else if (val.str == var_Error) {
 
 			/*
 			 * XXX: This condition is wrong.  If val == var_Error,
@@ -4748,10 +4659,12 @@ VarSubstExpr(const char **pp, Buffer *buf, GNode *scope,
 			p = nested_p;
 			*inout_errorReported = true;
 		} else {
-			/* Copy the initial '$' of the undefined expression,
+			/*
+			 * Copy the initial '$' of the undefined expression,
 			 * thereby deferring expansion of the expression, but
-			 * expand nested expressions if already possible.
-			 * See unit-tests/varparse-undef-partial.mk. */
+			 * expand nested expressions if already possible. See
+			 * unit-tests/varparse-undef-partial.mk.
+			 */
 			Buf_AddByte(buf, *p);
 			p++;
 		}
@@ -4798,9 +4711,11 @@ Var_Subst(const char *str, GNode *scope, VarEvalMode emode, char **out_res)
 	const char *p = str;
 	Buffer res;
 
-	/* Set true if an error has already been reported,
-	 * to prevent a plethora of messages when recursing */
-	/* XXX: Why is the 'static' necessary here? */
+	/*
+	 * Set true if an error has already been reported, to prevent a
+	 * plethora of messages when recursing
+	 */
+	/* See varparse-errors.mk for why the 'static' is necessary here. */
 	static bool errorReported;
 
 	Buf_Init(&res);
@@ -4819,6 +4734,19 @@ Var_Subst(const char *str, GNode *scope, VarEvalMode emode, char **out_res)
 	return VPR_OK;
 }
 
+void
+Var_Expand(FStr *str, GNode *scope, VarEvalMode emode)
+{
+	char *expanded;
+
+	if (strchr(str->str, '$') == NULL)
+		return;
+	(void)Var_Subst(str->str, scope, emode, &expanded);
+	/* TODO: handle errors */
+	FStr_Done(str);
+	*str = FStr_InitOwn(expanded);
+}
+
 /* Initialize the variables module. */
 void
 Var_Init(void)