StrongARM platform-specific definitions.

This commit is contained in:
David E. O'Brien 2001-01-04 05:23:06 +00:00
parent fe8df3b66e
commit d4cfb42174
Notes: svn2git 2020-12-20 02:59:44 +00:00
svn path=/head/; revision=70651
6 changed files with 527 additions and 0 deletions

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sys/arm/include/ansi.h Normal file
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/*-
* Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
* The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
* must display the following acknowledgement:
* This product includes software developed by the University of
* California, Berkeley and its contributors.
* 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
* may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
* without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*
* @(#)ansi.h 8.2 (Berkeley) 1/4/94
* $FreeBSD$
*/
#ifndef _ANSI_H_
#define _ANSI_H_
/*
* Types which are fundamental to the implementation and may appear in
* more than one standard header are defined here. Standard headers
* then use:
* #ifdef _BSD_SIZE_T_
* typedef _BSD_SIZE_T_ size_t;
* #undef _BSD_SIZE_T_
* #endif
*/
#define _BSD_CLOCK_T_ int /* clock() */
#define _BSD_CLOCKID_T_ int /* clockid_t */
#define _BSD_PTRDIFF_T_ int /* ptr1 - ptr2 */
#define _BSD_SIZE_T_ unsigned int /* sizeof() */
#define _BSD_SSIZE_T_ long /* byte count or error */
#define _BSD_SUSECONDS_T_ int /* suseconds_t */
#define _BSD_TIME_T_ long /* time() */
#define _BSD_TIMER_T_ int /* timer_t */
#if defined __GNUC__ && (__GNUC__ > 2 || __GNUC_MINOR__ > 95)
#define _BSD_VA_LIST_ __builtin_va_list /* internally known to gcc */
#else
#define _BSD_VA_LIST_ char * /* va_list */
#endif /*__GNUC__*/
/*
* Types which are fundamental to the implementation and must be used
* in more than one standard header although they are only declared in
* one (perhaps nonstandard) header are defined here. Standard headers
* use _BSD_XXX_T_ without undef'ing it.
*/
#define _BSD_CT_RUNE_T_ int /* arg type for ctype funcs */
#define _BSD_OFF_T_ __int64_t /* file offset */
#define _BSD_PID_T_ int /* process [group] */
/*
* Runes (wchar_t) is declared to be an ``int'' instead of the more natural
* ``unsigned long'' or ``long''. Two things are happening here. It is not
* unsigned so that EOF (-1) can be naturally assigned to it and used. Also,
* it looks like 10646 will be a 31 bit standard. This means that if your
* ints cannot hold 32 bits, you will be in trouble. The reason an int was
* chosen over a long is that the is*() and to*() routines take ints (says
* ANSI C), but they use _RUNE_T_ instead of int. By changing it here, you
* lose a bit of ANSI conformance, but your programs will still work.
*
* Note that _WCHAR_T_ and _RUNE_T_ must be of the same type. When wchar_t
* and rune_t are typedef'd, _WCHAR_T_ will be undef'd, but _RUNE_T remains
* defined for ctype.h.
*/
#define _BSD_WCHAR_T_ int /* wchar_t */
#define _BSD_WINT_T_ int /* wint_t */
#define _BSD_RUNE_T_ int /* rune_t */
/*
* Frequencies of the clock ticks reported by clock() and times(). They
* are the same as stathz for bogus historical reasons. They should be
* 1e6 because clock() and times() are implemented using getrusage() and
* there is no good reason why they should be less accurate. There is
* the bad reason that (broken) programs might not like clock_t or
* CLOCKS_PER_SEC being ``double'' (``unsigned long'' is not large enough
* to hold the required 24 hours worth of ticks if the frequency is
* 1000000ul, and ``unsigned long long'' would be nonstandard).
*/
#define _BSD_CLK_TCK_ 100
#define _BSD_CLOCKS_PER_SEC_ 100
/*
* Internal names for basic integral types. Omit the typedef if
* not possible for a machine/compiler combination.
*/
typedef __signed char __int8_t;
typedef unsigned char __uint8_t;
typedef short __int16_t;
typedef unsigned short __uint16_t;
typedef int __int32_t;
typedef unsigned int __uint32_t;
typedef long long __int64_t;
typedef unsigned long long __uint64_t;
typedef int __intptr_t;
typedef unsigned int __uintptr_t;
#endif /* _ANSI_H_ */

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/*-
* Copyright (c) 2001 David E. O'Brien
* Copyright (c) 1996-1997 John D. Polstra.
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*
* $FreeBSD$
*/
#ifndef _MACHINE_ELF_H_
#define _MACHINE_ELF_H_ 1
/*
* EABI ELF definitions for the StrongARM architecture.
* See "ARM ELF", document no. `SWS ESPC 0003 A-08' for details.
*/
#include <sys/elf32.h> /* Definitions common to all 32 bit architectures. */
#define __ELF_WORD_SIZE 32 /* Used by <sys/elf_generic.h> */
#include <sys/elf_generic.h>
#define ELF_ARCH EM_ARM
#define ELF_MACHINE_OK(x) ((x) == EM_ARM)
/*
* Relocation types.
*/
#define R_ARM_NONE 0 /* No relocation. */
#define R_ARM_PC24 1
#define R_ARM_ABS32 2
#define R_ARM_REL32 3
#define R_ARM_PC13 4
#define R_ARM_ABS16 5
#define R_ARM_ABS12 6
#define R_ARM_THM_ABS5 7
#define R_ARM_ABS8 8
#define R_ARM_SBREL32 9
#define R_ARM_THM_PC22 10
#define R_ARM_THM_PC8 11
#define R_ARM_AMP_VCALL9 12
#define R_ARM_SWI24 13
#define R_ARM_THM_SWI8 14
#define R_ARM_XPC25 15
#define R_ARM_THM_XPC22 16
#define R_ARM_COPY 20 /* Copy data from shared object. */
#define R_ARM_GLOB_DAT 21 /* Set GOT entry to data address. */
#define R_ARM_JUMP_SLOT 22 /* Set GOT entry to code address. */
#define R_ARM_RELATIVE 23 /* Add load address of shared object. */
#define R_ARM_GOTOFF 24 /* Add GOT-relative symbol address. *
#define R_ARM_GOTPC 25 /* Add PC-relative GOT table address. */
#define R_ARM_GOT32 26 /* Add PC-relative GOT offset. */
#define R_ARM_PLT32 27 /* Add PC-relative PLT offset. */
#define R_ARM_GNU_VTENTRY 100
#define R_ARM_GNU_VTINHERIT 101
#define R_ARM_RSBREL32 250
#define R_ARM_THM_RPC22 251
#define R_ARM_RREL32 252
#define R_ARM_RABS32 253
#define R_ARM_RPC24 254
#define R_ARM_RBASE 255
#define R_ARM_COUNT 33 /* Count of defined relocation types. */
/* Define "machine" characteristics */
#define ELF_TARG_CLASS ELFCLASS32
#define ELF_TARG_DATA ELFDATA2LSB
#define ELF_TARG_MACH EM_ARM
#define ELF_TARG_VER 1
#ifdef _KERNEL
/*
* On the StrongARM we load the dynamic linker where a userland call
* to mmap(0, ...) would put it. The rationale behind this
* calculation is that it leaves room for the heap to grow to
* its maximum allowed size.
*/
#define ELF_RTLD_ADDR(vmspace) \
(round_page((vm_offset_t)(vmspace)->vm_daddr + MAXDSIZ))
#endif /* _KERNEL */
#endif /* !_MACHINE_ELF_H_ */

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/*
* Copyright (c) 2001 David E. O'Brien
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
* may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
* without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*
* @(#)endian.h 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/10/93
* $NetBSD: endian.h,v 1.7 1999/08/21 05:53:51 simonb Exp $
* $FreeBSD$
*/
#ifndef _ENDIAN_H_
#define _ENDIAN_H_
#define BYTE_ORDER LITTLE_ENDIAN
#endif /* !_ENDIAN_H_ */

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/*
* Copyright (c) 2001 David E. O'Brien
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* 3. Neither the name of the author nor the names of any co-contributors
* may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
* without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JOHN BIRRELL AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*
* $FreeBSD$
*/
#ifndef _EXEC_H_
#define _EXEC_H_
#define __LDPGSZ 4096
#endif /* !_EXEC_H_ */

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/*
* Copyright (c) 1997, by Steve Passe
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. The name of the developer may NOT be used to endorse or promote products
* derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*
* $FreeBSD$
*/
#ifndef _MACHINE_LOCK_H_
#define _MACHINE_LOCK_H_
/*
* Simple spin lock.
* It is an error to hold one of these locks while a process is sleeping.
*/
struct simplelock {
volatile u_int lock_data;
};
/* functions in mp_machdep.c */
void s_lock_init __P((struct simplelock *));
void s_lock __P((struct simplelock *));
int s_lock_try __P((struct simplelock *));
void s_unlock_np __P((struct simplelock *));
#define COM_LOCK()
#define COM_UNLOCK()
#define COM_DISABLE_INTR() COM_LOCK()
#define COM_ENABLE_INTR() COM_UNLOCK()
#endif /* !_MACHINE_LOCK_H_ */

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/*-
* Copyright (c) 2001 David E. O'Brien
* Copyright (c) 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
* All rights reserved.
*
* This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
* William Jolitz.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
* must display the following acknowledgement:
* This product includes software developed by the University of
* California, Berkeley and its contributors.
* 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
* may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
* without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*
* from: @(#)param.h 5.8 (Berkeley) 6/28/91
* $FreeBSD$
*/
/*
* Machine dependent constants for StrongARM
*/
/*
* Round p (pointer or byte index) up to a correctly-aligned value
* for all data types (int, long, ...). The result is unsigned int
* and must be cast to any desired pointer type.
*/
#ifndef _ALIGNBYTES
#define _ALIGNBYTES (sizeof(int) - 1)
#endif
#ifndef _ALIGN
#define _ALIGN(p) (((unsigned)(p) + _ALIGNBYTES) & ~_ALIGNBYTES)
#endif
#ifndef _MACHINE
#define _MACHIN "arm32"
#endif
#ifndef _MACHINE_ARCH
#define _MACHINE_ARCH "arm32"
#endif
#ifndef _NO_NAMESPACE_POLLUTION
#ifndef _MACHINE_PARAM_H_
#define _MACHINE_PARAM_H_
#ifndef MACHINE
#define MACHINE "arm32"
#endif
#ifndef MACHINE_ARCH
#define MACHINE_ARCH "arm32"
#endif
#define MID_MACHINE MID_ARM32
#include <machine/cpu.h>
/*
* OBJFORMAT_NAMES is a comma-separated list of the object formats
* that are supported on the architecture.
*/
#define OBJFORMAT_NAMES "elf"
#define OBJFORMAT_DEFAULT "elf"
#ifdef SMP
#define MAXCPU 2
#else
#define MAXCPU 1
#endif /* SMP */
#define ALIGNBYTES _ALIGNBYTES
#define ALIGN(p) _ALIGN(p)
#define PAGE_SHIFT 12
#define PAGE_SIZE (1 << PAGE_SHIFT) /* Page size */
#define PAGE_MASK (PAGE_SIZE - 1)
#define NPTEPG (PAGE_SIZE/(sizeof (pt_entry_t)))
#define KERNBASE 0x100000 /* start of kernel virtual */
#define BTOPKERNBASE ((u_long)KERNBASE >> PGSHIFT)
#define DEV_BSHIFT 9 /* log2(DEV_BSIZE) */
#define DEV_BSIZE (1 << DEV_BSHIFT)
#ifndef BLKDEV_IOSIZE
#define BLKDEV_IOSIZE PAGE_SIZE /* default block device I/O size */
#endif
#define DFLTPHYS (64 * 1024) /* default max raw I/O transfer size */
#define MAXPHYS (128 * 1024) /* max raw I/O transfer size */
#define MAXDUMPPGS (DFLTPHYS/PAGE_SIZE)
#define UPAGES 2 /* pages of u-area */
#define USPACE (UPAGES * PAGE_SIZE) /* total size of u-area */
/*
* Constants related to network buffer management.
* MCLBYTES must be no larger than PAGE_SIZE.
*/
#ifndef MSIZE
#define MSIZE 256 /* size of an mbuf */
#endif /* MSIZE */
#ifndef MCLSHIFT
#define MCLSHIFT 11 /* convert bytes to mbuf clusters */
#endif /* MCLSHIFT */
#define MCLBYTES (1 << MCLSHIFT) /* size of an mbuf cluster */
/*
* Some macros for units conversion
*/
/* pages ("clicks") to bytes */
#define ctob(x) ((x) << PAGE_SHIFT)
/* bytes to clicks */
#define btoc(x) (((unsigned)(x) + PAGE_MASK) >> PAGE_SHIFT)
/* pages ("clicks") to disk blocks */
#define ctod(x) ((x) << (PAGE_SHIFT - DEV_BSHIFT))
#define dtoc(x) ((x) >> (PAGE_SHIFT - DEV_BSHIFT))
/* bytes to disk blocks */
/*
* btodb() is messy and perhaps slow because `bytes' may be an off_t. We
* want to shift an unsigned type to avoid sign extension and we don't
* want to widen `bytes' unnecessarily. Assume that the result fits in
* a daddr_t.
*/
#define btodb(bytes) /* calculates (bytes / DEV_BSIZE) */ \
(sizeof (bytes) > sizeof(long) \
? (daddr_t)((unsigned long long)(bytes) >> DEV_BSHIFT) \
: (daddr_t)((unsigned long)(bytes) >> DEV_BSHIFT))
#define dbtob(db) /* calculates (db * DEV_BSIZE) */ \
((off_t)(db) << DEV_BSHIFT)
/*
* Mach derived conversion macros
*/
#define trunc_page(x) ((x) & ~PAGE_MASK)
#define round_page(x) (((x) + PAGE_MASK) & ~PAGE_MASK)
#define trunc_4mpage(x) ((unsigned)(x) & ~PDRMASK)
#define round_4mpage(x) ((((unsigned)(x)) + PDRMASK) & ~PDRMASK)
#define atop(x) ((unsigned)(x) >> PAGE_SHIFT)
#define ptoa(x) ((unsigned)(x) << PAGE_SHIFT)
#define arm32_btop(x) ((unsigned)(x) >> PAGE_SHIFT)
#define arm32_ptob(x) ((unsigned)(x) << PAGE_SHIFT)
#define pgtok(x) ((x) * (PAGE_SIZE / 1024))
#endif /* !_MACHINE_PARAM_H_ */
#endif /* !_NO_NAMESPACE_POLLUTION */