Mechanically kill hard sentence breaks.
This commit is contained in:
Ruslan Ermilov
parent
7bc54d2f77
commit
eccea571a7
Notes:
svn2git
2020-12-20 02:59:44 +00:00
svn path=/head/; revision=131484
@ -77,7 +77,8 @@ There are five element types:
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.Em drive
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(data transfer), and
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.Em voltag
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(select by volume identifier). The
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(select by volume identifier).
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The
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.Em voltag
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pseudo-element type allows the selection of tapes by their volume tag
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(typically a barcode on the tape).
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@ -114,7 +115,8 @@ is specified, the media unit will be inverted before insertion.
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.Op Cm inv1
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.Op Cm inv2
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.Xc
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Perform a media unit exchange operation. The media unit in
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Perform a media unit exchange operation.
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The media unit in
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.Ar <src ET/EU>
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is moved to
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.Ar <dst1 ET/EU>
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@ -177,10 +179,12 @@ Configure the changer to use picker
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.Xc
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Perform an
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.Em INITIALIZE ELEMENT STATUS
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operation on the changer. The optional
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operation on the changer.
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The optional
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.Ar <timeout>
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parameter may be given to specify a timeout in seconds for the
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operations. This may be used if the operation takes unusually long
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operations.
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This may be used if the operation takes unusually long
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because of buggy firmware or the like.
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.It Ic voltag Xo
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.Op Fl fca
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@ -189,15 +193,18 @@ because of buggy firmware or the like.
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.Op Ar <label>
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.Op Ar <serial>
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.Xc
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Change volume tag for an element in the media changer. This command
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is only supported by few media changers. If it is not supported by a
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Change volume tag for an element in the media changer.
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This command
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is only supported by few media changers.
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If it is not supported by a
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device, using this command will usually result in an "Invalid Field in
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CDB" error message on the console.
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.Pp
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If the
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.Fl c
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flag is specified, the volume tag of the specified element is
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cleared. If the
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cleared.
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If the
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.Fl f
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flag is specified, the volume tag is superseded with the specified
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volume tag even if a volume tag is already defined for the element.
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@ -213,12 +220,14 @@ flag is given, with the alternate volume tag.
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.Op Fl vVsSbIa
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.Op Ar <type>
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.Xc
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Report the status of all elements in the changer. If
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Report the status of all elements in the changer.
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If
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.Ar <type>
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is specified, report the status of all elements of type
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.Ar <type> .
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.It Fl v
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Print the primary volume tag for each loaded medium, if any. The volume
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Print the primary volume tag for each loaded medium, if any.
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The volume
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tag is printed as
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.Dq <LABEL:SERIAL> .
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.It Fl V
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@ -229,11 +238,14 @@ each element.
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.It Fl S
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Print the element source address for each element.
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.It Fl b
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Print SCSI bus information for each element. Note that this information
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Print SCSI bus information for each element.
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Note that this information
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is valid only for drives.
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.It Fl I
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Print the internal element addresses for each element. The internal
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element address is not normally used with this driver. It is reported
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Print the internal element addresses for each element.
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The internal
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element address is not normally used with this driver.
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It is reported
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for diagnostic purposes only.
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.It Fl a
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Print all additional information (as in
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@ -173,7 +173,8 @@ to be verbose, showing files as they are copied.
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.El
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.Pp
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For each destination file that already exists, its contents are
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overwritten if permissions allow. Its mode, user ID, and group
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overwritten if permissions allow.
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Its mode, user ID, and group
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ID are unchanged unless the
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.Fl p
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option was specified.
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@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ Century
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prepended to the abbreviated year.
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.It Ar yy
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Year in abbreviated form
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(e.g. 89 for 1989, 06 for 2006).
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(e.g., 89 for 1989, 06 for 2006).
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.It Ar mm
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Numeric month, a number from 1 to 12.
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.It Ar dd
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18
bin/df/df.1
18
bin/df/df.1
@ -62,36 +62,42 @@ The following options are available:
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Show all mount points, including those that were mounted with the MNT_IGNORE
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flag.
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.It Fl b
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Use 512-byte blocks rather than the default. Note that
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Use 512-byte blocks rather than the default.
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Note that
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this overrides the
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.Ev BLOCKSIZE
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specification from the environment.
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.It Fl c
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Display a grand total.
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.It Fl g
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Use 1073741824-byte (1-Gbyte) blocks rather than the default. Note that
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Use 1073741824-byte (1-Gbyte) blocks rather than the default.
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Note that
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this overrides the
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.Ev BLOCKSIZE
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specification from the environment.
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.It Fl H
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"Human-readable" output. Use unit suffixes: Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte,
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"Human-readable" output.
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Use unit suffixes: Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte,
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Gigabyte, Terabyte and Petabyte in order to reduce the number of
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digits to four or fewer using base 10 for sizes.
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.It Fl h
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"Human-readable" output. Use unit suffixes: Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte,
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"Human-readable" output.
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Use unit suffixes: Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte,
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Gigabyte, Terabyte and Petabyte in order to reduce the number of
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digits to four or fewer using base 2 for sizes.
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.It Fl i
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Include statistics on the number of free inodes.
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.It Fl k
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Use 1024-byte (1-Kbyte) blocks rather than the default. Note that
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Use 1024-byte (1-Kbyte) blocks rather than the default.
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Note that
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this overrides the
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.Ev BLOCKSIZE
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specification from the environment.
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.It Fl l
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Only display information about locally-mounted file systems.
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.It Fl m
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Use 1048576-byte (1-Mbyte) blocks rather than the default. Note that
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Use 1048576-byte (1-Mbyte) blocks rather than the default.
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Note that
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this overrides the
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.Ev BLOCKSIZE
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specification from the environment.
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@ -40,7 +40,8 @@
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm
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utility prints the name of the current YP/NIS domain. The super-user can
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utility prints the name of the current YP/NIS domain.
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The super-user can
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set the domain name by supplying an argument; this is usually done in the
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network initialization script
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.Pa /etc/rc.network ,
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@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Note that this option as well as the effect of
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.Ql \ec
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are implementation-defined in
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.St -p1003.1-2001
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as amended by Cor. 1-2002.
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as amended by Cor.\& 1-2002.
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Applications aiming for maximum
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portability are strongly encouraged to use
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.Xr printf 1
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@ -88,4 +88,4 @@ The
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.Nm
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utility conforms to
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.St -p1003.1-2001
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as amended by Cor. 1-2002.
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as amended by Cor.\& 1-2002.
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@ -41,7 +41,8 @@
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm
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utility prints the name of the current host. The super-user can
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utility prints the name of the current host.
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The super-user can
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set the hostname by supplying an argument; this is usually done in the
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network initialization script
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.Pa /etc/rc.network ,
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@ -80,7 +80,8 @@ If the
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.Ar target_file
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or
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.Ar target_dir
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is a symbolic link, do not follow it. This is most useful with the
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is a symbolic link, do not follow it.
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This is most useful with the
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.Fl f
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option, to replace a symlink which may point to a directory.
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.It Fl i
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@ -123,7 +124,8 @@ the file.
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Hard links may not normally refer to directories and may not span file systems.
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.Pp
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A symbolic link contains the name of the file to
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which it is linked. The referenced file is used when an
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which it is linked.
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The referenced file is used when an
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.Xr open 2
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operation is performed on the link.
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A
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@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ file.
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Hard links may not refer to directories and may not reference files
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on different file systems.
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A symbolic link contains the name of the file to which it is linked,
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i.e. it is a pointer to another name, and not to an underlying object.
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i.e., it is a pointer to another name, and not to an underlying object.
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For this reason, symbolic links may reference directories and may span
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file systems.
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.Pp
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@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ would display the contents of the file
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.Dq Li afile .
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.Pp
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It is important to realize that this rule includes commands which may
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optionally traverse file trees, e.g. the command
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optionally traverse file trees, e.g.\& the command
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.Dq Li "chown file"
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is included in this rule, while the command
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.Dq Li "chown -R file"
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@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ The
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command is also an exception to this rule.
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For compatibility with historic systems (when
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.Nm ls
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is not doing a tree walk, i.e. the
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is not doing a tree walk, i.e., the
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.Fl R
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option is not specified),
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the
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@ -224,7 +224,8 @@ or if the
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.Fl d
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or
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.Fl l
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options are not specified. (The
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options are not specified.
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(The
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.Nm ls
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command is the only command where the
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.Fl H
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@ -412,14 +413,16 @@ options.
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To maintain compatibility with historic systems,
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the
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.Nm ls
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command acts a little differently. If you do not specify the
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command acts a little differently.
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If you do not specify the
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.Fl F ,
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.Fl d
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or
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.Fl l
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options,
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.Nm ls
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will follow symbolic links specified on the command line. If the
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will follow symbolic links specified on the command line.
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If the
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.Fl L
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flag is specified,
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.Nm ls
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@ -609,7 +609,7 @@ directory writable to others, without sticky bit
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.Pp
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The default is
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.Qq "exfxcxdxbxegedabagacad" ,
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i.e. blue foreground and
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i.e., blue foreground and
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default background for regular directories, black foreground and red
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background for setuid executables, etc.
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.It Ev LS_COLWIDTHS
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@ -789,7 +789,7 @@ This option is the same as the
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option, except that the file inode change time is checked instead of the
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file modification time.
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The file inode change time can be used to select files whose inode information
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(e.g. uid, gid, etc.) is newer than a copy of the file in the destination
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(e.g.\& uid, gid, etc.) is newer than a copy of the file in the destination
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.Ar directory .
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.It Fl E Ar limit
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Limit the number of consecutive read faults while trying to read a flawed
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@ -881,7 +881,7 @@ the file was last written).
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The
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.Ar c
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specifies the comparison of inode change time (the time when the file
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inode was last changed; e.g. a change of owner, group, mode, etc).
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inode was last changed; e.g.\& a change of owner, group, mode, etc).
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When
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.Ar c
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and
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@ -47,7 +47,8 @@
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The
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.Nm
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utility copies files between machines. Each
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utility copies files between machines.
|
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Each
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.Ar file
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or
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.Ar directory
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@ -144,13 +144,15 @@ to parse its arguments, which allows it to accept
|
||||
the
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||||
.Sq Li --
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||||
option which will cause it to stop processing flag options at that
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point. This will allow the removal of file names that begin
|
||||
point.
|
||||
This will allow the removal of file names that begin
|
||||
with a dash
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.Pq Sq - .
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||||
For example:
|
||||
.Dl rm -- -filename
|
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The same behavior can be obtained by using an absolute or relative
|
||||
path reference. For example:
|
||||
path reference.
|
||||
For example:
|
||||
.Dl rm /home/user/-filename
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.Dl rm ./-filename
|
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.Sh SEE ALSO
|
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|
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@ -61,15 +61,18 @@ and
|
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entries of the current ACL.
|
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.It Fl d
|
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The operations apply to the default ACL entries instead of
|
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access ACL entries. Currently only directories may have
|
||||
access ACL entries.
|
||||
Currently only directories may have
|
||||
default ACL's.
|
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.It Fl h
|
||||
If the target of the operation is a symbolic link, perform the operation
|
||||
on the symbolic link itself, rather than following the link.
|
||||
.It Fl k
|
||||
Delete any default ACL entries on the specified files. It
|
||||
Delete any default ACL entries on the specified files.
|
||||
It
|
||||
is not considered an error if the specified files do not have
|
||||
any default ACL entries. An error will be reported if any of
|
||||
any default ACL entries.
|
||||
An error will be reported if any of
|
||||
the specified files cannot have a default entry (i.e.\&
|
||||
non-directories).
|
||||
.It Fl m Ar entries
|
||||
@ -137,11 +140,14 @@ ACL entry for the file owner and the
|
||||
ACL entry.
|
||||
.It Ar "ACL qualifier"
|
||||
The ACL qualifier field describes the user or group associated with
|
||||
the ACL entry. It may consist of one of the following: uid or
|
||||
user name, gid or group name, or empty. For
|
||||
the ACL entry.
|
||||
It may consist of one of the following: uid or
|
||||
user name, gid or group name, or empty.
|
||||
For
|
||||
.Dq Li user
|
||||
ACL entries, an empty field specifies access granted to the
|
||||
file owner. For
|
||||
file owner.
|
||||
For
|
||||
.Dq Li group
|
||||
ACL entries, an empty field specifies access granted to the
|
||||
file owning group.
|
||||
@ -157,7 +163,8 @@ the following:
|
||||
and
|
||||
.Ql x
|
||||
to set read, write, and
|
||||
execute permissions, respectively. Each of these may be excluded
|
||||
execute permissions, respectively.
|
||||
Each of these may be excluded
|
||||
or replaced with a
|
||||
.Ql -
|
||||
character to indicate no access.
|
||||
@ -171,7 +178,8 @@ the default
|
||||
.Dq Li group ,
|
||||
and
|
||||
.Dq Li other
|
||||
ACL entries. If the
|
||||
ACL entries.
|
||||
If the
|
||||
.Fl n
|
||||
option is not specified and no
|
||||
.Dq Li mask
|
||||
|
||||
@ -66,13 +66,15 @@ and
|
||||
may be given.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
If any of the following sequences of characters is encountered during
|
||||
output, the sequence is not output. Instead, the specified action is
|
||||
output, the sequence is not output.
|
||||
Instead, the specified action is
|
||||
performed:
|
||||
.Bl -tag -width indent
|
||||
.It Li \eb
|
||||
A backspace character is output.
|
||||
.It Li \ec
|
||||
Subsequent output is suppressed. This is normally used at the end of the
|
||||
Subsequent output is suppressed.
|
||||
This is normally used at the end of the
|
||||
last argument to suppress the trailing newline that
|
||||
.Nm
|
||||
would otherwise output.
|
||||
|
||||
282
bin/sh/sh.1
282
bin/sh/sh.1
@ -52,7 +52,8 @@ The current version of
|
||||
is in the process of being changed to
|
||||
conform with the
|
||||
.St -p1003.2
|
||||
specification for the shell. This version has many features which make
|
||||
specification for the shell.
|
||||
This version has many features which make
|
||||
it appear
|
||||
similar in some respects to the Korn shell, but it is not a Korn
|
||||
shell clone like pdksh.
|
||||
@ -73,10 +74,12 @@ The shell
|
||||
implements a language that has flow control constructs,
|
||||
a macro facility that provides a variety of features in
|
||||
addition to data storage, along with built-in history and line
|
||||
editing capabilities. It incorporates many features to
|
||||
editing capabilities.
|
||||
It incorporates many features to
|
||||
aid interactive use and has the advantage that the interpretative
|
||||
language is common to both interactive and non-interactive
|
||||
use (shell scripts). That is, commands can be typed directly
|
||||
use (shell scripts).
|
||||
That is, commands can be typed directly
|
||||
to the running shell or can be put into a file,
|
||||
which can be executed directly by the shell.
|
||||
.Ss Invocation
|
||||
@ -88,7 +91,8 @@ is connected to a terminal
|
||||
(or if the
|
||||
.Fl i
|
||||
option is set),
|
||||
the shell is considered an interactive shell. An interactive shell
|
||||
the shell is considered an interactive shell.
|
||||
An interactive shell
|
||||
generally prompts before each command and handles programming
|
||||
and command errors differently (as described below).
|
||||
When first starting, the shell inspects argument 0, and
|
||||
@ -96,12 +100,14 @@ if it begins with a dash
|
||||
.Pq Li - ,
|
||||
the shell is also considered a login shell.
|
||||
This is normally done automatically by the system
|
||||
when the user first logs in. A login shell first reads commands
|
||||
when the user first logs in.
|
||||
A login shell first reads commands
|
||||
from the files
|
||||
.Pa /etc/profile
|
||||
and then
|
||||
.Pa .profile
|
||||
if they exist. If the environment variable
|
||||
if they exist.
|
||||
If the environment variable
|
||||
.Ev ENV
|
||||
is set on entry to a shell, or is set in the
|
||||
.Pa .profile
|
||||
@ -128,14 +134,16 @@ The first non-option argument specified on the command line
|
||||
will be treated as the
|
||||
name of a file from which to read commands (a shell script), and
|
||||
the remaining arguments are set as the positional parameters
|
||||
of the shell ($1, $2, etc). Otherwise, the shell reads commands
|
||||
of the shell ($1, $2, etc).
|
||||
Otherwise, the shell reads commands
|
||||
from its standard input.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
Unlike older versions of
|
||||
.Nm
|
||||
the
|
||||
.Ev ENV
|
||||
script is only sourced on invocation of interactive shells. This
|
||||
script is only sourced on invocation of interactive shells.
|
||||
This
|
||||
closes a well-known, and sometimes easily exploitable security
|
||||
hole related to poorly thought out
|
||||
.Ev ENV
|
||||
@ -218,7 +226,8 @@ Force the shell to behave interactively.
|
||||
Turn on job control (set automatically when interactive).
|
||||
.It Fl n Li noexec
|
||||
If not interactive, read commands but do not
|
||||
execute them. This is useful for checking the
|
||||
execute them.
|
||||
This is useful for checking the
|
||||
syntax of shell scripts.
|
||||
.It Fl P Li physical
|
||||
Change the default for the
|
||||
@ -232,9 +241,11 @@ to
|
||||
.Fl P
|
||||
(physical directory layout).
|
||||
.It Fl p Li privileged
|
||||
Turn on privileged mode. This mode is enabled on startup
|
||||
Turn on privileged mode.
|
||||
This mode is enabled on startup
|
||||
if either the effective user or group id is not equal to the
|
||||
real user or group id. Turning this mode off sets the
|
||||
real user or group id.
|
||||
Turning this mode off sets the
|
||||
effective user and group ids to the real user and group ids.
|
||||
When this mode is enabled for interactive shells, the file
|
||||
.Pa /etc/suid_profile
|
||||
@ -247,9 +258,10 @@ is sourced, and the contents of the
|
||||
variable are ignored.
|
||||
.It Fl s Li stdin
|
||||
Read commands from standard input (set automatically
|
||||
if no file arguments are present). This option has
|
||||
if no file arguments are present).
|
||||
This option has
|
||||
no effect when set after the shell has already started
|
||||
running (i.e. when set with the
|
||||
running (i.e., when set with the
|
||||
.Ic set
|
||||
command).
|
||||
.It Fl T Li trapsasync
|
||||
@ -259,7 +271,8 @@ traps are executed after the child exits,
|
||||
as specified in
|
||||
.St -p1003.2
|
||||
This nonstandard option is useful for putting guarding shells around
|
||||
children that block signals. The surrounding shell may kill the child
|
||||
children that block signals.
|
||||
The surrounding shell may kill the child
|
||||
or it may just return control to the tty and leave the child alone,
|
||||
like this:
|
||||
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||||
@ -278,7 +291,8 @@ command line editor (disables
|
||||
if it has been set).
|
||||
.It Fl v Li verbose
|
||||
The shell writes its input to standard error
|
||||
as it is read. Useful for debugging.
|
||||
as it is read.
|
||||
Useful for debugging.
|
||||
.It Fl x Li xtrace
|
||||
Write each command
|
||||
(preceded by
|
||||
@ -340,7 +354,8 @@ The following is a list of valid operators:
|
||||
.Ss Quoting
|
||||
Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters
|
||||
or words to the shell, such as operators, whitespace, or
|
||||
keywords. There are three types of quoting: matched single quotes,
|
||||
keywords.
|
||||
There are three types of quoting: matched single quotes,
|
||||
matched double quotes, and backslash.
|
||||
.Bl -tag -width indent
|
||||
.It Single Quotes
|
||||
@ -370,7 +385,8 @@ A backslash preceding a newline is treated as a line continuation.
|
||||
.Ss Reserved Words
|
||||
Reserved words are words that have special meaning to the
|
||||
shell and are recognized at the beginning of a line and
|
||||
after a control operator. The following are reserved words:
|
||||
after a control operator.
|
||||
The following are reserved words:
|
||||
.Bl -column "doneXX" "elifXX" "elseXX" "untilXX" "whileX" -offset center
|
||||
.It Li \&! Ta { Ta } Ta Ic case Ta Ic do
|
||||
.It Ic done Ta Ic elif Ta Ic else Ta Ic esac Ta Ic fi
|
||||
@ -379,7 +395,8 @@ after a control operator. The following are reserved words:
|
||||
.Ss Aliases
|
||||
An alias is a name and corresponding value set using the
|
||||
.Ic alias
|
||||
built-in command. Whenever a reserved word may occur (see above),
|
||||
built-in command.
|
||||
Whenever a reserved word may occur (see above),
|
||||
and after checking for reserved words, the shell
|
||||
checks the word to see if it matches an alias.
|
||||
If it does, it replaces it in the input stream with its value.
|
||||
@ -399,17 +416,21 @@ ls -F foobar
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
Aliases provide a convenient way for naive users to
|
||||
create shorthands for commands without having to learn how
|
||||
to create functions with arguments. They can also be
|
||||
used to create lexically obscure code. This use is discouraged.
|
||||
to create functions with arguments.
|
||||
They can also be
|
||||
used to create lexically obscure code.
|
||||
This use is discouraged.
|
||||
.Ss Commands
|
||||
The shell interprets the words it reads according to a
|
||||
language, the specification of which is outside the scope
|
||||
of this man page (refer to the BNF in the
|
||||
.St -p1003.2
|
||||
document). Essentially though, a line is read and if
|
||||
document).
|
||||
Essentially though, a line is read and if
|
||||
the first word of the line (or after a control operator)
|
||||
is not a reserved word, then the shell has recognized a
|
||||
simple command. Otherwise, a complex command or some
|
||||
simple command.
|
||||
Otherwise, a complex command or some
|
||||
other special construct may have been recognized.
|
||||
.Ss Simple Commands
|
||||
If a simple command has been recognized, the shell performs
|
||||
@ -419,7 +440,8 @@ the following actions:
|
||||
Leading words of the form
|
||||
.Dq Li name=value
|
||||
are stripped off and assigned to the environment of
|
||||
the simple command. Redirection operators and
|
||||
the simple command.
|
||||
Redirection operators and
|
||||
their arguments (as described below) are stripped
|
||||
off and saved for processing.
|
||||
.It
|
||||
@ -427,7 +449,8 @@ The remaining words are expanded as described in
|
||||
the section called
|
||||
.Sx Word Expansions ,
|
||||
and the first remaining word is considered the command
|
||||
name and the command is located. The remaining
|
||||
name and the command is located.
|
||||
The remaining
|
||||
words are considered the arguments of the command.
|
||||
If no command name resulted, then the
|
||||
.Dq Li name=value
|
||||
@ -439,8 +462,10 @@ the next section.
|
||||
.El
|
||||
.Ss Redirections
|
||||
Redirections are used to change where a command reads its input
|
||||
or sends its output. In general, redirections open, close, or
|
||||
duplicate an existing reference to a file. The overall format
|
||||
or sends its output.
|
||||
In general, redirections open, close, or
|
||||
duplicate an existing reference to a file.
|
||||
The overall format
|
||||
used for redirection is:
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
.Dl [n] redir-op file
|
||||
@ -448,7 +473,8 @@ used for redirection is:
|
||||
The
|
||||
.Ql redir-op
|
||||
is one of the redirection operators mentioned
|
||||
previously. The following gives some examples of how these
|
||||
previously.
|
||||
The following gives some examples of how these
|
||||
operators can be used.
|
||||
Note that stdin and stdout are commonly used abbreviations
|
||||
for standard input and standard output respectively.
|
||||
@ -486,7 +512,8 @@ delimiter
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
All the text on successive lines up to the delimiter is
|
||||
saved away and made available to the command on standard
|
||||
input, or file descriptor n if it is specified. If the delimiter
|
||||
input, or file descriptor n if it is specified.
|
||||
If the delimiter
|
||||
as specified on the initial line is quoted, then the here-doc-text
|
||||
is treated literally, otherwise the text is subjected to
|
||||
parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
|
||||
@ -525,7 +552,7 @@ program in the file system (as described in the next section).
|
||||
When a normal program is executed, the shell runs the program,
|
||||
passing the arguments and the environment to the program.
|
||||
If the program is not a normal executable file
|
||||
(i.e. if it does not begin with the
|
||||
(i.e., if it does not begin with the
|
||||
.Qq magic number
|
||||
whose
|
||||
.Tn ASCII
|
||||
@ -549,8 +576,10 @@ as a
|
||||
.Qq shell procedure .
|
||||
.Ss Path Search
|
||||
When locating a command, the shell first looks to see if
|
||||
it has a shell function by that name. Then it looks for a
|
||||
built-in command by that name. If a built-in command is not found,
|
||||
it has a shell function by that name.
|
||||
Then it looks for a
|
||||
built-in command by that name.
|
||||
If a built-in command is not found,
|
||||
one of two things happen:
|
||||
.Bl -enum
|
||||
.It
|
||||
@ -559,10 +588,12 @@ performing any searches.
|
||||
.It
|
||||
The shell searches each entry in
|
||||
.Ev PATH
|
||||
in turn for the command. The value of the
|
||||
in turn for the command.
|
||||
The value of the
|
||||
.Ev PATH
|
||||
variable should be a series of
|
||||
entries separated by colons. Each entry consists of a
|
||||
entries separated by colons.
|
||||
Each entry consists of a
|
||||
directory name.
|
||||
The current directory
|
||||
may be indicated implicitly by an empty directory name,
|
||||
@ -570,20 +601,24 @@ or explicitly by a single period.
|
||||
.El
|
||||
.Ss Command Exit Status
|
||||
Each command has an exit status that can influence the behavior
|
||||
of other shell commands. The paradigm is that a command exits
|
||||
of other shell commands.
|
||||
The paradigm is that a command exits
|
||||
with zero for normal or success, and non-zero for failure,
|
||||
error, or a false indication. The man page for each command
|
||||
error, or a false indication.
|
||||
The man page for each command
|
||||
should indicate the various exit codes and what they mean.
|
||||
Additionally, the built-in commands return exit codes, as does
|
||||
an executed shell function.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
If a command is terminated by a signal, its exit status is 128 plus
|
||||
the signal number. Signal numbers are defined in the header file
|
||||
the signal number.
|
||||
Signal numbers are defined in the header file
|
||||
.In sys/signal.h .
|
||||
.Ss Complex Commands
|
||||
Complex commands are combinations of simple commands
|
||||
with control operators or reserved words, together creating a larger complex
|
||||
command. More generally, a command is one of the following:
|
||||
command.
|
||||
More generally, a command is one of the following:
|
||||
.Bl -item -offset indent
|
||||
.It
|
||||
simple command
|
||||
@ -601,9 +636,11 @@ Unless otherwise stated, the exit status of a command is
|
||||
that of the last simple command executed by the command.
|
||||
.Ss Pipelines
|
||||
A pipeline is a sequence of one or more commands separated
|
||||
by the control operator |. The standard output of all but
|
||||
by the control operator |.
|
||||
The standard output of all but
|
||||
the last command is connected to the standard input
|
||||
of the next command. The standard output of the last
|
||||
of the next command.
|
||||
The standard output of the last
|
||||
command is inherited from the shell, as usual.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
The format for a pipeline is:
|
||||
@ -611,7 +648,8 @@ The format for a pipeline is:
|
||||
.Dl [!] command1 [ | command2 ...]
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
The standard output of command1 is connected to the standard
|
||||
input of command2. The standard input, standard output, or
|
||||
input of command2.
|
||||
The standard input, standard output, or
|
||||
both of a command is considered to be assigned by the
|
||||
pipeline before any redirection specified by redirection
|
||||
operators that are part of the command.
|
||||
@ -619,17 +657,22 @@ operators that are part of the command.
|
||||
If the pipeline is not in the background (discussed later),
|
||||
the shell waits for all commands to complete.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
If the reserved word ! does not precede the pipeline, the
|
||||
If the reserved word
|
||||
.Ic !\&
|
||||
does not precede the pipeline, the
|
||||
exit status is the exit status of the last command specified
|
||||
in the pipeline. Otherwise, the exit status is the logical
|
||||
NOT of the exit status of the last command. That is, if
|
||||
in the pipeline.
|
||||
Otherwise, the exit status is the logical
|
||||
NOT of the exit status of the last command.
|
||||
That is, if
|
||||
the last command returns zero, the exit status is 1; if
|
||||
the last command returns greater than zero, the exit status
|
||||
is zero.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
Because pipeline assignment of standard input or standard
|
||||
output or both takes place before redirection, it can be
|
||||
modified by redirection. For example:
|
||||
modified by redirection.
|
||||
For example:
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
.Dl $ command1 2>&1 | command2
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
@ -811,7 +854,8 @@ name ( ) command
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
A function definition is an executable statement; when
|
||||
executed it installs a function named name and returns an
|
||||
exit status of zero. The command is normally a list
|
||||
exit status of zero.
|
||||
The command is normally a list
|
||||
enclosed between
|
||||
.Dq Li {
|
||||
and
|
||||
@ -836,7 +880,9 @@ command is implemented as a built-in command.
|
||||
When a variable is made local, it inherits the initial
|
||||
value and exported and readonly flags from the variable
|
||||
with the same name in the surrounding scope, if there is
|
||||
one. Otherwise, the variable is initially unset. The shell
|
||||
one.
|
||||
Otherwise, the variable is initially unset.
|
||||
The shell
|
||||
uses dynamic scoping, so that if the variable
|
||||
.Em x
|
||||
is made local to function
|
||||
@ -877,10 +923,13 @@ The
|
||||
.Ic return
|
||||
command is implemented as a built-in command.
|
||||
.Ss Variables and Parameters
|
||||
The shell maintains a set of parameters. A parameter
|
||||
denoted by a name is called a variable. When starting up,
|
||||
The shell maintains a set of parameters.
|
||||
A parameter
|
||||
denoted by a name is called a variable.
|
||||
When starting up,
|
||||
the shell turns all the environment variables into shell
|
||||
variables. New variables can be set using the form
|
||||
variables.
|
||||
New variables can be set using the form
|
||||
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||||
name=value
|
||||
.Ed
|
||||
@ -893,16 +942,19 @@ or a special character as explained below.
|
||||
.Ss Positional Parameters
|
||||
A positional parameter is a parameter denoted by a number greater than zero.
|
||||
The shell sets these initially to the values of its command line
|
||||
arguments that follow the name of the shell script. The
|
||||
arguments that follow the name of the shell script.
|
||||
The
|
||||
.Ic set
|
||||
built-in command can also be used to set or reset them.
|
||||
.Ss Special Parameters
|
||||
A special parameter is a parameter denoted by one of the following
|
||||
special characters. The value of the parameter is listed
|
||||
special characters.
|
||||
The value of the parameter is listed
|
||||
next to its character.
|
||||
.Bl -hang
|
||||
.It Li *
|
||||
Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When
|
||||
Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
|
||||
When
|
||||
the expansion occurs within a double-quoted string
|
||||
it expands to a single field with the value of each parameter
|
||||
separated by the first character of the
|
||||
@ -914,7 +966,8 @@ if
|
||||
.Ev IFS
|
||||
is unset.
|
||||
.It Li @
|
||||
Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When
|
||||
Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
|
||||
When
|
||||
the expansion occurs within double-quotes, each positional
|
||||
parameter expands as a separate argument.
|
||||
If there are no positional parameters, the
|
||||
@ -922,7 +975,8 @@ expansion of
|
||||
.Li @
|
||||
generates zero arguments, even when
|
||||
.Li @
|
||||
is double-quoted. What this basically means, for example, is
|
||||
is double-quoted.
|
||||
What this basically means, for example, is
|
||||
if $1 is
|
||||
.Dq abc
|
||||
and $2 is
|
||||
@ -944,11 +998,13 @@ option names concatenated into a string) as specified on
|
||||
invocation, by the set built-in command, or implicitly
|
||||
by the shell.
|
||||
.It Li $
|
||||
Expands to the process ID of the invoked shell. A subshell
|
||||
Expands to the process ID of the invoked shell.
|
||||
A subshell
|
||||
retains the same value of $ as its parent.
|
||||
.It Li \&!
|
||||
Expands to the process ID of the most recent background
|
||||
command executed from the current shell. For a
|
||||
command executed from the current shell.
|
||||
For a
|
||||
pipeline, the process ID is that of the last command in the
|
||||
pipeline.
|
||||
.It Li 0
|
||||
@ -956,12 +1012,14 @@ pipeline.
|
||||
.El
|
||||
.Ss Word Expansions
|
||||
This clause describes the various expansions that are
|
||||
performed on words. Not all expansions are performed on
|
||||
performed on words.
|
||||
Not all expansions are performed on
|
||||
every word, as explained later.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
Tilde expansions, parameter expansions, command substitutions,
|
||||
arithmetic expansions, and quote removals that occur within
|
||||
a single word expand to a single field. It is only field
|
||||
a single word expand to a single field.
|
||||
It is only field
|
||||
splitting or pathname expansion that can create multiple
|
||||
fields from a single word.
|
||||
The single exception to this rule is
|
||||
@ -1000,7 +1058,8 @@ subjected to tilde expansion.
|
||||
All the characters up to a slash
|
||||
.Pq Li /
|
||||
or the end of the word are treated as a username
|
||||
and are replaced with the user's home directory. If the
|
||||
and are replaced with the user's home directory.
|
||||
If the
|
||||
username is missing (as in ~/foobar), the tilde is replaced
|
||||
with the value of the HOME variable (the current user's
|
||||
home directory).
|
||||
@ -1045,30 +1104,37 @@ In addition, a parameter expansion can be modified by using one of the
|
||||
following formats.
|
||||
.Bl -tag -width indent
|
||||
.It Li ${parameter:-word}
|
||||
Use Default Values. If parameter is unset or
|
||||
Use Default Values.
|
||||
If parameter is unset or
|
||||
null, the expansion of word is
|
||||
substituted; otherwise, the value of
|
||||
parameter is substituted.
|
||||
.It Li ${parameter:=word}
|
||||
Assign Default Values. If parameter is unset
|
||||
Assign Default Values.
|
||||
If parameter is unset
|
||||
or null, the expansion of word is
|
||||
assigned to parameter. In all cases, the
|
||||
assigned to parameter.
|
||||
In all cases, the
|
||||
final value of parameter is
|
||||
substituted. Only variables, not positional
|
||||
substituted.
|
||||
Only variables, not positional
|
||||
parameters or special parameters, can be
|
||||
assigned in this way.
|
||||
.It Li ${parameter:?[word]}
|
||||
Indicate Error if Null or Unset. If
|
||||
Indicate Error if Null or Unset.
|
||||
If
|
||||
parameter is unset or null, the expansion of
|
||||
word (or a message indicating it is unset if
|
||||
word is omitted) is written to standard
|
||||
error and the shell exits with a nonzero
|
||||
exit status.
|
||||
Otherwise, the value of
|
||||
parameter is substituted. An
|
||||
parameter is substituted.
|
||||
An
|
||||
interactive shell need not exit.
|
||||
.It Li ${parameter:+word}
|
||||
Use Alternate Value. If parameter is unset
|
||||
Use Alternate Value.
|
||||
If parameter is unset
|
||||
or null, null is substituted;
|
||||
otherwise, the expansion of word is
|
||||
substituted.
|
||||
@ -1079,7 +1145,8 @@ format results in a test for a parameter that is unset or null; omission
|
||||
of the colon results in a test for a parameter that is only unset.
|
||||
.Bl -tag -width indent
|
||||
.It Li ${#parameter}
|
||||
String Length. The length in characters of
|
||||
String Length.
|
||||
The length in characters of
|
||||
the value of parameter.
|
||||
.El
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
@ -1100,33 +1167,42 @@ cause the following four varieties of pattern characters to be quoted,
|
||||
whereas quoting characters within the braces has this effect.
|
||||
.Bl -tag -width indent
|
||||
.It Li ${parameter%word}
|
||||
Remove Smallest Suffix Pattern. The word
|
||||
is expanded to produce a pattern. The
|
||||
Remove Smallest Suffix Pattern.
|
||||
The word
|
||||
is expanded to produce a pattern.
|
||||
The
|
||||
parameter expansion then results in
|
||||
parameter, with the smallest portion of the
|
||||
suffix matched by the pattern deleted.
|
||||
.It Li ${parameter%%word}
|
||||
Remove Largest Suffix Pattern. The word
|
||||
is expanded to produce a pattern. The
|
||||
Remove Largest Suffix Pattern.
|
||||
The word
|
||||
is expanded to produce a pattern.
|
||||
The
|
||||
parameter expansion then results in
|
||||
parameter, with the largest portion of the
|
||||
suffix matched by the pattern deleted.
|
||||
.It Li ${parameter#word}
|
||||
Remove Smallest Prefix Pattern. The word
|
||||
is expanded to produce a pattern. The
|
||||
Remove Smallest Prefix Pattern.
|
||||
The word
|
||||
is expanded to produce a pattern.
|
||||
The
|
||||
parameter expansion then results in
|
||||
parameter, with the smallest portion of the
|
||||
prefix matched by the pattern deleted.
|
||||
.It Li ${parameter##word}
|
||||
Remove Largest Prefix Pattern. The word
|
||||
is expanded to produce a pattern. The
|
||||
Remove Largest Prefix Pattern.
|
||||
The word
|
||||
is expanded to produce a pattern.
|
||||
The
|
||||
parameter expansion then results in
|
||||
parameter, with the largest portion of the
|
||||
prefix matched by the pattern deleted.
|
||||
.El
|
||||
.Ss Command Substitution
|
||||
Command substitution allows the output of a command to be substituted in
|
||||
place of the command name itself. Command substitution occurs when
|
||||
place of the command name itself.
|
||||
Command substitution occurs when
|
||||
the command is enclosed as follows:
|
||||
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||||
$(command)
|
||||
@ -1155,7 +1231,8 @@ $((expression))
|
||||
.Ed
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
The expression is treated as if it were in double-quotes, except
|
||||
that a double-quote inside the expression is not treated specially. The
|
||||
that a double-quote inside the expression is not treated specially.
|
||||
The
|
||||
shell expands all tokens in the expression for parameter expansion,
|
||||
command substitution, and quote removal.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
@ -1177,8 +1254,10 @@ Unless the
|
||||
.Fl f
|
||||
option is set,
|
||||
file name generation is performed
|
||||
after word splitting is complete. Each word is
|
||||
viewed as a series of patterns, separated by slashes. The
|
||||
after word splitting is complete.
|
||||
Each word is
|
||||
viewed as a series of patterns, separated by slashes.
|
||||
The
|
||||
process of expansion replaces the word with the names of
|
||||
all existing files whose names can be formed by replacing
|
||||
each pattern with a string that matches the specified pattern.
|
||||
@ -1241,7 +1320,8 @@ make it the first or last character listed.
|
||||
.Ss Built-in Commands
|
||||
This section lists the commands which
|
||||
are built-in because they need to perform some operation
|
||||
that cannot be performed by a separate process. In addition to
|
||||
that cannot be performed by a separate process.
|
||||
In addition to
|
||||
these, a built-in version of the
|
||||
.Xr test 1
|
||||
command is provided for efficiency.
|
||||
@ -1259,9 +1339,11 @@ If
|
||||
.Ar file
|
||||
contains any
|
||||
.Dq /
|
||||
characters, it is used as is. Otherwise, the shell searches the
|
||||
characters, it is used as is.
|
||||
Otherwise, the shell searches the
|
||||
.Ev PATH
|
||||
for the file. If it is not found in the
|
||||
for the file.
|
||||
If it is not found in the
|
||||
.Ev PATH ,
|
||||
it is sought in the current working directory.
|
||||
.It Ic alias Op Ar name ...
|
||||
@ -1403,7 +1485,8 @@ Literal backslash
|
||||
If
|
||||
.Ar string
|
||||
is not enclosed in quotes then the backslash itself must be escaped
|
||||
with a backslash to protect it from the shell. For example
|
||||
with a backslash to protect it from the shell.
|
||||
For example
|
||||
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||||
$ echo -e "a\evb"
|
||||
a
|
||||
@ -1497,7 +1580,8 @@ is null or unset,
|
||||
is used as the editor.
|
||||
.It Fl l No (ell)
|
||||
List the commands rather than invoking
|
||||
an editor on them. The commands are written in the
|
||||
an editor on them.
|
||||
The commands are written in the
|
||||
sequence indicated by the first and last operands, as
|
||||
affected by
|
||||
.Fl r ,
|
||||
@ -1575,7 +1659,8 @@ command deprecates the older
|
||||
command.
|
||||
The first argument should be a series of letters, each possibly
|
||||
followed by a colon which indicates that the option takes an argument.
|
||||
The specified variable is set to the parsed option. The index of
|
||||
The specified variable is set to the parsed option.
|
||||
The index of
|
||||
the next argument is placed into the shell variable
|
||||
.Ev OPTIND .
|
||||
If an option takes an argument, it is placed into the shell variable
|
||||
@ -1629,11 +1714,14 @@ If the
|
||||
.Fl s
|
||||
option is specified, only the PIDs of the jobs are printed, one per line.
|
||||
.It Ic pwd Op Fl L | P
|
||||
Print the path of the current directory. The built-in command may
|
||||
Print the path of the current directory.
|
||||
The built-in command may
|
||||
differ from the program of the same name because the
|
||||
built-in command remembers what the current directory
|
||||
is rather than recomputing it each time. This makes
|
||||
it faster. However, if the current directory is
|
||||
is rather than recomputing it each time.
|
||||
This makes
|
||||
it faster.
|
||||
However, if the current directory is
|
||||
renamed,
|
||||
the built-in version of
|
||||
.Xr pwd 1
|
||||
@ -1653,8 +1741,10 @@ The
|
||||
is printed if the
|
||||
.Fl p
|
||||
option is specified
|
||||
and the standard input is a terminal. Then a line is
|
||||
read from the standard input. The trailing newline
|
||||
and the standard input is a terminal.
|
||||
Then a line is
|
||||
read from the standard input.
|
||||
The trailing newline
|
||||
is deleted from the line and the line is split as
|
||||
described in the section on
|
||||
.Sx White Space Splitting (Field Splitting)
|
||||
@ -1671,9 +1761,11 @@ variables are assigned the null string.
|
||||
Backslashes are treated specially, unless the
|
||||
.Fl r
|
||||
option is
|
||||
specified. If a backslash is followed by
|
||||
specified.
|
||||
If a backslash is followed by
|
||||
a newline, the backslash and the newline will be
|
||||
deleted. If a backslash is followed by any other
|
||||
deleted.
|
||||
If a backslash is followed by any other
|
||||
character, the backslash will be deleted and the following
|
||||
character will be treated as though it were not in
|
||||
.Ev IFS ,
|
||||
@ -1833,7 +1925,8 @@ only the superuser can increase it.
|
||||
The
|
||||
.Fl S
|
||||
option
|
||||
specifies the soft limits instead. When displaying limits,
|
||||
specifies the soft limits instead.
|
||||
When displaying limits,
|
||||
only one of
|
||||
.Fl S
|
||||
or
|
||||
@ -1930,7 +2023,8 @@ The command
|
||||
.Dq Li set -V )
|
||||
enables vi-mode editing and places
|
||||
.Nm
|
||||
into vi insert mode. With vi-mode enabled,
|
||||
into vi insert mode.
|
||||
With vi-mode enabled,
|
||||
.Nm
|
||||
can be switched between insert mode and command mode by typing
|
||||
.Aq ESC .
|
||||
|
||||
@ -69,7 +69,8 @@ in the traditional
|
||||
.It Fl f
|
||||
Open and use the terminal named by
|
||||
.Ar file
|
||||
rather than using standard input. The file is opened
|
||||
rather than using standard input.
|
||||
The file is opened
|
||||
using the
|
||||
.Dv O_NONBLOCK
|
||||
flag of
|
||||
@ -90,7 +91,8 @@ characteristics:
|
||||
.Ss Control Modes:
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
Control mode flags affect hardware characteristics associated with the
|
||||
terminal. This corresponds to the c_cflag in the termios structure.
|
||||
terminal.
|
||||
This corresponds to the c_cflag in the termios structure.
|
||||
.Bl -tag -width Fl
|
||||
.It Cm parenb Pq Fl parenb
|
||||
Enable (disable) parity generation
|
||||
@ -210,11 +212,13 @@ to restart output.
|
||||
.It Cm imaxbel Pq Fl imaxbel
|
||||
The system imposes a limit of
|
||||
.Dv MAX_INPUT
|
||||
(currently 255) characters in the input queue. If
|
||||
(currently 255) characters in the input queue.
|
||||
If
|
||||
.Cm imaxbel
|
||||
is set and the input queue limit has been reached,
|
||||
subsequent input causes the system to send an ASCII BEL
|
||||
character to the output queue (the terminal beeps at you). Otherwise,
|
||||
character to the output queue (the terminal beeps at you).
|
||||
Otherwise,
|
||||
if
|
||||
.Cm imaxbel
|
||||
is unset and the input queue is full, the next input character causes
|
||||
@ -316,19 +320,22 @@ is disabled.
|
||||
.It Cm echoctl Pq Fl echoctl
|
||||
If
|
||||
.Cm echoctl
|
||||
is set, echo control characters as ^X. Otherwise control characters
|
||||
is set, echo control characters as ^X.
|
||||
Otherwise control characters
|
||||
echo as themselves.
|
||||
.It Cm echoprt Pq Fl echoprt
|
||||
For printing terminals.
|
||||
If set, echo erased characters backwards within ``\\''
|
||||
and ``/''. Otherwise, disable this feature.
|
||||
and ``/''.
|
||||
Otherwise, disable this feature.
|
||||
.It Cm noflsh Pq Fl noflsh
|
||||
Disable (enable) flush after
|
||||
.Dv INTR , QUIT , SUSP .
|
||||
.It Cm tostop Pq Fl tostop
|
||||
Send (do not send)
|
||||
.Dv SIGTTOU
|
||||
for background output. This causes background jobs to stop if they attempt
|
||||
for background output.
|
||||
This causes background jobs to stop if they attempt
|
||||
terminal output.
|
||||
.It Cm altwerase Pq Fl altwerase
|
||||
Use (do not use) an alternate word erase algorithm when processing
|
||||
@ -342,7 +349,8 @@ erased with simply an
|
||||
.Dv ERASE
|
||||
character.)
|
||||
.It Cm mdmbuf Pq Fl mdmbuf
|
||||
If set, flow control output based on condition of Carrier Detect. Otherwise
|
||||
If set, flow control output based on condition of Carrier Detect.
|
||||
Otherwise
|
||||
writes return an error if Carrier Detect is low (and Carrier is not being
|
||||
ignored with the
|
||||
.Dv CLOCAL
|
||||
@ -367,7 +375,7 @@ that character.
|
||||
If string is the
|
||||
two character sequence "^-" or the
|
||||
string "undef" the control character
|
||||
is disabled (i.e. set to
|
||||
is disabled (i.e., set to
|
||||
.Pf { Dv _POSIX_VDISABLE Ns } . )
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
Recognized control-characters:
|
||||
@ -444,7 +452,8 @@ Set (disable) all modes suitable for a CRT display device.
|
||||
Enable (disable) the system generated status line associated with
|
||||
processing a
|
||||
.Dv STATUS
|
||||
character (usually set to ^T). The status line consists of the
|
||||
character (usually set to ^T).
|
||||
The status line consists of the
|
||||
system load average, the current command name, its process ID, the
|
||||
event the process is waiting on (or the status of the process), the user
|
||||
and system times, percent cpu, and current memory usage.
|
||||
@ -478,7 +487,8 @@ to a pty.
|
||||
If set, change the modes of the terminal so that no input or output processing
|
||||
is performed.
|
||||
If unset, change the modes of the terminal to some reasonable
|
||||
state that performs input and output processing. Note that since the
|
||||
state that performs input and output processing.
|
||||
Note that since the
|
||||
terminal driver no longer has a single
|
||||
.Dv RAW
|
||||
bit, it is not possible to intuit what flags were set prior to setting
|
||||
@ -581,7 +591,8 @@ The
|
||||
.Nm
|
||||
utility is expected to be
|
||||
.St -p1003.2
|
||||
compatible. The flags
|
||||
compatible.
|
||||
The flags
|
||||
.Fl e
|
||||
and
|
||||
.Fl f
|
||||
|
||||
@ -298,12 +298,14 @@ manual page.
|
||||
.Sh GRAMMAR AMBIGUITY
|
||||
The
|
||||
.Nm
|
||||
grammar is inherently ambiguous. In order to assure a degree of consistency,
|
||||
grammar is inherently ambiguous.
|
||||
In order to assure a degree of consistency,
|
||||
the cases described in the
|
||||
.St -p1003.2 ,
|
||||
section D11.2/4.62.4, standard
|
||||
are evaluated consistently according to the rules specified in the
|
||||
standards document. All other cases are subject to the ambiguity in the
|
||||
standards document.
|
||||
All other cases are subject to the ambiguity in the
|
||||
command semantics.
|
||||
.Sh RETURN VALUES
|
||||
The
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user