Commit Graph

56 Commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
Konstantin Belousov
b7ac5a8571 Add new pager type, OBJT_MGTDEVICE. It provides the device pager
which carries fictitous managed pages. In particular, the consumers of
the new object type can remove all mappings of the device page with
pmap_remove_all().

The range of physical addresses used for fake page allocation shall be
registered with vm_phys_fictitious_reg_range() interface to allow the
PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE() to work in pmap.

Most likely, only i386 and amd64 pmaps can handle fictitious managed
pages right now.

Sponsored by:	The FreeBSD Foundation
Reviewed by:	alc
MFC after:	1 month
2012-05-12 20:49:58 +00:00
Konstantin Belousov
286790a7dd Update the device pager interface, while keeping the compatibility
layer for old KPI and KBI.  New interface should be used together with
d_mmap_single cdevsw method.

Device pager can be allocated with the cdev_pager_allocate(9)
function, which takes struct cdev_pager_ops, containing
constructor/destructor and page fault handler methods supplied by
driver.

Constructor and destructor, called at the pager allocation and
deallocation time, allow the driver to handle per-object private data.

The pager handler is called to handle page fault on the vm map entry
backed by the driver pager. Driver shall return either the vm_page_t
which should be mapped, or error code (which does not cause kernel
panic anymore). The page handler interface has a placeholder to
specify the access mode causing the fault, but currently PROT_READ is
always passed there.

Sponsored by:	The FreeBSD Foundation
Reviewed by:	alc
MFC after:	1 month
2011-11-15 14:40:00 +00:00
Alan Cox
2c4992db70 Move the definition of M_VMPGDATA to the swap pager, where the only
remaining uses are.
2011-01-18 04:54:43 +00:00
Konstantin Belousov
e239bb9730 Reimplement vm_object_page_clean(), using the fact that vm object memq
is ordered by page index. This greatly simplifies the implementation,
since we no longer need to mark the pages with VPO_CLEANCHK to denote
the progress. It is enough to remember the current position by index
before dropping the object lock.

Remove VPO_CLEANCHK and VM_PAGER_IGNORE_CLEANCHK as unused.
Garbage-collect vm.msync_flush_flags sysctl.

Suggested and reviewed by:	alc
Tested by:	pho
2010-07-04 11:26:56 +00:00
John Baldwin
013818111a Add a new type of VM object: OBJT_SG. An OBJT_SG object is very similar to
a device pager (OBJT_DEVICE) object in that it uses fictitious pages to
provide aliases to other memory addresses.  The primary difference is that
it uses an sglist(9) to determine the physical addresses for a given offset
into the object instead of invoking the d_mmap() method in a device driver.

Reviewed by:	alc
Approved by:	re (kensmith)
MFC after:	2 weeks
2009-07-24 13:50:29 +00:00
Konstantin Belousov
3364c323e6 Implement global and per-uid accounting of the anonymous memory. Add
rlimit RLIMIT_SWAP that limits the amount of swap that may be reserved
for the uid.

The accounting information (charge) is associated with either map entry,
or vm object backing the entry, assuming the object is the first one
in the shadow chain and entry does not require COW. Charge is moved
from entry to object on allocation of the object, e.g. during the mmap,
assuming the object is allocated, or on the first page fault on the
entry. It moves back to the entry on forks due to COW setup.

The per-entry granularity of accounting makes the charge process fair
for processes that change uid during lifetime, and decrements charge
for proper uid when region is unmapped.

The interface of vm_pager_allocate(9) is extended by adding struct ucred *,
that is used to charge appropriate uid when allocation if performed by
kernel, e.g. md(4).

Several syscalls, among them is fork(2), may now return ENOMEM when
global or per-uid limits are enforced.

In collaboration with:	pho
Reviewed by:	alc
Approved by:	re (kensmith)
2009-06-23 20:45:22 +00:00
Alan Cox
fe6ad778fe Eliminate an unneeded forward declaration. (This should have been removed
in revision 1.42.)
2009-06-06 21:23:29 +00:00
Alan Cox
cf51adc0a1 Update some comments to reflect the change from spl-based to lock-based
synchronization.
2005-05-18 22:08:52 +00:00
Warner Losh
60727d8b86 /* -> /*- for license, minor formatting changes 2005-01-07 02:29:27 +00:00
Poul-Henning Kamp
d20b2f76cc Improve readability with a bunch of typedefs for the pager ops.
These can also be used for prototypes in the pagers.
2004-11-09 13:43:20 +00:00
Alan Cox
41f1b2c460 The demise of vm_pager_map_page() in revision 1.93 of vm/vm_pager.c permits
the reduction of the pager map's size by 8M bytes.  In other words, eight
megabytes of largely wasted KVA are returned to the kernel map for use
elsewhere.
2004-04-08 19:08:49 +00:00
Warner Losh
05eb3785e7 Remove advertising clause from University of California Regent's license,
per letter dated July 22, 1999.

Approved by: core
2004-04-06 20:15:37 +00:00
Alan Cox
9e0ddbd00a Eliminate vm_pager_map_page() and vm_pager_unmap_page() and their uses.
Use sf_buf_alloc() and sf_buf_free() instead.
2004-04-06 07:12:32 +00:00
Alan Cox
2e3b314d3a - Push down Giant from vm_pageout() to vm_pageout_scan(), freeing
vm_pageout_page_stats() from Giant.
 - Modify vm_pager_put_pages() and vm_pager_page_unswapped() to expect the
   vm object to be locked on entry.  (All of the pager routines now expect
   this.)
2003-10-24 06:43:04 +00:00
Poul-Henning Kamp
f976cfd99a Add XXX: comment to vm_pager_unswapped(). 2003-08-06 10:51:40 +00:00
Poul-Henning Kamp
e04e4bacf6 Use sparse struct initialization for struct pagerops.
Mark our buffers B_KEEPGIANT before sending them downstream.

Remove swap_pager_strategy implementation.
2003-08-05 06:54:56 +00:00
Poul-Henning Kamp
745f330503 Move extern declaration of the various pagerops from vm_pager.c
to vm_pager.h where the various pagers will also see them.
2003-08-03 09:27:39 +00:00
Alan Cox
f566a0b6ba Assert that the vm object is locked on entry to vm_pager_get_pages(). 2003-06-23 06:15:05 +00:00
Alan Cox
f29ba63ec9 Maintain a lock on the vm object of interest throughout vm_fault(),
releasing the lock only if we are about to sleep (e.g., vm_pager_get_pages()
or vm_pager_has_pages()).  If we sleep, we have marked the vm object with
the paging-in-progress flag.
2003-06-22 21:35:41 +00:00
Alan Cox
8630c1173e Add vm object locking to various pagers' "get pages" methods, i386 stack
management functions, and a u area management function.
2003-06-13 03:02:28 +00:00
Matthew Dillon
43b7990e30 Allow the VM object flushing code to cluster. When the filesystem syncer
comes along and flushes a file which has been mmap()'d SHARED/RW, with
dirty pages, it was flushing the underlying VM object asynchronously,
resulting in thousands of 8K writes.  With this change the VM Object flushing
code will cluster dirty pages in 64K blocks.

Note that until the low memory deadlock issue is reviewed, it is not safe
to allow the pageout daemon to use this feature.  Forced pageouts still
use fs block size'd ops for the moment.

MFC after:	3 days
2002-12-28 21:03:42 +00:00
Alan Cox
c2eda4b565 o Remove some long dead code: from revision 1.41 of vm/vm_pager.c
3+ years ago.
 o Remove some unused prototypes.
2002-07-01 02:38:05 +00:00
Alfred Perlstein
11caded34f Remove __P. 2002-03-19 22:20:14 +00:00
Eivind Eklund
a128794977 - Remove a number of extra newlines that do not belong here according to
style(9)
- Minor space adjustment in cases where we have "( ", " )", if(), return(),
  while(), for(), etc.
- Add /* SYMBOL */ after a few #endifs.

Reviewed by:	alc
2002-03-10 21:52:48 +00:00
Matthew Dillon
0cddd8f023 With Alfred's permission, remove vm_mtx in favor of a fine-grained approach
(this commit is just the first stage).  Also add various GIANT_ macros to
formalize the removal of Giant, making it easy to test in a more piecemeal
fashion. These macros will allow us to test fine-grained locks to a degree
before removing Giant, and also after, and to remove Giant in a piecemeal
fashion via sysctl's on those subsystems which the authors believe can
operate without Giant.
2001-07-04 16:20:28 +00:00
Alfred Perlstein
2395531439 Introduce a global lock for the vm subsystem (vm_mtx).
vm_mtx does not recurse and is required for most low level
vm operations.

faults can not be taken without holding Giant.

Memory subsystems can now call the base page allocators safely.

Almost all atomic ops were removed as they are covered under the
vm mutex.

Alpha and ia64 now need to catch up to i386's trap handlers.

FFS and NFS have been tested, other filesystems will need minor
changes (grabbing the vm lock when twiddling page properties).

Reviewed (partially) by: jake, jhb
2001-05-19 01:28:09 +00:00
Alfred Perlstein
2a758ebe58 protect pbufs and associated counts with a mutex 2001-04-13 10:23:32 +00:00
Jake Burkholder
e39756439c Back out the previous change to the queue(3) interface.
It was not discussed and should probably not happen.

Requested by:		msmith and others
2000-05-26 02:09:24 +00:00
Jake Burkholder
740a1973a6 Change the way that the queue(3) structures are declared; don't assume that
the type argument to *_HEAD and *_ENTRY is a struct.

Suggested by:	phk
Reviewed by:	phk
Approved by:	mdodd
2000-05-23 20:41:01 +00:00
Poul-Henning Kamp
0b441832f3 Convert the vm_pager_strategy() interface to take a struct bio instead of
a struct buf.  Don't try to examine B_ASYNC, it is a layering violation
to do so.  The only current user of this interface is vn(4) which, since
it emulates a disk interface, operates on struct bio already.
2000-05-03 07:47:46 +00:00
Poul-Henning Kamp
e4057dbdb0 Move and staticize the bufchain functions so they become local to the
only piece of code using them.  This will ease a rewrite of them.
2000-05-01 19:38:51 +00:00
Matthew Dillon
25db2c5417 Add necessary spl protection for swapper. The problem was located by
Alfred while testing his SPLASSERT stuff.   This is not a complete fix,
    more protections are probably needed.
2000-03-27 21:33:32 +00:00
Peter Wemm
c447342094 Change #ifdef KERNEL to #ifdef _KERNEL in the public headers. "KERNEL"
is an application space macro and the applications are supposed to be free
to use it as they please (but cannot).  This is consistant with the other
BSD's who made this change quite some time ago.  More commits to come.
1999-12-29 05:07:58 +00:00
Peter Wemm
c3aac50f28 $Id$ -> $FreeBSD$ 1999-08-28 01:08:13 +00:00
Alan Cox
4221e284a3 The VFS/BIO subsystem contained a number of hacks in order to optimize
piecemeal, middle-of-file writes for NFS.  These hacks have caused no
end of trouble, especially when combined with mmap().  I've removed
them.  Instead, NFS will issue a read-before-write to fully
instantiate the struct buf containing the write.  NFS does, however,
optimize piecemeal appends to files.  For most common file operations,
you will not notice the difference.  The sole remaining fragment in
the VFS/BIO system is b_dirtyoff/end, which NFS uses to avoid cache
coherency issues with read-merge-write style operations.  NFS also
optimizes the write-covers-entire-buffer case by avoiding the
read-before-write.  There is quite a bit of room for further
optimization in these areas.

The VM system marks pages fully-valid (AKA vm_page_t->valid =
VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL) in several places, most noteably in vm_fault.  This
is not correct operation.  The vm_pager_get_pages() code is now
responsible for marking VM pages all-valid.  A number of VM helper
routines have been added to aid in zeroing-out the invalid portions of
a VM page prior to the page being marked all-valid.  This operation is
necessary to properly support mmap().  The zeroing occurs most often
when dealing with file-EOF situations.  Several bugs have been fixed
in the NFS subsystem, including bits handling file and directory EOF
situations and buf->b_flags consistancy issues relating to clearing
B_ERROR & B_INVAL, and handling B_DONE.

getblk() and allocbuf() have been rewritten.  B_CACHE operation is now
formally defined in comments and more straightforward in
implementation.  B_CACHE for VMIO buffers is based on the validity of
the backing store.  B_CACHE for non-VMIO buffers is based simply on
whether the buffer is B_INVAL or not (B_CACHE set if B_INVAL clear,
and vise-versa).  biodone() is now responsible for setting B_CACHE
when a successful read completes.  B_CACHE is also set when a bdwrite()
is initiated and when a bwrite() is initiated.  VFS VOP_BWRITE
routines (there are only two - nfs_bwrite() and bwrite()) are now
expected to set B_CACHE.  This means that bowrite() and bawrite() also
set B_CACHE indirectly.

There are a number of places in the code which were previously using
buf->b_bufsize (which is DEV_BSIZE aligned) when they should have
been using buf->b_bcount.  These have been fixed.  getblk() now clears
B_DONE on return because the rest of the system is so bad about
dealing with B_DONE.

Major fixes to NFS/TCP have been made.  A server-side bug could cause
requests to be lost by the server due to nfs_realign() overwriting
other rpc's in the same TCP mbuf chain.  The server's kernel must be
recompiled to get the benefit of the fixes.

Submitted by:	Matthew Dillon <dillon@apollo.backplane.com>
1999-05-02 23:57:16 +00:00
Julian Elischer
a5296b05b4 Submitted by: Matt Dillon <dillon@freebsd.org>
The old VN device broke in -4.x when the definition of B_PAGING
changed. This patch fixes this plus implements additional capabilities.
The new VN device can be backed by a file ( as per normal ), or it can
be directly backed by swap.

Due to dependencies in VM include files  (on opt_xxx options) the new
vn device cannot be a module yet. This will be fixed in a later commit.
This commit delimitted by tags {PRE,POST}_MATT_VNDEV
1999-03-14 09:20:01 +00:00
Matthew Dillon
e4542174b0 vm_pager_put_pages() is passed an rcval array to hold per-page return
values.  The 'int' return value for the procedure was never used and
    not well defined in any case when there are mixed errors on pages, so
    it has been removed.  vm_pager_put_pages() and associated vm_pager
    functions now return void.
1999-01-24 02:32:15 +00:00
Matthew Dillon
aa91dfc69b Move many of the vm_pager_*() functions from vm_pager.c to inlines in
vm_pager.h
1999-01-21 10:15:47 +00:00
Matthew Dillon
1c7c3c6a86 This is a rather large commit that encompasses the new swapper,
changes to the VM system to support the new swapper, VM bug
    fixes, several VM optimizations, and some additional revamping of the
    VM code.  The specific bug fixes will be documented with additional
    forced commits.  This commit is somewhat rough in regards to code
    cleanup issues.

Reviewed by:	"John S. Dyson" <root@dyson.iquest.net>, "David Greenman" <dg@root.com>
1999-01-21 08:29:12 +00:00
David Greenman
6cde7a165f Fixed two potentially serious classes of bugs:
1) The vnode pager wasn't properly tracking the file size due to
   "size" being page rounded in some cases and not in others.
   This sometimes resulted in corrupted files. First noticed by
   Terry Lambert.
   Fixed by changing the "size" pager_alloc parameter to be a 64bit
   byte value (as opposed to a 32bit page index) and changing the
   pagers and their callers to deal with this properly.
2) Fixed a bogus type cast in round_page() and trunc_page() that
   caused some 64bit offsets and sizes to be scrambled. Removing
   the cast required adding casts at a few dozen callers.
   There may be problems with other bogus casts in close-by
   macros. A quick check seemed to indicate that those were okay,
   however.
1998-10-13 08:24:45 +00:00
John Dyson
8f9110f6a1 This mega-commit is meant to fix numerous interrelated problems. There
has been some bitrot and incorrect assumptions in the vfs_bio code.  These
problems have manifest themselves worse on NFS type filesystems, but can
still affect local filesystems under certain circumstances.  Most of
the problems have involved mmap consistancy, and as a side-effect broke
the vfs.ioopt code.  This code might have been committed seperately, but
almost everything is interrelated.

1)	Allow (pmap_object_init_pt) prefaulting of buffer-busy pages that
	are fully valid.
2)	Rather than deactivating erroneously read initial (header) pages in
	kern_exec, we now free them.
3)	Fix the rundown of non-VMIO buffers that are in an inconsistent
	(missing vp) state.
4)	Fix the disassociation of pages from buffers in brelse.  The previous
	code had rotted and was faulty in a couple of important circumstances.
5)	Remove a gratuitious buffer wakeup in vfs_vmio_release.
6)	Remove a crufty and currently unused cluster mechanism for VBLK
	files in vfs_bio_awrite.  When the code is functional, I'll add back
	a cleaner version.
7)	The page busy count wakeups assocated with the buffer cache usage were
	incorrectly cleaned up in a previous commit by me.  Revert to the
	original, correct version, but with a cleaner implementation.
8)	The cluster read code now tries to keep data associated with buffers
	more aggressively (without breaking the heuristics) when it is presumed
	that the read data (buffers) will be soon needed.
9)	Change to filesystem lockmgr locks so that they use LK_NOPAUSE.  The
	delay loop waiting is not useful for filesystem locks, due to the
	length of the time intervals.
10)	Correct and clean-up spec_getpages.
11)	Implement a fully functional nfs_getpages, nfs_putpages.
12)	Fix nfs_write so that modifications are coherent with the NFS data on
	the server disk (at least as well as NFS seems to allow.)
13)	Properly support MS_INVALIDATE on NFS.
14)	Properly pass down MS_INVALIDATE to lower levels of the VM code from
	vm_map_clean.
15)	Better support the notion of pages being busy but valid, so that
	fewer in-transit waits occur.  (use p->busy more for pageouts instead
	of PG_BUSY.)  Since the page is fully valid, it is still usable for
	reads.
16)	It is possible (in error) for cached pages to be busy.  Make the
	page allocation code handle that case correctly.  (It should probably
	be a printf or panic, but I want the system to handle coding errors
	robustly.  I'll probably add a printf.)
17)	Correct the design and usage of vm_page_sleep.  It didn't handle
	consistancy problems very well, so make the design a little less
	lofty.  After vm_page_sleep, if it ever blocked, it is still important
	to relookup the page (if the object generation count changed), and
	verify it's status (always.)
18)	In vm_pageout.c, vm_pageout_clean had rotted, so clean that up.
19)	Push the page busy for writes and VM_PROT_READ into vm_pageout_flush.
20)	Fix vm_pager_put_pages and it's descendents to support an int flag
	instead of a boolean, so that we can pass down the invalidate bit.
1998-03-07 21:37:31 +00:00
Bruce Evans
e7a5897899 Added #include of <sys/queue.h> so that this file is more "self"-sufficent. 1998-02-03 22:19:35 +00:00
Poul-Henning Kamp
a1c995b626 Last major round (Unless Bruce thinks of somthing :-) of malloc changes.
Distribute all but the most fundamental malloc types.  This time I also
remembered the trick to making things static:  Put "static" in front of
them.

A couple of finer points by:	bde
1997-10-12 20:26:33 +00:00
Peter Wemm
6875d25465 Back out part 1 of the MCFH that changed $Id$ to $FreeBSD$. We are not
ready for it yet.
1997-02-22 09:48:43 +00:00
Jordan K. Hubbard
1130b656e5 Make the long-awaited change from $Id$ to $FreeBSD$
This will make a number of things easier in the future, as well as (finally!)
avoiding the Id-smashing problem which has plagued developers for so long.

Boy, I'm glad we're not using sup anymore.  This update would have been
insane otherwise.
1997-01-14 07:20:47 +00:00
John Dyson
a316d390bd Changes to support 1Tb filesizes. Pages are now named by an
(object,index) pair instead of (object,offset) pair.
1995-12-11 04:58:34 +00:00
Poul-Henning Kamp
3af768903d Remove unused vars & funcs, make things static, protoize a little bit. 1995-11-20 12:20:02 +00:00
Bruce Evans
28f8db1403 Eliminate sloppy common-style declarations. There should be none left for
the LINT configuation.
1995-07-29 11:44:31 +00:00
David Greenman
24a1cce34f NOTE: libkvm, w, ps, 'top', and any other utility which depends on struct
proc or any VM system structure will have to be rebuilt!!!

Much needed overhaul of the VM system. Included in this first round of
changes:

1) Improved pager interfaces: init, alloc, dealloc, getpages, putpages,
   haspage, and sync operations are supported. The haspage interface now
   provides information about clusterability. All pager routines now take
   struct vm_object's instead of "pagers".

2) Improved data structures. In the previous paradigm, there is constant
   confusion caused by pagers being both a data structure ("allocate a
   pager") and a collection of routines. The idea of a pager structure has
   escentially been eliminated. Objects now have types, and this type is
   used to index the appropriate pager. In most cases, items in the pager
   structure were duplicated in the object data structure and thus were
   unnecessary. In the few cases that remained, a un_pager structure union
   was created in the object to contain these items.

3) Because of the cleanup of #1 & #2, a lot of unnecessary layering can now
   be removed. For instance, vm_object_enter(), vm_object_lookup(),
   vm_object_remove(), and the associated object hash list were some of the
   things that were removed.

4) simple_lock's removed. Discussion with several people reveals that the
   SMP locking primitives used in the VM system aren't likely the mechanism
   that we'll be adopting. Even if it were, the locking that was in the code
   was very inadequate and would have to be mostly re-done anyway. The
   locking in a uni-processor kernel was a no-op but went a long way toward
   making the code difficult to read and debug.

5) Places that attempted to kludge-up the fact that we don't have kernel
   thread support have been fixed to reflect the reality that we are really
   dealing with processes, not threads. The VM system didn't have complete
   thread support, so the comments and mis-named routines were just wrong.
   We now use tsleep and wakeup directly in the lock routines, for instance.

6) Where appropriate, the pagers have been improved, especially in the
   pager_alloc routines. Most of the pager_allocs have been rewritten and
   are now faster and easier to maintain.

7) The pagedaemon pageout clustering algorithm has been rewritten and
   now tries harder to output an even number of pages before and after
   the requested page. This is sort of the reverse of the ideal pagein
   algorithm and should provide better overall performance.

8) Unnecessary (incorrect) casts to caddr_t in calls to tsleep & wakeup
   have been removed. Some other unnecessary casts have also been removed.

9) Some almost useless debugging code removed.

10) Terminology of shadow objects vs. backing objects straightened out.
    The fact that the vm_object data structure escentially had this
    backwards really confused things. The use of "shadow" and "backing
    object" throughout the code is now internally consistent and correct
    in the Mach terminology.

11) Several minor bug fixes, including one in the vm daemon that caused
    0 RSS objects to not get purged as intended.

12) A "default pager" has now been created which cleans up the transition
    of objects to the "swap" type. The previous checks throughout the code
    for swp->pg_data != NULL were really ugly. This change also provides
    the rudiments for future backing of "anonymous" memory by something
    other than the swap pager (via the vnode pager, for example), and it
    allows the decision about which of these pagers to use to be made
    dynamically (although will need some additional decision code to do
    this, of course).

13) (dyson) MAP_COPY has been deprecated and the corresponding "copy
    object" code has been removed. MAP_COPY was undocumented and non-
    standard. It was furthermore broken in several ways which caused its
    behavior to degrade to MAP_PRIVATE. Binaries that use MAP_COPY will
    continue to work correctly, but via the slightly different semantics
    of MAP_PRIVATE.

14) (dyson) Sharing maps have been removed. It's marginal usefulness in a
    threads design can be worked around in other ways. Both #12 and #13
    were done to simplify the code and improve readability and maintain-
    ability. (As were most all of these changes)

TODO:

1) Rewrite most of the vnode pager to use VOP_GETPAGES/PUTPAGES. Doing
   this will reduce the vnode pager to a mere fraction of its current size.

2) Rewrite vm_fault and the swap/vnode pagers to use the clustering
   information provided by the new haspage pager interface. This will
   substantially reduce the overhead by eliminating a large number of
   VOP_BMAP() calls. The VOP_BMAP() filesystem interface should be
   improved to provide both a "behind" and "ahead" indication of
   contiguousness.

3) Implement the extended features of pager_haspage in swap_pager_haspage().
   It currently just says 0 pages ahead/behind.

4) Re-implement the swap device (swstrategy) in a more elegant way, perhaps
   via a much more general mechanism that could also be used for disk
   striping of regular filesystems.

5) Do something to improve the architecture of vm_object_collapse(). The
   fact that it makes calls into the swap pager and knows too much about
   how the swap pager operates really bothers me. It also doesn't allow
   for collapsing of non-swap pager objects ("unnamed" objects backed by
   other pagers).
1995-07-13 08:48:48 +00:00
David Greenman
ee3a64c992 Changed "handle" from type caddr_t to void *; "handle" is several different
types of pointers, and "char *" is a bad choice for the type.
1995-05-10 18:56:09 +00:00