In libc_r, if _FDLOCKS_ENABLED is not defined, there is no guarantee
in many of the sycall wrappers that _thread_fd_table[fd] is
initialized. This causes problems for programs that pass in file
descriptors and execve() another program; when the exec'ed program
tries to do an fcntl() or other syscall on the passed-in fd, it fails.
Add calls to initialize the FD table entry for _thread_fd_lock and
_thread_fd_lock_debug.
Submitted by: Peter S. Housel <housel@acm.org>
be malloc()ed, but they are now allocated using mmap(), just as the
default-size stacks are. A separate cache of stacks is kept for
non-default-size stacks.
Collaboration with: deischen
atomically:
1) Search _thread_list for the thread to join.
2) Search _dead_list for the thread to join.
3) Set the running thread as the joiner.
While we're at it, fix a race in the case where multiple threads try to
join on the same thread. POSIX says that the behavior of multiple joiners
is undefined, but the fix is cheap as a result of the other fix.
keep track of a joiner. POSIX only supports a single joiner, so this
simplification is acceptable.
At the same time, make sure to mark a joined thread as detached so that
its resources can be freed.
Reviewed by: deischen
PR: 24345
there is no need to wake all waiters to assure that the highest priority
thread is run. As the semaphore code is written, there was no correctness
problem, but the change improves sem_post() performance.
Pointed out by: deischen
process on fork(2).
It is the supposed behavior stated in the manpage of sigaction(2), and
Solaris, NetBSD and FreeBSD 3-STABLE correctly do so.
The previous fix against libc_r/uthread/uthread_fork.c fixed the
problem only for the programs linked with libc_r, so back it out and
fix fork(2) itself to help those not linked with libc_r as well.
PR: kern/26705
Submitted by: KUROSAWA Takahiro <fwkg7679@mb.infoweb.ne.jp>
Tested by: knu, GOTOU Yuuzou <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>,
and some other people
Not objected by: hackers
MFC in: 3 days
placed in any scheduling queue(s). The process of dispatching
signals to a thread can change its state which will attempt to add
or remove the thread from any scheduling queue to which it belongs.
This can break some assertions if the thread isn't in the queue(s)
implied by its state.
When adding dispatching a pending signal to a thread, be sure to
remove the signal from the threads set of pending signals.
PR: 27035
Tested by: brian
MFC in: 1 week
a "#pragma weak" directive linking the external symbol. This matches
the other pthread_* definitions, and ensures that users of this
function from within libc get the real version, not the stub.
Suggested by: deischen
Reviewed by: deischen, alfred
associated changes that had to happen to make this possible as well as
bugs fixed along the way.
Bring in required TLI library routines to support this.
Since we don't support TLI we've essentially copied what NetBSD
has done, adding a thin layer to emulate direct the TLI calls
into BSD socket calls.
This is mostly from Sun's tirpc release that was made in 1994,
however some fixes were backported from the 1999 release (supposedly
only made available after this porting effort was underway).
The submitter has agreed to continue on and bring us up to the
1999 release.
Several key features are introduced with this update:
Client calls are thread safe. (1999 code has server side thread
safe)
Updated, a more modern interface.
Many userland updates were done to bring the code up to par with
the recent RPC API.
There is an update to the pthreads library, a function
pthread_main_np() was added to emulate a function of Sun's threads
library.
While we're at it, bring in NetBSD's lockd, it's been far too
long of a wait.
New rpcbind(8) replaces portmap(8) (supporting communication over
an authenticated Unix-domain socket, and by default only allowing
set and unset requests over that channel). It's much more secure
than the old portmapper.
Umount(8), mountd(8), mount_nfs(8), nfsd(8) have also been upgraded
to support TI-RPC and to support IPV6.
Umount(8) is also fixed to unmount pathnames longer than 80 chars,
which are currently truncated by the Kernel statfs structure.
Submitted by: Martin Blapp <mb@imp.ch>
Manpage review: ru
Secure RPC implemented by: wpaul
application to provide locking for I/O operations. This doesn't
break any of my tests, but the old behavior can be restored by
compiling with _FDLOCKS_ENABLED. This will eventually be removed
when it is obvious it does not cause any problems.
Remove most of flockfile implementation, with the exception of
flockfile_debug.
Make error messages more informational (submitted by Mike Heffner
<spock@techfour.net>, who's now known as mikeh@FreeBSD.org).
Add another check for thread library initialization (jdp, we
really need a way to get _thread_init called at program start
before any constructors are run).
_foo - wrapped system call
foo - weak definition to _foo
and for cancellation points:
_foo - wrapped system call
__foo - enter cancellation point, call _foo(), leave
cancellation point
foo - weak definition to __foo
Change use of global _thread_run to call a function to get the
currently running thread.
Make all pthread_foo functions weak definitions to _pthread_foo,
where _pthread_foo is the implementation. This allows an application
to provide its own pthread functions.
Provide slightly different versions of pthread_mutex_lock and
pthread_mutex_init so that we can tell the difference between
a libc mutex and an application mutex. Threads holding mutexes
internal to libc should never be allowed to exit, call signal
handlers, or cancel.
Approved by: -arch
referenced to by libgcc.a.
This is needed when linking statically as SVR4 (ie, ELF) behavior is to only
link in a module if it satisfies an undefined strong reference from somewhere.
(this surprises a lot of people) Things are different when using shared libs,
the entire library and its modules and their symbols are available at run-time
(when the weak reference is seen to still be unsatisfied and is satisfied on
the spot), this is not the case with static libs.
Thus one can have a static binary with unresolved week references, and at
run-time dereference a NULL pointer.
Submitted by: eischen
Submitted by: "Peter Avalos" <pavalos@theshell.com>
Reviewed by: /sbin/md5 [*]
[*] This line appears courtesy of Mr. Warner Losch, all rights reversed.
global time of day. This costs us nothing, but is a bit of a hack
to work around a process blocking and not having the time updated
by an ITIMER_PROF signal.
PR: 23679
executed at least once, fixing pthread_mutex_lock() for recursive
mutex lock attempts.
Correctly set a threads signal mask while it is executing a signal
handler. The mask should be the union of its current mask, the
signal being handled, and the mask from the signal action.
Reported by: Dan Nelson <dnelson@emsphone.com>
MFC Candidate
was not getting properly initialized in pthread_cond_signal()
and pthread_cond_broadcast(). Reportedly, this can cause
an application to die.
MFC candidate
Submitted by: ade
the kernel to (re)use the alternate signal stack. In this
case, we don't return normally from the signal handler,
so the kernel still thinks we are using the signal stack.
The fixes a nasty bug where the signal handler can start
fiddling with the stack of a thread while the handler is
actually running on the same stack.
MFC candidate
file descriptors needing to be polled (Doh!). Reported
by Dan Nelson <dnelson@emsphone.com>.
Don't install and start the scheduling timer until the
first thread is created. This prevents the overhead of
having a periodic scheduling signal in a single threaded
program. Reported by Dan Nelson <dnelson@emsphone.com>.
Allow builtin longjmps out of application installed
signal handlers without the need perform any post-handler
cleanup:
o Change signal handling to save the threads interrupted
context on the stack. The threads current context is
now always stored in the same place (in the pthread).
If and when a signal handler returns, the interrupted
context is copied back to the storage area in the pthread.
o Before calling invoking a signal handler for a thread,
back the thread out of any internal waiting queues
(mutex, CV, join, etc) to which it belongs.
Rework uthread_info.c a bit to make it easier to change
the format of a thread dump.
Use an alternal signal stack for the thread library's
signal handler. This allows us to fiddle with the main
threads stack without fear of it being in use.
Reviewed by: jasone
into an infinite loop when a timeout value is supplied
and the timeout expires.
Reported by: Dan Nelson <dnelson@emsphone.com>
Reviewed by: jasone, jlemon
by sigwait(). This prevents a signal from being sent to the process
when there are no application installed signal handlers.
Correct a typo in sigwait (foo -> foo[i]).
adding a signal frame to a thread, be sure to label the context
correctly so we don't restore an uninitialized process mask.
Reported by: kimc@W8HD.ORG and Andrey Rouskol <anry@sovintel.ru>
thread switches should be on par with that under scheduler
activations.
o Timing is achieved through the use of a fixed interval
timer (ITIMER_PROF) to count scheduling ticks instead
of retrieving the time-of-day upon every thread switch
and calculating elapsed real time.
o Polling for I/O readiness is performed once for each
scheduling tick instead of every thread switch.
o The non-signal saving/restoring versions of setjmp/longjmp
are used to save and restore thread contexts. This may
allow the removal of _THREAD_SAFE macros from setjmp()
and longjmp() - needs more investigation.
Change signal handling so that signals are handled in the
context of the thread that is receiving the signal. When
signals are dispatched to a thread, a special signal handling
frame is created on top of the target threads stack. The
frame contains the threads saved state information and a new
context in which the thread can run. The applications signal
handler is invoked through a wrapper routine that knows how
to restore the threads saved state and unwind to previous
frames.
Fix interruption of threads due to signals. Some states
were being improperly interrupted while other states were
not being interrupted. This should fix several PRs.
Signal handlers, which are invoked as a result of a process
signal (not by pthread_kill()), are now called with the
code (or siginfo_t if SA_SIGINFO was set in sa_flags) and
sigcontext_t as received from the process signal handler.
Modify the search for a thread to which a signal is delivered.
The search algorithm is now:
o First thread found in sigwait() with signal in wait mask.
o First thread found sigsuspend()'d on the signal.
o Current thread if signal is unmasked.
o First thread found with signal unmasked.
Collapse machine dependent support into macros defined in
pthread_private.h. These should probably eventually be moved
into separate MD files.
Change the range of settable priorities to be compliant with
POSIX (0-31). The threads library uses higher priorities
internally for real-time threads (not yet implemented) and
threads executing signal handlers. Real-time threads and
threads running signal handlers add 64 and 32, respectively,
to a threads base priority.
Some other small changes and cleanups.
PR: 17757 18559 21943
Reviewed by: jasone
pthread_cond_signal(), pthread_cond_broadcast(), and pthread_cond_timedwait().
Do not dump core in pthread_cond_timedwait() (due to a NULL pointer
dereference) if attempting to wait on an uninitialized condition variable.
PR: bin/18099
not have a user-supplied signal handler, when a signal is delivered, one
thread will receive the signal, and then the code reverts to having no
signal handler for the signal. This can leave the other sigwait()ing
threads stranded permanently if the signal is later ignored, or can result
in process termination when the process should have delivered the signal to
one of the threads in sigwait().
To fix this problem, maintain a count of sigwait()ers for each signal that
has no default signal handler. Use the count to correctly install/uninstall
dummy signal handlers.
Reviewed by: deischen
not allowed to return EINTR, but use of pthread_suspend_np() could cause
EINTR to be returned. To fix this, restructure pthread_suspend_np() so that
it does not interrupt a thread that is waiting on a mutex or condition, and
keep enough state around that pthread_resume_np() can fix things up
afterwards.
Reviewed by: deischen
. use real function names as `.Nm' macro argument in NAME section. It allows
them to appear in apropos(1) or whatis(1) output.
. replace empty lines with `.Pp' macro.
. replace hardcoded standard names with their `.St' macro equivalents.
. sort cross references in SEE ALSO section
thread waiting on an event (I/O, condvar, etc) will, when resumed using
pthread_resume_np, return with EINTR. For example, suspending and resuming
a thread blocked on read() will not requeue the thread for the read, but
will return -1 with errno = EINTR. If the suspended thread is in a critical
region, the thread is suspended as soon as it leaves the critical region.
Fix a bogon in pthread_kill() where a signal was being delivered twice
to threads waiting in sigwait().
Reported by (suspend/resume bug): jdp
Reviewed by: jasone
returning the error directly.
For sem_post(), make sure that the correct thread is woken up. This has
unfortunate performance implications, but is necessary for POSIX compliance.
Approved by: jkh
just use _foo() <-- foo(). In the case of a libpthread that doesn't do
call conversion (such as linuxthreads and our upcoming libpthread), this
is adequate. In the case of libc_r, we still need three names, which are
now _thread_sys_foo() <-- _foo() <-- foo().
Convert all internal libc usage of: aio_suspend(), close(), fsync(), msync(),
nanosleep(), open(), fcntl(), read(), and write() to _foo() instead of foo().
Remove all internal libc usage of: creat(), pause(), sleep(), system(),
tcdrain(), wait(), and waitpid().
Make thread cancellation fully POSIX-compliant.
Suggested by: deischen
are not supported by this implementation, and the error return values
from sem_init(), sem_open(), sem_close(), and sem_unlink() reflect this.
Approved by: jkh
signal handler. Explicitly check for jumps to anywhere other than the
current stack, since such jumps are undefined according to POSIX.
While we're at it, convert thread cancellation to use continuations, since
it's cleaner than the original cancellation code.
Avoid delivering a signal to a thread twice. This was a pre-existing bug,
but was likely unexposed until these other changes were made.
Defer signals generated by pthread_kill() so that they can be delivered on
the appropriate stack. deischen claims that this is unnecessary, which is
likely true, but without this change, pthread_kill() can cause undefined
priority queue states and/or PANICs in [sig|_]longjmp(), so I'm leaving
this in for now. To compile this code out and exercise the bug, define
the _NO_UNDISPATCH cpp macro. Defining _PTHREADS_INVARIANTS as well will
cause earlier crashes.
PR: kern/14685
Collaboration with: deischen
the case that a CPU hungry main thread is prevented from being preempted
due to a negative calculation of its time slice.
Reported by: Alexander Litvin <archer@lucky.net>
the initial thread). Instead, just leave an unmapped gap between thread
stacks and make sure that the thread stacks won't grow into these gaps,
simply by limiting the size of the stacks with the 'len' argument to
mmap(). This (if I understand correctly) reduces VM overhead
considerably.
Reviewed by: deischen
handler. Thread-to-thread signals (pthread_signal) are treated differently
than process signals; a pthread_signal can wakeup a blocked thread if
a signal handler is not installed for that signal.
Found by: ACE tests
o Cancellation flags were not getting properly set/cleared.
o Loops waiting for internal locks were not being exited
correctly by a cancelled thread.
o Minor spelling (cancelation -> cancellation) and formatting
corrections (missing tab).
Found by: tg
Reviewed by: jasone
o Don't call signal handlers with the signal handler access lock
held.
o Remove pending signals before calling signal handlers. If
pending signals were not removed prior to handling them,
invocation of the handler could cause the handler to be
called more than once for the same signal. Found by: JB
o When SIGCHLD arrives, wake up all threads in PS_WAIT_WAIT
(wait4).
PR: bin/15328
Reviewed by: jasone
Before this change, a signal was delivered to each thread that
didn't have the signal masked. Signals also improperly woke up
threads waiting on I/O. With this change, signals are now
handled in the following way:
o If a thread is waiting in a sigwait for the signal,
then the thread is woken up.
o If no threads are sigwait'ing on the signal and a
thread is in a sigsuspend waiting for the signal,
then the thread is woken up.
o In the case that no threads are waiting or suspended
on the signal, then the signal is delivered to the
first thread we find that has the signal unmasked.
o If no threads are waiting or suspended on the signal,
and no threads have the signal unmasked, then the signal
is added to the process wide pending signal set. The
signal will be delivered to the first thread that unmasks
the signal.
If there is an installed signal handler, it is only invoked
if the chosen thread was not in a sigwait.
In the case that multiple threads are waiting or suspended
on a signal, or multiple threads have the signal unmasked,
we wake up/deliver the signal to the first thread we find.
The above rules still apply.
Reported by: Scott Hess <scott@avantgo.com>
Reviewed by: jb, jasone
to use mmap(..., MAP_STACK, ...) on alpha too since that should work
now.
* Add hooks to allow GDB to access the internals of pthreads without
having to know the exact layout of struct pthread.
Reviewed by: deischen
eischen (Daniel Eischen) added wrappers to protect against cancled
threads orphaning internal resources.
the cancelability code is still a bit fuzzy but works for test
programs of my own, OpenBSD's and some examples from ORA's books.
add readdir_r to both libc and libc_r
add some 'const' attributes to function parameters
Reviewed by: eischen, jasone
with NetBSD and the Single Unix Specification v2.
This updates some structures with other, almost equivalent types and
effort is under way to get the whole more consistent.
Also removes a double definition of INET6 and some other clean-ups.
Reviewed by: green, bde, phk
Some part obtained from: NetBSD, SUSv2 specification
-----------------------------
Most of the userland changes are in libc. For both the alpha
and the i386 setjmp has been changed to accomodate for the
new sigset_t. Internally, libc is mostly rewritten to use the
new syscalls. The exception is in compat-43/sigcompat.c
The POSIX thread library has also been rewritten to use the
new sigset_t. Except, that it currently only handles NSIG
signals instead of the maximum _SIG_MAXSIG. This should not
be a problem because current applications don't use any
signals higher than NSIG.
There are version bumps for the following libraries:
libdialog
libreadline
libc
libc_r
libedit
libftpio
libss
These libraries either a) have one of the modified structures
visible in the interface, or b) use sigset_t internally and
may cause breakage if new binaries are used against libraries
that don't have the sigset_t change. This not an immediate
issue, but will be as soon as applications start using the
new range to its fullest.
NOTE: libncurses already had an version bump and has not been
given one now.
NOTE: doscmd is a real casualty and has been disconnected for
the moment. Reconnection will eventually happen after
doscmd has been fixed. I'm aware that being the last one
to touch it, I'm automaticly promoted to being maintainer.
According to good taste this means that I will receive a
badge which either will be glued or mechanically stapled,
drilled or otherwise violently forced onto me :-)
NOTE: pcvt/vttest cannot be compiled with -traditional. The
change cause sys/types to be included along the way which
contains the const and volatile modifiers. I don't consider
this a solution, but more a workaround.
might have been mmapped, and if so, passing the pointer to free() is
really not a good idea.
[ In the next millenium, when I've taken over the world, I'm going
to ban 8 character tabs. You've been warned. ]
track.
The $Id$ line is normally at the bottom of the main comment block in the
man page, separated from the rest of the manpage by an empty comment,
like so;
.\" $Id$
.\"
If the immediately preceding comment is a @(#) format ID marker than the
the $Id$ will line up underneath it with no intervening blank lines.
Otherwise, an additional blank line is inserted.
Approved by: bde
Always use mmap() for default-size stack allocation. Use MAP_ANON instead
of MAP_STACK on the alpha architecture.
Reduce the amount of code executed while owning _gc_mutex during stack
allocation.
Cache discarded default thread stacks for use in subsequent thread creations.
Create a red zone at the end of each stack (including the initial thread
stack), with the hope of causing a segfault if a stack overflows.
To activate these modifications, add -D_PTHREAD_GSTACK to CFLAGS in
src/lib/libc_r/Makefile. Since the modifications depend on the VM_STACK
kernel option, I'm not sure how to safely use growable stacks by default.
Testing, as well as algorithmic and stylistic comments are welcome.
o The polling mechanism for I/O readiness was changed from
select() to poll(). In additon, a wrapped version of poll()
is now provided.
o The wrapped select routine now converts each fd_set to a
poll array so that the thread scheduler doesn't have to
perform a bitwise search for selected fds each time file
descriptors are polled for I/O readiness.
o The thread scheduler was modified to use a new queue (_workq)
for threads that need work. Threads waiting for I/O readiness
and spinblocks are added to the work queue in addition to the
waiting queue. This reduces the time spent forming/searching
the array of file descriptors being polled.
o The waiting queue (_waitingq) is now maintained in order of
thread wakeup time. This allows the thread scheduler to
find the nearest wakeup time by looking at the first thread
in the queue instead of searching the entire queue.
o Removed file descriptor locking for select/poll routines. An
application should not rely on the threads library for providing
this locking; if necessary, the application should use mutexes
to protect selecting/polling of file descriptors.
o Retrieve and use the kernel clock rate/resolution at startup
instead of hardcoding the clock resolution to 10 msec (tested
with kernel running at 1000 HZ).
o All queues have been changed to use queue.h macros. These
include the queues of all threads, dead threads, and threads
waiting for file descriptor locks.
o Added reinitialization of the GC mutex and condition variable
after a fork. Also prevented reallocation of the ready queue
after a fork.
o Prevented the wrapped close routine from closing the thread
kernel pipes.
o Initialized file descriptor table for stdio entries at thread
init.
o Provided additional flags to indicate to what queues threads
belong.
o Moved TAILQ initialization for statically allocated mutex and
condition variables to after the spinlock.
o Added dispatching of signals to pthread_kill. Removing the
dispatching of signals from thread activation broke sigsuspend
when pthread_kill was used to send a signal to a thread.
o Temporarily set the state of a thread to PS_SUSPENDED when it
is first created and placed in the list of threads so that it
will not be accidentally scheduled before becoming a member
of one of the scheduling queues.
o Change the signal handler to queue signals to the thread kernel
pipe if the scheduling queues are protected. When scheduling
queues are unprotected, signals are then dequeued and handled.
o Ensured that all installed signal handlers block the scheduling
signal and that the scheduling signal handler blocks all
other signals. This ensures that the signal handler is only
interruptible for and by non-scheduling signals. An atomic
lock is used to decide which instance of the signal handler
will handle pending signals.
o Removed _lock_thread_list and _unlock_thread_list as they are
no longer used to protect the thread list.
o Added missing RCS IDs to modified files.
o Added checks for appropriate queue membership and activity when
adding, removing, and searching the scheduling queues. These
checks add very little overhead and are enabled when compiled
with _PTHREADS_INVARIANTS defined. Suggested and implemented
by Tor Egge with some modification by me.
o Close a race condition in uthread_close. (Tor Egge)
o Protect the scheduling queues while modifying them in
pthread_cond_signal and _thread_fd_unlock. (Tor Egge)
o Ensure that when a thread gets a mutex, the mutex is on that
threads list of owned mutexes. (Tor Egge)
o Set the kernel-in-scheduler flag in _thread_kern_sched_state
and _thread_kern_sched_state_unlock to prevent a scheduling
signal from calling the scheduler again. (Tor Egge)
o Don't use TAILQ_FOREACH macro while searching the waiting
queue for threads in a sigwait state, because a change of
state destroys the TAILQ link. It is actually safe to do
so, though, because once a sigwaiting thread is found, the
loop ends and the function returns. (Tor Egge)
o When dispatching signals to threads, make the thread inherit
the signal deferral flag of the currently running thread.
(Tor Egge)
Submitted by: Daniel Eischen <eischen@vigrid.com> and
Tor Egge <Tor.Egge@fast.no>
o Runnable threads are now maintained in priority queues. The
implementation requires two things:
1.) The priority queues must be protected during insertion
and removal of threads. Since the kernel scheduler
must modify the priority queues, a spinlock for
protection cannot be used. The functions
_thread_kern_sched_defer() and _thread_kern_sched_undefer()
were added to {un}defer kernel scheduler activation.
2.) A thread (active) priority change can be performed only
when the thread is removed from the priority queue. The
implementation uses a threads active priority when
inserting it into the queue.
A by-product is that thread switches are much faster. A
separate queue is used for waiting and/or blocked threads,
and it is searched at most 2 times in the kernel scheduler
when there are active threads. It should be possible to
reduce this to once by combining polling of threads waiting
on I/O with the loop that looks for timed out threads and
the minimum timeout value.
o Functions to defer kernel scheduler activation were added. These
are _thread_kern_sched_defer() and _thread_kern_sched_undefer()
and may be called recursively. These routines do not block the
scheduling signal, but latch its occurrence. The signal handler
will not call the kernel scheduler when the running thread has
deferred scheduling, but it will be called when running thread
undefers scheduling.
o Added support for _POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING. All the
POSIX routines required by this should now be implemented.
One note, SCHED_OTHER, SCHED_FIFO, and SCHED_RR are required
to be defined by including pthread.h. These defines are currently
in sched.h. I modified pthread.h to include sched.h but don't
know if this is the proper thing to do.
o Added support for priority protection and inheritence mutexes.
This allows definition of _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT and
_POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT.
o Added additional error checks required by POSIX for mutexes and
condition variables.
o Provided a wrapper for sigpending which is marked as a hidden
syscall.
o Added a non-portable function as a debugging aid to allow an
application to monitor thread context switches. An application
can install a routine that gets called everytime a thread
(explicitly created by the application) gets context switched.
The routine gets passed the pthread IDs of the threads that are
being switched in and out.
Submitted by: Dan Eischen <eischen@vigrid.com>
Changes by me:
o Added a PS_SPINBLOCK state to deal with the priority inversion
problem most often (I think) seen by threads calling malloc/free/realloc.
o Dispatch signals to the running thread directly rather than at a
context switch to avoid the situation where the switch never occurs.
make pthread_yield() more reliable,
threads always (I hope) preempted at least every 0.1 sec, as intended.
PR: bin/7744
Submitted by: "Richard Seaman, Jr." <dick@tar.com>
