write caching is disabled on both SCSI and IDE disks where large
memory dumps could take up to an hour to complete.
Taking an i386 scsi based system with 512MB of ram and timing (in
seconds) how long it took to complete a dump, the following results
were obtained:
Before: After:
WCE TIME WCE TIME
------------------ ------------------
1 141.820972 1 15.600111
0 797.265072 0 65.480465
Obtained from: Yahoo!
Reviewed by: peter
in the face of non-stripe-aligned swap areas. The bug could cause a
panic during boot.
Refuse to configure a swap area that is too large (67 GB or so)
Properly document the power-of-2 requirement for SWB_NPAGES.
The patch is slightly different then the one Tor enclosed in the P.R.,
but accomplishes the same thing.
PR: kern/20273
Submitted by: Tor.Egge@fast.no
and initialized during boot. This avoids bloating sizeof(struct lock).
As a side effect, it is no longer necessary to enforce the assumtion that
lockinit()/lockdestroy() calls are paired, so the LK_VALID flag has been
removed.
Idea taken from: BSD/OS.
it to lower its memory usage. This was mentioned on the mailing
lists ages ago, and I've lost the name of the person who brought
it up.
Reviewed by: alc
Add lockdestroy() and appropriate invocations, which corresponds to
lockinit() and must be called to clean up after a lockmgr lock is no
longer needed.
include:
* Mutual exclusion is used instead of spl*(). See mutex(9). (Note: The
alpha port is still in transition and currently uses both.)
* Per-CPU idle processes.
* Interrupts are run in their own separate kernel threads and can be
preempted (i386 only).
Partially contributed by: BSDi (BSD/OS)
Submissions by (at least): cp, dfr, dillon, grog, jake, jhb, sheldonh
the SF_IMMUTABLE flag to prevent writing. Instead put in explicit
checking for the SF_SNAPSHOT flag in the appropriate places. With
this change, it is now possible to rename and link to snapshot files.
It is also possible to set or clear any of the owner, group, or
other read bits on the file, though none of the write or execute
bits can be set. There is also an explicit test to prevent the
setting or clearing of the SF_SNAPSHOT flag via chflags() or
fchflags(). Note also that the modify time cannot be changed as
it needs to accurately reflect the time that the snapshot was taken.
Submitted by: Robert Watson <rwatson@FreeBSD.org>
the gating of system calls that cause modifications to the underlying
filesystem. The gating can be enabled by any filesystem that needs
to consistently suspend operations by adding the vop_stdgetwritemount
to their set of vnops. Once gating is enabled, the function
vfs_write_suspend stops all new write operations to a filesystem,
allows any filesystem modifying system calls already in progress
to complete, then sync's the filesystem to disk and returns. The
function vfs_write_resume allows the suspended write operations to
begin again. Gating is not added by default for all filesystems as
for SMP systems it adds two extra locks to such critical kernel
paths as the write system call. Thus, gating should only be added
as needed.
Details on the use and current status of snapshots in FFS can be
found in /sys/ufs/ffs/README.snapshot so for brevity and timelyness
is not included here. Unless and until you create a snapshot file,
these changes should have no effect on your system (famous last words).
SYSCTL_LONG macro to be consistent with other integer sysctl variables
and require an initial value instead of assuming 0. Update several
sysctl variables to use the unsigned types.
PR: 15251
Submitted by: Kelly Yancey <kbyanc@posi.net>
set equal to the number of kilobytes in your cache. The old options are
still supported for backwards compatibility.
Submitted by: Kelly Yancey <kbyanc@posi.net>
and sysv shared memory support for it. It implements a new
PG_UNMANAGED flag that has slightly different characteristics
from PG_FICTICIOUS.
A new sysctl, kern.ipc.shm_use_phys has been added to enable the
use of physically-backed sysv shared memory rather then swap-backed.
Physically backed shm segments are not tracked with PV entries,
allowing programs which use a large shm segment as a rendezvous
point to operate without eating an insane amount of KVM in the
PV entry management. Read: Oracle.
Peter's OBJT_PHYS object will also allow us to eventually implement
page-table sharing and/or 4MB physical page support for such segments.
We're half way there.
have pv_entries. This is intended for very special circumstances,
eg: a certain database that has a 1GB shm segment mapped into 300
processes. That would consume 2GB of kvm just to hold the pv_entries
alone. This would not be used on systems unless the physical ram was
available, as it's not pageable.
This is a work-in-progress, but is a useful and functional checkpoint.
Matt has got some more fixes for it that will be committed soon.
Reviewed by: dillon
to various pmap_*() functions instead of looking up the physical address
and passing that. In many cases, the first thing the pmap code was doing
was going to a lot of trouble to get back the original vm_page_t, or
it's shadow pv_table entry.
Inspired by: John Dyson's 1998 patches.
Also:
Eliminate pv_table as a seperate thing and build it into a machine
dependent part of vm_page_t. This eliminates having a seperate set of
structions that shadow each other in a 1:1 fashion that we often went to
a lot of trouble to translate from one to the other. (see above)
This happens to save 4 bytes of physical memory for each page in the
system. (8 bytes on the Alpha).
Eliminate the use of the phys_avail[] array to determine if a page is
managed (ie: it has pv_entries etc). Store this information in a flag.
Things like device_pager set it because they create vm_page_t's on the
fly that do not have pv_entries. This makes it easier to "unmanage" a
page of physical memory (this will be taken advantage of in subsequent
commits).
Add a function to add a new page to the freelist. This could be used
for reclaiming the previously wasted pages left over from preloaded
loader(8) files.
Reviewed by: dillon
<sys/bio.h>.
<sys/bio.h> is now a prerequisite for <sys/buf.h> but it shall
not be made a nested include according to bdes teachings on the
subject of nested includes.
Diskdrivers and similar stuff below specfs::strategy() should no
longer need to include <sys/buf.> unless they need caching of data.
Still a few bogus uses of struct buf to track down.
Repocopy by: peter
a struct buf. Don't try to examine B_ASYNC, it is a layering violation
to do so. The only current user of this interface is vn(4) which, since
it emulates a disk interface, operates on struct bio already.
shared memory objects are regular files; the shm_open(3) routine
uses fcntl(2) to set a flag on the descriptor which tells mmap(2)
to automatically apply MAP_NOSYNC.
Not objected to by: bde, dillon, dufault, jasone
Exceptions:
Vinum untouched. This means that it cannot be compiled.
Greg Lehey is on the case.
CCD not converted yet, casts to struct buf (still safe)
atapi-cd casts to struct buf to examine B_PHYS
(Much of this done by script)
Move B_ORDERED flag to b_ioflags and call it BIO_ORDERED.
Move b_pblkno and b_iodone_chain to struct bio while we transition, they
will be obsoleted once bio structs chain/stack.
Add bio_queue field for struct bio aware disksort.
Address a lot of stylistic issues brought up by bde.
substitute BUF_WRITE(foo) for VOP_BWRITE(foo->b_vp, foo)
substitute BUF_STRATEGY(foo) for VOP_STRATEGY(foo->b_vp, foo)
This patch is machine generated except for the ccd.c and buf.h parts.
field in struct buf: b_iocmd. The b_iocmd is enforced to have
exactly one bit set.
B_WRITE was bogusly defined as zero giving rise to obvious coding
mistakes.
Also eliminate the redundant struct buf flag B_CALL, it can just
as efficiently be done by comparing b_iodone to NULL.
Should you get a panic or drop into the debugger, complaining about
"b_iocmd", don't continue. It is likely to write on your disk
where it should have been reading.
This change is a step in the direction towards a stackable BIO capability.
A lot of this patch were machine generated (Thanks to style(9) compliance!)
Vinum users: Greg has not had time to test this yet, be careful.
This
This feature allows you to specify if mmap'd data is included in
an application's corefile.
Change the type of eflags in struct vm_map_entry from u_char to
vm_eflags_t (an unsigned int).
Reviewed by: dillon,jdp,alfred
Approved by: jkh
run out of KVM through a mmap()/fork() bomb that allocates hundreds
of thousands of vm_map_entry structures.
Add panic to make null-pointer dereference crash a little more verbose.
Add a new sysctl, vm.max_proc_mmap, which specifies the maximum number
of mmap()'d spaces (discrete vm_map_entry's in the process). The value
defaults to around 9000 for a 128MB machine. The test is scaled for the
number of processes sharing a vmspace (aka linux threads). Setting
the value to 0 disables the feature.
PR: kern/16573
Approved by: jkh
also broke diskless swapping. Moving the swapdev_vp initialization
to more commonly run code solves the problem.
PR: kern/16165
Additional testing by: David Gilbert <dgilbert@velocet.ca>
invalidation code cannot wait for paging to complete while holding a
vnode lock, so we don't wait. Instead we simply allow the lower level
code to simply block on any busy pages it encounters. I think Yahoo
may be the only entity in the entire world that actually uses this
msync feature :-).
Bug reported by: Paul Saab <paul@mu.org>
This is necessary for vmware: it does not use an anonymous mmap for
the memory of the virtual system. In stead it creates a temp file an
unlinks it. For a 50 MB file, this results in a ot of syncing
every 30 seconds.
Reviewed by: Matthew Dillon <dillon@backplane.com>
is an application space macro and the applications are supposed to be free
to use it as they please (but cannot). This is consistant with the other
BSD's who made this change quite some time ago. More commits to come.
swap_pager.c and related commits.
Essentially swap_pager.c is backed out to before the changes, but
swapdev_vp is converted into a real vnode with just VOP_STRATEGY().
It no longer abuses specfs vnops and no longer needs a dev_t and
/dev/drum (or /dev/swapdev) for the intermediate layer.
This essentially restores the vnode interface as the interface to the
bottom of the swap pager, and vm_swap.c provides a clean vnode interface.
This will need to be revisited when we swap to files (vnodes) - which
is the other reason for keeping the vnode interface between the swap pager
and the swap devices.
OK'ed by: dillon
madvise().
This feature prevents the update daemon from gratuitously flushing
dirty pages associated with a mapped file-backed region of memory. The
system pager will still page the memory as necessary and the VM system
will still be fully coherent with the filesystem. Modifications made
by other means to the same area of memory, for example by write(), are
unaffected. The feature works on a page-granularity basis.
MAP_NOSYNC allows one to use mmap() to share memory between processes
without incuring any significant filesystem overhead, putting it in
the same performance category as SysV Shared memory and anonymous memory.
Reviewed by: julian, alc, dg
* lockstatus() and VOP_ISLOCKED() gets a new process argument and a new
return value: LK_EXCLOTHER, when the lock is held exclusively by another
process.
* The ASSERT_VOP_(UN)LOCKED family is extended to use what this gives them
* Extend the vnode_if.src format to allow more exact specification than
locked/unlocked.
This commit should not do any semantic changes unless you are using
DEBUG_VFS_LOCKS.
Discussed with: grog, mch, peter, phk
Reviewed by: peter
from vm_map_pageable(). At the point they called, vm_map_pageable()
holds a read (or shared) lock on the map. The purpose
of vm_map_{clear,set}_recursive() is to disable/enable repeated
write (or exclusive) lock requests by the same process.
vm_map always failed because vm_map_lookup() looked at
"vm_map_entry->wired_count" instead of "(vm_map_entry->eflags &
MAP_ENTRY_USER_WIRED)". The effect was that many page
wiring operations by sysctl were (silently) failing.
multiplexed underlying swap devices (/dev/drum). The only thing it did
was to allow root to open /dev/drum, but not do anything with it.
Various utilities used to grovel around in here, but Matt has written
a much nicer (and clean) front-end to this for libkvm, and nothing uses
the old system any more.
The VM system was calling VOP_STRATEGY() on the vp of the first underlying
swap device (not the /dev/drum one, the first real device), and using
the VOP system to indirectly (and only) call swstrategy() to choose
an underlying device and enqueue it on that device. I have changed it
to avoid diverting through the VOP system and to call the only possible
target directly, saving a little bit of time and some complexity.
In all, nothing much changes, except some scaffolding to support the
roundabout way of calling swstrategy() is gone.
Matt gave me the ok to do this some time ago, and I apologize for taking
so long to get around to it.
instead of duplicating the code. (2) If a wired page is passed
to vm_page_free_toq, panic instead of printing a friendly warning.
(If we don't panic here, we'll just panic later in vm_page_unwire
obscuring the problem.)
eliminate an extra (useless) level of indirection in half of the page
queue accesses and (2) to use a single name for each queue throughout,
instead of, e.g., "vm_page_queue_active" in some places and
"vm_page_queues[PQ_ACTIVE]" in others.
Reviewed by: dillon
"rw" argument, rather than hijacking B_{READ|WRITE}.
Fix two bugs (physio & cam) resulting by the confusion caused by this.
Submitted by: Tor.Egge@fast.no
Reviewed by: alc, ken (partly)
Merge the contents (less some trivial bordering the silly comments)
of <vm/vm_prot.h> and <vm/vm_inherit.h> into <vm/vm.h>. This puts
the #defines for the vm_inherit_t and vm_prot_t types next to their
typedefs.
This paves the road for the commit to follow shortly: change
useracc() to use VM_PROT_{READ|WRITE} rather than B_{READ|WRITE}
as argument.
hexdump -C < /dev/drum
by simply refusing to do I/O from userland.
a panic. I'm not sure we even need /dev/drum anymore, it seems
to have been broken for a long time thi
have been there in the first place. A GENERIC kernel shrinks almost 1k.
Add a slightly different safetybelt under nostop for tty drivers.
Add some missing FreeBSD tags
clustering issues (replacing code that used to be in
ufs/ufs/ufs_readwrite.c). vm_fault also now uses the new VM page counter
inlines.
This completes the changeover from vnode->v_lastr to vm_entry_t->v_lastr
for VM, and fp->f_nextread and fp->f_seqcount (which have been in the
tree for a while). Determination of the I/O strategy (sequential, random,
and so forth) is now handled on a descriptor-by-descriptor basis for
base I/O calls, and on a memory-region-by-memory-region and
process-by-process basis for VM faults.
Reviewed by: David Greenman <dg@root.com>, Alan Cox <alc@cs.rice.edu>
spaces which cross a segment boundry in the page table. pmap_kextract()
is not designed for access to the user space portion of the page
table and cannot handle the null-page-directory-entry case.
The fix is to have vm_fault_quick() return a success or failure which
is then used to avoid calling pmap_kextract().
syncs the entire underlying file rather then just the requested range,
resulting in huge inefficiencies when the VM system is articulated in
a certain way. The VOP_FSYNC was also found to massively reduce NFS
performance in certain cases.
Change MADV_DONTNEED and MADV_FREE to call vm_page_dontneed() instead
of vm_page_deactivate(). Using vm_page_deactivate() causes all
inactive and cache pages to be recycled before the dontneed/free page
is recycled, effectively flushing our entire VM inactive & cache
queues continuously even if only a few pages are being actively MADV
free'd and reused (such as occurs with a sequential scan of a
memory-mapped file).
Reviewed by: Alan Cox <alc@cs.rice.edu>, David Greenman <dg@root.com>
from the vnode. (The changeover is undergoing final testing and
will be committed soon).
Reviewed by: Alan Cox <alc@cs.rice.edu>, David Greenman <dg@root.com>
underlying physical sector size when aligning I/O transfer sizes.
It cannot assume 512 bytes.
We assume the underlying sector size is a power of 2. If it isn't,
mmap() will break badly anyway (in the same way mmap broke with NFS
when NFS tried to cache piecemeal write ranges in buffers, before
we enforced read-buffer-before-write-piecemeal for NFS).
Reviewed by: Alan Cox <alc@cs.rice.edu>, David Greenman <dg@root.com>
Swap space can be freed from an interrupt and so swap reservation and
freeing must occur at splvm.
Add swap_pager_reserve() code to support a new swap pre-reservation
capability for the VN device.
Generally cleanup the swap code by simplifying the swp_pager_meta_build()
static function and consolidating the SWAPBLK_NONE test from a bit test
to an absolute compare. The bit test was left over from a rejected
swap allocation scheme that was not ultimately committed. A few other
minor cleanups were also made.
Reorganize the swap strategy code, again for VN support, to not
reallocate swap when writing as this messes up pre-reservation and
can fragment I/O unnecessarily as VN-baesd disk is messed around with.
Reviewed by: Alan Cox <alc@cs.rice.edu>, David Greenman <dg@root.com>
current process from the exclusive lock prior to initiating I/O.
This fixes a panic related to swap-backed VN disks
Reviewed by: Alan Cox <alc@cs.rice.edu>, David Greenman <dg@root.com>
Replace various VM related page count calculations strewn over the
VM code with inlines to aid in readability and to reduce fragility
in the code where modules depend on the same test being performed
to properly sleep and wakeup.
Split out a portion of the page deactivation code into an inline
in vm_page.c to support vm_page_dontneed().
add vm_page_dontneed(), which handles the madvise MADV_DONTNEED
feature in a related commit coming up for vm_map.c/vm_object.c. This
code prevents degenerate cases where an essentially active page may
be rotated through a subset of the paging lists, resulting in premature
disposal.
Make the alias list a SLIST.
Drop the "fast recycling" optimization of vnodes (including
the returning of a prexisting but stale vnode from checkalias).
It doesn't buy us anything now that we don't hardlimit
vnodes anymore.
Rename checkalias2() and checkalias() to addalias() and
addaliasu() - which takes dev_t and udev_t arg respectively.
Make the revoke syscalls use vcount() instead of VALIASED.
Remove VALIASED flag, we don't need it now and it is faster
to traverse the much shorter lists than to maintain the
flag.
vfs_mountedon() can check the dev_t directly, all the vnodes
point to the same one.
Print the devicename in specfs/vprint().
Remove a couple of stale LFS vnode flags.
Remove unimplemented/unused LK_DRAINED;
creation of /dev/drum via calling swapon. However, the make_dev has a
bogus (insofar that it hasn't been added yet) cdevsw, so later we end
up crashing with a null pointer dereference on the swap vp's specinfo.
The specinfo points to a dev_t with a major of 254 (uninitialized), and
we get a crash on its d_strategy being called.
The simple solution to this is to call cdevsw_add before the make_dev
is ever used. This fixes the panic which occurred upon swapping.
Diskslice/label code not yet handled.
Vinum, i4b, alpha, pc98 not dealt with (left to respective Maintainers)
Add the correct hook for devfs to kern_conf.c
The net result of this excercise is that a lot less files depends on DEVFS,
and devtoname() gets more sensible output in many cases.
A few drivers had minor additional cleanups performed relating to cdevsw
registration.
A few drivers don't register a cdevsw{} anymore, but only use make_dev().
The lock structure cannot be the first element of the vm_map
because this can result in livelock between two or more system
processes trying to kmem_alloc_wait.
Remove semicolons or add "do { } while (0)" as necessary
to enable the use of these macros in arbitrary statements.
(There are no functional changes.)
Submitted by: dillon
A complete rewrite by dillon and myself to separate
the implementation of behaviors that effect the vm_map_entry
from those that effect the vm_object.
A result of this change is that madvise(..., MADV_FREE);
is much cheaper.
This setting is also acceptable for Celerons and Pentium Pros
with less than 1MB L2 caches.
Note: PQ_L2_SIZE is a misnomer. The correct number of colors is
a function of the cache's degree of associativity as well as its size.
Submitted by: bde and alc
Now that behaviors are stored in the vm_map_entry rather than
the vm_object, it's no longer necessary to instantiate a vm_object
just to hold the behavior.
Reviewed by: dillon
Remove the initialization of PQ_NONE's cnt and lcnt. They aren't
used.
vm_page_insert:
Remove an unnecessary dereference.
vm_page_wire:
Remove the one and only (and thus pointless) reference
to PQ_NONE's lcnt.
When creating new processes (or performing exec), the new page
directory is initialized too early. The kernel might grow before
p_vmspace is initialized for the new process. Since pmap_growkernel
doesn't yet know about the new page directory, it isn't updated, and
subsequent use causes a failure.
The fix is (1) to clear p_vmspace early, to stop pmap_growkernel
from stomping on memory, and (2) to defer part of the initialization
of new page directories until p_vmspace is initialized.
PR: kern/12378
Submitted by: tegge
Reviewed by: dfr
vm_map.c:
Don't set OBJ_ONEMAPPING on arbitrary vm objects. Only default
and swap type vm objects should have it set. vm_object_deallocate
already handles these cases.
vm_object.c:
If OBJ_ONEMAPPING isn't already clear in vm_object_shadow,
we are in trouble. Instead of clearing it, make it
an assertion that it is already clear.
QUEUE_AGE, QUEUE_LRU, and QUEUE_EMPTY we instead have QUEUE_CLEAN,
QUEUE_DIRTY, QUEUE_EMPTY, and QUEUE_EMPTYKVA. With this patch clean
and dirty buffers have been separated. Empty buffers with KVM
assignments have been separated from truely empty buffers. getnewbuf()
has been rewritten and now operates in a 100% optimal fashion. That is,
it is able to find precisely the right kind of buffer it needs to
allocate a new buffer, defragment KVM, or to free-up an existing buffer
when the buffer cache is full (which is a steady-state situation for
the buffer cache).
Buffer flushing has been reorganized. Previously buffers were flushed
in the context of whatever process hit the conditions forcing buffer
flushing to occur. This resulted in processes blocking on conditions
unrelated to what they were doing. This also resulted in inappropriate
VFS stacking chains due to multiple processes getting stuck trying to
flush dirty buffers or due to a single process getting into a situation
where it might attempt to flush buffers recursively - a situation that
was only partially fixed in prior commits. We have added a new daemon
called the buf_daemon which is responsible for flushing dirty buffers
when the number of dirty buffers exceeds the vfs.hidirtybuffers limit.
This daemon attempts to dynamically adjust the rate at which dirty buffers
are flushed such that getnewbuf() calls (almost) never block.
The number of nbufs and amount of buffer space is now scaled past the
8MB limit that was previously imposed for systems with over 64MB of
memory, and the vfs.{lo,hi}dirtybuffers limits have been relaxed
somewhat. The number of physical buffers has been increased with the
intention that we will manage physical I/O differently in the future.
reassignbuf previously attempted to keep the dirtyblkhd list sorted which
could result in non-deterministic operation under certain conditions,
such as when a large number of dirty buffers are being managed. This
algorithm has been changed. reassignbuf now keeps buffers locally sorted
if it can do so cheaply, and otherwise gives up and adds buffers to
the head of the dirtyblkhd list. The new algorithm is deterministic but
not perfect. The new algorithm greatly reduces problems that previously
occured when write_behind was turned off in the system.
The P_FLSINPROG proc->p_flag bit has been replaced by the more descriptive
P_BUFEXHAUST bit. This bit allows processes working with filesystem
buffers to use available emergency reserves. Normal processes do not set
this bit and are not allowed to dig into emergency reserves. The purpose
of this bit is to avoid low-memory deadlocks.
A small race condition was fixed in getpbuf() in vm/vm_pager.c.
Submitted by: Matthew Dillon <dillon@apollo.backplane.com>
Reviewed by: Kirk McKusick <mckusick@mckusick.com>
SYSINIT_KT() etc (which is a static, compile-time procedure), use a
NetBSD-style kthread_create() interface. kproc_start is still available
as a SYSINIT() hook. This allowed simplification of chunks of the
sysinit code in the process. This kthread_create() is our old kproc_start
internals, with the SYSINIT_KT fork hooks grafted in and tweaked to work
the same as the NetBSD one.
One thing I'd like to do shortly is get rid of nfsiod as a user initiated
process. It makes sense for the nfs client code to create them on the
fly as needed up to a user settable limit. This means that nfsiod
doesn't need to be in /sbin and is always "available". This is a fair bit
easier to do outside of the SYSINIT_KT() framework.
lockmgr locks. This commit should be functionally equivalent to the old
semantics. That is, all buffer locking is done with LK_EXCLUSIVE
requests. Changes to take advantage of LK_SHARED and LK_RECURSIVE will
be done in future commits.
