linear search can, so use it to avoid a linear search in isqrt.
Approved by: kib (mentor), markj (mentor)
Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D20102
vm_map_wire() increments entry->wire_count, after that it drops the
map lock both for faulting in the entry' pages, and for marking next
entry in the requested region as IN_TRANSITION. Only after all entries
are faulted in, MAP_ENTRY_USER_WIRE flag is set.
This makes it possible for vm_map_protect() to run while other entry'
MAP_ENTRY_IN_TRANSITION flag is handled, and vm_map_busy() lock does
not prevent it. In particular, if the call to vm_map_protect() adds
VM_PROT_WRITE to CoW entry, it would fail to call
vm_fault_copy_entry(). There are at least two consequences of the
race: the top object in the shadow chain is not populated with
writeable pages, and second, the entry eventually get contradictory
flags MAP_ENTRY_NEEDS_COPY | MAP_ENTRY_USER_WIRED with VM_PROT_WRITE
set.
Handle it by waiting for all MAP_ENTRY_IN_TRANSITION flags to go away
in vm_map_protect(), which does not drop map lock afterwards. Note
that vm_map_busy_wait() is left as is.
Reported and tested by: pho (previous version)
Reviewed by: Doug Moore <dougm@rice.edu>, markj
Sponsored by: The FreeBSD Foundation
MFC after: 1 week
Differential revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D20091
The checks are too expensive for a general-purpose kernel. Enable the
checks when DIAGNOSTIC is defined and provide a sysctl to enable the
checks in a non-DIAGNOSTIC INVARIANTS kernel.
Reviewed by: kib
Discussed with: Doug Moore <dougm@rice.edu>
MFC after: 3 days
Sponsored by: The FreeBSD Foundation
Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D19999
Drop the adj_free field from vm_map_entry_t. Refine the max_free field
so that p->max_free is the size of the largest gap with one endpoint
in the subtree rooted at p. Change vm_map_findspace so that, first,
the address-based splay is restricted to tree nodes with large-enough
max_free value, to avoid searching for the right starting point in a
subtree where all the gaps are too small. Second, when the address
search leads to a tree search for the first large-enough gap, that gap
is the subject of a splay-search that brings the gap to the top of the
tree, so that an immediate insertion will take constant time.
Break up the splay code into separate components, one for searching
and breaking up the tree and another for reassembling it. Use these
components, and not splay itself, for linking and unlinking. Drop the
after-where parameter to link, as it is computed as a side-effect of
the splay search.
Submitted by: Doug Moore <dougm@rice.edu>
Reviewed by: markj
Tested by: pho
MFC after: 2 weeks
Differential revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D17794
Otherwise resulting address from vm_map_find() migh not satisfy the
upper limit. For instance, it could affect MAP_32BIT flag from 64bit
processes.
Found by: Doug Moore <dougm@rice.edu>
Reviewed by: alc, Doug Moore <dougm@rice.edu>
Sponsored by: The FreeBSD Foundation
MFC after: 1 week
Differential revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D19688
There are some unusual cases where a process may cause an mlock()ed
range of memory to be unmapped. If the application subsequently
faults on that region, the handler may attempt to create a superpage
mapping backed by the resident, wired pages. However, the pmap code
responsible for creating such a mapping (pmap_enter_pde() on i386
and amd64) does not ensure that a leaf page table page is available
if the superpage is later demoted; the demotion operation must therefore
perform a non-blocking page allocation and must unmap the entire
superpage if the allocation fails. The pmap layer ensures that this
can never happen for wired mappings, and so the case described above
breaks that invariant.
For now, simply ensure that the MI fault handler never attempts to
create a wired superpage except via promotion.
Reviewed by: kib
Reported by: syzbot+292d3b0416c27c131505@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
MFC after: 2 weeks
Sponsored by: The FreeBSD Foundation
Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D19670
Either msync(MS_INVALIDATE) or the object unlock during vnode
truncation can expose invalid pages backing wired entries. Accept
them, but do not install them into destrination pmap. We must create
copied pages in the copy case, because e.g. vm_object_unwire() expects
that the entry is fully backed.
Reported by: syzkaller, via emaste
Reported by: syzbot+514d40ce757a3f8b15bc@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
Reviewed by: markj
Tested by: pho
Sponsored by: The FreeBSD Foundation
MFC after: 1 week
Differential revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D19615
On platforms without a direct map (i.e., platforms without
UMA_MD_SMALL_ALLOC defined), the boundary tag allocator reserves a
number of tags for use when allocating a new slab of boundary tags,
as such platforms require free boundary tags in order to allocate
boundary tags. r327899 increased the number of boundary tags required
for a KVA allocation in the worst case, and the aforementioned
reservation was not updated accordingly. In some cases, this could
lead to a system hang. Fix the problem by increasing this reservation.
Also reduce KVA_QUANTUM on systems lacking superpage support.
The previous import quantum (4MB with a 4KB page size) was quite large
for systems with limited KVA, and fragmentation in kernel_arena could
cause kernel memory allocation failures even with a substantial amount
of free KVA.
Reported and tested by: jhibbits
Reviewed by: alc, kib
No objections: jeff
MFC after: 2 weeks
Sponsored by: The FreeBSD Foundation
Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D19337
Skylake Xeons.
See SDM rev. 68 Vol 3 4.6.2 Protection Keys and the description of the
RDPKRU and WRPKRU instructions.
Reviewed by: markj
Tested by: pho
Sponsored by: The FreeBSD Foundation
MFC after: 2 weeks
Differential revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D18893
Use the object pointer itself to determine whether the object is locked.
No functional change intended.
Reviewed by: kib
MFC after: 1 week
Sponsored by: Netflix
Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D19215
back to the lever before r343030. For 64-bit machines reduce it slightly,
too. Together with r343030 I bumped the limit up to the value we use at
Netflix to serve 100 Gbit/s of sendfile traffic, and it probably isn't a
good default.
Provide a loader tunable to change vnode pager pbufs count. Document it.
Make the clustering enabling knob more fine-grained by providing a
setting where the allocation with hint is not clustered. This is aimed
to be somewhat more compatible with e.g. go 1.4 which expects that
hinted mmap without MAP_FIXED does not change the allocation address.
Now the vm.cluster_anon can be set to 1 to only cluster when no hints,
and to 2 to always cluster. Default value is 1.
Requested by: peter
Reviewed by: emaste, markj
Sponsored by: The FreeBSD Foundation
MFC after: 1 month
Differential revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D19194
This includes support for pmap_enter(..., psind=1) as described in the
commit log message for r321378.
The changes are largely modelled after amd64. arm64 has more stringent
requirements around superpage creation to avoid the possibility of TLB
conflict aborts, and these requirements do not apply to RISC-V, which
like amd64 permits simultaneous caching of 4KB and 2MB translations for
a given page. RISC-V's PTE format includes only two software bits, and
as these are already consumed we do not have an analogue for amd64's
PG_PROMOTED. Instead, pmap_remove_l2() always invalidates the entire
2MB address range.
pmap_ts_referenced() is modified to clear PTE_A, now that we support
both hardware- and software-managed reference and dirty bits. Also
fix pmap_fault_fixup() so that it does not set PTE_A or PTE_D on kernel
mappings.
Reviewed by: kib (earlier version)
Discussed with: jhb
Sponsored by: The FreeBSD Foundation
Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D18863
Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D18864
Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D18865
Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D18866
Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D18867
Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D18868
As a followup to r343673, unsign some variables related to allocation
since the hashsize cannot be negative. This gives a bit more space to
handle bigger allocations and avoid some implicit casting.
While here also unsign uh_hashmask, it makes little sense to keep that
signed.
MFC after: 2 weeks
Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D19148
i386 is the only architecture where uint64_t does not specify 8-bytes
alignment, which makes struct xswdev layout not compatible between
64bit and i386.
Reported and tested by: pho
Sponsored by: The FreeBSD Foundation
MFC after: 1 week
With this change, randomization can be enabled for all non-fixed
mappings. It means that the base address for the mapping is selected
with a guaranteed amount of entropy (bits). If the mapping was
requested to be superpage aligned, the randomization honours the
superpage attributes.
Although the value of ASLR is diminshing over time as exploit authors
work out simple ASLR bypass techniques, it elimintates the trivial
exploitation of certain vulnerabilities, at least in theory. This
implementation is relatively small and happens at the correct
architectural level. Also, it is not expected to introduce
regressions in existing cases when turned off (default for now), or
cause any significant maintaince burden.
The randomization is done on a best-effort basis - that is, the
allocator falls back to a first fit strategy if fragmentation prevents
entropy injection. It is trivial to implement a strong mode where
failure to guarantee the requested amount of entropy results in
mapping request failure, but I do not consider that to be usable.
I have not fine-tuned the amount of entropy injected right now. It is
only a quantitive change that will not change the implementation. The
current amount is controlled by aslr_pages_rnd.
To not spoil coalescing optimizations, to reduce the page table
fragmentation inherent to ASLR, and to keep the transient superpage
promotion for the malloced memory, locality clustering is implemented
for anonymous private mappings, which are automatically grouped until
fragmentation kicks in. The initial location for the anon group range
is, of course, randomized. This is controlled by vm.cluster_anon,
enabled by default.
The default mode keeps the sbrk area unpopulated by other mappings,
but this can be turned off, which gives much more breathing bits on
architectures with small address space, such as i386. This is tied
with the question of following an application's hint about the mmap(2)
base address. Testing shows that ignoring the hint does not affect the
function of common applications, but I would expect more demanding
code could break. By default sbrk is preserved and mmap hints are
satisfied, which can be changed by using the
kern.elf{32,64}.aslr.honor_sbrk sysctl.
ASLR is enabled on per-ABI basis, and currently it is only allowed on
FreeBSD native i386 and amd64 (including compat 32bit) ABIs. Support
for additional architectures will be added after further testing.
Both per-process and per-image controls are implemented:
- procctl(2) adds PROC_ASLR_CTL/PROC_ASLR_STATUS;
- NT_FREEBSD_FCTL_ASLR_DISABLE feature control note bit makes it possible
to force ASLR off for the given binary. (A tool to edit the feature
control note is in development.)
Global controls are:
- kern.elf{32,64}.aslr.enable - for non-fixed mappings done by mmap(2);
- kern.elf{32,64}.aslr.pie_enable - for PIE image activation mappings;
- kern.elf{32,64}.aslr.honor_sbrk - allow to use sbrk area for mmap(2);
- vm.cluster_anon - enables anon mapping clustering.
PR: 208580 (exp runs)
Exp-runs done by: antoine
Reviewed by: markj (previous version)
Discussed with: emaste
Tested by: pho
MFC after: 1 month
Sponsored by: The FreeBSD Foundation
Differential revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D5603
It is currently re-declared in sys/sysent.h which is a wrong place for
MD variable. Which causes redeclaration error with gcc when
sys/sysent.h and machine/md_var.h are included both.
Remove it from sys/sysent.h and instead include machine/md_var.h when
needed, under #ifdef for both i386 and amd64.
Reported and tested by: bde
Sponsored by: The FreeBSD Foundation
MFC after: 1 week
This is a step towards being able to free pages without the page
lock held. The approach is simply to add an implementation of
vm_page_dequeue_deferred() which does not assert that the page
lock is held. Formally, the page lock is required to set
PGA_DEQUEUE, but in the case of vm_page_free_prep() we get the
same mutual exclusion for free by virtue of the fact that no
other references to the page may exist.
No functional change intended.
Reviewed by: kib (previous version)
MFC after: 2 weeks
Sponsored by: Netflix
Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D19065
To detect the case where the page is already marked for a deferred
dequeue, we must read the "queue" and "aflags" fields in a
precise order. Otherwise, a race with a concurrent
vm_page_dequeue_complete() could leave the page with PGA_DEQUEUE
set despite it already having been dequeued. Fix the problem by
using vm_page_queue() to check the queue state, which correctly
handles the race.
Reviewed by: kib
Tested by: pho
MFC after: 3 days
Sponsored by: Netflix
Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D19039
512GB of ZFS ABD ARC means abd_chunk zone of 128M 4KB items. To manage
them UMA tries to allocate 2GB hash table, which size does not fit into
the int variable, causing later allocation failure, which makes ARC shrink
back below the 512GB, not letting it to use more RAM. With this change I
easily reached >700GB ARC size on 768GB RAM machine.
MFC after: 1 week
Sponsored by: iXsystems, Inc.
Then bucket_alloc() also selects bucket size based on uz_count. However,
since zone lock is dropped, uz_count may reduce. In this case max may
be greater than ub_entries and that would yield into writing beyond end
of the allocation.
Reported by: pho
The iterator should be reinitialized after every successful slab
allocation. A request to advance the iterator is interpreted as
an allocation failure, so a sufficiently large preallocation would
cause the iterator to believe that all domains were exhausted,
resulting in a sleep with the keg lock held. [1]
Also, keg_alloc_slab() should pass the unmodified wait flag to the
item initialization routine, which may use it to perform allocations
from other zones.
Reported and tested by: slavah
Diagnosed by: kib [1]
Reviewed by: kib
MFC after: 1 week
Sponsored by: The FreeBSD Foundation
In order to allow single kernel to use PAE pagetables on i386 if
hardware supports it, and fall back to classic two-level paging
structures if not, superpage code should be able to adopt to either 2M
or 4M superpages size. There I make MI VM structures large enough to
track the biggest possible superpage, by allowing architecture to
define VM_NFREEORDER_MAX and VM_LEVEL_0_ORDER_MAX constants.
Corresponding VM_NFREEORDER and VM_LEVEL_0_ORDER symbols can be
defined as runtime values and must be less than the _MAX constants.
If architecture does not define _MAXs, it is assumed that _MAX ==
normal constant.
Reviewed by: markj
Tested by: pho (as part of the larger patch)
Sponsored by: The FreeBSD Foundation
MFC after: 1 week
Differential revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D18853
Based on the description in Linux man page.
Reviewed by: markj, ngie (previous version)
Sponsored by: Mellanox Technologies
MFC after: 1 week
Differential revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D18837
This reduces amount of locking required for these zones.
Also, for cache only zones (UMA_ZFLAG_CACHE) accounting uz_items wasn't
correct at all, since they may allocate items directly from their backing
store and then free them via UMA underflowing uz_items.
Tested by: pho
atomic updates and reduces amount of data protected by zone lock.
During startup point these fields to EARLY_COUNTER. After startup
allocate them for all early zones.
Tested by: pho
o In vm_pager_bufferinit() create pbuf_zone and start accounting on how many
pbufs are we going to have set.
In various subsystems that are going to utilize pbufs create private zones
via call to pbuf_zsecond_create(). The latter calls uma_zsecond_create(),
and sets a limit on created zone. After startup preallocate pbufs according
to requirements of all pbuf zones.
Subsystems that used to have a private limit with old allocator now have
private pbuf zones: md(4), fusefs, NFS client, smbfs, VFS cluster, FFS,
swap, vnode pager.
The following subsystems use shared pbuf zone: cam(4), nvme(4), physio(9),
aio(4). They should have their private limits, but changing that is out of
scope of this commit.
o Fetch tunable value of kern.nswbuf from init_param2() and while here move
NSWBUF_MIN to opt_param.h and eliminate opt_swap.h, that was holding only
this option.
Default values aren't touched by this commit, but they probably should be
reviewed wrt to modern hardware.
This change removes a tight bottleneck from sendfile(2) operation, that
uses pbufs in vnode pager. Other pagers also would benefit from faster
allocation.
Together with: gallatin
Tested by: pho
two zones sharing a keg may have different limits. Now this is going
to work:
zone = uma_zcreate();
uma_zone_set_max(zone, limit);
zone2 = uma_zsecond_create(zone);
uma_zone_set_max(zone2, limit2);
Kegs no longer have uk_maxpages field, but zones have uz_items. When
set, it may be rounded up to minimum possible CPU bucket cache size.
For small limits bucket cache can also be reconfigured to be smaller.
Counter uz_items is updated whenever items transition from keg to a
bucket cache or directly to a consumer. If zone has uz_maxitems set and
it is reached, then we are going to sleep.
o Since new limits don't play well with multi-keg zones, remove them. The
idea of multi-keg zones was introduced exactly 10 years ago, and never
have had a practical usage. In discussion with Jeff we came to a wild
agreement that if we ever want to reintroduce the idea of a smart allocator
that would be able to choose between two (or more) totally different
backing stores, that choice should be made one level higher than UMA,
e.g. in malloc(9) or in mget(), or whatever and choice should be controlled
by the caller.
o Sleeping code is improved to account number of sleepers and wake them one
by one, to avoid thundering herd problem.
o Flag UMA_ZONE_NOBUCKETCACHE removed, instead uma_zone_set_maxcache()
KPI added. Having no bucket cache basically means setting maxcache to 0.
o Now with many fields added and many removed (no multi-keg zones!) make
sure that struct uma_zone is perfectly aligned.
Reviewed by: markj, jeff
Tested by: pho
Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D17773
from the local mapping.
Enable the setting by default.
The article behind the change: https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.01161
Reviewed by: markj
Discussed with: emaste
Sponsored by: The FreeBSD Foundation
MFC after: 1 week
Differential revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D18764
