.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software .\" must display the following acknowledgement: .\" This product includes software developed by the University of .\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. .\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software .\" without specific prior written permission. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF .\" SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .\" from: @(#)make.1 8.4 (Berkeley) 3/19/94 .\" $FreeBSD$ .\" .Dd March 19, 1994 .Dt MAKE 1 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm make .Nd maintain program dependencies .Sh SYNOPSIS .Nm .Op Fl BPSXeiknqrstv .Op Fl D Ar variable .Op Fl d Ar flags .Op Fl E Ar variable .Op Fl f Ar makefile .Op Fl I Ar directory .Bk -words .Op Fl j Ar max_jobs .Op Fl m Ar directory .Ek .Op Fl V Ar variable .Op Ar variable Ns No = Ns Ar value .Op Ar target ... .Sh DESCRIPTION .Nm Make is a program designed to simplify the maintenance of other programs. Its input is a list of specifications describing dependency relationships between the generation of files and programs. The first of .Ql Pa makefile and .Ql Pa Makefile that can be found in either the current directory or a special object directory (see .Ql Va .OBJDIR ) will be read for this list of specifications. If the file .Ql Pa .depend can be found, it is also read (see .Xr mkdep 1 ) . .Pp This manual page is intended as a reference document only. For a more thorough introduction to .Nm and makefiles, please refer to .%T "Make \- A Tutorial" . .Pp The options are as follows: .Bl -tag -width Ds .It Fl B Try to be backwards compatible by executing a single shell per command and by executing the commands to make the sources of a dependency line in sequence. This is turned on by default unless .Fl j is used. .It Fl D Ar variable Define .Ar variable to be 1, in the global context. .It Fl d Ar flags Turn on debugging, and specify which portions of .Nm are to print debugging information. Argument .Ar flags is one or more of the following: .Bl -tag -width Ds .It Ar A Print all possible debugging information; equivalent to specifying all of the debugging flags. .It Ar a Print debugging information about archive searching and caching. .It Ar c Print debugging information about conditional evaluation. .It Ar d Print debugging information about directory searching and caching. .It Ar f Print debugging information about the execution of for loops. Currently a no-op. .It Ar "g1" Print the input graph before making anything. .It Ar "g2" Print the input graph after making everything, or before exiting on error. .It Ar j Print debugging information about running multiple shells. .It Ar l Print commands in Makefiles regardless of whether or not they are prefixed by @ or other "quiet" flags. Also known as "loud" behavior. .It Ar m Print debugging information about making targets, including modification dates. .It Ar s Print debugging information about suffix-transformation rules. .It Ar t Print debugging information about target list maintenance. .It Ar v Print debugging information about variable assignment. .El .It Fl E Ar variable Specify a variable whose environment value (if any) will override macro assignments within makefiles. .It Fl e Specify that environment values override macro assignments within makefiles for all variables. .It Fl f Ar makefile Specify a makefile to read instead of the default .Ql Pa makefile and .Ql Pa Makefile . If .Ar makefile is .Ql \- , standard input is read. Multiple makefiles may be specified, and are read in the order specified. .It Fl I Ar directory Specify a directory in which to search for makefiles and included makefiles. The system makefile directory (or directories, see the .Fl m option) is automatically included as part of this list. .It Fl i Ignore non-zero exit of shell commands in the makefile. Equivalent to specifying .Ql \- before each command line in the makefile. .It Fl j Ar max_jobs Specify the maximum number of jobs that .Nm may have running at any one time. Turns compatibility mode off, unless the .Ar B flag is also specified. .It Fl k Continue processing after errors are encountered, but only on those targets that do not depend on the target whose creation caused the error. .It Fl m Ar directory Specify a directory in which to search for sys.mk and makefiles included via the <...> style. Multiple directories can be added to form a search path. This path will override the default system include path: .Pa /usr/share/mk . Furthermore, the system include path will be appended to the search path used for "..."-style inclusions (see the .Fl I option). .It Fl n Display the commands that would have been executed, but do not actually execute them. .It Fl P Collate the output of a given job and display it only when the job finishes, instead of mixing the output of parallel jobs together. This option has no effect unless .Fl j is used too. .It Fl q Do not execute any commands, but exit 0 if the specified targets are up-to-date and 1, otherwise. .It Fl r Do not use the built-in rules specified in the system makefile. .It Fl S Stop processing when an error is encountered. Default behaviour. This is needed to negate the .Fl k option during recursive builds. .It Fl s Do not echo any commands as they are executed. Equivalent to specifying .Ql Ic @ before each command line in the makefile. .It Fl t Rather than re-building a target as specified in the makefile, create it or update its modification time to make it appear up-to-date. .It Fl V Ar variable Print .Nm Ns 's idea of the value of .Ar variable , in the global context. Do not build any targets. Multiple instances of this option may be specified; the variables will be printed one per line, with a blank line for each null or undefined variable. .It Fl v Be extra verbose. For multi-job makes, this will cause file banners to be generated. .It Fl X When using the .Fl V option to print the values of variables, do not recursively expand the values. .It Ar variable Ns No = Ns Ar value Set the value of the variable .Ar variable to .Ar value . .El .Pp There are seven different types of lines in a makefile: file dependency specifications, shell commands, variable assignments, include statements, conditional directives, for loops, and comments. .Pp In general, lines may be continued from one line to the next by ending them with a backslash .Pq Ql \e . The trailing newline character and initial whitespace on the following line are compressed into a single space. .Sh FILE DEPENDENCY SPECIFICATIONS Dependency lines consist of one or more targets, an operator, and zero or more sources. This creates a relationship where the targets .Dq depend on the sources and are usually created from them. The exact relationship between the target and the source is determined by the operator that separates them. The three operators are as follows: .Bl -tag -width flag .It Ic \&: A target is considered out-of-date if its modification time is less than those of any of its sources. Sources for a target accumulate over dependency lines when this operator is used. The target is removed if .Nm is interrupted. .It Ic \&! Targets are always re-created, but not until all sources have been examined and re-created as necessary. Sources for a target accumulate over dependency lines when this operator is used. The target is removed if .Nm is interrupted. .It Ic \&:: If no sources are specified, the target is always re-created. Otherwise, a target is considered out-of-date if any of its sources has been modified more recently than the target. Sources for a target do not accumulate over dependency lines when this operator is used. The target will not be removed if .Nm is interrupted. .El .Pp Targets and sources may contain the shell wildcard expressions .Ql \&? , .Ql * , .Ql [] and .Ql {} . The expressions .Ql \&? , .Ql * and .Ql [] may only be used as part of the final component of the target or source, and must be used to describe existing files. The expression .Ql {} need not necessarily be used to describe existing files. Expansion is in directory order, not alphabetically as done in the shell. .Sh SHELL COMMANDS Each target may have associated with it a series of shell commands, normally used to create the target. Each of the commands in this script .Em must be preceded by a tab. While any target may appear on a dependency line, only one of these dependencies may be followed by a creation script, unless the .Ql Ic :: operator is used. .Pp If the first or first two characters of the command line are .Ql Ic @ and/or .Ql Ic \- , the command is treated specially. A .Ql Ic @ causes the command not to be echoed before it is executed. A .Ql Ic \- causes any non-zero exit status of the command line to be ignored. .Sh VARIABLE ASSIGNMENTS Variables in .Nm are much like variables in the shell, and, by tradition, consist of all upper-case letters. The five operators that can be used to assign values to variables are as follows: .Bl -tag -width Ds .It Ic \&= Assign the value to the variable. Any previous value is overridden. .It Ic \&+= Append the value to the current value of the variable. .It Ic \&?= Assign the value to the variable if it is not already defined. .It Ic \&:= Assign with expansion, i.e. expand the value before assigning it to the variable. Normally, expansion is not done until the variable is referenced. .It Ic \&!= Expand the value and pass it to the shell for execution and assign the result to the variable. Any newlines in the result are replaced with spaces. .El .Pp Any whitespace before the assigned .Ar value is removed; if the value is being appended, a single space is inserted between the previous contents of the variable and the appended value. .Pp Variables are expanded by surrounding the variable name with either curly braces .Pq Ql {} or parentheses .Pq Ql () and preceding it with a dollar sign .Pq Ql \&$ . If the variable name contains only a single letter, the surrounding braces or parentheses are not required. This shorter form is not recommended. .Pp Variable substitution occurs at two distinct times, depending on where the variable is being used. Variables in dependency lines are expanded as the line is read. Variables in shell commands are expanded when the shell command is executed. .Pp The four different classes of variables (in order of increasing precedence) are: .Bl -tag -width Ds .It Environment variables Variables defined as part of .Nm Ns 's environment. .It Global variables Variables defined in the makefile or in included makefiles. .It Command line variables Variables defined as part of the command line. .It Local variables Variables that are defined specific to a certain target. The seven local variables are as follows: .Bl -tag -width ".ARCHIVE" .It Va .ALLSRC The list of all sources for this target; also known as .Ql Va \&> . .It Va .ARCHIVE The name of the archive file; also known as .Ql Va \&! . .It Va .IMPSRC The name/path of the source from which the target is to be transformed (the .Dq implied source); also known as .Ql Va \&< . .It Va .MEMBER The name of the archive member; also known as .Ql Va \&% . .It Va .OODATE The list of sources for this target that were deemed out-of-date; also known as .Ql Va \&? . .It Va .PREFIX The file prefix of the file, containing only the file portion, no suffix or preceding directory components; also known as .Ql Va * . .It Va .TARGET The name of the target; also known as .Ql Va @ . .El .Pp The shorter forms .Ql Va @ , .Ql Va \&! , .Ql Va \&< , .Ql Va \&% , .Ql Va \&? , .Ql Va \&> , and .Ql Va * are permitted for backward compatibility and are not recommended. The six variables .Ql Va "@F" , .Ql Va "@D" , .Ql Va " .It Ic \&.include Ar \*qfile\*q Include the specified makefile. Variables between the angle brackets or double quotes are expanded to form the file name. If angle brackets are used, the included makefile is expected to be in the system makefile directory. If double quotes are used, the including makefile's directory and any directories specified using the .Fl I option are searched before the system makefile directory. .It Ic \&.undef Ar variable Un-define the specified global variable. Only global variables may be un-defined. .It Ic \&.error Ar message Terminate processing of the makefile immediately. The filename of the makefile, the line on which the error was encountered and the specified message are printed to standard output and .Nm terminates with exit code 1. Variables in the message are expanded. .El .Pp Conditionals are used to determine which parts of the Makefile to process. They are used similarly to the conditionals supported by the C pre-processor. The following conditionals are supported: .Bl -tag -width Ds .It Xo .Ic \&.if .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar expression .Op Ar operator expression ... .Xc Test the value of an expression. .It Xo .Ic .ifdef .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar variable .Op Ar operator variable ... .Xc Test the value of a variable. .It Xo .Ic .ifndef .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar variable .Op Ar operator variable ... .Xc Test the value of a variable. .It Xo .Ic .ifmake .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar target .Op Ar operator target ... .Xc Test the target being built. .It Xo .Ic .ifnmake .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar target .Op Ar operator target ... .Xc Test the target being built. .It Ic .else Reverse the sense of the last conditional. .It Xo .Ic .elif .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar expression .Op Ar operator expression ... .Xc A combination of .Ql Ic .else followed by .Ql Ic .if . .It Xo .Ic .elifdef .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar variable .Op Ar operator variable ... .Xc A combination of .Ql Ic .else followed by .Ql Ic .ifdef . .It Xo .Ic .elifndef .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar variable .Op Ar operator variable ... .Xc A combination of .Ql Ic .else followed by .Ql Ic .ifndef . .It Xo .Ic .elifmake .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar target .Op Ar operator target ... .Xc A combination of .Ql Ic .else followed by .Ql Ic .ifmake . .It Xo .Ic .elifnmake .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar target .Op Ar operator target ... .Xc A combination of .Ql Ic .else followed by .Ql Ic .ifnmake . .It Ic .endif End the body of the conditional. .El .Pp The .Ar operator may be any one of the following: .Bl -tag -width "Cm XX" .It Cm \&|\&| logical OR .It Cm \&&& Logical .Tn AND ; of higher precedence than .Ql Ic || . .El .Pp As in C, .Nm will only evaluate a conditional as far as is necessary to determine its value. Parentheses may be used to change the order of evaluation. The boolean operator .Ql Ic !\& may be used to logically negate an entire conditional. It is of higher precedence than .Ql Ic \&&& . .Pp The value of .Ar expression may be any of the following: .Bl -tag -width Ic .It Ic defined Takes a variable name as an argument and evaluates to true if the variable has been defined. .It Ic make Takes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the target was specified as part of .Nm Ns 's command line or was declared the default target (either implicitly or explicitly, see .Va .MAIN ) before the line containing the conditional. .It Ic empty Takes a variable, with possible modifiers, and evaluates to true if the expansion of the variable would result in an empty string. .It Ic exists Takes a file name as an argument and evaluates to true if the file exists. The file is searched for on the system search path (see .Va .PATH ) . .It Ic target Takes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the target has been defined. .El .Pp An .Ar expression may also be an arithmetic or string comparison. Variable expansion is performed on both sides of the comparison, after which the integral values are compared. A value is interpreted as hexadecimal if it is preceded by 0x, otherwise it is decimal; octal numbers are not supported. The standard C relational operators are all supported. If after variable expansion, either the left or right hand side of a .Ql Ic == or .Ql Ic "!=" operator is not an integral value, then string comparison is performed between the expanded variables. If no relational operator is given, it is assumed that the expanded variable is being compared against 0. .Pp When .Nm is evaluating one of these conditional expressions, and it encounters a word it doesn't recognize, either the .Dq make or .Dq defined expression is applied to it, depending on the form of the conditional. If the form is .Ql Ic .ifdef or .Ql Ic .ifndef , the .Dq defined expression is applied. Similarly, if the form is .Ql Ic .ifmake or .Ql Ic .ifnmake , the .Dq make expression is applied. .Pp If the conditional evaluates to true the parsing of the makefile continues as before. If it evaluates to false, the following lines are skipped. In both cases this continues until a .Ql Ic .else or .Ql Ic .endif is found. .Pp For loops are typically used to apply a set of rules to a list of files. The syntax of a for loop is: .Pp .Bl -tag -width indent -compact .It Ic .for Ar variable Ic in Ar expression .It .It Ic \&.endfor .El .Pp After the for .Ar expression is evaluated, it is split into words. The iteration .Ar variable is successively set to each word, and substituted in the .Ic make-rules inside the body of the for loop. .Sh COMMENTS Comments begin with a hash .Pq Ql \&# character, anywhere but in a shell command line, and continue to the end of the line. .Sh SPECIAL SOURCES .Bl -tag -width Ic .It Ic .IGNORE Ignore any errors from the commands associated with this target, exactly as if they all were preceded by a dash .Pq Ql \- . .It Ic .MAKE Execute the commands associated with this target even if the .Fl n or .Fl t options were specified. Normally used to mark recursive .Nm Ns 's . .It Ic .NOTMAIN Normally .Nm selects the first target it encounters as the default target to be built if no target was specified. This source prevents this target from being selected. .It Ic .OPTIONAL If a target is marked with this attribute and .Nm can't figure out how to create it, it will ignore this fact and assume the file isn't needed or already exists. .It Ic .PRECIOUS When .Nm is interrupted, it removes any partially made targets. This source prevents the target from being removed. .It Ic .SILENT Do not echo any of the commands associated with this target, exactly as if they all were preceded by an at sign .Pq Ql @ . .It Ic .USE Turn the target into .Nm Ns 's version of a macro. When the target is used as a source for another target, the other target acquires the commands, sources, and attributes (except for .Ic .USE ) of the source. If the target already has commands, the .Ic .USE target's commands are appended to them. .It Ic .WAIT If special .Ic .WAIT source is appears in a dependency line, the sources that precede it are made before the sources that succeed it in the line. Loops are not being detected and targets that form loops will be silently ignored. .El .Sh "SPECIAL TARGETS" Special targets may not be included with other targets, i.e. they must be the only target specified. .Bl -tag -width Ic .It Ic .BEGIN Any command lines attached to this target are executed before anything else is done. .It Ic .DEFAULT This is sort of a .Ic .USE rule for any target (that was used only as a source) that .Nm can't figure out any other way to create. Only the shell script is used. The .Ic .IMPSRC variable of a target that inherits .Ic .DEFAULT Ns 's commands is set to the target's own name. .It Ic .END Any command lines attached to this target are executed after everything else is done. .It Ic .IGNORE Mark each of the sources with the .Ic .IGNORE attribute. If no sources are specified, this is the equivalent of specifying the .Fl i option. .It Ic .INCLUDES A list of suffixes that indicate files that can be included in a source file. The suffix must have already been declared with .Ic .SUFFIXES ; any suffix so declared will have the directories on its search path (see .Ic .PATH ) placed in the .Va .INCLUDES special variable, each preceded by a .Fl I flag. .It Ic .INTERRUPT If .Nm is interrupted, the commands for this target will be executed. .It Ic .LIBS This does for libraries what .Ic .INCLUDES does for include files, except that the flag used is .Fl L . .It Ic .MAIN If no target is specified when .Nm is invoked, this target will be built. This is always set, either explicitly, or implicitly when .Nm selects the default target, to give the user a way to refer to the default target on the command line. .It Ic .MAKEFLAGS This target provides a way to specify flags for .Nm when the makefile is used. The flags are as if typed to the shell, though the .Fl f option will have no effect. .\" XXX: NOT YET!!!! .\" .It Ic .NOTPARALLEL .\" The named targets are executed in non parallel mode. If no targets are .\" specified, then all targets are executed in non parallel mode. .It Ic .NOTPARALLEL Disable parallel mode. .It Ic .NO_PARALLEL Same as above, for compatibility with other pmake variants. .It Ic .ORDER The named targets are made in sequence. .\" XXX: NOT YET!!!! .\" .It Ic .PARALLEL .\" The named targets are executed in parallel mode. If no targets are .\" specified, then all targets are executed in parallel mode. .It Ic .PATH The sources are directories which are to be searched for files not found in the current directory. If no sources are specified, any previously specified directories are deleted. Where possible, use of .Ic .PATH is preferred over use of the .Va VPATH variable. .It Ic .PATH\fIsuffix\fR The sources are directories which are to be searched for suffixed files not found in the current directory. .Nm Make first searches the suffixed search path, before reverting to the default path if the file is not found there. This form is required for .Ic .LIBS and .Ic .INCLUDES to work. .It Ic .PHONY Apply the .Ic .PHONY attribute to any specified sources. Targets with this attribute are always considered to be out of date. .It Ic .PRECIOUS Apply the .Ic .PRECIOUS attribute to any specified sources. If no sources are specified, the .Ic .PRECIOUS attribute is applied to every target in the file. .It Ic .SILENT Apply the .Ic .SILENT attribute to any specified sources. If no sources are specified, the .Ic .SILENT attribute is applied to every command in the file. .It Ic .SUFFIXES Each source specifies a suffix to .Nm . If no sources are specified, any previous specified suffices are deleted. .El .Sh COMPATIBILITY Older versions of .Nm used .Ev MAKE instead of .Ev MAKEFLAGS . This was removed for POSIX compatibility. The internal variable .Va MAKE is set to the same value as .Va .MAKE ; support for this may be removed in the future. .Pp Most of the more esoteric features of .Nm should probably be avoided for greater compatibility. .Sh ENVIRONMENT .Nm Make uses the following environment variables, if they exist: .Ev MACHINE , .Ev MAKE , .Ev MAKEFLAGS , .Ev MAKEOBJDIR , and .Ev MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX . .Sh FILES .Bl -tag -width /usr/share/doc/psd/12.make -compact .It Pa .depend list of dependencies .It Pa Makefile list of dependencies .It Pa makefile list of dependencies .It obj object directory .It Pa sys.mk system makefile .It Pa /usr/share/mk system makefile directory .It /usr/share/doc/psd/12.make PMake tutorial .It Pa /usr/obj default .Ev MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX directory. .El .Sh BUGS The determination of .Va .OBJDIR is contorted to the point of absurdity. .Pp In the presence of several .Ic .MAIN special targets, .Nm silently ignores all but the first. .Pp .Va .TARGETS is not set to the default target when .Nm is invoked without a target name and no .Ic .MAIN special target exists. .Pp The evaluation of .Ar expression in a test is very simple-minded. Currently, the only form that works is .Ql .if ${VAR} op something For instance, you should write tests as .Ql .if ${VAR} = "string" not the other way around, which doesn't work. .Pp For loops are expanded before tests, so a fragment such as: .Bd -literal \&.for TMACHINE in ${SHARED_ARCHS} \&.if ${TMACHINE} = ${MACHINE} ... \&.endif \&.endfor .Ed won't work, and should be rewritten the other way around. .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr mkdep 1 , .Xr make.conf 5 .Rs .%T "PMake - A Tutorial" .Re in .Pa /usr/share/doc/psd/12.make .Sh HISTORY A .Nm command appeared in .At v7 .