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.Dd December 15, 2006
.Dt SCTP_SEND 3
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm sctp_send ,
.Nm sctp_sendx
.Nd send a message from an SCTP socket
.Sh LIBRARY
.Lb libc
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.In sys/types.h
.In sys/socket.h
.In netinet/sctp.h
.Ft ssize_t
.Fo sctp_send
.Fa "int sd" "const void *msg" "size_t len"
.Fa "const struct sctp_sndrcvinfo *sinfo" "int flags"
.Fc
.Ft ssize_t
.Fo sctp_sendx
.Fa "int sd" "const void *msg" "size_t len" "struct sockaddr *addrs"
.Fa "int addrcnt" "const struct sctp_sndrcvinfo *sinfo" "int flags"
.Fc
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Fn sctp_send
system call
is used to transmit a message to another SCTP endpoint.
.Fn sctp_send
may be used to send data to an existing association for both
one-to-many (SOCK_SEQPACKET) and one-to-one (SOCK_STREAM) socket types.
The length of the message 
.Fa msg
is given by
.Fa len .
If the message is too long to pass atomically through the
underlying protocol,
.Va errno
is set to 
.Er EMSGSIZE ,
-1 is returned, and
the message is not transmitted.
.Pp
No indication of failure to deliver is implicit in a
.Fn sctp_send .
Locally detected errors are indicated by a return value of -1.
.Pp
If no space is available at the socket to hold
the message to be transmitted, then
.Fn sctp_send
normally blocks, unless the socket has been placed in
non-blocking I/O mode.
The
.Xr select 2
system call may be used to determine when it is possible to
send more data on one-to-one type (SOCK_STREAM) sockets.
.Pp
The 
.Fa sinfo
structure is used to control various SCTP features
and has the following format:
.Bd -literal
struct sctp_sndrcvinfo {
	u_int16_t sinfo_stream;  /* Stream sending to */
	u_int16_t sinfo_ssn;     /* valid for recv only */
	u_int16_t sinfo_flags;   /* flags to control sending */
	u_int32_t sinfo_ppid;    /* ppid field */
	u_int32_t sinfo_context; /* context field */
	u_int32_t sinfo_timetolive; /* timetolive for PR-SCTP */
	u_int32_t sinfo_tsn;        /* valid for recv only */
	u_int32_t sinfo_cumtsn;     /* valid for recv only */
	sctp_assoc_t sinfo_assoc_id; /* The association id */
};
.Ed
.Pp
The 
.Fa sinfo->sinfo_ppid
argument is an opaque 32 bit value that is passed transparently
through the stack to the peer endpoint. It will be available on
reception of a message (see
.Xr sctp_recvmsg 3 ) .
Note that the stack passes this value without regard to byte
order.
.Pp
The
.Fa sinfo->sinfo_flags
argument may include one or more of the following:
.Bd -literal
#define SCTP_EOF 	  0x0100	/* Start a shutdown procedures */
#define SCTP_ABORT	  0x0200	/* Send an ABORT to peer */
#define SCTP_UNORDERED 	  0x0400	/* Message is un-ordered */
#define SCTP_ADDR_OVER	  0x0800	/* Override the primary-address */
#define SCTP_SENDALL      0x1000	/* Send this on all associations */
					/* for the endpoint */
/* The lower byte is an enumeration of PR-SCTP policies */
#define SCTP_PR_SCTP_TTL  0x0001	/* Time based PR-SCTP */
#define SCTP_PR_SCTP_BUF  0x0002	/* Buffer based PR-SCTP */
#define SCTP_PR_SCTP_RTX  0x0003	/* Number of retransmissions based PR-SCTP */
.Ed
.Pp
The flag 
.Dv SCTP_EOF
is used to instruct the SCTP stack to queue this message
and then start a graceful shutdown of the association.
All
remaining data in queue will be sent after which the association
will be shut down.
.Pp
.Dv SCTP_ABORT
is used to immediately terminate an association.
An abort
is sent to the peer and the local TCB is destroyed.
.Pp
.Dv SCTP_UNORDERED
is used to specify that the message being sent has no
specific order and should be delivered to the peer application
as soon as possible.
When this flag is absent messages
are delivered in order within the stream they are sent, but without
respect to order to peer streams.
.Pp
The flag
.Dv SCTP_ADDR_OVER
is used to specify that a specific address should be used.
Normally
SCTP will use only one of a multi-homed peers addresses as the primary
address to send to.
By default, no matter what the 
.Fa to
argument is, this primary address is used to send data.
By specifying
this flag, the user is asking the stack to ignore the primary address
and instead use the specified address not only as a lookup mechanism
to find the association but also as the actual address to send to.
.Pp
For a one-to-many type (SOCK_SEQPACKET) socket the flag
.Dv SCTP_SENDALL
can be used as a convenient way to make one send call and have
all associations that are under the socket get a copy of the message.
Note that this mechanism is quite efficent and makes only one actual
copy of the data which is shared by all the associations for sending.
.Pp
The remaining flags are used for the partial reliability extension (RFC3758)
and will only be effective if the peer endpoint supports this extension.
This option specifies what local policy the local endpoint should use
in skipping data.
If none of these options are set, then data is
never skipped over.
.Pp
.Dv SCTP_PR_SCTP_TTL
is used to indicate that a time based lifetime is being applied
to the data.
The
.Fa sinfo->sinfo_timetolive
argument is then a number of milliseconds for which the data is
attempted to be transmitted.
If that many milliseconds ellapse
and the peer has not acknowledged the data, the data will be
skipped and no longer transmitted.
Note that this policy does
not even assure that the data will ever be sent.
In times of a congestion
with large amounts of data being queued, the 
.Fa sinfo->sinfo_timetolive
may expire before the first transmission is ever made.
.Pp
The
.Dv SCTP_PR_SCTP_BUF
based policy transforms the
.Fa sinfo->sinfo_timetolive 
field into a total number of bytes allowed on the outbound
send queue.
If that number or more bytes are in queue, then
other buffer-based sends are looked to be removed and
skipped.
Note that this policy may also result in the data
never being sent if no buffer based sends are in queue and
the maximum specified by 
.Fa timetolive 
bytes is in queue.
.Pp
The
.Dv SCTP_PR_SCTP_RTX
policy transforms the
.Fa sinfo->sinfo_timetolive 
into a number of retransmissions to allow.
This policy
always assures that at a minimum one send attempt is
made of the data.
After which no more than 
.Fa sinfo->sinfo_timetolive
retransmissions will be made before the data is skipped.
.Pp
.Fa sinfo->sinfo_stream
is the SCTP stream that you wish to send the
message on.
Streams in SCTP are reliable (or partially reliable) flows of ordered
messages. 
.Pp
The
.Fa sinfo->sinfo_assoc_id
field is used to 
select the association to send to on a one-to-many socket.
For a one-to-one socket, this field is ignored.
.Pp
The
.Fa sinfo->sinfo_context
field is used only in the event the message cannot be sent.
This is an opaque
value that the stack retains and will give to the user when a failed send
is given if that notification is enabled (see
.Xr sctp 4 ) .
Normally a user process can use this value to index some application
specific data structure when a send cannot be fulfilled.
.Pp
The
.Fa flags
argument holds the same meaning and values as those found in
.Xr sendmsg 2
but is generally ignored by SCTP.
.Pp
The fields
.Fa sinfo->sinfo_ssn ,
.Fa sinfo->sinfo_tsn ,
and
.Fa sinfo->sinfo_cumtsn 
are used only when receiving messages and are thus ignored by
.Fn sctp_send .
The function
.Fn sctp_sendx 
has the same properties as 
.Fn sctp_send
with the additional arguments of an array of sockaddr structures
passed in.
With the 
.Fa addrs
argument being given as an array of addresses to be sent to and
the
.Fa addrcnt
argument indicating how many socket addresses are in the passed
in array.
Note that all of the addresses will only be used
when an implicit association is being set up.
This allows the
user the equivalent behavior as doing a
.Fn sctp_connectx
followed by a 
.Fn sctp_send
to the association.
Note that if the
.Fa sinfo->sinfo_assoc_id
field is 0, then the first address will be used to look up
the association in place of the association id.
If both
an address and an association id are specified, the association
id has priority.
.Sh RETURN VALUES
The call returns the number of characters sent, or -1
if an error occurred.
.Sh ERRORS
The
.Fn sctp_send
system call
fails if:
.Bl -tag -width Er
.It Bq Er EBADF
An invalid descriptor was specified.
.It Bq Er ENOTSOCK
The argument
.Fa s
is not a socket.
.It Bq Er EFAULT
An invalid user space address was specified for an argument.
.It Bq Er EMSGSIZE
The socket requires that message be sent atomically,
and the size of the message to be sent made this impossible.
.It Bq Er EAGAIN
The socket is marked non-blocking and the requested operation
would block.
.It Bq Er ENOBUFS
The system was unable to allocate an internal buffer.
The operation may succeed when buffers become available.
.It Bq Er ENOBUFS
The output queue for a network interface was full.
This generally indicates that the interface has stopped sending,
but may be caused by transient congestion.
.It Bq Er EHOSTUNREACH
The remote host was unreachable.
.It Bq Er ENOTCON
On a one-to-one style socket no association exists.
.It Bq Er ECONNRESET
An abort was received by the stack while the user was
attempting to send data to the peer.
.It Bq Er ENOENT
On a one-to-many style socket no address is specified
so that the association cannot be located or the
SCTP_ABORT flag was specified on a non-existing association.
.It Bq Er EPIPE
The socket is unable to send anymore data
.Dv ( SBS_CANTSENDMORE
has been set on the socket).
This typically means that the socket
is not connected and is a one-to-one style socket.
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr getsockopt 2 ,
.Xr recv 2 ,
.Xr select 2 ,
.Xr sendmsg 2 ,
.Xr socket 2 ,
.Xr write 2
.Xr sctp_connectx 3 ,
.Xr sctp_recvmsg 3 ,
.Xr sctp_sendmsg 3 ,
.Xr sctp 4
.Sh BUGS
Because
.Fn sctp_send
may have multiple associations under one endpoint, a
select on write will only work for a one-to-one style
socket.