$FreeBSD$ This section describes the most user-visible new or changed features in &os; since &release.prev;. All changes described here are unique to the &release.branch; branch unless specifically marked as &merged; features. Many additional changes were made to &os; that are not listed here for lack of space. For example, documentation was corrected and improved, minor bugs were fixed, insecure coding practices were audited and corrected, and source code was cleaned up. The &man.kqueue.2; event notification facility was added to the &os; kernel. This is a new interface which is able to replace &man.poll.2;/&man.select.2, offering improved performance, as well as the ability to report many different types of events. Support for monitoring changes in sockets, pipes, fifos, and files are present, as well as for signals and processes. &merged; Support for Intel's Wired for Management 2.0 (PXE) was added to the FreeBSD boot loader. Due to API differences, the older PXE versions are not supported. This allow network booting using DHCP. &merged; Support for USB devices was added to the GENERIC kernel and to the installation programs to support USB devices out of the box. Note that SRM does not support USB devices at the moment, so you must still use an AT keyboard if you are not using a serial console. &merged; POSIX.1b Shared Memory Objects are now supported. The implementation uses regular files, but automatically enables the MAP_NOSYNC flag when they are &man.mmap.2;-ed. &merged; A driver for AGP hardware has been added. &merged; The kernel and modules have been moved to the directory /boot/kernel, so they can be easily manipulated together. The boot loader has been updated to make this change as seamless as possible. The i386 boot loader now has support for a nullconsole console type, for use on systems with neither a video console nor a serial port. &merged; Replaced the PQ_*CACHE options with a single PQ_CACHESIZE option to be set to the cache size in kilobytes. The old options are still supported for backwards compatibility. &merged; The NCPU, NAPIC, NBUS, and NINTR kernel configuration options, for configuring SMP kernels, have been removed. NCPU is now set to a maximum of 16, and the other, aforementioned options are now dynamic. &merged; &man.devfs.5;, which allows entries in the /dev directory to be built automatically and supports more flexible attachment of devices, has been largely reworked. &man.devfs.5; is now enabled by default and can be disabled by the NODEVFS kernel option. Preliminary Cardbus support under NEWCARD has been added. This code supports the TI113X, TI12XX, TI125X, Ricoh 5C46/5C47, Topic 95/97/100 and Cirrus Logic PD683X bridges. 16-bit PC Card support is not yet functional. Write combining for crashdumps has been implemented. This feature is useful when write caching is disabled on both SCSI and IDE disks, where large memory dumps could take up to an hour to complete. &merged; Extremely large swap areas (>67 GB) no longer panic the system. The &man.ichsmb.4; driver for the Intel 82801AA (ICH) SMBus controller and compatibles has been added. &merged; The &man.uscanner.4; driver for basic USB scanner support using SANE has been added. See the SANE home page for supported scanners. The HP ScanJet 4100C, 5200C and 6300C are known to be working. The umodem driver for USB modems has been added. Support is provided for the 3Com 5605 and Metricom Ricochet GS wireless USB modems. Support for threads under Linux emulation has been added. The pccard driver and &man.pccardc.8; now support multiple beep types upon card insertion and removal. &merged; A number of cleanups and enhancements have been applied to the PCI subsystem. /usr/share/misc/pci_vendors now contains a vendor/device database, which can be used by &man.pciconf.8;. The &man.spic.4; driver, which provides access to the job dial device on some Sony laptops, has been added. sbufs, null-terminated string data structures, and their associated support routines, have been added to the kernel. Details are in &man.sbuf.9;. PECOFF (WIN32 Execution file format) support has been added. A VESA S3 linear framebuffer driver has been added. The buildkernel target now gets the name of the configuration(s) to build from the KERNCONF variable, not KERNEL. It is no longer required, in some cases, for a buildworld to precede a buildkernel. (The buildworld is still required when upgrading across major releases, across binutil upgrades and when &man.config.8; changes version.) The &man.random.4; device has been rewritten to use the Yarrow algorithm. It harvests entropy from a variety of interrupt sources, including the console devices, Ethernet and point-to-point network interfaces, and mass-storage devices. Entropy from the &man.random.4; device is now periodically saved to files in /var/db/entropy, as well as at &man.shutdown.8; time. The &man.syscons.4; driver now supports keyboard-controlled pasting, by default bound to Shift-Insert. The &man.labpc.4; driver has been removed due to bitrot. A new kernel option, options REGRESSION, enables interfaces and functionality intended for use during correctness and regression testing. The USER_LDT kernel option is now activated by default. A new &man.ddb.4; command show pcpu lists some of the per-CPU data. A new digi driver has been added to support PCI Xr-based and ISA Xem Digiboard cards. A new digictl program is (mainly) used to re-initialise cards that have external port modules attached such as the PC/Xem. The O_DIRECT flag has been added to &man.open.2; and &man.fcntl.2;. Specifying this flag for open files will attempt to minimize the cache effects of reading and writing. &merged; SMP support has been largely reworked, incorporating code from BSD/OS 5.0. One of the main features of SMPng (SMP Next Generation) is to allow more processes to run in kernel, without the need for spin locks that can dramatically reduce the efficiency of multiple processors. Interrupt handlers now have contexts associated with them that allow them to be blocked, which reduces the need to lock out interrupts. Support for the 80386 processor has been removed from the GENERIC kernel, as this code seriously pessimizes performance on other ia32 processors. The I386_CPU kernel option to support the 80386 processor is now mutually exclusive with support for other ia32 processors; this should slightly improve performance on the 80386 due to the elimination of runtime processor type checks. Custom kernels that will run on the 80386 can still be built by changing the cpu options in the kernel configuration file to only include I386_CPU. AlphaServer 1200 (Tincup) has been tested and works OK. Currently it does not want to boot from CD or floppy but a transplanted disk that was installed on another Alpha works well. &merged; The API UP1100 mainboard has been verified to work. The API CS20 1U high server has been verified to work. The DEC3000 series support has been removed from the mfsroot floppy image so that it fits on a 1.44 Mbyte floppy again. As the DEC3000 is currently only usable diskless this should not cause any problems. Support for AlphaServer 2100A (Lynx) has been added. Kernel code has been added that allows older generation Alpha CPUs (EV4 and EV5) to emulate instructions of the newer Alpha CPU generations. This enables the use of binary-only programs like Adobe Acrobat 4 on EV4 and EV5. SMP support for the alpha is now operational. Added support for PCI Ethernet adapters based on the National Semiconductor DP83815 chipset, including the NetGear FA311-TX and FA312-TX, in the form of the &man.sis.4; driver. The &man.tap.4; driver, a virtual Ethernet device driver for bridged configurations, has been added. &merged; The &man.ti.4; driver now supports the Alteon AceNIC 1000baseT Gigabit Ethernet and Netgear GA620T 1000baseT Gigabit cards. &merged; The &man.xl.4; driver now supports the 3Com 3C556 and 3C556B MiniPCI adapters used on some laptops. &merged; The &man.ed.4; driver is now supported. The &man.pcn.4; driver, which supports the AMD PCnet/FAST, PCnet/FAST+, PCnet/FAST III, PCnet/PRO, PCnet/Home, and HomePNA adapters, has been added. Although these cards are already supported by the &man.lnc.4; driver, the &man.pcn.4; driver runs these chips in 32-bit mode and uses the RX alignment feature to achieve zero-copy receive. This driver is also machine-independent, so it will work on both the i386 and alpha platforms. The &man.lnc.4; driver is still needed to support non-PCI cards. &merged; Support for Fujitsu MB86960A/MB86965A based Ethernet PC-Cards is back. &merged; The snc driver for the National Semiconductor DP8393X (SONIC) Ethernet controller has been added. Currently, this driver is only used on the PC-98 architecture. &merged; The &man.an.4; driver for Cisco Aironet cards now supports Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption, settable via &man.ancontrol.8;. &merged; The &man.el.4; driver can now be loaded as a module. The &man.ray.4; driver, which supports the Webgear Aviator wireless network cards, has been committed. The operation of &man.ray.4; interfaces can be modified by &man.raycontrol.8;. &merged; The &man.fpa.4; driver now supports Digital's DEFPA FDDI adaptors on the Alpha. Linksys Fast Ethernet PCCARD cards supported by the &man.ed.4; driver now require the addition of flag 0x80000 to their config line in &man.pccard.conf.5;. This flag is not optional. These Linksys cards will not be recognized without it. A bug in the &man.ed.4; driver that could cause panics with very short packets and BPF or bridging active has been fixed. &merged; The &man.fxp.4; driver now requires a device miibus entry in the kernel configuration file. &merged; The &man.wx.4; driver now supports the Intel PRO1000-F and PRO1000-T (10/100/1000) adapters. &merged; Added the &man.nge.4; driver, which supports PCI Gigabit Ethernet adapters based on the National Semiconductor DP83820 and DP83821 Gigabit Ethernet controller chips, including the D-Link DGE-500T, SMC EZ Card 1000 (SMC9462TX), Asante FriendlyNet GigaNIC 1000TA and 1000TPC and Addtron AEG320T. The &man.lge.4; driver has been added to support the Level 1 LXT1001 NetCellerator Gigabit Ethernet controller chip. This device is used on some fiber optic GigE cards from SMC, D-Link and Addtron. Jumbograms and TCP/IP checksum offload on receive are supported, although hardware VLAN filtering is not. The &man.xl.4; driver now supports reception of VLAN tagged frames (on the Cyclone or newer chipsets). &merged; The &man.ti.4; driver correctly masks VLAN tags. &merged; Various fixes and improvements to the IPv6 code have been merged in from the KAME project, including significantly-improved IPSEC functionality. &merged; &man.accept.filter.9;, a kernel feature to reduce overheads when accepting and reading new connections on listening sockets, has been added. &merged; The &man.ng.mppc.4; and &man.ng.bridge.4; node types have been added to the netgraph subsystem. The &man.ng.ether.4; node is now dynamically loadable. Miscellaneous bug fixes and enhancements have also been made. &merged; &man.netgraph.4; has received some updates and bugfixes. A new netgraph node type &man.ng.one2many.4; for multiplexing and demultiplexing packets over multiple links has been added. &merged; SLIP has been removed from the mfsroot floppy image. ICMP ECHO and TSTAMP replies are now rate limited. TCP RSTs generated due to packets sent to open and unopen ports are now limited by separate counters. Each rate limiting queue now has its own description. ICMP UNREACH_FILTER_PROHIB messages can now RST TCP connections in the SYN_SENT state if the correct sequence numbers are sent back, as controlled by the net.inet.tcp.icmp_may_rst sysctl. TCP has received some bug fixes for its delayed ACK behavior. &merged; TCP now supports the NewReno modification to the TCP Fast Recovery algorithm. This behavior can be controlled via the net.inet.tcp.newreno sysctl variable. &merged; TCP now uses a more aggressive timeout for initial SYN segments; this allows initial connection attempts to be dropped much faster. &merged; The TCP_COMPAT_42 kernel option has been removed. TCP now has RFC 1323 extensions enabled by default in &man.rc.conf.5;. &merged; RFC 1323 and RFC 1644 TCP extensions are now disabled for a connection in progress if no response has been received by the third SYN segment sent. This behavior tries to work around (very old) terminal servers with buggy VJ header compression implementations. A new sysctl net.inet.ip.check_interface, which is on by default, causes IP to verify that an incoming packet arrives on an interface that has an address matching the packet's destination address. &merged; A new sysctl net.link.ether.inet.log_arp_wrong_iface has been added to control the suppression of logging when ARP replies arrive on the wrong interface. &merged; &man.ipfw.8; now filters correctly in the presence of ECN bits in TCP segments. &merged; &man.ipfw.8; now has a -d flag to prevent the display of dynamic firewall rules. &man.bridge.4; and &man.dummynet.4; have received some enhancements and bug fixes. &man.ipfw.8; has a new feature (me) that allows for packet matching on interfaces with dynamically-changing IP addresses. &merged; &man.ip6fw.8; now has the ability to use a preprocessor and use the -q (quiet) flag when reading from a file. &merged; A new options RANDOM_IP_ID kernel option causes the ID field of IP packets to be randomized. This closes a minor information leak which allows a remote observer to determine the rate at which the machine is generating packets, since the default behaviour is to increment a counter for each packet sent. IP multicast now works on VLAN devices. Several other bugs in the VLAN code have also been fixed. The &man.twe.4; 3ware ATA RAID driver has added. &merged; The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for ATA100 controllers. In addition, it now supports the ServerWorks ROSB4 ATA33 chipset, the CMD 648 ATA66 and CMD 649 ATA100 chipsets, and the Cyrix 5530. &merged; To provide more flexible configuration, the various options for the &man.ata.4; driver are now boot loader tunables, rather than kernel configure-time options. &merged; The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for tagged queuing, which is enabled by the hw.ata.tags loader tunable. &merged; The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for ATA pseudo RAID controllers as the Promise Fasttrak and HighPoint HPT370 controllers. &merged; The &man.mly.4; driver, for Mylex PCI to SCSI AccelRAID and eXtremeRAID controllers with firmware 6.X and later, has been added. &merged; The &man.asr.4; driver, which provides support for the Adaptec SCSI RAID controller family, as well as the DPT SmartRAID V and VI families, has been added. &merged; Support for the Adaptec FSA family of PCI-SCSI RAID controllers has been added, in the form of the &man.aac.4; driver. The &man.ahc.4; driver has received numerous updates, bugfixes, and enhancements. Among various improvements are improved compatibility with chips in RAID Port mode and systems with AAA and/or ARO cards installed, as well as performance improvements. Some bugs were also fixed, including a rare hang on Ultra2/U160 controllers. &merged; The ncv, nsp, and stg drivers have been ported from NetBSD/pc98. They support the NCR 53C50 / Workbit Ninja SCSI-3 / TMC 18C30, 18C50 based PC-Card/ISA SCSI controllers. &merged; The &man.cd.4; driver now has support for write operations. This allows writing to DVD-RAM, PD and similar drives that probe as CD devices. Note that change affects only random-access writeable devices, not sequential-only writeable devices such as CD-R drives, which are supported by &man.cdrecord.1; in the Ports Collection. &merged; The &man.vinum.4; volume manager has received some bug fixes and enhancements. &man.md.4;, the memory disk device, has had the functionality of &man.vn.4; incorporated into it. &man.md.4; devices can now be configured by &man.mdconfig.8;. &man.vn.4; has been removed. The Memory Filesystem (MFS) has also been removed. BurnProof(TM) support, for applicable ATAPI CD-ROM burners, is now supported. &merged; A bug that made certain CDROM drives fail to attach when connected to a SCSI card driven by &man.isp.4; has been fixed. &merged; The &man.isp.4; driver has been updated. &merged; The &man.isp.4; driver now supports target mode for Qlogic SCSI cards, including Ultra2 and Ultra3 and dual bus cards. The ida disk driver now has crashdump support. &merged; The CAM error recovery code has been updated. Some problems in &man.sa.4; error handling have been fixed, including the tape drive spinning indefinitely upon mt stat problem. Support for named extended attributes was added to the &os; kernel. This allows the kernel, and appropriately privileged userland processes, to tag files and directories with attribute data. Extended attributes were added to support the TrustedBSD Project, in particular ACLs, capability data, and mandatory access control labels (see /usr/src/sys/ufs/ufs/README.extattr for details). Due to a licensing change, softupdates have been integrated into the main portion of the kernel source tree. As a consequence, softupdates are now available with the GENERIC kernel. &merged; A filesystem snapshot capability has been added to FFS. Details can be found in /usr/src/sys/ufs/ffs/README.snapshot. Softupdates for FFS have received some bug fixes and enhancements. When running with softupdates, &man.statfs.2; and &man.df.1; will track the number of blocks and files that are committed to being freed. A bug in FFS that could cause superblock corruption on very large filesystems has been corrected. &merged; The Inode Filesystem (IFS) has been added; more information can be found in /usr/src/sys/ufs/ifs/README. The ISO-9660 filesystem now has a hook that supports a loadable character conversion routine. The sysutils/cd9660_unicode port contains a set of common conversions. &man.kernfs.5; is obsolete and has been retired. A bug in the NFS client that caused bogus access times with O_EXCL|O_CREAT opens was fixed. &merged; A new NFS hash function (based on the Fowler/Noll/Vo hash algorithm) has been implemented to improve NFS performance by increasing the efficiency of the nfsnode hash tables. &merged; Client-side NFS locks have been implemented. Support for file system Access Control Lists (ACLs) has been introduced, allowing more fine-grained control of discretionary access control on files and directories. This support was integrated from the TrustedBSD Project. More details can be found in /usr/src/sys/ufs/ufs/README.acls. The directory layout preference algorithm for FFS has been changed to improve its speed on large filesystems. smbfs (CIFS) support in kernel has been added. &merged; For consistency, the fdesc, fifo, null, msdos, portal, umap, and union filesystems have been renamed to fdescfs, fifofs, msdosfs, nullfs, portalfs, umapfs, and unionfs. Where applicable, modules and mount_* programs have been renamed. Compatability glue has been added to &man.mount.8; so that msdos filesystem entries in &man.fstab.5; will work without changes. The &man.pcm.4; driver now supports the ESS Solo 1, Maestro-1, Maestro-2, and Maestro-2e; Forte Media fm801, ESS Maestro-2e, and VIA Technologies VT82C686A sound card/chipsets, and has received some other updates. Separate drivers for the SoundBlaster 8 and Soundblaster 16 now replace an older, unified driver. A driver for the CMedia CMI8338/CMI8738 sound chips has been added. A driver for the CS4281 sound chip has been added. A driver for the S3 Sonicvobes chipset has been added. &merged; A driver for the Advance Logic ALS4000 has been added. A driver for the ESS Maestro-3/Allegro has been added, however due to licensing restrictions, it cannot be compiled into the kernel. &merged; To use this driver, add the following line to /boot/loader.conf: snd_maestro3_load="YES" The &man.bktr.4; driver has been updated to 2.18. This update provides a number of new features: New tuner types have been added, and improvements to the KLD module and to memory allocation have been made. Bugs in &man.devfs.5; when unloading and reloading have been fixed. Support for new Hauppauge Model 44xxx WinTV Cards (the ones with no audio mux) has been added. When sound modules are built, one can now load all the drivers and infrastructure by kldload snd. A new API has been added for sound cards with hardware volume control. IPFilter has been updated to 3.4.16. &merged; The Forth Inspired Command Language (FICL) used in the boot loader has been updated to 2.05. ACPI support has been merged in from the Intel ACPI project, and updated to the ACPI CA 20010518 release. isdn4bsd has been updated to version 0.96.00. The &man.ihfc.4; driver for supporting Cologne Chip Designs HFC devices under isdn4bsd has been added. The &man.itjc.4; driver for supporting NETjet-S / Teles PCI-TJ devices under isdn4bsd has been added. Experimental support for the Eicon.Diehl DIVA 2.0 and 2.02 ISA PnP ISDN cards has been added to the &man.isic.4; isdn4bsd driver. Active CAPI-based ISDN cards manufacured by AVM are now supported using the &man.i4bcapi.4; and the &man.iavc.4; driver. The supported cards are the AVM B1 PCI and AVM B1 ISA Basic Rate cards and the AVM T1 Primary Rate cards. &man.sysinstall.8; now allows the user to select one of three security profiles at install-time. These profiles enable different levels of system security by enabling or disabling various system services in &man.rc.conf.5; on new installs. &merged; A bug in which malformed ELF executable images can hang the system has been fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:41). &merged; A security hole in Linux emulation was fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:42). &merged; &man.rlogind.8;, &man.rshd.8;, and &man.fingerd.8; are now disabled by default in /etc/inetd.conf. This only affects new installations. &merged; String-handling library calls in many programs were fixed to reduce the possibility of buffer overflow-related exploits. &merged; TCP now uses stronger randomness in choosing its initial sequence numbers (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:52). &merged; Several buffer overflows in &man.tcpdump.1; were corrected (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:61). &merged; A security hole in &man.top.1; was corrected (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:62). &merged; A potential security hole caused by an off-by-one-error in &man.gethostbyname.3; has been fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:63). &merged; A potential buffer overflow in the &man.ncurses.3; library, which could cause arbitrary code to be run from within &man.systat.1;, has been corrected (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:68). &merged; A vulnerability in &man.telnetd.8; that could cause it to consume large amounts of server resources has been fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:69). &merged; The nat deny_incoming command in &man.ppp.8; now works correctly (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:70). &merged; A vulnerability in &man.csh.1;/&man.tcsh.1; temporary files that could allow overwriting of arbitrary user-writable files has been closed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:76). &merged; The &man.ssh.1; binary is no longer SUID root by default. Some fixes were applied to the Kerberos IV implementation related to environment variables, a possible buffer overrun, and overwriting ticket files. &merged; &man.telnet.1; now does a better job of sanitizing its environment. &merged; Several vulnerabilities in &man.procfs.5; were fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:77). &merged; A bug in OpenSSH in which a server was unable to disable &man.ssh-agent.1; or X11Forwarding was fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:01). &merged; A bug in &man.ipfw.8; and &man.ip6fw.8; in which inbound TCP segments could incorrectly be treated as being part of an established connection has been fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:08). &merged; A bug in &man.crontab.1; that could allow users to read any file on the system in valid &man.crontab.5; syntax has been fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:09). &merged; A vulnerability in &man.inetd.8; that could allow read-access to the initial 16 bytes of wheel-accessible files has been fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:11). &merged; A bug in &man.periodic.8; that used insecure temporary files has been corrected (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:12). &merged; A bug in &man.sort.1; in which an attacker might be able to cause it to abort processing has been fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:13). &merged; To fix a remotely-exploitable buffer overflow, BIND has been updated to 8.2.3 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:18). &merged; OpenSSH now has code to prevent (instead of just mitigating through connection limits) an attack that can lead to guessing the server key (not host key) by regenerating the server key when an RSA failure is detected (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:24). &merged; A number of programs have had output formatting strings corrected so as to reduce the risk of vulnerabilities. &merged; A number of programs that use temporary files now do so more securely. &merged; A bug in ICMP that could cause an attacker to disrupt TCP and UDP sessions has been corrected. &merged; A bug in &man.timed.8;, which caused it to crash if send certain malformed packets, has been corrected (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:28). &merged; A bug in &man.rwhod.8;, which caused it to crash if send certain malformed packets, has been corrected (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:29). &merged; A security hole in FreeBSD's FFS and EXT2FS implementations, which allowed a race condition that could cause users to have unauthorized access to data, has been fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:30). &merged; A remotely-exploitable vulnerability in &man.ntpd.8; has been closed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:31). &merged; A security hole in IPFilter's fragment cache has been closed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:32). &merged; Buffer overflows in &man.glob.3;, which could cause arbitrary code to be run on an FTP server, have been closed. In addition, to prevent some forms of DOS attacks, &man.glob.3; allows specification of a limit on the number of pathname matches it will return. &man.ftpd.8; now uses this feature (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:33). &merged; Initial sequence numbers in TCP are more thoroughly randomized (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:39). &merged; The new net.inet.ip.maxfragpackets sysctl variable limits the amount of memory that can be consumed by IPv4 packet fragments, which defends against some denial of service attacks. &man.cdcontrol.1; now supports a cdid command, which calculates and displays the CD serial number, using the same algorithm used by the CDDB database. &merged; &man.mtree.8; now includes support for a file that lists pathnames to be excluded when creating and verifying prototypes. This makes it easier to use &man.mtree.8; as a part of an intrusion-detection system. &merged; &man.ls.1; can produce colorized listings with the -G flag (and appropriate terminal support). &merged; &man.sysinstall.8; now properly preserves /etc/mail during a binary upgrade. &merged; The &man.truncate.1; utility, which truncates or extends the length of files, has been added. &merged; &man.syslogd.8; can take a -n option to disable DNS queries for every request. &merged; &man.kenv.1;, a command to dump the kernel environment, has been added. &merged; The behavior of &man.periodic.8; is now controlled by /etc/defaults/periodic.conf and /etc/periodic.conf. &merged; &man.boot98cfg.8;, a PC-98 boot manager installation and configuration utility, has been added. &merged; &man.logger.1; can now send messages directly to a remote syslog. &merged; &man.gdb.1; now supports hardware watchpoints (using the kernel's debug register + support that has been introduced in &os; 4.0). &merged; &man.which.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl script. &man.killall.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl script. As a result, its -m option now uses the regular expression syntax of &man.regex.3;, rather than that of &man.perl.1;. &merged; &man.killall.1; now allows non-root users to kill SUID root processes that they started, the same as the Perl version did. &man.finger.1; now has the ability to support fingering aliases, via the &man.finger.conf.5; file. &merged; &man.finger.1; now has support for a .pubkey file. nsswitch support has been merged from NetBSD. By creating an &man.nsswitch.conf.5; file, FreeBSD can be configured so that various databases such as &man.passwd.5; and &man.group.5; can be looked up using flat files, NIS, or Hesiod. The old hosts.conf file is no longer used. RSA Security has waived all patent rights to the RSA algorithm. As a result, the native OpenSSL implementation of the RSA algorithm is now activated by default, and the rsaref port and librsaUSA are no longer required for USA residents. &merged; &man.ifconfig.8; command can set the link-layer address of an interface. &merged; &man.ifconfig.8; can now accept addresses in slash/CIDR notation. &merged; &man.ifconfig.8; now has support for setting parameters for IEEE 802.11 wireless network devices. &man.wi.4; and &man.an.4; devices are supported, and partial support is provided for awi devices. &man.ifconfig.8; no longer displays the list of supported media by default. Instead it displays it when the -m is given. &man.setproctitle.3; has been moved from libutil to libc. &merged; &man.chio.1; now has the ability to specify elements by volume tag instead of by their physical location as well as the ability to return an element to its previous location. &merged; &man.sed.1; now takes a -E option for extended regular expression support. &merged; &man.ln.1; now takes an -i option to request user confirmation before overwriting an existing file. &merged; &man.ln.1; now takes a -h flag to avoid following a target that is a link, with a -n flag for compatability with other implementations. &merged; Userland &man.ppp.8; has received a number of updates and bug fixes. &merged; &man.make.1; has gained the :C/// (regular expression substitution), :L (lowercase), and :U (uppercase) variable modifiers. These were added to reduce the differences between the &os; and OpenBSD/NetBSD &man.make.1 programs. &merged; Bugs in &man.make.1;, among which include broken null suffix behavior, bad assumptions about current directory permissions, and potential buffer overflows, have been fixed. &merged; The &os; Makefile infrastructure now supports the WARNS directive from NetBSD. This directive controls the addition of compiler warning flags to CFLAGS in a relatively compiler-neutral manner. &man.fsck.8; wrappers have been imported; this feature provides infrastructure for &man.fsck.8; to work on different types of filesystems (analogous to &man.mount.8;). The behavior of &man.fsck.8; when dealing with various passes (a la /etc/fstab) has been modified to accomodate multiple-disk filesystems. &man.style.perl.7;, a style guide for Perl code in the &os; base system, has been added. The in use percentage metric displayed by &man.netstat.1; now really reflects the percentage of network mbufs used. &merged; &man.netstat.1; now has a -W flag that tells it not to truncate addresses, even if they're too long for the column they're printed in. &merged; &man.netstat.1; now keeps track of input and output packets on a per-address basis for each interface. &merged; &man.sockstat.1; now has -c and -l flags for listing connected and listening sockets, respectively. &merged; &man.mergemaster.8; has gained some new features, has been cleaned up somewhat, and is now more cross-platform friendly. &man.mergemaster.8; now sources an /etc/mergemaster.rc file and also prompts the user to run recommended commands (such as newaliases) as needed. &merged; The compiler chain now uses the FSF-supplied C/C++ runtime initialization code. This change brings about better compatibility with code generated from the various egcs and gcc ports, as well as the stock public FSF source. &merged; The threads library has gained some signal handling changes, bug fixes, and performance enhancements (including zero system call thread switching). &man.gdb.1; thread support has been updated to match these changes. &merged; &man.chflags.1; has moved from /usr/bin to /bin. Use of the CSMG_* macros no longer require inclusion of <sys/param.h> IP Filter is now supported by the &man.rc.conf.5; boot-time configuration and initialization. &merged; The &man.lastlogin.8; utility, which prints the last login time of each user, has been imported from NetBSD. &merged; &man.last.1; now implements a -d that provides a snapshot of who was logged in at a particular date and time &man.newfs.8; now implements write combining, which can make creation of new filesystems up to seven times faster. &merged; &man.newfs.8; now takes a -U option to enable softupdates on a new filesystem. &merged; The default number of cylinders per group in &man.newfs.8; is now 22, up from 16. A number of buffer overflows in &man.config.8; have been fixed. &merged; &man.pwd.1; can now double as &man.realpath.1;, a program to resolve pathnames to their underlying physical paths. &merged; &man.stty.1; now has support for an erase2 control character, so that, for example, both the Delete and Backspace keys can be used to erase characters. &merged; The &man.ibcs2.8;, &man.linux.8;, &man.osf1.8;, and &man.svr4.8; scripts, whose sole purpose was to load emulation kernel modules, have been removed. The kernel module system will automatically load them as needed to fulfill dependencies. &man.top.1; will now use the full width of its tty. &man.growfs.8;, a utility for growing FFS filesystems, has been added. &man.ffsinfo.8;, a utility for dump all the meta-information of an existing filesystem, has also been added. &man.indent.1; has gained some new formatting options. &merged; &man.sysinstall.8; now uses some more intuitive defaults thanks to some new dialog support functions. &merged; The default root partition in &man.sysinstall.8; is now 100MB on the i386 and 120MB on the alpha. Shortly after the receipt of a SIGINFO signal (normally control-T from the controlling tty), &man.fsck.ffs.8; will now output a line indicating the current phase number and progress information relevant to the current phase. &merged; &man.fsck.ffs.8; now supports background filesystem checks to mounted FFS filesystems with the -B option (softupdates must be enabled on these filesystems). The -F flag now determines whether a specified filesystem needs foreground checking. &man.fsck.8; now has support for foreground (-F) and background (-B) checks. Traditionally, &man.fsck.8; is invoked before the filesystems are mounted and all checks are done to completion at that time. If background checking is available, &man.fsck.8; is invoked twice. It is first invoked at the traditional time, before the filesystems are mounted, with the -F flag to do checking on all the filesystems that cannot do background checking. It is then invoked a second time, after the system has completed going multiuser, with the -B flag to do checking on all the filesystems that can do background checking. Unlike the foreground checking, the background checking is started asynchronously so that other system activity can proceed even on the filesystems that are being checked. Boot-time enabling of this feature is controlled by the background_fsck option in &man.rc.conf.5;. Catching up with most other network utilities in the base system, &man.lpr.1;, &man.lpd.8;, &man.syslogd.8;, and &man.logger.1; are now all IPv6-capable. &merged; libdisk can now do install-time configuration of the &arch; boot0 boot loader. &merged; The -v option to &man.rm.1; now displays the entire pathname of a file being removed. &man.lpr.1;, &man.lpq.1;, and &man.lpd.8; have received a few minor enhancements. &merged; If the first argument to &man.ancontrol.8; or &man.wicontrol.8; doesn't start with a -, it is assumed to be an interface. &man.rdist.1; has been retired. &man.ppp.8; has gained the tcpmssfixup option, which adjusts outgoing TCP SYN packets so that the maximum receive segment size is no larger than allowed by the interface MTU. libcrypt and libdescrypt have been unified to provide a configurable password authentication hash library. Both the md5 and des hash methods are provided unless the des hash is specifically compiled out. &man.passwd.1; and &man.pw.8; now select the password hash algorithm at run time. See the passwd_format attribute in /etc/login.conf. In preparation for meeting SUSv2/POSIX <sys/select.h> requirements, struct selinfo and related functions have been moved to <sys/selinfo.h>. &man.syslogd.8; now supports a LOG_CONSOLE facility (disabled by default), which can be used to log /dev/console output. &merged; &man.rpcgen.1; now uses /usr/bin/cpp (as on NetBSD), not /usr/libexec/cpp. Boot-time &man.syscons.4; configuration was moved to a machine-independent /etc/rc.syscons. &merged; &man.burncd.8; now supports a -m option for multisession mode (the default behavior now is to close disks as single-session). A -l option to take a list of image files from a filename was also added; - can be used as a filename for stdin. &merged; &man.dmesg.8; now has a -a option to show the entire message buffer, including &man.syslogd.8; records and /dev/console output. &merged; &man.cdcontrol.1; now uses the CDROM environment variable to pick a default device. &merged; &man.cdcontrol.1; now supports next and prev commands to skip forwards or backwards a specified number of tracks while playing an audio CD. &man.sysctl.8; now supports a -N option to print out variable names only. &man.sysctl.8; has replaced the -A and -X options with -ao and -ax respectively; the former options are now deprecated. The -w is deprecated as well; it is not needed to determine the user's intentions. &man.sysinstall.8; now lives in /usr/sbin, which simplifies the installation process. The &man.sysinstall.8; manpage is also installed in a more consistent fashion now. &man.config.8; is now better about converting various warnings that should have been errors into actual fatal errors with an exit code. This ensures that make buildkernel doesn't quietly ignore them and build a bogus kernel without a human to read the errors. &merged; libc is now thread-safe by default; libc_r contains only thread functions. &man.find.1; now takes the -empty flag, which returns true if a file or directory is empty. &merged; &man.find.1; now takes the -iname and -ipath primaries for case-insensitive matches, and the -regexp and -iregexp primaries for regular-expression matches. The -E flag now enables extended regular expressions. &merged; &man.find.1; now has the -anewer, -cnewer, -mnewer, -okdir, and -newer[acm][acmt] primaries for comparisons of file timestamps. &merged; &man.tftpd.8; now takes the -c and -C options, which allow the server to &man.chroot.2; based on the IP address of the connecting client. &man.tftp.1; and &man.tftpd.8; can now transfer files larger than 65535 blocks. &merged; &man.vidcontrol.1; now accepts a -g parameter to select custom text geometry in the VESA_800x600 raster text mode. &merged; &man.ldconfig.8; now checks directory ownerships and permissions for greater security; these checks can be disabled with the -i flag. &merged; The &man.rfork.thread.3; library call has been added as a helper function to &man.rfork.2;. Using this function should avoid the need to implement complex stack swap code. &merged; Significant additions have been made to internationalization support; &os; now has complete locale support for the LC_MONETARY, LC_NUMERIC, and LC_MESSAGES categories. A number of applications have been updated to take advantage of this support. A compat4x distribution has been added for compatibility with &os; 4-STABLE. The compat3x distribution has been updated to include libraries present in &os; 3.5.1-RELEASE. &merged; &man.savecore.8; now supports a -k option to prevent clearing a crash dump after saving it. It also attempts to avoid writing large stretches of zeros to crash dump files to save space and time. &merged; &man.tar.1; now supports the TAR_RSH variable, principally to enable the use of &man.ssh.1; as a transport. &merged; &man.disklabel.8; now supports partition sizes expressed in kilobytes, megabytes, or gigabytes, in addition to sectors. &merged; The pseudo-random number generator implemented by &man.rand.3; has been improved to provide less biased results. &man.login.1; now exports environment variables set by PAM modules. &merged; PAM support has been added for account management and sessions. &man.su.1; now uses PAM for authentication. &man.wall.1; now supports a -g flag to write a message to all users of a given group. The new CPUTYPE make.conf variable controls the compilation of processor-specific optimizations in various pieces of code such as OpenSSL. &merged; The default value for &man.cvs.1;'s CVS_RSH variable is now ssh, rather than rsh. &merged; &man.ipfstat.8; now supports the -t option to turn on a &man.top.1;-like display. &merged; /usr/src/share/examples/BSD_daemon/ now contains a scalable Beastie graphic. &merged; &man.dump.8; now supports inheritance of the nodump flag down a hierarchy. &merged; &man.split.1; now has the ability to split a file longer than 2GB. &merged; &man.tail.1; now has the ability to work on files longer than 2GB. &merged; &man.units.1; has received some updates and bugfixes. &merged; As part of an ongoing process, many manual pages were improved, both in terms of their formatting markup and in their content. &merged; lprm - now works for remote printer queues. &merged; &man.ftpd.8; now supports a -r flag for read-only mode and a -E flag to disable EPSV. It also has some fixes to reduce information leakage and the ability to specify compile-time port ranges. &merged; &man.ping.8; now supports a -m option to set the TTL of outgoing packets. &merged; &man.ping.8; now supports a -A option to beep when packets are lost. A version of Transport Independent RPC (TI-RPC) has been imported. &man.rpcbind.8; has replaced &man.portmap.8;. NFS now works over IPv6. &man.rpc.lockd.8; has been imported from NetBSD. &man.rc.8; now has an framework for handling dependencies between &man.rc.conf.5; variables. &merged; &man.rc.8; now deletes all non-directory files in /var/run and /var/spool/lock at boot time. The &man.setfacl.1; and &man.getfacl.1; commands have been added to manage file system Access Control Lists. The default TCP port range used by libfetch for passive FTP retrievals has changed; this affects the behavior of &man.fetch.1;, which has gained the -U option to restore the old behavior. &merged; &man.atacontrol.8; has been added to control various aspects of the &man.ata.4; driver. libcrypt now has support for Blowfish password hashing. &merged; The functions from libposix1e have been integrated into libc. &man.vidcontrol.1; now allows the user to omit the font size specification when loading a font, and has some better error-handling. &merged; &man.vidcontrol.1; now supports a -p to take a snapshot of a &man.syscons.4; video buffer. These snapshots can be manipulated by some of the scr2* utilities in the Ports Collection. &merged; &man.vidcontrol.1; now supports a -H option to clear the history buffer for a given tty. devinfo, a simple tool to print the device tree and resource usage by devices, has been added. &man.fmtcheck.3;, a function for checking consistency of format string arguments, has been added. &man.nl.1;, a line numbering filter program, has been added. &man.c89.1; has been converted from a shell script to a binary executable, fixing some minor bugs. &merged; &man.pax.1; has received a number of enhancements, including &man.cpio.1; functionality, &man.tar.1; compatability enhancements, -z and -Z flags for &man.gzip.1; and &man.compress.1; functionality, and a number of bug fixes. Ukranian language support has been added to the &os; console. &merged; The performance of the ELF dynamic linker &man.rtld.1; has been improved. &merged; &man.fdread.1;, a program to read data from floppy disks, has been added. It is a counterpart to &man.fdwrite.1; and is designed to provide a means of recovering at least some data from bad media, and to obviate for a complex invocation of &man.dd.1;. &man.xargs.1; now supports a -J replstr option that allows the user to tell &man.xargs.1; to insert the data read from standard input at a specific point in the command line arguments rather than at the end. &man.apmd.8; now supports monitoring of the battery state via the apm_battery configuration directive. &man.telnet.1; now does autologin and encryption by default; a new -y option turns off encryption. &man.telnet.1; now supports a -u flag to allow connections to UNIX-domain (AF_UNIX) sockets. &merged; The default stripe size in &man.vinum.8; has been changed from 256KB to 279KB, to spread out superblocks more evenly between stripes. &man.chown.8; now correctly follows symbolic links named as command line arguments if run without -R. &man.chown.8; no longer takes . as a user/group delimeter. This change was made to support usernames containing a .. &man.chmod.1; now supports a -h for changing the mode of a symbolic link. &man.install.1; has a number of new features, including the -b and -B options for backing up existing target files and the -S option for safe (atomic copy) operation. The -c (copy) flag is now the default, and the -D (debugging) flag has been withdrawn. &man.whois.1; now directs queries for IP addresses to ARIN. A new utility &man.diskcheckd.8; has been added; it is a daemon which runs in the background, reading entire disks to find any read errors on those disks. Its behavior at startup time can be controlled by the diskcheckd_enable variable in &man.rc.conf.5;. bc has been updated from 1.04 to 1.06. &merged; The ISC library from the BIND distribution is now built as libisc. &merged; Binutils have been upgraded to 2.11.0. &merged; cvs has been updated to 1.11. &merged; The &man.ee.1; Easy Editor has been updated to 1.4.2. &man.file.1; has been contribify-ed, and updated to version 3.35. &man.awk.1;, in the form of gawk, has been upgraded from 3.0.4 to 3.0.6. This fixes a number of non-critical bugs and includes a few performance tweaks. &merged; gcc has been updated to 2.95.3. &merged; &man.gcc.1; now uses a unified libgcc rather than a separate one for threaded and non-threaded programs. /usr/lib/libgcc_r.a can be removed. &merged; &man.gcc.1; now supports the environment variable GCC_OPTIONS, which can hold a set of default options for GCC. GNATS has been updated to 3.113. gperf has been updated to 2.7.2. groff and its related utilities have been updated to FSF version 1.17. This import brings in a new &man.mdoc.7; macro package (sometimes referred to as mdocNG), which removes many of the limitations of its predecessor. &merged; Heimdal has been updated to 0.3e. &merged; The ISC DHCP client has been updated to 2.0pl5. &merged; Kerberos IV has been updated to 1.0.5. &merged; The &man.more.1; command has been replaced by &man.less.1;, although it can still be run as more. less has been imported at 3.5.8. &merged; libpcap has been updated to 0.6.2. libreadline has been upgraded to 4.2. Linux PAM has been updated to 0.75. ncurses has been updated to 5.2-20010512. The OPIE one-time-password suite has been updated to 2.32. &merged; Perl has been updated to version 5.6.0. &man.pim6dd.8; and &man.pim6sd.8; have been removed due to restrictive licensing conditions. These programs are available in the ports collection as net/pim6dd and net/pim6dd. &merged; &man.routed.8; has been updated to version 2.22. &merged; tcpdump has been updated to 3.6.2. The &man.csh.1; shell has been replaced by &man.tcsh.1;, although it can still be run as csh. tcsh has been updated to version 6.10. &merged; OpenSSH has been upgraded to 2.1.0, which provides support for the SSH2 protocol, including DSA keys. Therefore, OpenSSH users in the US no longer need to rely on the restrictively-licensed RSAREF toolkit which is required to handle RSA keys. OpenSSH 2.1 interoperates well with other SSH2 clients and servers, including the ssh2 port. See the OpenSSH Web site for more details. &merged; OpenSSH can now authenticate using OPIE passwords in SSH1 mode. Support is not yet available in SSH2 mode. &merged; OpenSSH has been upgraded to 2.2.0. &man.ssh-add.1; and &man.ssh-agent.1; can now handle DSA keys. A server for sftp, interoperable with ssh.com clients and others has been added. &man.scp.1; can now handle files larger than 2 GBytes. Interoperability with other SSH2 clients/servers has been improved. A new feature to limit the number of outstanding unauthenticated ssh connections in &man.sshd.8; has been added. &merged; OpenSSH has been upgraded to 2.3.0. This version adds support for the Rijndael encryption algorithm. &merged; PAM support for OpenSSH has been added. The following PAM modules have been added: pam_krb5, pam_nologin, pam_rootok, pam_wheel A long-standing bug in OpenSSH, which sometimes resulted in a dropped session when an X11-forwarded client was closed, was fixed. Kerberos compatability has been added to OpenSSH. &merged; OpenSSH has been modified to be more resistant to traffic analysis by requiring that non-echoed characters are still echoed back in a null packet, as well as by padding passwords sent so as not to hint at password lengths. &merged; &man.sshd.8; is now enabled by default on new installs. &merged; &man.sshd.8; X11Forwarding is now turned on by default on the server (any risk is to the client, where it is already disabled by default). In /etc/ssh/sshd_config, the ConnectionsPerPeriod parameter has been deprecated in favor of MaxStartups. OpenSSH now has a VersionAddendum configuration setting for &man.sshd.8; to allow changing the part of the OpenSSH version string after the main version number. OpenSSH has been updated to version 2.9, which adds two new programs, &man.sftp.1; and &man.ssh-keyscan.1;. Among the various enhancements: The default protocol is now v2, rekeying of existing SSH sessions is now supported, and an experimental SOCKS4 proxy has been added to &man.ssh.1;. OpenSSL has been upgraded to 0.9.6a. OpenSSL now has support for machine-dependent ASM optimizations, activated by the new MACHINE_CPU and/or CPUTYPE make.conf variables. &merged; sendmail has been upgraded from version 8.9.3 to version 8.11.4. Important changes include: new default file locations (see /usr/src/contrib/sendmail/cf/README); &man.newaliases.1; is limited to root and trusted users; STARTTLS encryption; and the MSA port (587) is turned on by default. See /usr/src/contrib/sendmail/RELEASE_NOTES for more information. &merged; &man.mail.local.8; is no longer installed as a SUID binary. If you are using a /etc/mail/sendmail.cf from the default sendmail.cf included with &os; any time after 3.1.0, you are fine. If you are using a hand-configured sendmail.cf and mail.local for delivery, check to make sure the F=S flag is set on the Mlocal line. Those with .mc files who need to add the flag can do so by adding the following line to their .mc file and regenerating the sendmail.cf file: MODIFY_MAILER_FLAGS(`LOCAL',`+S')dnl Note that FEATURE(`local_lmtp') already does this. &merged; The default /etc/mail/sendmail.cf disables the SMTP EXPN and VRFY commands. &merged; &man.vacation.1; has been updated to use the version included with sendmail. &merged; The sendmail configuration building tools are installed in /usr/share/sendmail/cf/. &merged; New make.conf options: SENDMAIL_MC and SENDMAIL_ADDITIONAL_MC. See /etc/defaults/make.conf for more information. &merged; /etc/mail/Makefile now supports: the new SENDMAIL_MC make.conf option; the ability to build .cf files from .mc files; generalized map rebuilding; rebuilding the aliases file; and the ability to stop, start, and restart sendmail. &merged; Version numbers of installed packages have a new (backward-compatible) syntax, which supports the PORTREVISION and PORTEPOCH variables in Ports Collection Makefiles. These changes help keep track of changes in the ports collection entries such as security patches or &os;-specific updates, which aren't reflected in the original, third-party software distributions. &man.pkg.version.1; can now compare these new-style version numbers. &merged; To improve performance and disk utilization, the ports skeletons in the FreeBSD Ports Collection have been restructured. Installed ports and packages should not be affected. &merged; All packages and ports now contain an origin directive, which makes it easier for programs such as &man.pkg.version.1; to determine the directory from which a package was built. &merged; &man.pkg.update.1;, a utility to update installed packages and update their dependencies, has been added. &merged; &man.pkg.info.1; now supports globbing against names of installed packages. The -G option disables this behavior, and the -x option causes regular expression matching instead of shell globbing. &merged; &man.pkg.info.1; can now accept a -g flag for verifying an installed package against its recorded checksums (to see if it's been modified post-installation). Naturally, this mechanism is only as secure as the contents of /var/db/pkg if it's to be used for auditing purposes. &merged; &man.pkg.create.1; and &man.pkg.add.1; can now work with packages that have been compressed using &man.bzip2.1;. &man.pkg.add.1; will use the PACKAGEROOT environment variable to determine a mirror site for new packages. &merged; &man.pkg.create.1; now records dependencies in dependency order rather than in the order specified on the command line. This improves the functioning of pkg_add -r. &merged; &man.pkg.version.1; now has a version number comparison routine that corresponds to the Porters Handbook. It also has a -t option for testing address comparisons. &merged; When requested to delete multiple packages, &man.pkg.delete.1; will now attempt to remove them in dependency order rather than the order specified on the command line. &merged; &man.pkg.delete.1; now can perform glob/regexp matching of package names. In addition, it supports a -a option for removing all packages and a -i option for &man.rm.1;-style interactive confirmation. &merged; &man.pkg.sign.1; and &man.pkg.check.1; have been added to digitally sign and verify the signatures on binary package files. &merged; BSDPAN, a collection of modules that provides tighter integration of Perl into the &os; Ports Collection, has been added.