This fortune brought to you by: $FreeBSD$ % Having trouble using fetch through a firewall? Try setting the environment variable FTP_PASSIVE_MODE to yes, and see fetch(3) for more details. % By pressing "Scroll Lock" you can use the arrow keys to scroll backward through the console output. Press "Scroll Lock" again to turn it off. % Want colour in your directory listings? Use "ls -G". "ls -F" is also useful, and they can be combined as "ls -FG". % If you need to ask a question on the FreeBSD-questions mailing list then http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/\ freebsd-questions/index.html contains lots of useful advice to help you get the best results. % If you'd like to keep track of applications in the FreeBSD ports tree, take a look at FreshPorts; http://www.freshports.org/ % To search for files that match a particular name, use find(1); for example find / -name "*GENERIC*" -ls will search '/', and all subdirectories, for files with 'GENERIC' in the name. -- Stephen Hilton % In tcsh, you can `set autolist' to have the shell automatically show all the possible matches when doing filename/directory expansion. % You can `set autologout = 30' to have tcsh log you off automatically if you leave the shell idle for more than 30 minutes. % If you `set filec' (file completion) in tcsh and write a part of the filename, pressing TAB will show you the available choices when there is more than one, or complete the filename if there's only one match. % You can press up-arrow or down-arrow to walk through a list of previous commands in tcsh. % You can disable tcsh's terminal beep if you `set nobeep'. % If you `set watch = (0 any any)' in tcsh, you will be notified when someone logs in or out of your system. % Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%m %# ' % Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%n@%m%# ' % Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%n@%m:%~%# ' % Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%n@%m:%/%# ' % Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '[%B%m%b] %B%~%b%# ' % Simple tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%# ' % If you want df(1) and other commands to display disk sizes in kilobytes instead of 512-byte blocks, set BLOCKSIZE in your environment to 'K'. You can also use 'M' for Megabytes or 'G' for Gigabytes. If you want df(1) to automatically select the best size then use 'df -h'. % To change an environment variable in tcsh you use: setenv NAME "value" where NAME is the name of the variable and "value" its new value. % To change an environment variable in /bin/sh use: $ VARIABLE="value" $ export VARIABLE % You can use /etc/make.conf to control the options used to compile software on this system. Example entries are in /usr/share/examples/etc/make.conf. % To do a fast search for a file, try locate filename locate uses a database that is updated every Saturday (assuming your computer is running FreeBSD at the time) to quickly find files based on name only. % In order to search for a string in some files, use 'grep' like this: grep "string" filename1 [filename2 filename3 ...] This will print out the lines in the files that contain the string. grep can also do a lot more advanced searches - type 'man grep' for details. % You can use the 'fetch' command to retrieve files over ftp or http. fetch http://www.freebsd.org/index.html will download the front page of the FreeBSD web site. % In order to make fetch (the FreeBSD downloading tool) ask for username/password when it encounters a password-protected web page, you can set the environment variable HTTP_AUTH to 'basic:*'. % You can permanently set environment variables for your shell by putting them in a startup file for the shell. The name of the startup file varies depending on the shell - csh and tcsh uses .login, bash, sh, ksh and zsh use .profile. When using bash, sh, ksh or zsh, don't forget to export the variable. % If you are running xterm, the default TERM variable will be 'xterm'. If you set this environment variable to 'xterm-color' instead, a lot of programs will use colors. You can do this by TERM=xterm-color; export TERM in Bourne-derived shells, and setenv TERM xterm-color in csh-derived shells. % If you do not want to get beeps in X11 (X Windows), you can turn them off with xset b off % You can look through a file in a nice text-based interface by typing less filename % The default editor in FreeBSD is vi, which is efficient to use when you have learned it, but somewhat user-unfriendly. To use ee (an easier but less powerful editor) instead, set the environment variable EDITOR to /usr/bin/ee % If you accidentally end up inside vi, you can quit it by pressing Escape, colon (:), q (q), bang (!) and pressing return. % You can use aliases to decrease the amount of typing you need to do to get commands you commonly use. Examples of fairly popular aliases include (in Bourne shell style, as in /bin/sh, bash, ksh, and zsh): alias lf="ls -FA" alias ll="ls -lA" alias su="su -m" In csh or tcsh, these would be alias lf ls -FA alias ll ls -lA alias su su -m To remove an alias, you can usually use 'unalias aliasname'. To list all aliases, you can usually type just 'alias'. % In order to support national characters for European languages in tools like less without creating other nationalisation aspects, set the environment variable LC_ALL to 'en_US.ISO8859-1'. % You can search for documentation on a keyword by typing apropos keyword % Man pages are divided into section depending on topic. There are 9 different sections numbered from 1 (General Commands) to 9 (Kernel Developer's Manual). You can get an introduction to each topic by typing man intro In other words, to get the intro to general commands, type man 1 intro % FreeBSD is started up by the program 'init'. The first thing init does when starting multiuser mode (ie, starting the computer up for normal use) is to run the shell script /etc/rc. By reading /etc/rc and the /etc/rc.d/ scripts, you can learn a lot about how the system is put together, which again will make you more confident about what happens when you do something with it. % If you want to play CDs with FreeBSD, a utility for this is already included. Type 'cdcontrol' then 'help' to learn more. (You may need to set the CDROM environment variable in order to make cdcontrol want to start.) % If you have a CD-ROM drive in your machine, you can make the CD-ROM that is presently inserted available by typing 'mount /cdrom' as root. The CD-ROM will be available under /cdrom/. Remember to do 'umount /cdrom' before removing the CD-ROM (it will usually not be possible to remove the CD-ROM without doing this.) Note: This tip may not work in all configurations. % You can install extra packages for FreeBSD by using the ports system. If you have installed it, you can download, compile, and install software by just typing # cd /usr/ports// # make install && make clean as root. The ports infrastructure will download the software, change it so it works on FreeBSD, compile it, install it, register the installation so it will be possible to automatically uninstall it, and clean out the temporary working space it used. You can remove an installed port you decide you do not want after all by typing # cd /usr/ports// # make deinstall as root. % Nice bash prompt: PS1='(\[$(tput md)\]\t <\w>\[$(tput me)\]) $(echo $?) \$ ' -- Mathieu % To see the output from when your computer started, run dmesg(8). If it has been replaced with other messages, look at /var/run/dmesg.boot. -- Francisco Reyes % You can use "whereis" to search standard binary, manual page and source directories for the specified programs. This can be particularly handy when you are trying to find where in the ports tree an application is. Try "whereis netscape" and "whereis whereis". -- Konstantinos Konstantinidis % You can press Ctrl-D to quickly exit from a shell, or logout from a login shell. -- Konstantinos Konstantinidis % You can use "pkg_info" to see a list of packages you have installed. -- Konstantinos Konstantinidis % You can change the video mode on all consoles by adding something like the following to /etc/rc.conf: allscreens="80x30" You can use "vidcontrol -i mode | grep T" for a list of supported text modes. -- Konstantinos Konstantinidis % Any user that is a member of the wheel group can use "su -" to simulate a root login. You can add a user to the wheel group by editing /etc/group. -- Konstantinos Konstantinidis % Over quota? "du -s * | sort -n " will give you a sorted list of your directory sizes. -- David Scheidt % Handy bash(1) prompt: PS1="\u@\h \w \!$ " -- David Scheidt % Ever wonder what those numbers after command names were, as in cat(1)? It's the section of the manual the man page is in. "man man" will tell you more. -- David Scheidt % "man hier" will explain the way FreeBSD filesystems are normally laid out. -- David Scheidt % "man tuning" gives some tips how to tune performance of your FreeBSD system. -- David Scheidt % "man firewall" will give advice for building a FreeBSD firewall -- David Scheidt % You can often get answers to your questions about FreeBSD by searching in the FreeBSD mailing list archives at http://www.freebsd.org/search/search.html % You can adjust the volume of various parts of the sound system in your computer by typing 'mixer '. To get a list of what you can adjust, just type 'mixer'. % You can automatically download and install binary packages by doing pkg_add -r where you replace with the URL to the package. This will also automatically install the packages the package you download is dependent on (ie, the packages it needs in order to work.) % You can get a good standard workstation install by using the instant-workstation port/package. If you have ports installed, you can install it by doing # cd /usr/ports/misc/instant-workstation # make install && make clean as root. This will install a collection of packages that is convenient to have on a workstation. % You can get a good generic server install by using the instant-server port/package. If you have ports installed, you can install it by doing # cd /usr/ports/misc/instant-server # make install && make clean as root. This will install a collection of packages that is appropriate for running a "generic" server. % You can make a log of your terminal session with script(1). % "man ports" gives many useful hints about installing FreeBSD ports. % "man security" gives very good advice on how to tune the security of your FreeBSD system. % Want to find a specific port, just type the following under /usr/ports, or one its subdirectories: "make search name=" or "make search key=" % Want to see how much virtual memory you're using? Just type "swapinfo" to be shown information about the usage of your swap partitions. % ports/net/netcat port is useful not only for redirecting input/output to TCP or UDP connections, but also for proxying them with inetd(8). % If other operating systems have damaged your Master Boot Record, you can reinstall it either with /stand/sysinstall or with boot0cfg(8). See "man boot0cfg" for details. % Need to see the calendar for this month? Simply type "cal". To see the whole year, type "cal -y". -- Dru % Need to quickly return to your home directory? Type "cd". -- Dru % To see the last time that you logged in, use lastlogin(8). -- Dru % To clear the screen, use "clear". To re-display your screen buffer, press the scroll lock key and use your page up button. When you're finished, press the scroll lock key again to get your prompt back. -- Dru % To save disk space in your home directory, compress files you rarely use with "gzip filename". -- Dru % To read a compressed file without having to first uncompress it, use "zcat" or "zmore" to view it. -- Dru % To see how much disk space is left on your partitions, use df -h -- Dru % To see the 10 largest files on a directory or partition, use du /partition_or_directory_name | sort -rn | head -- Dru % To determine whether a file is a text file, executable, or some other type of file, use file filename -- Dru % Time to change your password? Type "passwd" and follow the prompts. -- Dru % Want to know how many words, lines, or bytes are contained in a file? Type "wc filename". -- Dru % Need to print a manpage? Use man name_of_manpage | col -bx | lpr -- Dru % Need to remove all those ^M characters from a DOS file? Try tr -d \\r < dosfile > newfile -- Originally by Dru % Forget what directory you are in? Type "pwd". -- Dru % If you are in the C shell and have just installed a new program, you won't be able to run it unless you first type "rehash". -- Dru % Need to leave your terminal for a few minutes and don't want to logout? Use "lock -p". When you return, use your password as the key to unlock the terminal. -- Dru % Need to find the location of a program? Use "locate program_name". -- Dru % Forget how to spell a word or a variation of a word? Use look portion_of_word_you_know -- Dru % To see the last 10 lines of a long file, use "tail filename". To see the first 10 lines, use "head filename". -- Dru % To see how long it takes a command to run, type the word "time" before the command name. -- Dru % To quickly create an empty file, use "touch filename". -- Dru % To find out the hostname associated with an IP address, use dig -x IP_address -- Dru % If you use the C shell, add the following line to the .cshrc file in your home directory to prevent core files from being written to disk: limit coredumpsize 0 -- Dru % If you need a reminder to leave your terminal, type "leave +hhmm" where "hhmm" represents in how many hours and minutes you need to leave. -- Dru % Need to do a search in a manpage or in a file you've sent to a pager? Use "/search_word". To repeat the same search, type "n" for next. -- Dru % Forget when Easter is? Try "ncal -e". If you need the date for Orthodox Easter, use "ncal -o" instead. -- Dru % Need to see your routing table? Type "netstat -rn". The entry with the G flag is your gateway. -- Dru % Need to see which daemons are listening for connection requests? Use "sockstat -4l" for IPv4, and "sockstat -l" for IPv4 and IPv6. -- Dru % Can't remember if you've installed a certain port or not? Try "pkg_info -Ix port_name". % To erase a line you've written at the command prompt, use "Ctrl-U". -- Dru % To repeat the last command in the C shell, type "!!". -- Dru % Need to quickly empty a file? Use ": > filename". -- Dru % To see all of the directories on your FreeBSD system, type ls -R / | more -- Dru % To see the IP addresses currently set on your active interfaces, type "ifconfig -u". -- Dru % To see the MAC addresses of the NICs on your system, type ifconfig -a -- Dru % You can open up a new split-screen window in (n)vi with :N or :E and then use ^w to switch between the two. % sh (the default Bourne shell in FreeBSD) supports command-line editing. Just ``set -o emacs'' or ``set -o vi'' to enable it. % When you've made modifications to a file in vi(1) and then find that you can't write it, type ``!rm -f %'' then ``:w!'' to force the write This won't work if you don't have write permissions to the directory and probably won't be suitable if you're editing through a symbolic link. % If you want to quickly check for duplicate package/port installations, try the following pkg_info command. pkg_info | sort | sed -e 's/-[0-9].*$//' | \ uniq -c | grep -v '^[[:space:]]*1' % Want to use sed(1) to edit a file in place? Well, to replace every 'e' with an 'o', in a file named 'foo', you can do: sed -i.bak s/e/o/g foo And you'll get a backup of the original in a file named 'foo.bak', but if you want no backup: sed -i '' s/e/o/g foo % To obtain a neat PostScript rendering of a manual page, use ``-t'' switch of the man(1) utility: ``man -t ''. For example: man -t grep > grep.ps # Save the PostScript version to a file or man -t printf | lp # Send the PostScript directly to printer