.\" Copyright (c) 1994 Gordon W. Ross, Theo de Raadt .\" Updated by Luigi Rizzo .\" All rights reserved. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products .\" derived from this software without specific prior written permission. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES .\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. .\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, .\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT .\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, .\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY .\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT .\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF .\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .\" $FreeBSD$ .\" .Dd April 18, 2001 .Dt DISKLESS 8 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm diskless .Nd booting a system over the network .Sh DESCRIPTION The ability to boot a machine over the network is useful for .Em diskless or .Em dataless machines, or as a temporary measure while repairing or re-installing filesystems on a local disk. This file provides a general description of the interactions between a client and its server when a client is booting over the network. .Sh OPERATION When booting a system over the network, there are three phases of interaction between client and server: .Pp .Bl -enum -compact .It The stage-1 bootstrap loads a boot program, from .It The boot program loads a kernel. .It The kernel does NFS mounts for root. .El .Pp Each of these phases are described in further detail below. .Pp In phase 1, the stage-1 bootstrap code loads a boot program, which is typically able to control the network card. The boot program can be stored in the BIOS, in a BOOT ROM located on the network card (PXE, etherboot, netboot), or come from a disk unit (e.g. etherboot or netboot). .Pp In phase 2, the boot program loads a kernel. Operation in this phase depends on the design of the boot program. Typically, the boot program uses the .Tn BOOTP or .Tn DHCP protocol to get the client's IP address and other boot information, including but not limited to the IP addresses of the NFS server, router and nameserver, and the name of the kernel to load. Then the kernel is loaded, either directly using NFS (as it is the case for etherboot and netboot), or through an intermediate loader called pxeboot and loaded using TFTP or NFS. .Pp In phase 3, the kernel uses again DHCP or BOOTP to acquire configuration information, and proceeds to mount the root filesystem and start operation. Some specific actions performed during the startup of a diskless system are listed in .Pa /etc/rc.diskless1 and .Pa /etc/rc.diskless2 .Sh CONFIGURATION In order to run a diskless client, you need the following: .Bl -bullet .It an NFS server which exports a root and /usr partition with appropriate permissions. The .Pa rc.diskless{1,2} scripts work with readonly partitions, as long as root is exported with .Fl maproot Ns =0 so that some system files can be accessed. As an example, .Pa /etc/exports can contain the following lines: .Bd -literal -offset indent -maproot=0 -alldirs /usr -alldirs .Ed .Pp where .Aq ROOT is the mountpoint on the server of the root partition. The script .Pa /usr/share/examples/diskless/clone_root can be used to create a shared readonly root partition, but in same cases you can also decide to export (again as readonly) the root directory used by the server itself. .It a .Tn BOOTP or .Tn DHCP server. .Xr bootpd 8 can be enabled by uncommenting the .Em bootps line in .Pa /etc/inetd.conf . A sample .Pa /etc/bootptab can be the following: .Bd -literal -offset indent .default:\\ hn:ht=1:vm=rfc1048:\\ :sm=255.255.255.0:\\ :sa=:\\ :gw=:\\ :rp=":": :ha=0123456789ab:tc=.default .Ed .Pp where .Aq SERVER , .Aq GATEWAY and .Aq ROOT have the obvious meanings. .It On the root partition, create the directory .Pa /conf/default/etc , and populate it with a copy of the contents of .Pa /etc . The files and subdirectories within .Pa /conf/default/etc are used to bootstrap the diskless environment's .Pa /etc memory filesystem. Be sure and copy the entirety of .Pa /etc , and not just overrides. .It Additionally, one may supply per-network or per-host overrides for files in .Pa /etc by creating and populating the directories .Pa /conf/${i}/etc , where .Va i can be either the subnet broadcast address for the client, or the IP address of the client. .Pp Files are copied from the above directories into .Pa /etc (overriding the previous content of .Pa /etc ) starting from the most generic one by .Pa /etc/rc.diskless1 , before the main part of .Pa /etc/rc (including reading .Pa rc.conf ) is run. .Pp As a minimum, you normally need to have the following in .Pa /conf/default/etc/fstab .Bd -literal -offset indent : / nfs ro 0 0 :/usr /usr nfs ro 0 0 proc /proc procfs rw 0 0 .Ed .Pp and also a customized version of .Pa /conf/default/etc/rc.conf which should contain the startup options for the diskless client. .Pp Most likely you will not need to set .Va hostname and .Va ifconfig_* because these will be already set by the startup code. You will also probably need to set .Va local_startup Ns = Ns Qq so that the server's local startup files will not be used. .Pp While an .Xr md 4 Ns -backed file system is mounted on .Pa /var by the startup scripts, some sites may want to disable the saving of entropy by setting .Va entropy_dir Ns = Ns Qq Li NO in .Pa /etc/defaults/rc.conf . .Pp Finally, it might be convenient to use a .Ic case statement using .Li `hostname` as the switch variable to do machine-specific configuration in case a number of diskless clients share the same configuration files. .It build a kernel whose config file (e.g.\& .Pa /sys/i386/conf/DISKLESS ) has at least the following options and devices: .Bd -literal -offset indent device md options BOOTP options BOOTP_NFSROOT options BOOTP_COMPAT .Ed .Pp If you use the firewall, remember to default to open or your kernel will not be able to send/receive the bootp packets. .El .Sh SECURITY ISSUES Be warned that using unencrypted NFS to mount root and user partitions may expose information such as encryption keys. .Sh BUGS This manpage is probably incomplete. .Pp .Fx sometimes requires to write onto the root partition, so the startup scripts create and mount .Xr md 4 Ns -backed filesystems on some locations (e.g.\& .Pa /etc and .Pa /var ) , while trying to preserve the original content. The process might not handle all cases. .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr md 4 , .Xr ethers 5 , .Xr exports 5 , .Xr bootpd 8 , .Xr mountd 8 , .Xr nfsd 8 , .Xr pxeboot 8 , .Xr reboot 8 , .Xr tftpd 8 , .Xr ports/net/etherboot