Contributed by &a.gpalmer; and &a.jkh;. Unfortunately, there are more variations of UN*X than most people know of, and hence not all software for UN*X available on the Internet will work on all versions of UN*X (in fact, I can guarantee it!). Hence, some software needs modifications to work under some UN*Xs. The process of making those modifications is known as ``porting'' and the result known as a ``port'' (not to be confused with the sockets on the back of your computer!). What is the FreeBSD Ports Collection?

When 2.0 was released, the FreeBSD Project decided to attempt to automate the process of ``porting'' such software to FreeBSD, and the result is the Ports Collection. The general idea was that a combination of various programming tools already available in the base FreeBSD installation would allow you to simply type `make' for a given port and have the underlying ports mechanism automatically fetch the port from a FreeBSD mirror site, apply any special configuration knowledge to it and then build it to result in a fully working version of the program. The ports collection itself normally doesn't have any of the original source code necessary for the compilation in the tree, just those shell scripts, Makefiles and source code ``diffs'' that are necessary to configure and compile the program under FreeBSD. This keeps the entire system down to a manageable size, with the current system having over 300 ports in the master source tree and yet taking up less than twenty megabytes. How does the system compile with no source code?

The Makefile for a port automatically looks in a central location on your system (usually /usr/ports/distfiles, though this value can be customized) for the associated set of original distribution files that have been ``ported''. Those not found locally are searched for wherever they're generally provided on the Internet. If you have a CDROM distribution of FreeBSD then you've already got them available on your CD for ease of use. See if you have such a CDROM distribution, otherwise skip to . Compiling ports from CDROM

The ports collection is easy to use from CDROM, and all you need to do is to create a "link tree" to it using the lndir(1) command that comes with the XFree86 distribution. Find a location with some free space and create a directory there, and make a symbolic link from /usr/ports to that directory. Then invoke the lndir(1) command with the full pathname of the ``ports'' directory on the CDROM as an argument (this might be, for example, something like: lndir /cdrom/ports). Then you can build ports directly off the CDROM by building them in the link tree you've created. Note that there are some ports for which we can't provide the original source in the CDROM due to licensing limitations. In that case, you'll need to look at the next section (). Compiling ports using an Internet connection

The ports collection can also use an auto-fetch system to keep your ports collection source tree up to date, updating the central ``distfiles'' version for you the next time you compile the port. Of course, this assumes you have a permanent network link or don't mind heavy usage of your telephone. If you don't want heavy network usage when you compile your ports tree, you can pre-fetch the necessary tarballs beforehand and put them into /usr/ports/distfiles by hand. A good way to see what files a port is going to need is to cd to that ports' directory and do a make fetch-list to see what it does. The output of make fetch-list can also be used as a shell script to fetch the ports' tarballs at a well-connected machine. You can also chose to get the source files either from the master FTP site as defined in the relevant Makefile (in the MASTER_SITES line), or some FreeBSD mirror site also carrying a set of distfiles, as does the master FTP site on ftp.FreeBSD.org (aka ftp.cdrom.com) in the directory /pub/FreeBSD/distfiles. Note that the files in that directory are not guaranteed to be kept up to date - this is a volunteer project! We can't make any guarantees about the mirror sites either - they are obviously under independent control and don't even have to mirror the distfiles directory. If you have a non-permanent link, you can fetch all the distfiles by going to the top of the tree and typing ``make fetch''. It doesn't work?!

Oh. You can do one of four (4) things : Fix it yourself. Technical details can be found in . Gripe. This is done by e-mail *ONLY*! The people at Walnut Creek are in no way responsible for the functionality (or lack thereof) of the FreeBSD system as a whole, and especially the ports system, which is mainly contributed by 3rd parties. (If you don't believe me, check the catalogue, especially the line saying "We cannot offer tech-support on this product") The e-mail address is Ports@FreeBSD.org. Please include details of the port, where you got both the port source & distfile(s) from, and what the error was. Note: At time of writing, lang/Sather doesn't seem to work on Pentium machines due to the Intel Curse (aka the Floating Point Division Bug). Please don't tell us about this - gripe to Intel instead - it's their bug! Forget it. This is the easiest for most - very few of the programs in ports can be classified as `essential'! Grab the pre-compiled package from a ftp server. The ``master'' package collection is in: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/packages/ though check your local mirror first, please! These are more likely to work (on the whole) than trying to compile from source, and a lot faster! Use the pkg_add(1) or pkg_manage(1) program to install them to your system. I've ported a program and I want to make a port out of it. What now?

See the that contain details of the procedure and structure involved. I've got a good port, what now?

Upload the fixed version to ftp://freefall.cdrom.com/pub/incoming or ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/incoming and send e-mail to ports@FreeBSD.org with the filename and details. Someone on the all-volunteer `ports committee' will (hopefully) look it over and commit it to the ports collection if they like the looks of it. I want to leave the compile going overnight, but some ports don't like this.

There is a way around this. Before starting the compilation, type: setenv BATCH yes # (if you use csh/tcsh) or BATCH=yes; export BATCH # (for sh/bash) This should skip ports which need user interaction to build. To compile those ports left out by doing the above, using a different login shell (or unsetting the above BATCH variable), set the INTERACTIVE variable instead (you can use the same statements as above except replace ``BATCH'' with ``INTERACTIVE'') and re-run make. This should now compile only those ports which will definitely ask for user interaction. The ports collection is weak. What can I do to help?

First read the bsd.port.mk file (which may be found in /usr/share/mk/) and the associated bsd.port.subdir.mk file. A lot of the weirdness can be explained properly in there (most of the current weirdness is due to the lack of assumptions about anything, which is necessary due to the generic nature of these files). Also check that you have an up-to-date copy, as the file can change from minute to minute. The most up-to-date copy can be found in: If you find that you still need to go in there and alter things, by all means do so, and then send the diffs to ports@FreeBSD.org if you'd like them to be a part of the default distribution. Please also remember that any changes must respect backwards-compatibility with any and all older Makefiles, unless you want a real nightmare of /usr/ports munging ahead of you! Large scale changes will generally not be warmly welcomed unless all the existing makefiles work without alteration. Sorry! This FAQ is weak. What can I do?

Send changes to ports@FreeBSD.org. Changes are most welcome! This FAQ is also very green and should be considered no more than a `good start' for now. Authors? You can come out of hiding any time now! :-) How do I get more information on all the ports?

One good method is to cd to the top of the ports tree (say /usr/ports) and type: make print-index This will print a summary of all ports in the tree. I've heard of a new checksum system. What is this for?

For various reasons, when using FTP over the Internet to obtain the source code, you may not always end up with the same copy of the code that the original porter worked from, and this can lead to problems. So a simple checksumming system has been employed to try and highlight problems in this area. To check the entire system, go to the top of the ports tree (defaults to /usr/ports) and type make checksum This will give a report on the validity of the files you have FTP'd. If some are missing, the system will attempt to retrieve them before running the checksum routine. The same technique can be applied to a single port. The system will complain if there is no pre-computed checksum available for that port. Not all ports currently have checksums, but this should be cured soon. Some older versions of the system don't recognize the ``checksum'' target. In that case, try the command make check-md5 (``check-md5'' was the pre-cursor to the ``checksum'' target). If neither work, get the latest copies of bsd.port.mk and bsd.port.subdir.mk from and install them in /usr/share/mk. This will get you the latest version of the ports system.