.\" Copyright (c) 1993
.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" Paul Borman at Krystal Technologies.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\"    without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\"	@(#)rune.3	8.2 (Berkeley) 12/11/93
.\" $FreeBSD$
.\"
.Dd December 11, 1993
.Dt RUNE 3
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm setrunelocale ,
.Nm setinvalidrune ,
.Nm sgetrune ,
.Nm sputrune ,
.Nm fgetrune ,
.Nm fungetrune ,
.Nm fputrune
.Nd rune support for C
.Sh LIBRARY
.Lb libc
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.In rune.h
.In errno.h
.Ft int
.Fn setrunelocale "char *locale"
.Ft void
.Fn setinvalidrune "rune_t rune"
.Ft rune_t
.Fn sgetrune "const char *string" "size_t n" "char const **result"
.Ft int
.Fn sputrune "rune_t rune" "char *string" "size_t n" "char **result"
.Pp
.In stdio.h
.Ft long
.Fn fgetrune "FILE *stream"
.Ft int
.Fn fungetrune "rune_t rune" "FILE *stream"
.Ft int
.Fn fputrune "rune_t rune" "FILE *stream"
.Sh DESCRIPTION
.Bf Em
The
.Bx 4.4
.Dq rune
functions have been deprecated in favour of the
.Tn ISO
C99 extended multibyte and wide character facilities
and should not be used in new applications.
.Ef
Consider using
.Xr setlocale 3 ,
.Xr mbrtowc 3 ,
.Xr wcrtomb 3 ,
.Xr fgetwc 3 ,
.Xr ungetwc 3 ,
and
.Xr fputwc 3
instead.
.Pp
The
.Fn setrunelocale
controls the type of encoding used to represent runes as multibyte strings
as well as the properties of the runes as defined in
.Aq Pa ctype.h .
The
.Fa locale
argument indicates which locale to load.
If the locale is successfully loaded,
.Dv 0
is returned, otherwise an errno value is returned to indicate the
type of error.
.Pp
The
.Fn setinvalidrune
function sets the value of the global value
.Dv _INVALID_RUNE
to be
.Fa rune .
.Pp
The
.Fn sgetrune
function tries to read a single multibyte character from
.Fa string ,
which is at most
.Fa n
bytes long.
If
.Fn sgetrune
is successful, the rune is returned.
If
.Fa result
is not
.Dv NULL ,
.Fa *result
will point to the first byte which was not converted in
.Fa string .
If the first
.Fa n
bytes of
.Fa string
do not describe a full multibyte character,
.Dv _INVALID_RUNE
is returned and
.Fa *result
will point to
.Fa string .
If there is an encoding error at the start of
.Fa string ,
.Dv _INVALID_RUNE
is returned and
.Fa *result
will point to the second character of
.Fa string .
.Pp
the
.Fn sputrune
function tries to encode
.Fa rune
as a multibyte string and store it at
.Fa string ,
but no more than
.Fa n
bytes will be stored.
If
.Fa result
is not
.Dv NULL ,
.Fa *result
will be set to point to the first byte in string following the new
multibyte character.
If
.Fa string
is
.Dv NULL ,
.Fa *result
will point to
.Dv "(char *)0 +"
.Fa x ,
where
.Fa x
is the number of bytes that would be needed to store the multibyte value.
If the multibyte character would consist of more than
.Fa n
bytes and
.Fa result
is not
.Dv NULL ,
.Fa *result
will be set to
.Dv NULL .
In all cases,
.Fn sputrune
will return the number of bytes which would be needed to store
.Fa rune
as a multibyte character.
.Pp
The
.Fn fgetrune
function operates the same as
.Fn sgetrune
with the exception that it attempts to read enough bytes from
.Fa stream
to decode a single rune.  It returns either
.Dv EOF
on end of file,
.Dv _INVALID_RUNE
on an encoding error, or the rune decoded if all went well.
.Pp
The
.Fn fungetrune
function pushes the multibyte encoding, as provided by
.Fn sputrune ,
of
.Fa rune
onto
.Fa stream
such that the next
.Fn fgetrune
call will return
.Fa rune .
It returns
.Dv EOF
if it fails and
.Dv 0
on success.
.Pp
The
.Fn fputrune
function writes the multibyte encoding of
.Fa rune ,
as provided by
.Fn sputrune ,
onto
.Fa stream .
It returns
.Dv EOF
on failure and
.Dv 0
on success.
.Sh RETURN VALUES
The
.Fn setrunelocale
function returns one of the following values:
.Bl -tag -width Er
.It Er 0
.Fn setrunelocale
was successful.
.It Bq Er EINVAL
.Fa locale
name was incorrect.
.It Bq Er ENOENT
The locale could not be found.
.It Bq Er EFTYPE
The file found was not a valid file.
.El
.Pp
The
.Fn sgetrune
function either returns the rune read or
.Dv _INVALID_RUNE .
The
.Fn sputrune
function returns the number of bytes needed to store
.Fa rune
as a multibyte string.
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width /usr/share/locale/locale/LC_CTYPE -compact
.It Pa $PATH_LOCALE/ Ns Em locale Ns /LC_CTYPE
.It Pa /usr/share/locale/ Ns Em locale Ns /LC_CTYPE
binary LC_CTYPE file for the locale
.Em locale .
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr mbrune 3 ,
.Xr setlocale 3 ,
.Xr euc 4 ,
.Xr utf2 4
.Sh NOTES
The ANSI C type
.Em wchar_t
is the same as
.Em rune_t .
.Em Rune_t
was chosen to accent the purposeful choice of not basing the
system with the ANSI C
primitives, which were, shall we say, less aesthetic.
.Sh HISTORY
These functions first appeared in
.Bx 4.4 .
.Pp
The
.Fn setrunelocale
function and the other non-ANSI rune functions were inspired by
.Sy "Plan 9 from Bell Labs"
as a much more sane alternative to the ANSI multibyte and
wide character support.
.\"They were conceived at the San Diego 1993 Summer USENIX conference by
.\"Paul Borman of Krystal Technologies, Keith Bostic of CSRG and Andrew Hume
.\"of Bell Labs.
.Pp
All of the ANSI multibyte and wide character
support functions are built using the rune functions.