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filesystem expands the inode to 256 bytes to make space for 64-bit block pointers. It also adds a file-creation time field, an ability to use jumbo blocks per inode to allow extent like pointer density, and space for extended attributes (up to twice the filesystem block size worth of attributes, e.g., on a 16K filesystem, there is space for 32K of attributes). UFS2 fully supports and runs existing UFS1 filesystems. New filesystems built using newfs can be built in either UFS1 or UFS2 format using the -O option. In this commit UFS1 is the default format, so if you want to build UFS2 format filesystems, you must specify -O 2. This default will be changed to UFS2 when UFS2 proves itself to be stable. In this commit the boot code for reading UFS2 filesystems is not compiled (see /sys/boot/common/ufsread.c) as there is insufficient space in the boot block. Once the size of the boot block is increased, this code can be defined. Things to note: the definition of SBSIZE has changed to SBLOCKSIZE. The header file <ufs/ufs/dinode.h> must be included before <ufs/ffs/fs.h> so as to get the definitions of ufs2_daddr_t and ufs_lbn_t. Still TODO: Verify that the first level bootstraps work for all the architectures. Convert the utility ffsinfo to understand UFS2 and test growfs. Add support for the extended attribute storage. Update soft updates to ensure integrity of extended attribute storage. Switch the current extended attribute interfaces to use the extended attribute storage. Add the extent like functionality (framework is there, but is currently never used). Sponsored by: DARPA & NAI Labs. Reviewed by: Poul-Henning Kamp <phk@freebsd.org>
234 lines
7.8 KiB
Groff
234 lines
7.8 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1994
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)newfs.8 8.6 (Berkeley) 5/3/95
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd May 18, 2002
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.Dt NEWFS 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm newfs ,
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.Nd construct a new filesystem
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl NU
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.Op Fl O Ar filesystem-type
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.Op Fl S Ar sector-size
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.Op Fl T Ar disktype
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.Op Fl a Ar maxcontig
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.Op Fl b Ar block-size
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.Op Fl c Ar blocks-per-cylinder-group
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.Op Fl d Ar max-extent-size
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.Op Fl e Ar maxbpg
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.Op Fl f Ar frag-size
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.Op Fl g Ar avgfilesize
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.Op Fl h Ar avfpdir
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.Op Fl i Ar bytes
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.Op Fl m Ar free space
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.Op Fl o Ar optimization
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.Op Fl s Ar size
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.Ar special
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Nm Newfs
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is used to initialize and clear filesystems before first use.
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Before running
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.Nm
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the disk must be labeled using
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.Xr disklabel 8 .
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.Nm Newfs
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builds a filesystem on the specified special file.
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(We often refer to the
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.Dq special file
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as the
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.Dq disk ,
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although the special file need not be a physical disk.
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In fact, it need not even be special.)
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Typically the defaults are reasonable, however
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.Nm
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has numerous options to allow the defaults to be selectively overridden.
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.Pp
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The following options define the general layout policies:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl T Ar disktype
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For backward compatibility.
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.It Fl N
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Cause the filesystem parameters to be printed out
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without really creating the filesystem.
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.It Fl O
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Use 1 to specify that a UFS1 format filesystem be built;
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use 2 to specify that a UFS2 format filesystem be built.
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The default is UFS1 format, but will eventually be changed to UFS2.
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.It Fl U
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Enables soft updates on the new filesystem.
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.It Fl a Ar maxcontig
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Specify the maximum number of contiguous blocks that will be
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laid out before forcing a rotational delay.
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The default value is 16.
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See
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.Xr tunefs 8
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for more details on how to set this option.
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.It Fl b Ar block-size
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The block size of the filesystem, in bytes. It must be a power of 2. The
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default size is 16384 bytes, and the smallest allowable size is 4096 bytes.
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The optimal block:fragment ratio is 8:1.
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Other ratios are possible, but are not recommended,
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and may produce poor results.
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.It Fl c Ar number of blocks per cylinders group
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The number of blocks per cylinder group in a filesystem. The default
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is to compute the maximum allowed by the other parameters. This value is
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dependent on a number of other parameters, in particular the block size
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and the number of bytes per inode.
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.It Fl d Ar max extent size
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The filesystem may choose to store large files using extents.
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This parameter specifies the largest extent size that may be used.
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It is presently limited to its default value which is 16 times
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the filesystem blocksize.
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.It Fl e Ar maxbpg
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Indicate the maximum number of blocks any single file can
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allocate out of a cylinder group before it is forced to begin
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allocating blocks from another cylinder group.
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The default is about one quarter of the total blocks in a cylinder group.
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See
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.Xr tunefs 8
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for more details on how to set this option.
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.It Fl f Ar frag-size
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The fragment size of the filesystem in bytes. It must be a power of two
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ranging in value between
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.Ar blocksize Ns /8
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and
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.Ar blocksize .
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The default is 2048 bytes.
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.It Fl g Ar avgfilesize
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The expected average file size for the filesystem.
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.It Fl h Ar avgfpdir
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The expected average number of files per directory on the filesystem.
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.It Fl i Ar number of bytes per inode
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Specify the density of inodes in the filesystem.
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The default is to create an inode for every
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.Pq 4 * Ar frag-size
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bytes of data space.
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If fewer inodes are desired, a larger number should be used;
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to create more inodes a smaller number should be given.
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One inode is required for each distinct file, so this value effectively
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specifies the average file size on the filesystem.
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.It Fl m Ar free space \&%
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The percentage of space reserved from normal users; the minimum free
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space threshold.
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The default value used is
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defined by
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.Dv MINFREE
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from
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.Aq Pa ufs/ffs/fs.h ,
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currently 8%.
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See
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.Xr tunefs 8
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for more details on how to set this option.
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.It Fl o Ar optimization\ preference
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.Pq Ar space No or Ar time .
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The filesystem can either be instructed to try to minimize the time spent
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allocating blocks, or to try to minimize the space fragmentation on the disk.
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If the value of minfree (see above) is less than 8%,
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the default is to optimize for
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.Ar space ;
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if the value of minfree is greater than or equal to 8%,
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the default is to optimize for
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.Ar time .
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See
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.Xr tunefs 8
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for more details on how to set this option.
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.It Fl s Ar size
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The size of the filesystem in sectors. This value defaults to the size of the
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raw partition specified in
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.Ar special
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(in other words,
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.Nm
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will use the entire partition for the filesystem).
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.El
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.Pp
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The following options override the standard sizes for the disk geometry.
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Their default values are taken from the disk label.
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Changing these defaults is useful only when using
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.Nm
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to build a filesystem whose raw image will eventually be used on a
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different type of disk than the one on which it is initially created
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(for example on a write-once disk).
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Note that changing any of these values from their defaults will make
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it impossible for
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.Xr fsck 8
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to find the alternate superblocks if the standard superblock is lost.
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl S Ar sector-size
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The size of a sector in bytes (almost never anything but 512).
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.El
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.Sh EXAMPLES
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.Dl newfs /dev/ad3s1a
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.Pp
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Creates a new ufs filesystem on
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.Pa ad3s1a .
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.Nm
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will use a block size of 16384 bytes, a fragment size of 2048 bytes
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and the largest possible number of blocks per cylinders group.
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These values tend to produce better performance for most applications
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than the historical defaults
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(8192 byte block size and 1024 byte fragment size).
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This large fragment size may lead to much wasted space
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on filesystems that contain many small files.
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr fdformat 1 ,
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.Xr disktab 5 ,
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.Xr fs 5 ,
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.Xr camcontrol 8 ,
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.Xr disklabel 8 ,
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.Xr diskpart 8 ,
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.Xr dumpfs 8 ,
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.Xr fsck 8 ,
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.Xr mount 8 ,
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.Xr tunefs 8 ,
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.Xr vinum 8
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.Rs
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.%A M. McKusick
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.%A W. Joy
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.%A S. Leffler
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.%A R. Fabry
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.%T A Fast File System for UNIX
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.%J ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2
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.%V 3
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.%P pp 181-197
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.%D August 1984
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.%O (reprinted in the BSD System Manager's Manual)
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.Re
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.Sh HISTORY
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The
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.Nm
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command appeared in
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.Bx 4.2 .
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