930 lines
38 KiB
Groff
930 lines
38 KiB
Groff
.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man v1.37, Pod::Parser v1.14
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
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.\" ========================================================================
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.\"
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.IX Title "CPP 1"
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.TH CPP 1 "2007-07-19" "gcc-4.2.1" "GNU"
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.SH "NAME"
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cpp \- The C Preprocessor
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.SH "SYNOPSIS"
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.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
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cpp [\fB\-D\fR\fImacro\fR[=\fIdefn\fR]...] [\fB\-U\fR\fImacro\fR]
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[\fB\-I\fR\fIdir\fR...] [\fB\-iquote\fR\fIdir\fR...]
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[\fB\-W\fR\fIwarn\fR...]
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[\fB\-M\fR|\fB\-MM\fR] [\fB\-MG\fR] [\fB\-MF\fR \fIfilename\fR]
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[\fB\-MP\fR] [\fB\-MQ\fR \fItarget\fR...]
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[\fB\-MT\fR \fItarget\fR...]
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[\fB\-P\fR] [\fB\-fno\-working\-directory\fR]
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[\fB\-x\fR \fIlanguage\fR] [\fB\-std=\fR\fIstandard\fR]
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\fIinfile\fR \fIoutfile\fR
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.PP
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Only the most useful options are listed here; see below for the remainder.
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.SH "DESCRIPTION"
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.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
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The C preprocessor, often known as \fIcpp\fR, is a \fImacro processor\fR
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that is used automatically by the C compiler to transform your program
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before compilation. It is called a macro processor because it allows
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you to define \fImacros\fR, which are brief abbreviations for longer
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constructs.
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.PP
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The C preprocessor is intended to be used only with C and \*(C+ source
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code. In the past, it has been abused as a general text processor. It
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will choke on input which does not obey C's lexical rules. For
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example, apostrophes will be interpreted as the beginning of character
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constants, and cause errors. Also, you cannot rely on it preserving
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characteristics of the input which are not significant to C\-family
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languages. If a Makefile is preprocessed, all the hard tabs will be
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removed, and the Makefile will not work.
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.PP
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Having said that, you can often get away with using cpp on things which
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are not C. Other Algol-ish programming languages are often safe
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(Pascal, Ada, etc.) So is assembly, with caution. \fB\-traditional\-cpp\fR
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mode preserves more white space, and is otherwise more permissive. Many
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of the problems can be avoided by writing C or \*(C+ style comments
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instead of native language comments, and keeping macros simple.
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.PP
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Wherever possible, you should use a preprocessor geared to the language
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you are writing in. Modern versions of the \s-1GNU\s0 assembler have macro
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facilities. Most high level programming languages have their own
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conditional compilation and inclusion mechanism. If all else fails,
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try a true general text processor, such as \s-1GNU\s0 M4.
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.PP
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C preprocessors vary in some details. This manual discusses the \s-1GNU\s0 C
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preprocessor, which provides a small superset of the features of \s-1ISO\s0
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Standard C. In its default mode, the \s-1GNU\s0 C preprocessor does not do a
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few things required by the standard. These are features which are
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rarely, if ever, used, and may cause surprising changes to the meaning
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of a program which does not expect them. To get strict \s-1ISO\s0 Standard C,
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you should use the \fB\-std=c89\fR or \fB\-std=c99\fR options, depending
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on which version of the standard you want. To get all the mandatory
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diagnostics, you must also use \fB\-pedantic\fR.
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.PP
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This manual describes the behavior of the \s-1ISO\s0 preprocessor. To
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minimize gratuitous differences, where the \s-1ISO\s0 preprocessor's
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behavior does not conflict with traditional semantics, the
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traditional preprocessor should behave the same way. The various
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differences that do exist are detailed in the section \fBTraditional
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Mode\fR.
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.PP
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For clarity, unless noted otherwise, references to \fB\s-1CPP\s0\fR in this
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manual refer to \s-1GNU\s0 \s-1CPP\s0.
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.SH "OPTIONS"
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.IX Header "OPTIONS"
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The C preprocessor expects two file names as arguments, \fIinfile\fR and
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\&\fIoutfile\fR. The preprocessor reads \fIinfile\fR together with any
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other files it specifies with \fB#include\fR. All the output generated
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by the combined input files is written in \fIoutfile\fR.
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.PP
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Either \fIinfile\fR or \fIoutfile\fR may be \fB\-\fR, which as
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\&\fIinfile\fR means to read from standard input and as \fIoutfile\fR
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means to write to standard output. Also, if either file is omitted, it
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means the same as if \fB\-\fR had been specified for that file.
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.PP
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|
Unless otherwise noted, or the option ends in \fB=\fR, all options
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which take an argument may have that argument appear either immediately
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after the option, or with a space between option and argument:
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\&\fB\-Ifoo\fR and \fB\-I foo\fR have the same effect.
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.PP
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Many options have multi-letter names; therefore multiple single-letter
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options may \fInot\fR be grouped: \fB\-dM\fR is very different from
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\&\fB\-d\ \-M\fR.
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|
.IP "\fB\-D\fR \fIname\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-D name"
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|
Predefine \fIname\fR as a macro, with definition \f(CW1\fR.
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.IP "\fB\-D\fR \fIname\fR\fB=\fR\fIdefinition\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-D name=definition"
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The contents of \fIdefinition\fR are tokenized and processed as if
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they appeared during translation phase three in a \fB#define\fR
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directive. In particular, the definition will be truncated by
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embedded newline characters.
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.Sp
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|
If you are invoking the preprocessor from a shell or shell-like
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program you may need to use the shell's quoting syntax to protect
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characters such as spaces that have a meaning in the shell syntax.
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.Sp
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|
If you wish to define a function-like macro on the command line, write
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its argument list with surrounding parentheses before the equals sign
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(if any). Parentheses are meaningful to most shells, so you will need
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to quote the option. With \fBsh\fR and \fBcsh\fR,
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\&\fB\-D'\fR\fIname\fR\fB(\fR\fIargs...\fR\fB)=\fR\fIdefinition\fR\fB'\fR works.
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.Sp
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\&\fB\-D\fR and \fB\-U\fR options are processed in the order they
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are given on the command line. All \fB\-imacros\fR \fIfile\fR and
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\&\fB\-include\fR \fIfile\fR options are processed after all
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\&\fB\-D\fR and \fB\-U\fR options.
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|
.IP "\fB\-U\fR \fIname\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-U name"
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|
Cancel any previous definition of \fIname\fR, either built in or
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|
provided with a \fB\-D\fR option.
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.IP "\fB\-undef\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-undef"
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|
Do not predefine any system-specific or GCC-specific macros. The
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standard predefined macros remain defined.
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|
.IP "\fB\-I\fR \fIdir\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-I dir"
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|
Add the directory \fIdir\fR to the list of directories to be searched
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|
for header files.
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.Sp
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|
Directories named by \fB\-I\fR are searched before the standard
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system include directories. If the directory \fIdir\fR is a standard
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system include directory, the option is ignored to ensure that the
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default search order for system directories and the special treatment
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|
of system headers are not defeated
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\&.
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.IP "\fB\-o\fR \fIfile\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-o file"
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|
Write output to \fIfile\fR. This is the same as specifying \fIfile\fR
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as the second non-option argument to \fBcpp\fR. \fBgcc\fR has a
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different interpretation of a second non-option argument, so you must
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use \fB\-o\fR to specify the output file.
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.IP "\fB\-Wall\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-Wall"
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|
Turns on all optional warnings which are desirable for normal code.
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|
At present this is \fB\-Wcomment\fR, \fB\-Wtrigraphs\fR,
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|
\&\fB\-Wmultichar\fR and a warning about integer promotion causing a
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change of sign in \f(CW\*(C`#if\*(C'\fR expressions. Note that many of the
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preprocessor's warnings are on by default and have no options to
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control them.
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.IP "\fB\-Wcomment\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-Wcomment"
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.PD 0
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.IP "\fB\-Wcomments\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-Wcomments"
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.PD
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Warn whenever a comment-start sequence \fB/*\fR appears in a \fB/*\fR
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comment, or whenever a backslash-newline appears in a \fB//\fR comment.
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|
(Both forms have the same effect.)
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.IP "\fB\-Wtrigraphs\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-Wtrigraphs"
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Most trigraphs in comments cannot affect the meaning of the program.
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However, a trigraph that would form an escaped newline (\fB??/\fR at
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the end of a line) can, by changing where the comment begins or ends.
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Therefore, only trigraphs that would form escaped newlines produce
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warnings inside a comment.
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.Sp
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This option is implied by \fB\-Wall\fR. If \fB\-Wall\fR is not
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given, this option is still enabled unless trigraphs are enabled. To
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get trigraph conversion without warnings, but get the other
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\&\fB\-Wall\fR warnings, use \fB\-trigraphs \-Wall \-Wno\-trigraphs\fR.
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.IP "\fB\-Wtraditional\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-Wtraditional"
|
|
Warn about certain constructs that behave differently in traditional and
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|
\&\s-1ISO\s0 C. Also warn about \s-1ISO\s0 C constructs that have no traditional C
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equivalent, and problematic constructs which should be avoided.
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.IP "\fB\-Wimport\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-Wimport"
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|
Warn the first time \fB#import\fR is used.
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.IP "\fB\-Wundef\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-Wundef"
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|
Warn whenever an identifier which is not a macro is encountered in an
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\&\fB#if\fR directive, outside of \fBdefined\fR. Such identifiers are
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replaced with zero.
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.IP "\fB\-Wunused\-macros\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-Wunused-macros"
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Warn about macros defined in the main file that are unused. A macro
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is \fIused\fR if it is expanded or tested for existence at least once.
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The preprocessor will also warn if the macro has not been used at the
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time it is redefined or undefined.
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.Sp
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Built-in macros, macros defined on the command line, and macros
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defined in include files are not warned about.
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.Sp
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\&\fINote:\fR If a macro is actually used, but only used in skipped
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conditional blocks, then \s-1CPP\s0 will report it as unused. To avoid the
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|
warning in such a case, you might improve the scope of the macro's
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definition by, for example, moving it into the first skipped block.
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|
Alternatively, you could provide a dummy use with something like:
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|
.Sp
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|
.Vb 2
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|
\& #if defined the_macro_causing_the_warning
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\& #endif
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.Ve
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.IP "\fB\-Wendif\-labels\fR" 4
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|
.IX Item "-Wendif-labels"
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|
Warn whenever an \fB#else\fR or an \fB#endif\fR are followed by text.
|
|
This usually happens in code of the form
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.Sp
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|
.Vb 5
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|
\& #if FOO
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\& ...
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\& #else FOO
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\& ...
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\& #endif FOO
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.Ve
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.Sp
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|
The second and third \f(CW\*(C`FOO\*(C'\fR should be in comments, but often are not
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in older programs. This warning is on by default.
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.IP "\fB\-Werror\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-Werror"
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|
Make all warnings into hard errors. Source code which triggers warnings
|
|
will be rejected.
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|
.IP "\fB\-Wsystem\-headers\fR" 4
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|
.IX Item "-Wsystem-headers"
|
|
Issue warnings for code in system headers. These are normally unhelpful
|
|
in finding bugs in your own code, therefore suppressed. If you are
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|
responsible for the system library, you may want to see them.
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.IP "\fB\-w\fR" 4
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|
.IX Item "-w"
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|
Suppress all warnings, including those which \s-1GNU\s0 \s-1CPP\s0 issues by default.
|
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.IP "\fB\-pedantic\fR" 4
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|
.IX Item "-pedantic"
|
|
Issue all the mandatory diagnostics listed in the C standard. Some of
|
|
them are left out by default, since they trigger frequently on harmless
|
|
code.
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|
.IP "\fB\-pedantic\-errors\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-pedantic-errors"
|
|
Issue all the mandatory diagnostics, and make all mandatory diagnostics
|
|
into errors. This includes mandatory diagnostics that \s-1GCC\s0 issues
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|
without \fB\-pedantic\fR but treats as warnings.
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|
.IP "\fB\-M\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-M"
|
|
Instead of outputting the result of preprocessing, output a rule
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|
suitable for \fBmake\fR describing the dependencies of the main
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source file. The preprocessor outputs one \fBmake\fR rule containing
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|
the object file name for that source file, a colon, and the names of all
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|
the included files, including those coming from \fB\-include\fR or
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\&\fB\-imacros\fR command line options.
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.Sp
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|
Unless specified explicitly (with \fB\-MT\fR or \fB\-MQ\fR), the
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object file name consists of the basename of the source file with any
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|
suffix replaced with object file suffix. If there are many included
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|
files then the rule is split into several lines using \fB\e\fR\-newline.
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The rule has no commands.
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|
.Sp
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|
This option does not suppress the preprocessor's debug output, such as
|
|
\&\fB\-dM\fR. To avoid mixing such debug output with the dependency
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|
rules you should explicitly specify the dependency output file with
|
|
\&\fB\-MF\fR, or use an environment variable like
|
|
\&\fB\s-1DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT\s0\fR. Debug output
|
|
will still be sent to the regular output stream as normal.
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|
.Sp
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|
Passing \fB\-M\fR to the driver implies \fB\-E\fR, and suppresses
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warnings with an implicit \fB\-w\fR.
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.IP "\fB\-MM\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-MM"
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|
Like \fB\-M\fR but do not mention header files that are found in
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system header directories, nor header files that are included,
|
|
directly or indirectly, from such a header.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
This implies that the choice of angle brackets or double quotes in an
|
|
\&\fB#include\fR directive does not in itself determine whether that
|
|
header will appear in \fB\-MM\fR dependency output. This is a
|
|
slight change in semantics from \s-1GCC\s0 versions 3.0 and earlier.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-MF\fR \fIfile\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-MF file"
|
|
When used with \fB\-M\fR or \fB\-MM\fR, specifies a
|
|
file to write the dependencies to. If no \fB\-MF\fR switch is given
|
|
the preprocessor sends the rules to the same place it would have sent
|
|
preprocessed output.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
When used with the driver options \fB\-MD\fR or \fB\-MMD\fR,
|
|
\&\fB\-MF\fR overrides the default dependency output file.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-MG\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-MG"
|
|
In conjunction with an option such as \fB\-M\fR requesting
|
|
dependency generation, \fB\-MG\fR assumes missing header files are
|
|
generated files and adds them to the dependency list without raising
|
|
an error. The dependency filename is taken directly from the
|
|
\&\f(CW\*(C`#include\*(C'\fR directive without prepending any path. \fB\-MG\fR
|
|
also suppresses preprocessed output, as a missing header file renders
|
|
this useless.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
This feature is used in automatic updating of makefiles.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-MP\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-MP"
|
|
This option instructs \s-1CPP\s0 to add a phony target for each dependency
|
|
other than the main file, causing each to depend on nothing. These
|
|
dummy rules work around errors \fBmake\fR gives if you remove header
|
|
files without updating the \fIMakefile\fR to match.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
This is typical output:
|
|
.Sp
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& test.o: test.c test.h
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.Sp
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& test.h:
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.IP "\fB\-MT\fR \fItarget\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-MT target"
|
|
Change the target of the rule emitted by dependency generation. By
|
|
default \s-1CPP\s0 takes the name of the main input file, including any path,
|
|
deletes any file suffix such as \fB.c\fR, and appends the platform's
|
|
usual object suffix. The result is the target.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
An \fB\-MT\fR option will set the target to be exactly the string you
|
|
specify. If you want multiple targets, you can specify them as a single
|
|
argument to \fB\-MT\fR, or use multiple \fB\-MT\fR options.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
For example, \fB\-MT\ '$(objpfx)foo.o'\fR might give
|
|
.Sp
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& $(objpfx)foo.o: foo.c
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.IP "\fB\-MQ\fR \fItarget\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-MQ target"
|
|
Same as \fB\-MT\fR, but it quotes any characters which are special to
|
|
Make. \fB\-MQ\ '$(objpfx)foo.o'\fR gives
|
|
.Sp
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& $$(objpfx)foo.o: foo.c
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.Sp
|
|
The default target is automatically quoted, as if it were given with
|
|
\&\fB\-MQ\fR.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-MD\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-MD"
|
|
\&\fB\-MD\fR is equivalent to \fB\-M \-MF\fR \fIfile\fR, except that
|
|
\&\fB\-E\fR is not implied. The driver determines \fIfile\fR based on
|
|
whether an \fB\-o\fR option is given. If it is, the driver uses its
|
|
argument but with a suffix of \fI.d\fR, otherwise it take the
|
|
basename of the input file and applies a \fI.d\fR suffix.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
If \fB\-MD\fR is used in conjunction with \fB\-E\fR, any
|
|
\&\fB\-o\fR switch is understood to specify the dependency output file, but if used without \fB\-E\fR, each \fB\-o\fR
|
|
is understood to specify a target object file.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
Since \fB\-E\fR is not implied, \fB\-MD\fR can be used to generate
|
|
a dependency output file as a side-effect of the compilation process.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-MMD\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-MMD"
|
|
Like \fB\-MD\fR except mention only user header files, not system
|
|
header files.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-x c\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-x c"
|
|
.PD 0
|
|
.IP "\fB\-x c++\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-x c++"
|
|
.IP "\fB\-x assembler-with-cpp\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-x assembler-with-cpp"
|
|
.PD
|
|
Specify the source language: C, \*(C+, or assembly. This has nothing
|
|
to do with standards conformance or extensions; it merely selects which
|
|
base syntax to expect. If you give none of these options, cpp will
|
|
deduce the language from the extension of the source file: \&\fB.c\fR,
|
|
\fB.cc\fR, or \fB.S\fR. Some other common extensions for \*(C+ and
|
|
assembly are also recognized. If cpp does not recognize the extension,
|
|
it will treat the file as C; this is the most generic mode.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
\&\fINote:\fR Previous versions of cpp accepted a \fB\-lang\fR option
|
|
which selected both the language and the standards conformance level.
|
|
This option has been removed, because it conflicts with the \fB\-l\fR
|
|
option.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-std=\fR\fIstandard\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-std=standard"
|
|
.PD 0
|
|
.IP "\fB\-ansi\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-ansi"
|
|
.PD
|
|
Specify the standard to which the code should conform. Currently \s-1CPP\s0
|
|
knows about C and \*(C+ standards; others may be added in the future.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
\&\fIstandard\fR
|
|
may be one of:
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
.ie n .IP """iso9899:1990""" 4
|
|
.el .IP "\f(CWiso9899:1990\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "iso9899:1990"
|
|
.PD 0
|
|
.ie n .IP """c89""" 4
|
|
.el .IP "\f(CWc89\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "c89"
|
|
.PD
|
|
The \s-1ISO\s0 C standard from 1990. \fBc89\fR is the customary shorthand for
|
|
this version of the standard.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
The \fB\-ansi\fR option is equivalent to \fB\-std=c89\fR.
|
|
.ie n .IP """iso9899:199409""" 4
|
|
.el .IP "\f(CWiso9899:199409\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "iso9899:199409"
|
|
The 1990 C standard, as amended in 1994.
|
|
.ie n .IP """iso9899:1999""" 4
|
|
.el .IP "\f(CWiso9899:1999\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "iso9899:1999"
|
|
.PD 0
|
|
.ie n .IP """c99""" 4
|
|
.el .IP "\f(CWc99\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "c99"
|
|
.ie n .IP """iso9899:199x""" 4
|
|
.el .IP "\f(CWiso9899:199x\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "iso9899:199x"
|
|
.ie n .IP """c9x""" 4
|
|
.el .IP "\f(CWc9x\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "c9x"
|
|
.PD
|
|
The revised \s-1ISO\s0 C standard, published in December 1999. Before
|
|
publication, this was known as C9X.
|
|
.ie n .IP """gnu89""" 4
|
|
.el .IP "\f(CWgnu89\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "gnu89"
|
|
The 1990 C standard plus \s-1GNU\s0 extensions. This is the default.
|
|
.ie n .IP """gnu99""" 4
|
|
.el .IP "\f(CWgnu99\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "gnu99"
|
|
.PD 0
|
|
.ie n .IP """gnu9x""" 4
|
|
.el .IP "\f(CWgnu9x\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "gnu9x"
|
|
.PD
|
|
The 1999 C standard plus \s-1GNU\s0 extensions.
|
|
.ie n .IP """c++98""" 4
|
|
.el .IP "\f(CWc++98\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "c++98"
|
|
The 1998 \s-1ISO\s0 \*(C+ standard plus amendments.
|
|
.ie n .IP """gnu++98""" 4
|
|
.el .IP "\f(CWgnu++98\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "gnu++98"
|
|
The same as \fB\-std=c++98\fR plus \s-1GNU\s0 extensions. This is the
|
|
default for \*(C+ code.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
.RE
|
|
.IP "\fB\-I\-\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-I-"
|
|
Split the include path. Any directories specified with \fB\-I\fR
|
|
options before \fB\-I\-\fR are searched only for headers requested with
|
|
\&\f(CW\*(C`#include\ "\f(CIfile\f(CW"\*(C'\fR; they are not searched for
|
|
\&\f(CW\*(C`#include\ <\f(CIfile\f(CW>\*(C'\fR. If additional directories are
|
|
specified with \fB\-I\fR options after the \fB\-I\-\fR, those
|
|
directories are searched for all \fB#include\fR directives.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
In addition, \fB\-I\-\fR inhibits the use of the directory of the current
|
|
file directory as the first search directory for \f(CW\*(C`#include\ "\f(CIfile\f(CW"\*(C'\fR.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
This option has been deprecated.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-nostdinc\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-nostdinc"
|
|
Do not search the standard system directories for header files.
|
|
Only the directories you have specified with \fB\-I\fR options
|
|
(and the directory of the current file, if appropriate) are searched.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-nostdinc++\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-nostdinc++"
|
|
Do not search for header files in the \*(C+\-specific standard directories,
|
|
but do still search the other standard directories. (This option is
|
|
used when building the \*(C+ library.)
|
|
.IP "\fB\-include\fR \fIfile\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-include file"
|
|
Process \fIfile\fR as if \f(CW\*(C`#include "file"\*(C'\fR appeared as the first
|
|
line of the primary source file. However, the first directory searched
|
|
for \fIfile\fR is the preprocessor's working directory \fIinstead of\fR
|
|
the directory containing the main source file. If not found there, it
|
|
is searched for in the remainder of the \f(CW\*(C`#include "..."\*(C'\fR search
|
|
chain as normal.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
If multiple \fB\-include\fR options are given, the files are included
|
|
in the order they appear on the command line.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-imacros\fR \fIfile\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-imacros file"
|
|
Exactly like \fB\-include\fR, except that any output produced by
|
|
scanning \fIfile\fR is thrown away. Macros it defines remain defined.
|
|
This allows you to acquire all the macros from a header without also
|
|
processing its declarations.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
All files specified by \fB\-imacros\fR are processed before all files
|
|
specified by \fB\-include\fR.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-idirafter\fR \fIdir\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-idirafter dir"
|
|
Search \fIdir\fR for header files, but do it \fIafter\fR all
|
|
directories specified with \fB\-I\fR and the standard system directories
|
|
have been exhausted. \fIdir\fR is treated as a system include directory.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-iprefix\fR \fIprefix\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-iprefix prefix"
|
|
Specify \fIprefix\fR as the prefix for subsequent \fB\-iwithprefix\fR
|
|
options. If the prefix represents a directory, you should include the
|
|
final \fB/\fR.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-iwithprefix\fR \fIdir\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-iwithprefix dir"
|
|
.PD 0
|
|
.IP "\fB\-iwithprefixbefore\fR \fIdir\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-iwithprefixbefore dir"
|
|
.PD
|
|
Append \fIdir\fR to the prefix specified previously with
|
|
\&\fB\-iprefix\fR, and add the resulting directory to the include search
|
|
path. \fB\-iwithprefixbefore\fR puts it in the same place \fB\-I\fR
|
|
would; \fB\-iwithprefix\fR puts it where \fB\-idirafter\fR would.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-isysroot\fR \fIdir\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-isysroot dir"
|
|
This option is like the \fB\-\-sysroot\fR option, but applies only to
|
|
header files. See the \fB\-\-sysroot\fR option for more information.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-imultilib\fR \fIdir\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-imultilib dir"
|
|
Use \fIdir\fR as a subdirectory of the directory containing
|
|
target-specific \*(C+ headers.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-isystem\fR \fIdir\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-isystem dir"
|
|
Search \fIdir\fR for header files, after all directories specified by
|
|
\&\fB\-I\fR but before the standard system directories. Mark it
|
|
as a system directory, so that it gets the same special treatment as
|
|
is applied to the standard system directories.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-iquote\fR \fIdir\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-iquote dir"
|
|
Search \fIdir\fR only for header files requested with
|
|
\&\f(CW\*(C`#include\ "\f(CIfile\f(CW"\*(C'\fR; they are not searched for
|
|
\&\f(CW\*(C`#include\ <\f(CIfile\f(CW>\*(C'\fR, before all directories specified by
|
|
\&\fB\-I\fR and before the standard system directories.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-fdollars\-in\-identifiers\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-fdollars-in-identifiers"
|
|
Accept \fB$\fR in identifiers.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-fextended\-identifiers\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-fextended-identifiers"
|
|
Accept universal character names in identifiers. This option is
|
|
experimental; in a future version of \s-1GCC\s0, it will be enabled by
|
|
default for C99 and \*(C+.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-fpreprocessed\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-fpreprocessed"
|
|
Indicate to the preprocessor that the input file has already been
|
|
preprocessed. This suppresses things like macro expansion, trigraph
|
|
conversion, escaped newline splicing, and processing of most directives.
|
|
The preprocessor still recognizes and removes comments, so that you can
|
|
pass a file preprocessed with \fB\-C\fR to the compiler without
|
|
problems. In this mode the integrated preprocessor is little more than
|
|
a tokenizer for the front ends.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
\&\fB\-fpreprocessed\fR is implicit if the input file has one of the
|
|
extensions \fB.i\fR, \fB.ii\fR or \fB.mi\fR. These are the
|
|
extensions that \s-1GCC\s0 uses for preprocessed files created by
|
|
\&\fB\-save\-temps\fR.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-ftabstop=\fR\fIwidth\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-ftabstop=width"
|
|
Set the distance between tab stops. This helps the preprocessor report
|
|
correct column numbers in warnings or errors, even if tabs appear on the
|
|
line. If the value is less than 1 or greater than 100, the option is
|
|
ignored. The default is 8.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-fexec\-charset=\fR\fIcharset\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-fexec-charset=charset"
|
|
Set the execution character set, used for string and character
|
|
constants. The default is \s-1UTF\-8\s0. \fIcharset\fR can be any encoding
|
|
supported by the system's \f(CW\*(C`iconv\*(C'\fR library routine.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-fwide\-exec\-charset=\fR\fIcharset\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-fwide-exec-charset=charset"
|
|
Set the wide execution character set, used for wide string and
|
|
character constants. The default is \s-1UTF\-32\s0 or \s-1UTF\-16\s0, whichever
|
|
corresponds to the width of \f(CW\*(C`wchar_t\*(C'\fR. As with
|
|
\&\fB\-fexec\-charset\fR, \fIcharset\fR can be any encoding supported
|
|
by the system's \f(CW\*(C`iconv\*(C'\fR library routine; however, you will have
|
|
problems with encodings that do not fit exactly in \f(CW\*(C`wchar_t\*(C'\fR.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-finput\-charset=\fR\fIcharset\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-finput-charset=charset"
|
|
Set the input character set, used for translation from the character
|
|
set of the input file to the source character set used by \s-1GCC\s0. If the
|
|
locale does not specify, or \s-1GCC\s0 cannot get this information from the
|
|
locale, the default is \s-1UTF\-8\s0. This can be overridden by either the locale
|
|
or this command line option. Currently the command line option takes
|
|
precedence if there's a conflict. \fIcharset\fR can be any encoding
|
|
supported by the system's \f(CW\*(C`iconv\*(C'\fR library routine.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-fworking\-directory\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-fworking-directory"
|
|
Enable generation of linemarkers in the preprocessor output that will
|
|
let the compiler know the current working directory at the time of
|
|
preprocessing. When this option is enabled, the preprocessor will
|
|
emit, after the initial linemarker, a second linemarker with the
|
|
current working directory followed by two slashes. \s-1GCC\s0 will use this
|
|
directory, when it's present in the preprocessed input, as the
|
|
directory emitted as the current working directory in some debugging
|
|
information formats. This option is implicitly enabled if debugging
|
|
information is enabled, but this can be inhibited with the negated
|
|
form \fB\-fno\-working\-directory\fR. If the \fB\-P\fR flag is
|
|
present in the command line, this option has no effect, since no
|
|
\&\f(CW\*(C`#line\*(C'\fR directives are emitted whatsoever.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-fno\-show\-column\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-fno-show-column"
|
|
Do not print column numbers in diagnostics. This may be necessary if
|
|
diagnostics are being scanned by a program that does not understand the
|
|
column numbers, such as \fBdejagnu\fR.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-A\fR \fIpredicate\fR\fB=\fR\fIanswer\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-A predicate=answer"
|
|
Make an assertion with the predicate \fIpredicate\fR and answer
|
|
\&\fIanswer\fR. This form is preferred to the older form \fB\-A\fR
|
|
\&\fIpredicate\fR\fB(\fR\fIanswer\fR\fB)\fR, which is still supported, because
|
|
it does not use shell special characters.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-A \-\fR\fIpredicate\fR\fB=\fR\fIanswer\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-A -predicate=answer"
|
|
Cancel an assertion with the predicate \fIpredicate\fR and answer
|
|
\&\fIanswer\fR.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-dCHARS\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-dCHARS"
|
|
\&\fI\s-1CHARS\s0\fR is a sequence of one or more of the following characters,
|
|
and must not be preceded by a space. Other characters are interpreted
|
|
by the compiler proper, or reserved for future versions of \s-1GCC\s0, and so
|
|
are silently ignored. If you specify characters whose behavior
|
|
conflicts, the result is undefined.
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
.IP "\fBM\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "M"
|
|
Instead of the normal output, generate a list of \fB#define\fR
|
|
directives for all the macros defined during the execution of the
|
|
preprocessor, including predefined macros. This gives you a way of
|
|
finding out what is predefined in your version of the preprocessor.
|
|
Assuming you have no file \fIfoo.h\fR, the command
|
|
.Sp
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& touch foo.h; cpp -dM foo.h
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.Sp
|
|
will show all the predefined macros.
|
|
.IP "\fBD\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "D"
|
|
Like \fBM\fR except in two respects: it does \fInot\fR include the
|
|
predefined macros, and it outputs \fIboth\fR the \fB#define\fR
|
|
directives and the result of preprocessing. Both kinds of output go to
|
|
the standard output file.
|
|
.IP "\fBN\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "N"
|
|
Like \fBD\fR, but emit only the macro names, not their expansions.
|
|
.IP "\fBI\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "I"
|
|
Output \fB#include\fR directives in addition to the result of
|
|
preprocessing.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
.RE
|
|
.IP "\fB\-P\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-P"
|
|
Inhibit generation of linemarkers in the output from the preprocessor.
|
|
This might be useful when running the preprocessor on something that is
|
|
not C code, and will be sent to a program which might be confused by the
|
|
linemarkers.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-C\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-C"
|
|
Do not discard comments. All comments are passed through to the output
|
|
file, except for comments in processed directives, which are deleted
|
|
along with the directive.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
You should be prepared for side effects when using \fB\-C\fR; it
|
|
causes the preprocessor to treat comments as tokens in their own right.
|
|
For example, comments appearing at the start of what would be a
|
|
directive line have the effect of turning that line into an ordinary
|
|
source line, since the first token on the line is no longer a \fB#\fR.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-CC\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-CC"
|
|
Do not discard comments, including during macro expansion. This is
|
|
like \fB\-C\fR, except that comments contained within macros are
|
|
also passed through to the output file where the macro is expanded.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
In addition to the side-effects of the \fB\-C\fR option, the
|
|
\&\fB\-CC\fR option causes all \*(C+\-style comments inside a macro
|
|
to be converted to C\-style comments. This is to prevent later use
|
|
of that macro from inadvertently commenting out the remainder of
|
|
the source line.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
The \fB\-CC\fR option is generally used to support lint comments.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-traditional\-cpp\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-traditional-cpp"
|
|
Try to imitate the behavior of old-fashioned C preprocessors, as
|
|
opposed to \s-1ISO\s0 C preprocessors.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-trigraphs\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-trigraphs"
|
|
Process trigraph sequences.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-remap\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-remap"
|
|
Enable special code to work around file systems which only permit very
|
|
short file names, such as \s-1MS\-DOS\s0.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-\-help\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "--help"
|
|
.PD 0
|
|
.IP "\fB\-\-target\-help\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "--target-help"
|
|
.PD
|
|
Print text describing all the command line options instead of
|
|
preprocessing anything.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-v\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-v"
|
|
Verbose mode. Print out \s-1GNU\s0 \s-1CPP\s0's version number at the beginning of
|
|
execution, and report the final form of the include path.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-H\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-H"
|
|
Print the name of each header file used, in addition to other normal
|
|
activities. Each name is indented to show how deep in the
|
|
\&\fB#include\fR stack it is. Precompiled header files are also
|
|
printed, even if they are found to be invalid; an invalid precompiled
|
|
header file is printed with \fB...x\fR and a valid one with \fB...!\fR .
|
|
.IP "\fB\-version\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-version"
|
|
.PD 0
|
|
.IP "\fB\-\-version\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "--version"
|
|
.PD
|
|
Print out \s-1GNU\s0 \s-1CPP\s0's version number. With one dash, proceed to
|
|
preprocess as normal. With two dashes, exit immediately.
|
|
.SH "ENVIRONMENT"
|
|
.IX Header "ENVIRONMENT"
|
|
This section describes the environment variables that affect how \s-1CPP\s0
|
|
operates. You can use them to specify directories or prefixes to use
|
|
when searching for include files, or to control dependency output.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Note that you can also specify places to search using options such as
|
|
\&\fB\-I\fR, and control dependency output with options like
|
|
\&\fB\-M\fR. These take precedence over
|
|
environment variables, which in turn take precedence over the
|
|
configuration of \s-1GCC\s0.
|
|
.IP "\fB\s-1CPATH\s0\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "CPATH"
|
|
.PD 0
|
|
.IP "\fBC_INCLUDE_PATH\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "C_INCLUDE_PATH"
|
|
.IP "\fB\s-1CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH\s0\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH"
|
|
.PD
|
|
Each variable's value is a list of directories separated by a special
|
|
character, much like \fB\s-1PATH\s0\fR, in which to look for header files.
|
|
The special character, \f(CW\*(C`PATH_SEPARATOR\*(C'\fR, is target-dependent and
|
|
determined at \s-1GCC\s0 build time. For Microsoft Windows-based targets it is a
|
|
semicolon, and for almost all other targets it is a colon.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
\&\fB\s-1CPATH\s0\fR specifies a list of directories to be searched as if
|
|
specified with \fB\-I\fR, but after any paths given with \fB\-I\fR
|
|
options on the command line. This environment variable is used
|
|
regardless of which language is being preprocessed.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
The remaining environment variables apply only when preprocessing the
|
|
particular language indicated. Each specifies a list of directories
|
|
to be searched as if specified with \fB\-isystem\fR, but after any
|
|
paths given with \fB\-isystem\fR options on the command line.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
In all these variables, an empty element instructs the compiler to
|
|
search its current working directory. Empty elements can appear at the
|
|
beginning or end of a path. For instance, if the value of
|
|
\&\fB\s-1CPATH\s0\fR is \f(CW\*(C`:/special/include\*(C'\fR, that has the same
|
|
effect as \fB\-I.\ \-I/special/include\fR.
|
|
.IP "\fB\s-1DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT\s0\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT"
|
|
If this variable is set, its value specifies how to output
|
|
dependencies for Make based on the non-system header files processed
|
|
by the compiler. System header files are ignored in the dependency
|
|
output.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
The value of \fB\s-1DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT\s0\fR can be just a file name, in
|
|
which case the Make rules are written to that file, guessing the target
|
|
name from the source file name. Or the value can have the form
|
|
\&\fIfile\fR\fB \fR\fItarget\fR, in which case the rules are written to
|
|
file \fIfile\fR using \fItarget\fR as the target name.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
In other words, this environment variable is equivalent to combining
|
|
the options \fB\-MM\fR and \fB\-MF\fR,
|
|
with an optional \fB\-MT\fR switch too.
|
|
.IP "\fB\s-1SUNPRO_DEPENDENCIES\s0\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "SUNPRO_DEPENDENCIES"
|
|
This variable is the same as \fB\s-1DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT\s0\fR (see above),
|
|
except that system header files are not ignored, so it implies
|
|
\&\fB\-M\fR rather than \fB\-MM\fR. However, the dependence on the
|
|
main input file is omitted.
|
|
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
|
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
|
|
\&\fIgpl\fR\|(7), \fIgfdl\fR\|(7), \fIfsf\-funding\fR\|(7),
|
|
\&\fIgcc\fR\|(1), \fIas\fR\|(1), \fIld\fR\|(1), and the Info entries for \fIcpp\fR, \fIgcc\fR, and
|
|
\&\fIbinutils\fR.
|
|
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
|
|
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
|
|
Copyright (c) 1987, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996,
|
|
1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005
|
|
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
|
under the terms of the \s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
|
|
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. A copy of
|
|
the license is included in the
|
|
man page \fIgfdl\fR\|(7).
|
|
This manual contains no Invariant Sections. The Front-Cover Texts are
|
|
(a) (see below), and the Back-Cover Texts are (b) (see below).
|
|
.PP
|
|
(a) The \s-1FSF\s0's Front-Cover Text is:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& A GNU Manual
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.PP
|
|
(b) The \s-1FSF\s0's Back-Cover Text is:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 3
|
|
\& You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
|
|
\& software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
|
|
\& funds for GNU development.
|
|
.Ve
|