d01177918c
Add Caldera license. Approved by: David Taylor <davidt@caldera.com> Make buildable under FreeBSD.
276 lines
6.4 KiB
Plaintext
276 lines
6.4 KiB
Plaintext
.\" Copyright (C) Caldera International Inc. 2001-2002. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
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.\" met:
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.\"
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.\" Redistributions of source code and documentation must retain the above
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.\" copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
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.\" disclaimer.
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.\"
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.\" Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\"
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.\" All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\"
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.\" This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera
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.\" International, Inc. Neither the name of Caldera International, Inc.
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.\" nor the names of other contributors may be used to endorse or promote
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.\" products derived from this software without specific prior written
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.\" permission.
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.\"
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.\" USE OF THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED FOR UNDER THIS LICENSE BY CALDERA
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.\" INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
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.\" WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
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.\" DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL CALDERA INTERNATIONAL, INC. BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
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.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
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.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR
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.\" BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
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.\" WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE
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.\" OR OTHERWISE) RISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN
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.\" IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.\" @(#)p2 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93
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.\"
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.NH
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BASICS
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.NH 2
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Program Arguments
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.PP
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When a C program is run as a command,
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the arguments on the command line are made available
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to the
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function
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.UL main
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as an argument count
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.UL argc
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and an array
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.UL argv
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of
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pointers to
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character strings
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that contain
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the arguments.
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By convention,
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.UL argv[0]
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is the command name itself,
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so
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.UL argc
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is always greater than 0.
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.PP
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The following program illustrates the mechanism:
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it simply echoes its arguments
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back to the terminal.
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(This is essentially the
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.UL echo
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command.)
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.P1
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main(argc, argv) /* echo arguments */
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int argc;
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char *argv[];
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{
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int i;
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for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
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printf("%s%c", argv[i], (i<argc-1) ? ' ' : '\en');
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}
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.P2
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.UL argv
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is a pointer to an array
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whose individual elements are pointers to arrays of characters;
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each is terminated by
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.UL \e0 ,
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so they can be treated as strings.
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The program starts by printing
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.UL argv[1]
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and loops until it has printed them all.
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.PP
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The argument count and the arguments
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are parameters to
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.UL main .
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If you want to keep them around so other
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routines can get at them, you must
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copy them to external variables.
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.NH 2
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The ``Standard Input'' and ``Standard Output''
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.PP
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The simplest input mechanism is to read the ``standard input,''
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which is generally the user's terminal.
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The function
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.UL getchar
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returns the next input character each time it is called.
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A file may be substituted for the terminal by
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using the
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.UL <
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convention:
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if
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.UL prog
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uses
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.UL getchar ,
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then
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the command line
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.P1
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prog <file
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.P2
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causes
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.UL prog
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to read
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.UL file
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instead of the terminal.
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.UL prog
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itself need know nothing about where its input
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is coming from.
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This is also true if the input comes from another program via
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the
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.U
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pipe mechanism:
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.P1
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otherprog | prog
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.P2
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provides the standard input for
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.UL prog
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from the standard output of
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.UL otherprog.
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.PP
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.UL getchar
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returns the value
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.UL EOF
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when it encounters the end of file
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(or an error)
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on whatever you are reading.
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The value of
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.UL EOF
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is normally defined to be
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.UL -1 ,
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but it is unwise to take any advantage
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of that knowledge.
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As will become clear shortly,
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this value is automatically defined for you when
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you compile a program,
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and need not be of any concern.
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.PP
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Similarly,
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.UL putchar(c)
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puts the character
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.UL c
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on the ``standard output,''
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which is also by default the terminal.
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The output can be captured on a file
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by using
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.UL > :
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if
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.UL prog
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uses
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.UL putchar ,
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.P1
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prog >outfile
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.P2
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writes the standard output on
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.UL outfile
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instead of the terminal.
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.UL outfile
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is created if it doesn't exist;
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if it already exists, its previous contents are overwritten.
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And a pipe can be used:
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.P1
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prog | otherprog
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.P2
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puts the standard output of
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.UL prog
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into the standard input of
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.UL otherprog.
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.PP
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The function
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.UL printf ,
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which formats output in various ways,
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uses
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the same mechanism as
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.UL putchar
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does,
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so calls to
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.UL printf
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and
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.UL putchar
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may be intermixed in any order;
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the output will appear in the order of the calls.
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.PP
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Similarly, the function
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.UL scanf
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provides for formatted input conversion;
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it will read the standard input and break it
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up into strings, numbers, etc.,
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as desired.
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.UL scanf
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uses the same mechanism as
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.UL getchar ,
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so calls to them may also be intermixed.
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.PP
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Many programs
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read only one input and write one output;
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for such programs I/O
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with
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.UL getchar ,
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.UL putchar ,
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.UL scanf ,
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and
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.UL printf
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may be entirely adequate,
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and it is almost always enough to get started.
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This is particularly true if
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the
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.UC UNIX
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pipe facility is used to connect the output of
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one program to the input of the next.
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For example, the following program
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strips out all ascii control characters
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from its input
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(except for newline and tab).
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.P1
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#include <stdio.h>
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main() /* ccstrip: strip non-graphic characters */
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{
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int c;
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while ((c = getchar()) != EOF)
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if ((c >= ' ' && c < 0177) || c == '\et' || c == '\en')
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putchar(c);
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exit(0);
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}
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.P2
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The line
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.P1
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#include <stdio.h>
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.P2
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should appear at the beginning of each source file.
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It causes the C compiler to read a file
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.IT /usr/include/stdio.h ) (
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of
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standard routines and symbols
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that includes the definition of
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.UL EOF .
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.PP
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If it is necessary to treat multiple files,
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you can use
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.UL cat
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to collect the files for you:
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.P1
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cat file1 file2 ... | ccstrip >output
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.P2
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and thus avoid learning how to access files from a program.
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By the way,
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the call to
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.UL exit
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at the end is not necessary to make the program work
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properly,
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but it assures that any caller
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of the program will see a normal termination status
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(conventionally 0)
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from the program when it completes.
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Section 6 discusses status returns in more detail.
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