This will make a number of things easier in the future, as well as (finally!) avoiding the Id-smashing problem which has plagued developers for so long. Boy, I'm glad we're not using sup anymore. This update would have been insane otherwise.
357 lines
9.9 KiB
Groff
357 lines
9.9 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1991, 1993
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.\" Regents of the University of California.
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)dump.8 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/16/93
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd June 16, 1993
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.Dt DUMP 8
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.Os BSD 4
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm dump
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.Nd filesystem backup
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm dump
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.Op Cm 0123456789BbhfusTdWn Op Ar argument ...
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.Op Ar filesystem
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Nm Dump
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examines files
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on a filesystem
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and determines which files
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need to be backed up. These files
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are copied to the given disk, tape or other
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storage medium for safe keeping (see the
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.Cm f
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option below for doing remote backups).
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A dump that is larger than the output medium is broken into
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multiple volumes.
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On most media the size is determined by writing until an
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end-of-media indication is returned.
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On media that cannot reliably return an end-of-media indication
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(such as some cartridge tape drives)
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each volume is of a fixed size;
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the actual size is determined by the tape size and density and/or
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block count options below.
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By default, the same output file name is used for each volume
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after prompting the operator to change media.
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.Pp
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The following options are supported by
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.Nm dump:
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.Bl -tag -width 4n
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.It Cm 0\-9
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Dump levels.
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A level 0, full backup,
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guarantees the entire file system is copied
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(but see also the
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.Cm h
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option below).
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A level number above 0,
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incremental backup,
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tells dump to
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copy all files new or modified since the
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last dump of the same or lower level. The default
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level is 9.
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.It Cm B Ar records
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The number of dump records per volume.
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This option overrides the calculation of tape size
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based on length and density.
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.It Cm b Ar blocksize
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The number of kilobytes per dump record.
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.It Cm h Ar level
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Honor the user
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.Dq nodump
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flag
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.Dp Dv UF_NODUMP
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only for dumps at or above the given
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.Ar level .
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The default honor level is 1,
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so that incremental backups omit such files
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but full backups retain them.
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.It Cm f Ar file
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Write the backup to
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.Ar file ;
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.Ar file
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may be a special device file
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like
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.Pa /dev/rst0
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(a tape drive),
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.Pa /dev/rfd1
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(a floppy disk drive),
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an ordinary file,
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or
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.Ql Fl
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(the standard output).
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Multiple file names may be given as a single argument separated by commas.
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Each file will be used for one dump volume in the order listed;
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if the dump requires more volumes than the number of names given,
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the last file name will used for all remaining volumes after prompting
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for media changes.
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If the name of the file is of the form
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.Dq host:file ,
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or
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.Dq user@host:file ,
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.Nm dump
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writes to the named file on the remote host using
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.Xr rmt 8 .
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The default path name of the remote
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.Xr rmt 8
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program is
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.\" rmt path, is the path on the remote host
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.Pa /etc/rmt ;
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this can be overridden by the environment variable
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.Ev RMT .
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.It Cm d Ar density
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Set tape density to
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.Ar density .
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The default is 1600BPI.
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.It Cm n
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Whenever
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.Nm dump
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requires operator attention,
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notify all operators in the group
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.Dq operator
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by means similar to a
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.Xr wall 1 .
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.It Cm s Ar feet
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Attempt to calculate the amount of tape needed
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at a particular density.
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If this amount is exceeded,
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.Nm dump
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prompts for a new tape.
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It is recommended to be a bit conservative on this option.
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The default tape length is 2300 feet.
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.It Cm u
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Update the file
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.Pa /etc/dumpdates
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after a successful dump.
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The format of
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.Pa /etc/dumpdates
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is readable by people, consisting of one
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free format record per line:
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filesystem name,
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increment level
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and
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.Xr ctime 3
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format dump date.
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There may be only one entry per filesystem at each level.
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The file
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.Pa /etc/dumpdates
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may be edited to change any of the fields,
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if necessary.
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.It Cm T Ar date
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Use the specified date as the starting time for the dump
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instead of the time determined from looking in
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.Pa /etc/dumpdates .
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The format of date is the same as that of
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.Xr ctime 3 .
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This option is useful for automated dump scripts that wish to
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dump over a specific period of time.
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The
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.Cm T
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option is mutually exclusive from the
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.Cm u
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option.
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.It Cm W
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.Nm Dump
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tells the operator what file systems need to be dumped.
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This information is gleaned from the files
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.Pa /etc/dumpdates
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and
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.Pa /etc/fstab .
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The
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.Cm W
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option causes
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.Nm dump
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to print out, for each file system in
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.Pa /etc/dumpdates
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the most recent dump date and level,
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and highlights those file systems that should be dumped.
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If the
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.Cm W
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option is set, all other options are ignored, and
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.Nm dump
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exits immediately.
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.It Cm w
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Is like W, but prints only those filesystems which need to be dumped.
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.El
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.Pp
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.Nm Dump
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requires operator intervention on these conditions:
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end of tape,
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end of dump,
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tape write error,
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tape open error or
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disk read error (if there are more than a threshold of 32).
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In addition to alerting all operators implied by the
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.Cm n
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key,
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.Nm dump
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interacts with the operator on
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.Em dump's
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control terminal at times when
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.Nm dump
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can no longer proceed,
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or if something is grossly wrong.
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All questions
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.Nm dump
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poses
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.Em must
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be answered by typing
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.Dq yes
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or
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.Dq no ,
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appropriately.
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.Pp
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Since making a dump involves a lot of time and effort for full dumps,
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.Nm dump
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checkpoints itself at the start of each tape volume.
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If writing that volume fails for some reason,
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.Nm dump
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will,
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with operator permission,
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restart itself from the checkpoint
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after the old tape has been rewound and removed,
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and a new tape has been mounted.
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.Pp
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.Nm Dump
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tells the operator what is going on at periodic intervals,
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including usually low estimates of the number of blocks to write,
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the number of tapes it will take, the time to completion, and
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the time to the tape change.
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The output is verbose,
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so that others know that the terminal
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controlling
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.Nm dump
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is busy,
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and will be for some time.
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.Pp
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In the event of a catastrophic disk event, the time required
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to restore all the necessary backup tapes or files to disk
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can be kept to a minimum by staggering the incremental dumps.
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An efficient method of staggering incremental dumps
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to minimize the number of tapes follows:
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.Bl -bullet -offset indent
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.It
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Always start with a level 0 backup, for example:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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/sbin/dump 0uf /dev/nrst0 /usr/src
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.Ed
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.Pp
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This should be done at set intervals, say once a month or once every two months,
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and on a set of fresh tapes that is saved forever.
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.It
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After a level 0, dumps of active file
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systems are taken on a daily basis,
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using a modified Tower of Hanoi algorithm,
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with this sequence of dump levels:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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3 2 5 4 7 6 9 8 9 9 ...
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.Ed
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.Pp
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For the daily dumps, it should be possible to use a fixed number of tapes
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for each day, used on a weekly basis.
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Each week, a level 1 dump is taken, and
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the daily Hanoi sequence repeats beginning with 3.
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For weekly dumps, another fixed set of tapes per dumped file system is
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used, also on a cyclical basis.
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.El
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.Pp
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After several months or so, the daily and weekly tapes should get
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rotated out of the dump cycle and fresh tapes brought in.
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.Sh ENVIRONMENT
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The environment variable
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.Ev RMT
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will be used to determine the pathname of the remote
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.Xr rmt 8
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program.
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.Sh FILES
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.Bl -tag -width /etc/dumpdates -compact
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.It Pa /dev/rst0
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default tape unit to dump to
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.It Pa /etc/dumpdates
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dump date records
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.It Pa /etc/fstab
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dump table: file systems and frequency
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.It Pa /etc/group
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to find group
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.Em operator
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.El
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr dump 5 ,
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.Xr fstab 5 ,
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.Xr ft 8 ,
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.Xr restore 8 ,
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.Xr rmt 8
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.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
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Many, and verbose.
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.Pp
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Dump exits with zero status on success.
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Startup errors are indicated with an exit code of 1;
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abnormal termination is indicated with an exit code of 3.
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.Sh BUGS
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.Pp
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Fewer than 32 read errors on the filesystem are ignored.
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Each reel requires a new process, so parent processes for
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reels already written just hang around until the entire tape
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is written.
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.Pp
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restore(8) is currently unable to restore dumps that were created
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with a blocksize larger than 32 on some tape drives. This is likely
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a bug in the tape driver. Workaround for safety reasons:
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dump aborts with an error message when choosing a blocksize > 32.
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.Pp
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.Nm Dump
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with the
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.Cm W
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or
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.Cm w
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options does not report filesystems that have never been recorded
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in
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.Pa /etc/dumpdates ,
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even if listed in
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.Pa /etc/fstab .
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.Pp
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It would be nice if
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.Nm dump
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knew about the dump sequence,
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kept track of the tapes scribbled on,
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told the operator which tape to mount when,
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and provided more assistance
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for the operator running
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.Xr restore .
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.Sh HISTORY
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A
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.Nm dump
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command appeared in
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.At v6 .
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