227 lines
6.6 KiB
Groff
227 lines
6.6 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" From: @(#)send.2 8.2 (Berkeley) 2/21/94
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd February 15, 1995
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.Dt SEND 2
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm send ,
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.Nm sendto ,
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.Nm sendmsg
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.Nd send a message from a socket
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.Sh LIBRARY
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.Lb libc
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.In sys/types.h
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.In sys/socket.h
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.Ft ssize_t
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.Fn send "int s" "const void *msg" "size_t len" "int flags"
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.Ft ssize_t
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.Fn sendto "int s" "const void *msg" "size_t len" "int flags" "const struct sockaddr *to" "socklen_t tolen"
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.Ft ssize_t
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.Fn sendmsg "int s" "const struct msghdr *msg" "int flags"
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Fn send
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function,
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and
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.Fn sendto
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and
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.Fn sendmsg
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system calls
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are used to transmit a message to another socket.
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The
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.Fn send
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function
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may be used only when the socket is in a
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.Em connected
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state, while
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.Fn sendto
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and
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.Fn sendmsg
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may be used at any time.
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.Pp
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The address of the target is given by
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.Fa to
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with
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.Fa tolen
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specifying its size.
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The length of the message is given by
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.Fa len .
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If the message is too long to pass atomically through the
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underlying protocol, the error
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.Er EMSGSIZE
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is returned, and
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the message is not transmitted.
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.Pp
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No indication of failure to deliver is implicit in a
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.Fn send .
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Locally detected errors are indicated by a return value of -1.
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.Pp
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If no messages space is available at the socket to hold
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the message to be transmitted, then
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.Fn send
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normally blocks, unless the socket has been placed in
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non-blocking I/O mode.
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The
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.Xr select 2
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system call may be used to determine when it is possible to
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send more data.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fa flags
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argument may include one or more of the following:
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.Bd -literal
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#define MSG_OOB 0x1 /* process out-of-band data */
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#define MSG_PEEK 0x2 /* peek at incoming message */
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#define MSG_DONTROUTE 0x4 /* bypass routing, use direct interface */
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#define MSG_EOR 0x8 /* data completes record */
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#define MSG_EOF 0x100 /* data completes transaction */
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The flag
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.Dv MSG_OOB
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is used to send
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.Dq out-of-band
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data on sockets that support this notion (e.g.\&
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.Dv SOCK_STREAM ) ;
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the underlying protocol must also support
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.Dq out-of-band
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data.
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.Dv MSG_EOR
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is used to indicate a record mark for protocols which support the
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concept.
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.Dv MSG_EOF
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requests that the sender side of a socket be shut down, and that an
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appropriate indication be sent at the end of the specified data;
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this flag is only implemented for
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.Dv SOCK_STREAM
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sockets in the
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.Dv PF_INET
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protocol family, and is used to implement Transaction
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.Tn TCP
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(see
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.Xr ttcp 4 ) .
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.Dv MSG_DONTROUTE
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is usually used only by diagnostic or routing programs.
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.Pp
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See
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.Xr recv 2
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for a description of the
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.Fa msghdr
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structure.
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.Sh RETURN VALUES
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The call returns the number of characters sent, or -1
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if an error occurred.
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.Sh ERRORS
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The
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.Fn send
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function and
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.Fn sendto
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and
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.Fn sendmsg
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system calls
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fail if:
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.Bl -tag -width Er
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.It Bq Er EBADF
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An invalid descriptor was specified.
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.It Bq Er EACCES
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The destination address is a broadcast address, and
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.Dv SO_BROADCAST
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has not been set on the socket.
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.It Bq Er ENOTSOCK
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The argument
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.Fa s
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is not a socket.
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.It Bq Er EFAULT
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An invalid user space address was specified for an argument.
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.It Bq Er EMSGSIZE
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The socket requires that message be sent atomically,
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and the size of the message to be sent made this impossible.
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.It Bq Er EAGAIN
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The socket is marked non-blocking and the requested operation
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would block.
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.It Bq Er ENOBUFS
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The system was unable to allocate an internal buffer.
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The operation may succeed when buffers become available.
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.It Bq Er ENOBUFS
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The output queue for a network interface was full.
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This generally indicates that the interface has stopped sending,
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but may be caused by transient congestion.
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.It Bq Er EHOSTUNREACH
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The remote host was unreachable.
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.It Bq Er ECONNREFUSED
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The socket received an ICMP destination unreachable message
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from the last message sent. This typically means that the
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receiver is not listening on the remote port.
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.It Bq Er EHOSTDOWN
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The remote host was down.
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.It Bq Er ENETDOWN
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The remote network was down.
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.It Bq Er EPERM
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The process using a SOCK_RAW socket was jailed and the source
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address specified in the IP header did not match the IP
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address bound to the prison.
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.It Bq Er EPIPE
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The socket is unable to send anymore data (SS_CANTSENDMORE has
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been set on the socket). This typically means that the socket
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is not connected.
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.El
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.Sh BUGS
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Because
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.Fn sendmsg
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doesn't necessarily block until the data has been transferred, it
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is possible to transfer an open file descriptor across an
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.Dv AF_UNIX
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domain socket
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(see
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.Xr recv 2 ) ,
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then
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.Fn close
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it before it has actually been sent, the result being that the receiver
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gets a closed file descriptor. It is left to the application to
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implement an acknowledgment mechanism to prevent this from happening.
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr fcntl 2 ,
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.Xr getsockopt 2 ,
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.Xr recv 2 ,
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.Xr select 2 ,
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.Xr socket 2 ,
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.Xr write 2
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.Sh HISTORY
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The
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.Fn send
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function appeared in
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.Bx 4.2 .
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