45c203fce2
AppleTalk was a network transport protocol for Apple Macintosh devices in 80s and then 90s. Starting with Mac OS X in 2000 the AppleTalk was a legacy protocol and primary networking protocol is TCP/IP. The last Mac OS X release to support AppleTalk happened in 2009. The same year routing equipment vendors (namely Cisco) end their support. Thus, AppleTalk won't be supported in FreeBSD 11.0-RELEASE.
508 lines
13 KiB
Groff
508 lines
13 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)route.8 8.3 (Berkeley) 3/19/94
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd January 11, 2014
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.Dt ROUTE 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm route
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.Nd manually manipulate the routing tables
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl dnqtv
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.Ar command
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.Oo
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.Op Ar modifiers
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.Ar args
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.Oc
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm
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utility is used to manually manipulate the network
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routing tables.
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It normally is not needed, as a
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system routing table management daemon, such as
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.Xr routed 8 ,
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should tend to this task.
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.Pp
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The
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.Nm
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utility supports a limited number of general options,
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but a rich command language, enabling the user to specify
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any arbitrary request that could be delivered via the
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programmatic interface discussed in
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.Xr route 4 .
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.Pp
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The following options are available:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl 4
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Specify
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.Cm inet
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address family as family hint for subcommands.
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.It Fl 6
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Specify
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.Cm inet
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address family as family hint for subcommands.
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.It Fl d
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Run in debug-only mode, i.e., do not actually modify the routing table.
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.It Fl n
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Bypass attempts to print host and network names symbolically
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when reporting actions.
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(The process of translating between symbolic
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names and numerical equivalents can be quite time consuming, and
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may require correct operation of the network; thus it may be expedient
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to forget this, especially when attempting to repair networking operations).
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.It Fl t
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Run in test-only mode.
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.Pa /dev/null
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is used instead of a socket.
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.It Fl v
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(verbose) Print additional details.
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.It Fl q
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Suppress all output from the
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.Cm add , change , delete ,
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and
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.Cm flush
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commands.
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.El
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.Pp
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The
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.Nm
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utility provides the following commands:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
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.It Cm add
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Add a route.
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.It Cm flush
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Remove all routes.
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.It Cm delete
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Delete a specific route.
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.It Cm del
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Another name for the
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.Cm delete
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command.
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.It Cm change
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Change aspects of a route (such as its gateway).
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.It Cm get
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Lookup and display the route for a destination.
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.It Cm monitor
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Continuously report any changes to the routing information base,
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routing lookup misses, or suspected network partitionings.
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.It Cm show
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Another name for the
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.Cm get
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command.
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.El
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.Pp
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The monitor command has the syntax:
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.Pp
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.Bd -ragged -offset indent -compact
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.Nm
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.Op Fl n
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.Cm monitor Op Fl fib Ar number
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The flush command has the syntax:
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.Pp
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.Bd -ragged -offset indent -compact
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.Nm
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.Oo Fl n Cm flush Oc Oo Ar family Oc Op Fl fib Ar number
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.Ed
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.Pp
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If the
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.Cm flush
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command is specified,
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.Nm
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will ``flush'' the routing tables of all gateway entries.
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When the address family may is specified by any of the
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.Fl osi ,
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.Fl xns ,
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.Fl inet6 ,
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or
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.Fl inet
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modifiers, only routes having destinations with addresses in the
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delineated family will be deleted.
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Additionally,
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.Fl 4
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or
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.Fl 6
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can be used as aliases for
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.Fl inet
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and
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.Fl inet6
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modifiers.
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When a
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.Fl fib
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option is specified, the operation will be applied to
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the specified FIB
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.Pq routing table .
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.Pp
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The other commands have the following syntax:
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.Pp
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.Bd -ragged -offset indent -compact
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.Nm
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.Op Fl n
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.Ar command
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.Op Fl net No \&| Fl host
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.Ar destination gateway
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.Op Ar netmask
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.Op Fl fib Ar number
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.Ed
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.Pp
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where
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.Ar destination
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is the destination host or network,
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.Ar gateway
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is the next-hop intermediary via which packets should be routed.
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Routes to a particular host may be distinguished from those to
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a network by interpreting the Internet address specified as the
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.Ar destination
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argument.
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The optional modifiers
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.Fl net
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and
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.Fl host
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force the destination to be interpreted as a network or a host, respectively.
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Otherwise, if the
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.Ar destination
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has a
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.Dq local address part
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of
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INADDR_ANY
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.Pq Li 0.0.0.0 ,
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or if the
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.Ar destination
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is the symbolic name of a network, then the route is
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assumed to be to a network; otherwise, it is presumed to be a
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route to a host.
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Optionally, the
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.Ar destination
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could also be specified in the
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.Ar net Ns / Ns Ar bits
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format.
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.Pp
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For example,
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.Li 128.32
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is interpreted as
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.Fl host Li 128.0.0.32 ;
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.Li 128.32.130
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is interpreted as
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.Fl host Li 128.32.0.130 ;
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.Fl net Li 128.32
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is interpreted as
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.Li 128.32.0.0;
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.Fl net Li 128.32.130
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is interpreted as
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.Li 128.32.130.0;
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and
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.Li 192.168.64/20
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is interpreted as
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.Fl net Li 192.168.64 Fl netmask Li 255.255.240.0 .
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.Pp
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A
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.Ar destination
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of
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.Ar default
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is a synonym for the default route.
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For
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.Li IPv4
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it is
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.Fl net Fl inet Li 0.0.0.0 ,
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and for
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.Li IPv6
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it is
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.Fl net Fl inet6 Li :: .
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.Pp
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If the destination is directly reachable
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via an interface requiring
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no intermediary system to act as a gateway, the
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.Fl interface
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modifier should be specified;
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the gateway given is the address of this host on the common network,
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indicating the interface to be used for transmission.
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Alternately, if the interface is point to point the name of the interface
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itself may be given, in which case the route remains valid even
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if the local or remote addresses change.
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.Pp
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The optional modifiers
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.Fl xns ,
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.Fl osi ,
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and
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.Fl link
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specify that all subsequent addresses are in the
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.Tn XNS
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or
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.Tn OSI
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address families,
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or are specified as link-level addresses,
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and the names must be numeric specifications rather than
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symbolic names.
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.Pp
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The optional
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.Fl netmask
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modifier is intended
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to achieve the effect of an
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.Tn OSI
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.Tn ESIS
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redirect with the netmask option,
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or to manually add subnet routes with
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netmasks different from that of the implied network interface
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(as would otherwise be communicated using the OSPF or ISIS routing protocols).
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One specifies an additional ensuing address parameter
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(to be interpreted as a network mask).
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The implicit network mask generated in the AF_INET case
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can be overridden by making sure this option follows the destination parameter.
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.Pp
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For
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.Dv AF_INET6 ,
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the
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.Fl prefixlen
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qualifier
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is available instead of the
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.Fl mask
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qualifier because non-continuous masks are not allowed in IPv6.
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For example,
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.Fl prefixlen Li 32
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specifies network mask of
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.Li ffff:ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
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to be used.
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The default value of prefixlen is 64 to get along with
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the aggregatable address.
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But 0 is assumed if
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.Cm default
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is specified.
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Note that the qualifier works only for
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.Dv AF_INET6
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address family.
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.Pp
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Routes have associated flags which influence operation of the protocols
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when sending to destinations matched by the routes.
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These flags may be set (or sometimes cleared)
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by indicating the following corresponding modifiers:
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.Bd -literal
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-xresolve RTF_XRESOLVE - emit mesg on use (for external lookup)
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-iface ~RTF_GATEWAY - destination is directly reachable
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-static RTF_STATIC - manually added route
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-nostatic ~RTF_STATIC - pretend route added by kernel or daemon
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-reject RTF_REJECT - emit an ICMP unreachable when matched
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-blackhole RTF_BLACKHOLE - silently discard pkts (during updates)
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-proto1 RTF_PROTO1 - set protocol specific routing flag #1
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-proto2 RTF_PROTO2 - set protocol specific routing flag #2
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-proto3 RTF_PROTO3 - set protocol specific routing flag #3
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The optional modifiers
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.Fl rtt ,
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.Fl rttvar ,
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.Fl sendpipe ,
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.Fl recvpipe ,
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.Fl mtu ,
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.Fl hopcount ,
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.Fl expire ,
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and
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.Fl ssthresh
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provide initial values to quantities maintained in the routing entry
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by transport level protocols, such as TCP or TP4.
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These may be individually locked by preceding each such modifier to
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be locked by
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the
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.Fl lock
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meta-modifier, or one can
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specify that all ensuing metrics may be locked by the
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.Fl lockrest
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meta-modifier.
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.Pp
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Note that
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.Fl expire
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accepts expiration time of the route as the number of seconds since the
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Epoch
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.Pq see Xr time 3 .
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When the first character of the number is
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.Dq +
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or
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.Dq - ,
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it is interpreted as a value relative to the current time.
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.Pp
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The optional modifier
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.Fl fib Ar number
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specifies that the command will be applied to a non-default FIB.
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The
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.Ar number
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must be smaller than the
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.Va net.fibs
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.Xr sysctl 8
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MIB.
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When this modifier is not specified,
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or a negative number is specified,
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the default FIB shown in the
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.Va net.my_fibnum
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.Xr sysctl 8
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MIB will be used.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar number
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allows multiple FIBs by a comma-separeted list and/or range
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specification.
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The
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.Qq Fl fib Li 2,4,6
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means the FIB number 2, 4, and 6.
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The
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.Qq Fl fib Li 1,3-5,6
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means the 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6.
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.Pp
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In a
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.Cm change
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or
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.Cm add
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command where the destination and gateway are not sufficient to specify
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the route (as in the
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.Tn ISO
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case where several interfaces may have the
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same address), the
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.Fl ifp
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or
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.Fl ifa
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modifiers may be used to determine the interface or interface address.
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.Pp
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All symbolic names specified for a
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.Ar destination
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or
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.Ar gateway
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are looked up first as a host name using
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.Xr gethostbyname 3 .
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If this lookup fails,
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.Xr getnetbyname 3
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is then used to interpret the name as that of a network.
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.Pp
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The
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.Nm
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utility uses a routing socket and the new message types
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.Dv RTM_ADD , RTM_DELETE , RTM_GET ,
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and
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.Dv RTM_CHANGE .
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As such, only the super-user may modify
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the routing tables.
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.Sh EXIT STATUS
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.Ex -std
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.Sh EXAMPLES
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Add a default route to the network routing table.
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This will send all packets for destinations not available in the routing table
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to the default gateway at 192.168.1.1:
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.Pp
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.Dl route add -net 0.0.0.0/0 192.168.1.1
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.Pp
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A shorter version of adding a default route can also be written as:
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.Pp
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.Dl route add default 192.168.1.1
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.Pp
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Add a static route to the 172.16.10.0/24 network via the 172.16.1.1 gateway:
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.Pp
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.Dl route add -net 172.16.10.0/24 172.16.1.1
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.Pp
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Change the gateway of an already established static route in the routing table:
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.Pp
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.Dl route change -net 172.16.10.0/24 172.16.1.2
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.Pp
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Display the route for a destination network:
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.Pp
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.Dl route show 172.16.10.0
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.Pp
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Delete a static route from the routing table:
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.Pp
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.Dl route delete -net 172.16.10.0/24 172.16.1.2
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.Pp
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Remove all routes from the routing table:
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.Pp
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.Dl route flush
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.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
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.Bl -diag
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.It "add [host \&| network ] %s: gateway %s flags %x"
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The specified route is being added to the tables.
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The
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values printed are from the routing table entry supplied
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in the
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.Xr ioctl 2
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call.
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If the gateway address used was not the primary address of the gateway
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(the first one returned by
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.Xr gethostbyname 3 ) ,
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the gateway address is printed numerically as well as symbolically.
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.It "delete [ host \&| network ] %s: gateway %s flags %x"
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As above, but when deleting an entry.
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.It "%s %s done"
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When the
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.Cm flush
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command is specified, each routing table entry deleted
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is indicated with a message of this form.
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.It "Network is unreachable"
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An attempt to add a route failed because the gateway listed was not
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on a directly-connected network.
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The next-hop gateway must be given.
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.It "not in table"
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A delete operation was attempted for an entry which
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was not present in the tables.
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.It "routing table overflow"
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An add operation was attempted, but the system was
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low on resources and was unable to allocate memory
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to create the new entry.
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.It "gateway uses the same route"
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A
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.Cm change
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operation resulted in a route whose gateway uses the
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same route as the one being changed.
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The next-hop gateway should be reachable through a different route.
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.El
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.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.\".Xr esis 4 ,
|
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.Xr netintro 4 ,
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.Xr route 4 ,
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.Xr arp 8 ,
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.Xr routed 8
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.\".Xr XNSrouted 8
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.Sh HISTORY
|
|
The
|
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.Nm
|
|
utility appeared in
|
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.Bx 4.2 .
|
|
.Sh BUGS
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The first paragraph may have slightly exaggerated
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.Xr routed 8 Ns 's
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abilities.
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.Pp
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Currently, routes with the
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.Dv RTF_BLACKHOLE
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flag set need to have the gateway set to an instance of the
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.Xr lo 4
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driver, using the
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.Fl iface
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option, for the flag to have any effect; unless IP fast forwarding
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is enabled, in which case the meaning of the flag will always
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be honored.
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