294 lines
9.1 KiB
Groff
294 lines
9.1 KiB
Groff
.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1993 Paul Kranenburg
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg.
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.\" 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
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.\" derived from this software without specific prior written permission
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
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.\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
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.\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
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.\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
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.\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
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.\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
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.\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
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.\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" $Id: ld.1,v 1.17 1997/05/29 15:34:34 dfr Exp $
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.\"
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.Dd October 14, 1993
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.Dt LD 1
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.Os FreeBSD
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm ld
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.Nd link editor
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm ld
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.Op Fl fMNnrSstXxz
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl A Ar symbol-file
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.Op Fl assert Ar keyword
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.Op Fl B Ns Ar linkmode
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.Op Fl D Ar datasize
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.Op Fl d Ar c
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.Op Fl d Ar p
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.Op Fl e Ar entry
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.Op Fl l Ns Ar library-specifier
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.Op Fl L Ns Ar library-search-path
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.Op Fl nostdlib
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.Op Fl O Ar filename
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.Op Fl o Ar filename
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.Op Fl R Ns Ar record-library-search-path
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.Op Fl T Ar address
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.Op Fl u Ar symbol
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.Op Fl V Ar shlib-version
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.Op Fl y Ar symbol
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.Ek
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Nm
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combines the object and archive files given on the command line into a new
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object file. The output object file is either an executable program, a
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shared object suitable for loading at run-time, or an object file that can
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once again be processed by
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.Nm ld.
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Object files and archives are processed in the order given on the command line.
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.Pp
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The options are as follows:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl A Ar symbol-file
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The the symbol-file is taken as a base for link-editing the object files
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on the command line.
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.It Fl assert Ar keyword
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This option is here mainly for compatibility with SunOS
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.Nm ld .
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Most conditions which would cause a Sun assertion to fail will
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currently always cause error or warning messages from
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.Nm ld .
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The only keyword implemented by
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.Nm ld
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is
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.Nm pure-text ,
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which generates a warning if a position independent object is being
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created and some of the files being linked are not position
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independent.
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.It Fl B Ns Ar dynamic
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Specifies that linking against dynamic libraries can take place. If a library
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specifier of the form -lx appears on the command line,
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.Nm ld
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searches for a library of the from libx.so.n.m
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.Po see the \&
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.Fl l
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option
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.Pc
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according to the search rules in effect. If such a file can not be
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found a traditional archive is looked for.
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This options can appear anywhere on the command line and is complementary
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to
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.Fl B Ns Ar static.
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.It Fl B Ns Ar forcedynamic
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This is similar to
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.Fl B Ns Ar dynamic
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except that if no dynamic libraries are linked against,
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.Nm ld
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will still produce a dynamic executable. This is useful for programs
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which are static but still need to load dynamic objects at runtime.
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.It Fl B Ns Ar static
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The counterpart of
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.Fl B Ns Ar dynamic .
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This option turns off dynamic linking for
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all library specifiers until a
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.Fl B Ns Ar dynamic
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is once again given. Any explicitly
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mentioned shared object encountered on the command line while this option is
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in effect is flagged as an error.
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.It Fl B Ns Ar shareable
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Instructs the linker to build a shared object from the object files rather
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than a normal executable image.
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.It Fl B Ns Ar symbolic
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This option causes all symbolic references in the output to be resolved in
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this link-edit session. The only remaining run-time relocation requirements are
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.Em base-relative
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relocations, ie. translation with respect to the load address. Failure to
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resolve any symbolic reference causes an error to be reported.
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.It Fl B Ns Ar forcearchive
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Force all members of archives to be loaded, whether or not such members
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contribute a definition to any plain object files. Useful for making a
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shared library from an archive of PIC objects without having to unpack
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the archive.
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.It Fl B Ns Ar silly
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Search for
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.Em \.sa
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silly archive companions of shared objects. Useful for compatibility with
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version 3 shared objects.
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.It Fl D Ar data-size
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Set the size of the data segment. For sanity's sake, this should be larger
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than the cumulative data sizes of the input files.
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.It Fl d Ar c
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Force allocation of commons even producing relocatable output.
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.It Fl d Ar p
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Force alias definitions of procedure calls in non-PIC code. Useful to
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obtain shareable code in the presence of run-time relocations as such
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calls will be re-directed through the Procedure Linkage Table (see
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.Xr link 5)
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.It Fl e Ar entry-symbol
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Specifies the entry symbol for an executable.
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.It Fl f
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List the resolved paths of all the object files and libraries on the
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standard output, and exit.
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.It Fl L Ns Ar path
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Add
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.Ar path
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to the list of directories to search for libraries specified with the
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.Ar -l
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option.
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.It Fl l Ns Ar lib-spec
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This option specifies a library to be considered for inclusion in the
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output. If the
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.Fl B Ns Ar dynamic
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option is in effect, a shared library of the
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form lib<spec>.so.m.n
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.Po where \&
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.Em m
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is the major, and
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.Em n
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is the minor version number, respectively
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.Pc is searched for first. The
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library with the highest version found in the search path is selected.
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If no shared library is found or the
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.Fl B Ns Ar static
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options is in effect, an archive of the form lib<spec>.a is looked for in
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the library search path.
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.It Fl M
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Produce output about the mapping of segments of the input files and the
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values assigned to
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.Pq global
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symbols in the output file.
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.It Fl N
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Produce a
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.Dv OMAGIC
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output file.
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.It Fl n
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Produce a
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.Dv NMAGIC
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output file.
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.It Fl nostdlib
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Do not search the built-in path
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.Po
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usually
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.Dq /usr/lib
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.Pc
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for
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.Fl l
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specified libraries.
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.It Fl O Ar filename
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Specifies the name of the output file.
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The file is created as
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.Ar filename .tmp
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and when output is complete renamed to
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.Ar filename .
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.It Fl o Ar filename
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Specifies the name of the output file. Defaults to
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.Dq a.out.
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.It Fl Q
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Produce a
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.Dv QMAGIC
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(FreeBSD/BSDi-i386) output file. This is the default.
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.It Fl r
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Produce relocatable object file, suitable for another pass through
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.Nm ld.
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.It Fl R
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Record the given path within the executable for run-time library search.
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This only applies to dynamically linked executables.
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.It Fl S
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Strip all debugger symbols from the output.
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.It Fl s
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Strip all symbols from the output.
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.It Fl T
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Specifies the start address of the text segment, with respect to which
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all input files will be relocated.
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.It Fl t
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Leave a trace of the input files as they are processed.
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.It Fl u Ar symbol
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Force
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.Ar symbol
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to be marked as undefined. Useful to force loading of an archive member
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in the absence of any other references to that member.
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.It Fl V Ar version
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Put the given version number into the output shared library
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.Pq if one is created .
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Useful to make shared libraries compatible with other operating
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systems. E.g., SunOS 4.x libraries use version number 3. Defaults to 8.
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.It Fl X
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Discard local symbols in the input files that start with the letter
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.Dq L
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.It Fl x
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Discard all local symbols in the input files.
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.It Fl y Ar symbol
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Trace the manipulations inflicted on
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.Ar symbol
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.It Fl Z
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Make a 386BSD
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.Dv ZMAGIC
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output file.
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.It Fl z
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Make a NetBSD
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.Dv ZMAGIC
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output file.
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.Sh ENVIRONMENT
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.Nm
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utilizes the following environment variables:
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.Bl -tag -width "LD_LIBRARY_PATH"
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.It Ev LD_LIBRARY_PATH
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This colon-separated list of directories is inserted into the search
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path for libraries following any directories specified via
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.Fl L
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options and preceding the built-in path.
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.\" .It Ev LD_NOSTD_PATH
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.\" When set, do not search the built-in path for libraries.
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.\" This is an alternative to the
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.\" .Fl nostdlib
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.\" command-line flag.
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.El
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.Sh FILES
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr rtld 1 ,
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.Xr link 5 ,
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.Xr ldconfig 8
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.Sh CAVEATS
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An entry point must now explicitly be given if the output is intended to be
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a normal executable program. This was not the case for the previous version of
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.Nm ld .
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.Sh BUGS
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Shared objects are not properly checked for undefined symbols.
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.Pp
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Cascading of shared object defeats the
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.Dq -Bstatic
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option.
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.Pp
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All shared objects presented to
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.Nm ld
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are marked for run-time loading in the output file, even if no symbols
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are needed from them.
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.Sh HISTORY
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A
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.Nm
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command appeared in
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.At v1 .
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The shared library model employed by
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.Nm
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appeared first in SunOS 4.0
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