737 lines
17 KiB
Groff
737 lines
17 KiB
Groff
.de Id
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.ds Rv \\$3
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.ds Dt \\$4
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..
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.Id $Id$
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.ds i \&\s-1ISO\s0
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.ds r \&\s-1RCS\s0
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.ds u \&\s-1UTC\s0
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.if n .ds - \%--
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.if t .ds - \(em
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.TH CO 1 \*(Dt GNU
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.SH NAME
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co \- check out RCS revisions
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.B co
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.RI [ options ] " file " .\|.\|.
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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.B co
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retrieves a revision from each \*r file and stores it into
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the corresponding working file.
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.PP
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Pathnames matching an \*r suffix denote \*r files;
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all others denote working files.
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Names are paired as explained in
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.BR ci (1).
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.PP
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Revisions of an \*r file can be checked out locked or unlocked. Locking a
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revision prevents overlapping updates. A revision checked out for reading or
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processing (e.g., compiling) need not be locked. A revision checked out
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for editing and later checkin must normally be locked. Checkout with locking
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fails if the revision to be checked out is currently locked by another user.
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(A lock can be broken with
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.BR rcs "(1).)\ \&"
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Checkout with locking also requires the caller to be on the access list of
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the \*r file, unless he is the owner of the
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file or the superuser, or the access list is empty.
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Checkout without locking is not subject to accesslist restrictions, and is
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not affected by the presence of locks.
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.PP
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A revision is selected by options for revision or branch number,
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checkin date/time, author, or state.
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When the selection options
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are applied in combination,
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.B co
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retrieves the latest revision
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that satisfies all of them.
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If none of the selection options
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is specified,
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.B co
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retrieves the latest revision
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on the default branch (normally the trunk, see the
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.B \-b
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option of
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.BR rcs (1)).
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A revision or branch number can be attached
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to any of the options
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.BR \-f ,
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.BR \-I ,
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.BR \-l ,
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.BR \-M ,
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.BR \-p ,
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.BR \-q ,
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.BR \-r ,
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or
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.BR \-u .
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The options
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.B \-d
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(date),
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.B \-s
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(state), and
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.B \-w
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(author)
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retrieve from a single branch, the
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.I selected
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branch,
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which is either specified by one of
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.BR \-f ,
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\&.\|.\|.,
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.BR \-u ,
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or the default branch.
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.PP
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A
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.B co
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command applied to an \*r
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file with no revisions creates a zero-length working file.
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.B co
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always performs keyword substitution (see below).
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.SH OPTIONS
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.TP
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.BR \-r [\f2rev\fP]
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retrieves the latest revision whose number is less than or equal to
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.IR rev .
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If
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.I rev
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indicates a branch rather than a revision,
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the latest revision on that branch is retrieved.
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If
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.I rev
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is omitted, the latest revision on the default branch
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(see the
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.B \-b
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option of
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.BR rcs (1))
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is retrieved.
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If
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.I rev
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is
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.BR $ ,
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.B co
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determines the revision number from keyword values in the working file.
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Otherwise, a revision is composed of one or more numeric or symbolic fields
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separated by periods.
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If
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.I rev
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begins with a period,
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then the default branch (normally the trunk) is prepended to it.
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If
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.I rev
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is a branch number followed by a period,
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then the latest revision on that branch is used.
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The numeric equivalent of a symbolic field
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is specified with the
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.B \-n
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option of the commands
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.BR ci (1)
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and
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.BR rcs (1).
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.TP
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.BR \-l [\f2rev\fP]
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same as
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.BR \-r ,
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except that it also locks the retrieved revision for
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the caller.
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.TP
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.BR \-u [\f2rev\fP]
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same as
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.BR \-r ,
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except that it unlocks the retrieved revision if it was
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locked by the caller. If
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.I rev
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is omitted,
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.B \-u
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retrieves the revision locked by the caller, if there is one; otherwise,
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it retrieves the latest revision on the default branch.
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.TP
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.BR \-f [\f2rev\fP]
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forces the overwriting of the working file;
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useful in connection with
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.BR \-q .
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See also
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.SM "FILE MODES"
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below.
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.TP
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.B \-kkv
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Generate keyword strings using the default form, e.g.\&
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.B "$\&Revision: \*(Rv $"
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for the
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.B Revision
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keyword.
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A locker's name is inserted in the value of the
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.BR Header ,
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.BR Id ,
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and
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.B Locker
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keyword strings
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only as a file is being locked,
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i.e. by
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.B "ci\ \-l"
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and
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.BR "co\ \-l".
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This is the default.
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.TP
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.B \-kkvl
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Like
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.BR \-kkv ,
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except that a locker's name is always inserted
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if the given revision is currently locked.
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.TP
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.B \-kk
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Generate only keyword names in keyword strings; omit their values.
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See
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.SM "KEYWORD SUBSTITUTION"
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below.
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For example, for the
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.B Revision
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keyword, generate the string
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.B $\&Revision$
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instead of
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.BR "$\&Revision: \*(Rv $" .
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This option is useful to ignore differences due to keyword substitution
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when comparing different revisions of a file.
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Log messages are inserted after
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.B $\&Log$
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keywords even if
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.B \-kk
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is specified,
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since this tends to be more useful when merging changes.
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.TP
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.B \-ko
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Generate the old keyword string,
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present in the working file just before it was checked in.
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For example, for the
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.B Revision
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keyword, generate the string
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.B "$\&Revision: 1.1 $"
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instead of
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.B "$\&Revision: \*(Rv $"
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if that is how the string appeared when the file was checked in.
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This can be useful for file formats
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that cannot tolerate any changes to substrings
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that happen to take the form of keyword strings.
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.TP
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.B \-kb
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Generate a binary image of the old keyword string.
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This acts like
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.BR \-ko ,
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except it performs all working file input and output in binary mode.
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This makes little difference on Posix and Unix hosts,
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but on DOS-like hosts one should use
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.B "rcs\ \-i\ \-kb"
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to initialize an \*r file intended to be used for binary files.
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Also, on all hosts,
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.BR rcsmerge (1)
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normally refuses to merge files when
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.B \-kb
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is in effect.
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.TP
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.B \-kv
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Generate only keyword values for keyword strings.
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For example, for the
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.B Revision
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keyword, generate the string
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.B \*(Rv
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instead of
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.BR "$\&Revision: \*(Rv $" .
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This can help generate files in programming languages where it is hard to
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strip keyword delimiters like
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.B "$\&Revision:\ $"
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from a string.
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However, further keyword substitution cannot be performed once the
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keyword names are removed, so this option should be used with care.
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Because of this danger of losing keywords,
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this option cannot be combined with
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.BR \-l ,
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and the owner write permission of the working file is turned off;
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to edit the file later, check it out again without
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.BR \-kv .
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.TP
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.BR \-p [\f2rev\fP]
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prints the retrieved revision on the standard output rather than storing it
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in the working file.
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This option is useful when
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.B co
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is part of a pipe.
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.TP
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.BR \-q [\f2rev\fP]
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quiet mode; diagnostics are not printed.
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.TP
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.BR \-I [\f2rev\fP]
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interactive mode;
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the user is prompted and questioned
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even if the standard input is not a terminal.
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.TP
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.BI \-d date
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retrieves the latest revision on the selected branch whose checkin date/time is
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less than or equal to
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.IR date .
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The date and time can be given in free format.
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The time zone
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.B LT
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stands for local time;
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other common time zone names are understood.
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For example, the following
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.IR date s
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are equivalent
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if local time is January 11, 1990, 8pm Pacific Standard Time,
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eight hours west of Coordinated Universal Time (\*u):
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.RS
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.LP
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.RS
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.nf
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.ta \w'\f3Thu, 11 Jan 1990 20:00:00 \-0800\fP 'u
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.ne 10
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\f38:00 pm lt\fP
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\f34:00 AM, Jan. 12, 1990\fP default is \*u
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\f31990-01-12 04:00:00+00\fP \*i 8601 (\*u)
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\f31990-01-11 20:00:00\-08\fP \*i 8601 (local time)
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\f31990/01/12 04:00:00\fP traditional \*r format
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\f3Thu Jan 11 20:00:00 1990 LT\fP output of \f3ctime\fP(3) + \f3LT\fP
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\f3Thu Jan 11 20:00:00 PST 1990\fP output of \f3date\fP(1)
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\f3Fri Jan 12 04:00:00 GMT 1990\fP
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\f3Thu, 11 Jan 1990 20:00:00 \-0800\fP Internet RFC 822
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\f312-January-1990, 04:00 WET\fP
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.ta 4n +4n +4n +4n
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.fi
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.RE
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.LP
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Most fields in the date and time can be defaulted.
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The default time zone is normally \*u, but this can be overridden by the
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.B \-z
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option.
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The other defaults are determined in the order year, month, day,
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hour, minute, and second (most to least significant). At least one of these
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fields must be provided. For omitted fields that are of higher significance
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than the highest provided field, the time zone's current values are assumed.
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For all other omitted fields,
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the lowest possible values are assumed.
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For example, without
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.BR \-z ,
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the date
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.B "20, 10:30"
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defaults to
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10:30:00 \*u of the 20th of the \*u time zone's current month and year.
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The date/time must be quoted if it contains spaces.
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.RE
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.TP
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.BR \-M [\f2rev\fP]
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Set the modification time on the new working file
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to be the date of the retrieved revision.
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Use this option with care; it can confuse
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.BR make (1).
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.TP
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.BI \-s state
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retrieves the latest revision on the selected branch whose state is set to
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.IR state .
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.TP
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.B \-T
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Preserve the modification time on the \*r file
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even if the \*r file changes because a lock is added or removed.
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This option can suppress extensive recompilation caused by a
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.BR make (1)
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dependency of some other copy of the working file on the \*r file.
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Use this option with care; it can suppress recompilation even when it is needed,
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i.e. when the change of lock
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would mean a change to keyword strings in the other working file.
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.TP
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.BR \-w [\f2login\fP]
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retrieves the latest revision on the selected branch which was checked in
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by the user with login name
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.IR login .
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If the argument
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.I login
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is
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omitted, the caller's login is assumed.
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.TP
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.BI \-j joinlist
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generates a new revision which is the join of the revisions on
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.IR joinlist .
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This option is largely obsoleted by
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.BR rcsmerge (1)
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but is retained for backwards compatibility.
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.RS
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.PP
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The
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.I joinlist
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is a comma-separated list of pairs of the form
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.IB rev2 : rev3,
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where
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.I rev2
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and
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.I rev3
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are (symbolic or numeric)
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revision numbers.
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For the initial such pair,
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.I rev1
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denotes the revision selected
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by the above options
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.BR \-f ,
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\&.\|.\|.,
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.BR \-w .
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For all other pairs,
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.I rev1
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denotes the revision generated by the previous pair.
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(Thus, the output
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of one join becomes the input to the next.)
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.PP
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For each pair,
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.B co
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joins revisions
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.I rev1
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and
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.I rev3
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with respect to
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.IR rev2 .
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This means that all changes that transform
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.I rev2
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into
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.I rev1
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are applied to a copy of
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.IR rev3 .
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This is particularly useful if
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.I rev1
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and
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.I rev3
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are the ends of two branches that have
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.I rev2
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as a common ancestor. If
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.IR rev1 < rev2 < rev3
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on the same branch,
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joining generates a new revision which is like
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.I rev3,
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but with all changes that lead from
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.I rev1
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to
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.I rev2
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undone.
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If changes from
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.I rev2
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to
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.I rev1
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overlap with changes from
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.I rev2
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to
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.I rev3,
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.B co
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reports overlaps as described in
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.BR merge (1).
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.PP
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For the initial pair,
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.I rev2
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can be omitted. The default is the common
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ancestor.
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If any of the arguments indicate branches, the latest revisions
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on those branches are assumed.
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The options
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.B \-l
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and
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.B \-u
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lock or unlock
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.IR rev1 .
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.RE
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.TP
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.BI \-V
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Print \*r's version number.
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.TP
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.BI \-V n
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Emulate \*r version
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.I n,
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where
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.I n
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can be
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.BR 3 ,
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.BR 4 ,
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or
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.BR 5 .
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This can be useful when interchanging \*r files with others who are
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running older versions of \*r.
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To see which version of \*r your correspondents are running, have them invoke
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.BR "rcs \-V" ;
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this works with newer versions of \*r.
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If it doesn't work, have them invoke
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.B rlog
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on an \*r file;
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if none of the first few lines of output contain the string
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.B branch:
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it is version 3;
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if the dates' years have just two digits, it is version 4;
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otherwise, it is version 5.
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An \*r file generated while emulating version 3 loses its default branch.
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An \*r revision generated while emulating version 4 or earlier has
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a time stamp that is off by up to 13 hours.
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A revision extracted while emulating version 4 or earlier contains
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abbreviated dates of the form
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.IB yy / mm / dd
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and can also contain different white space and line prefixes
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in the substitution for
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.BR $\&Log$ .
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.TP
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.BI \-x "suffixes"
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Use
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.I suffixes
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to characterize \*r files.
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See
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.BR ci (1)
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for details.
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.TP
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.BI \-z zone
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specifies the date output format in keyword substitution,
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and specifies the default time zone for
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.I date
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in the
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.BI \-d date
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option.
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The
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.I zone
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should be empty, a numeric \*u offset, or the special string
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.B LT
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for local time.
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The default is an empty
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.IR zone ,
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which uses the traditional \*r format of \*u without any time zone indication
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and with slashes separating the parts of the date;
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otherwise, times are output in \*i 8601 format with time zone indication.
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For example, if local time is January 11, 1990, 8pm Pacific Standard Time,
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eight hours west of \*u,
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then the time is output as follows:
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.RS
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.LP
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.RS
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.nf
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.ta \w'\f3\-z+05:30\fP 'u +\w'\f31990-01-11 09:30:00+05:30\fP 'u
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.ne 4
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\f2option\fP \f2time output\fP
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\f3\-z\fP \f31990/01/12 04:00:00\fP \f2(default)\fP
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\f3\-zLT\fP \f31990-01-11 20:00:00\-08\fP
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\f3\-z+05:30\fP \f31990-01-12 09:30:00+05:30\fP
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.ta 4n +4n +4n +4n
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.fi
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.RE
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.LP
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The
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.B \-z
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option does not affect dates stored in \*r files,
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which are always \*u.
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.RE
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.SH "KEYWORD SUBSTITUTION"
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Strings of the form
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.BI $ keyword $
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and
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.BI $ keyword : .\|.\|. $
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embedded in
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the text are replaced
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with strings of the form
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.BI $ keyword : value $
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where
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.I keyword
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and
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.I value
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are pairs listed below.
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Keywords can be embedded in literal strings
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or comments to identify a revision.
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.PP
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Initially, the user enters strings of the form
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.BI $ keyword $ .
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On checkout,
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.B co
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replaces these strings with strings of the form
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.BI $ keyword : value $ .
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If a revision containing strings of the latter form
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is checked back in, the value fields will be replaced during the next
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checkout.
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Thus, the keyword values are automatically updated on checkout.
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This automatic substitution can be modified by the
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.B \-k
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options.
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.PP
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Keywords and their corresponding values:
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.TP
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.B $\&Author$
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The login name of the user who checked in the revision.
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.TP
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.B $\&Date$
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The date and time the revision was checked in.
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With
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.BI \-z zone
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|
a numeric time zone offset is appended; otherwise, the date is \*u.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B $\&Header$
|
|
A standard header containing the full pathname of the \*r file, the
|
|
revision number, the date and time, the author, the state,
|
|
and the locker (if locked).
|
|
With
|
|
.BI \-z zone
|
|
a numeric time zone offset is appended to the date; otherwise, the date is \*u.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B $\&Id$
|
|
Same as
|
|
.BR $\&Header$ ,
|
|
except that the \*r filename is without a path.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B $\&Locker$
|
|
The login name of the user who locked the revision (empty if not locked).
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B $\&Log$
|
|
The log message supplied during checkin, preceded by a header
|
|
containing the \*r filename, the revision number, the author, and the date
|
|
and time.
|
|
With
|
|
.BI \-z zone
|
|
a numeric time zone offset is appended; otherwise, the date is \*u.
|
|
Existing log messages are
|
|
.I not
|
|
replaced.
|
|
Instead, the new log message is inserted after
|
|
.BR $\&Log: .\|.\|. $ .
|
|
This is useful for
|
|
accumulating a complete change log in a source file.
|
|
.RS
|
|
.LP
|
|
Each inserted line is prefixed by the string that prefixes the
|
|
.B $\&Log$
|
|
line. For example, if the
|
|
.B $\&Log$
|
|
line is
|
|
.RB \*(lq "//\ $\&Log: tan.cc\ $" \*(rq,
|
|
\*r prefixes each line of the log with
|
|
.RB \*(lq "//\ " \*(rq.
|
|
This is useful for languages with comments that go to the end of the line.
|
|
The convention for other languages is to use a
|
|
.RB \*(lq " \(** " \(rq
|
|
prefix inside a multiline comment.
|
|
For example, the initial log comment of a C program
|
|
conventionally is of the following form:
|
|
.RS
|
|
.LP
|
|
.nf
|
|
.ft 3
|
|
.ne 3
|
|
/\(**
|
|
.in +\w'/'u
|
|
\(** $\&Log$
|
|
\(**/
|
|
.in
|
|
.ft
|
|
.fi
|
|
.RE
|
|
.LP
|
|
For backwards compatibility with older versions of \*r, if the log prefix is
|
|
.B /\(**
|
|
or
|
|
.B (\(**
|
|
surrounded by optional white space, inserted log lines contain a space
|
|
instead of
|
|
.B /
|
|
or
|
|
.BR ( ;
|
|
however, this usage is obsolescent and should not be relied on.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B $\&Name$
|
|
The symbolic name used to check out the revision, if any.
|
|
For example,
|
|
.B "co\ \-rJoe"
|
|
generates
|
|
.BR "$\&Name:\ Joe\ $" .
|
|
Plain
|
|
.B co
|
|
generates just
|
|
.BR "$\&Name:\ \ $" .
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B $\&RCSfile$
|
|
The name of the \*r file without a path.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B $\&Revision$
|
|
The revision number assigned to the revision.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B $\&Source$
|
|
The full pathname of the \*r file.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B $\&State$
|
|
The state assigned to the revision with the
|
|
.B \-s
|
|
option of
|
|
.BR rcs (1)
|
|
or
|
|
.BR ci (1).
|
|
.PP
|
|
The following characters in keyword values are represented by escape sequences
|
|
to keep keyword strings well-formed.
|
|
.LP
|
|
.RS
|
|
.nf
|
|
.ne 6
|
|
.ta \w'newline 'u
|
|
\f2char escape sequence\fP
|
|
tab \f3\et\fP
|
|
newline \f3\en\fP
|
|
space \f3\e040
|
|
$ \e044
|
|
\e \e\e\fP
|
|
.fi
|
|
.RE
|
|
.SH "FILE MODES"
|
|
The working file inherits the read and execute permissions from the \*r
|
|
file. In addition, the owner write permission is turned on, unless
|
|
.B \-kv
|
|
is set or the file
|
|
is checked out unlocked and locking is set to strict (see
|
|
.BR rcs (1)).
|
|
.PP
|
|
If a file with the name of the working file exists already and has write
|
|
permission,
|
|
.B co
|
|
aborts the checkout,
|
|
asking beforehand if possible.
|
|
If the existing working file is
|
|
not writable or
|
|
.B \-f
|
|
is given, the working file is deleted without asking.
|
|
.SH FILES
|
|
.B co
|
|
accesses files much as
|
|
.BR ci (1)
|
|
does, except that it does not need to read the working file
|
|
unless a revision number of
|
|
.B $
|
|
is specified.
|
|
.SH ENVIRONMENT
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B \s-1RCSINIT\s0
|
|
options prepended to the argument list, separated by spaces.
|
|
See
|
|
.BR ci (1)
|
|
for details.
|
|
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
|
|
The \*r pathname, the working pathname,
|
|
and the revision number retrieved are
|
|
written to the diagnostic output.
|
|
The exit status is zero if and only if all operations were successful.
|
|
.SH IDENTIFICATION
|
|
Author: Walter F. Tichy.
|
|
.br
|
|
Manual Page Revision: \*(Rv; Release Date: \*(Dt.
|
|
.br
|
|
Copyright \(co 1982, 1988, 1989 Walter F. Tichy.
|
|
.br
|
|
Copyright \(co 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Paul Eggert.
|
|
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
|
rcsintro(1), ci(1), ctime(3), date(1), ident(1), make(1),
|
|
rcs(1), rcsclean(1), rcsdiff(1), rcsmerge(1), rlog(1),
|
|
rcsfile(5)
|
|
.br
|
|
Walter F. Tichy,
|
|
\*r\*-A System for Version Control,
|
|
.I "Software\*-Practice & Experience"
|
|
.BR 15 ,
|
|
7 (July 1985), 637-654.
|
|
.SH LIMITS
|
|
Links to the \*r and working files are not preserved.
|
|
.PP
|
|
There is no way to selectively suppress the expansion of keywords, except
|
|
by writing them differently. In nroff and troff, this is done by embedding the
|
|
null-character
|
|
.B \e&
|
|
into the keyword.
|
|
.br
|