449 lines
20 KiB
Plaintext
449 lines
20 KiB
Plaintext
+===================== Installing FreeBSD ==========================+
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| Table of Contents: |
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| 0.0 Quick Start: |
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| 0.1 Installing FreeBSD from CDROM or the Internet. |
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| 1.0 Detail on various installation types: |
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| 1.1 Installing from a network CDROM |
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| 1.2 Installing from Floppies |
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| 1.3 Installing from QIC/SCSI tape |
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| 1.4 Installing over a network using NFS or FTP |
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| 1.4.1 NFS Installation tips |
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| 1.4.2 FTP Installation tips |
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+=====================================================================+
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Author: Jordan K. Hubbard
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Last updated: Fri Mar 16 14:47:31 PST 2001
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0.0 Quick Start
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--- -----------
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This manual documents the process of making a new installation of
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FreeBSD on your machine. If you are upgrading from a previous
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release of FreeBSD, please see the file UPGRADE.TXT for important
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information on upgrading. If you are not familiar with configuring
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hardware for FreeBSD, you should also read the HARDWARE.TXT file -
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it contains important information which may save you a lot of grief.
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If you're new to FreeBSD then you should also read EVERYTHING listed
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in the Documentation menu on the boot floppy. It may seem like a lot
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to read, but the time you spend now reading the documents will be made
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up many times over because you were adequately prepared. Also, you will
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know the types of information available should you get stuck later.
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Once the system is installed, you can also revisit this menu and use a
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WEB browser to read the installed FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) and
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Handbook HTML documentation sets for FreeBSD. You can also use the
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browser to visit other WEB sites on the net (like http://www.freebsd.org)
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if you have an Internet connection. See ABOUT.TXT for more information
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on the resources available to you.
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The best laid plans sometimes go awry, so if you run into trouble take a
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look at TROUBLE.TXT which contains valuable troubleshooting information.
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DISCLAIMER: While FreeBSD does its best to safeguard against
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accidental loss of data, it's still more than possible to WIPE OUT
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YOUR ENTIRE DISK with this installation! Please do not proceed to the
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final FreeBSD installation menu unless you've adequately backed up any
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important data first! We really mean it!
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FreeBSD/alpha supports the alpha platforms described in HARDWARE.TXT
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You will need a dedicated disk for FreeBSD/alpha. It is not possible
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to share a disk with another operating system at this time. This disk
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will need to be attached to a SCSI controller which is supported by
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the SRM firmware or an IDE disk assuming the SRM in your machine
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supports booting from IDE disks.
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Your root filesystem MUST be the first partition (partition a) on the
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disk to be bootable.
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You will need the SRM console firmware for your platform. In some
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cases, it is possible to switch between AlphaBIOS (or ARC) firmware
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and SRM. In others it will be necessary to download new firmware from
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the vendor's Website.
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0.1 Installing FreeBSD from CDROM or the Internet
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--- ---------------------------------------------
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The easiest type of installation is from CD. If you have a supported
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CDROM drive and a FreeBSD installation CD from Walnut Creek CDROM, you
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can boot FreeBSD directly from the CDROM. Insert the CDROM into the
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drive and type the following command to start the installation:
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>>>boot dka0 (or whatever device your CDROM drive is)
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Alternatively you can boot the installation from floppy disk. You
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should start the installation by building a set of FreeBSD boot floppy
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from the files floppies/kern.flp and floppies/mfsroot.flp using the
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instructions found in floppies/README.TXT. From the SRM console prompt
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(>>>), just insert the kern.flp floppy and type the following command
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to start the installation:
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>>>boot dva0
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Insert the mfsroot.flp floppy when prompted and you will end up at the
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first screen of the install program.
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If you don't have a CDROM and would like to simply install over the
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net using PPP, slip or a dedicated connection, simply fetch the
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<FreeBSD-release>/floppies/kern.flp and mfsroot.flp files from:
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ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD
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or one of its many mirrors (http://www.freebsd.org/handbook/mirrors.html)
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and follow step 3 above. You should also read the floppies/README.TXT
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file as it contains important information for downloaders.
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Once you have a boot floppy made, please go to section 1.4 of this
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document for additional tips on installing via FTP or NFS.
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1.0 Detail on various installation types
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--- ------------------------------------
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Once you've gotten yourself to the initial installation screen
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somehow, you should be able to follow the various menu prompts and go
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from there. If you've never used the FreeBSD installation before, you
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are also encouraged to read some of the documentation in the the
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Documentation submenu as well as the general "Usage" instructions on
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the first menu.
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REMEMBER: If you get stuck at a screen, hit F1 for the online
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documentation for that section.
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If you've never installed FreeBSD before, or even if you have, the
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"Standard" installation mode is the most recommended since it makes sure
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that you'll visit all the various important checklist items along the
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way. If you're much more comfortable with the FreeBSD installation
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process and know _exactly_ what you want to do, use the Express or
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Custom installation options. If you're upgrading an existing system,
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use the Upgrade option.
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The FreeBSD installer supports the direct use of floppy, DOS, tape,
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CDROM, FTP, NFS and UFS partitions as installation media, further tips
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on installing from each type of media listed below.
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Once the install procedure has finished, you will be able to start
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FreeBSD/alpha by typing something like this to the SRM prompt:
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>>>boot dkc0
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This instructs the firmware to boot the specified disk. To find the
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SRM names of disks in your machine, use the show device command:
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>>>show device
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dka0.0.0.4.0 DKA0 TOSHIBA CD-ROM XM-57 3476
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dkc0.0.0.1009.0 DKC0 RZ1BB-BS 0658
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dkc100.1.0.1009.0 DKC100 SEAGATE ST34501W 0015
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dva0.0.0.0.1 DVA0
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ewa0.0.0.3.0 EWA0 00-00-F8-75-6D-01
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pkc0.7.0.1009.0 PKC0 SCSI Bus ID 7 5.27
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pqa0.0.0.4.0 PQA0 PCI EIDE
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pqb0.0.1.4.0 PQB0 PCI EIDE
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This example is from a Digital Personal Workstation 433au and shows
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three disks attached to the machine. The first is a CDROM called dka0
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and the other two are disks and are called dkc0 and dkc100
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repectively.
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You can specify which kernel file to load and what boot options to use
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with the -file and -flags options to boot, e.g.:
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>>>boot -file kernel.old -flags s
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To make FreeBSD/alpha boot automatically, use these commands:
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>>>set boot_osflags a
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>>>set bootdef_dev dkc0
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>>>set auto_action BOOT
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1.1 Installing from a network CDROM
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--- -------------------------------
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If you simply wish to install from a local CDROM drive then see the
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Quick Start section. If you don't have a CDROM drive on your system
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and wish to use a FreeBSD distribution CD in the CDROM drive of
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another system to which you have network connectivity, there are
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several ways of going about it:
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1. If you would be able to FTP install FreeBSD directly from the CDROM
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drive in some FreeBSD machine, it's quite easy: You simply add the
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following line to the password file (using the vipw command):
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ftp:*:99:99::0:0:FTP:/cdrom:/sbin/nologin
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Warning: This may allow anyone on the local network (or Internet) to
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make "anonymous FTP" connections to this machine, which may not be
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desirable.
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On the machine on which you are running the install, go to the "Options"
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menu and set "Release Name" to "any". You may then choose a Media
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type of FTP and type in: ``ftp://<machine with CDROM drive>'' after
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picking "URL" in the ftp sites menu.
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2. If you would rather use NFS to export the CDROM directly to the
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machine(s) you'll be installing from, you need to first add an
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entry to the /etc/exports file (on the machine with the CDROM drive)
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which looks something like this:
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/cdrom -ro ziggy.foo.com
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To allow the machine "ziggy.foo.com" to mount the CDROM directly
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via NFS during installation. The machine with the CDROM must also
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be configured as an NFS server, of course, and if you're not sure how
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to do that then an NFS installation is probably not the best choice
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for you unless you're willing to read up on rc.conf(5) and configure
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things appropriately. Assuming that this part goes smoothly, you
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should be able to enter: <cdrom-host>:/cdrom as the path for an NFS
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installation when the target machine is installed.
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1.2 Installing from Floppies
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--- ------------------------
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If you must install from floppy disks, either due to unsupported
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hardware or just because you enjoy doing things the hard way, you must
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first prepare some floppies for the install.
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First, make a set of boot floppies as described in floppies/README.TXT.
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Second, read the file LAYOUT.TXT and pay special attention to the
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"Distribution format" section since it describes which files you're
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going to need to put onto floppy and which you can safely skip.
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Next you will need, at minimum, as many 1.44MB floppies as it takes to
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hold all files in the bin (binary distribution) directory. If you're
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preparing these floppies under DOS, then THESE floppies *must* be
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formatted using the MS-DOS FORMAT command. If you're using Windows,
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use the Windows File Manager format command.
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Don't trust Factory Preformatted floppies! Format them again
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yourself, just to make sure. Many problems reported by our users in
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the past have resulted from the use of improperly formatted media,
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which is why I'm taking such special care to mention it here!
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If you're creating the floppies from another FreeBSD machine, a format
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is still not a bad idea though you don't need to put a DOS filesystem
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on each floppy. You can use the `disklabel' and `newfs' commands to
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put a UFS filesystem on a floppy, as the following sequence of
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commands illustrates:
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fdformat -f 1440 fd0.1440
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disklabel -w -r fd0.1440 floppy3
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newfs -t 2 -u 18 -l 1 -i 65536 /dev/fd0
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After you've formatted the floppies for DOS or UFS, you'll need to
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copy the files onto them. The distribution files are split into
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chunks conveniently sized so that 5 of them will fit on a conventional
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1.44MB floppy. Go through all your floppies, packing as many files as
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will fit on each one, until you've got all the distributions you want
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packed up in this fashion. Each distribution should go into its own
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subdirectory on the floppy, e.g.: a:\bin\bin.inf, a:\bin\bin.aa,
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a:\bin\bin.ab, ...
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IMPORTANT NOTE: The bin.inf file also needs to go on the first floppy
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of the bin set since it is read by the installation program in order
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to figure out how many additional pieces to look for when fetching and
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concatenating the distribution. When putting distributions onto
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floppies, the <distname>.inf file MUST occupy the first floppy of each
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distribution set!
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Once you come to the Media screen of the install, select "Floppy" and
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you'll be prompted for the rest.
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1.3 Installing from QIC/SCSI Tape
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--- -----------------------------
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When installing from tape, the installation program expects the files
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to be simply tar'ed onto it, so after fetching all of the files for
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the distributions you're interested in, simply tar them onto the tape
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with a command something like this:
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cd /where/you/have/your/dists
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tar cvf /dev/rwt0 (or /dev/rsa0) dist1 .. dist2
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When you go to do the installation, you should also make sure that you
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leave enough room in some temporary directory (which you'll be allowed
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to choose) to accommodate the FULL contents of the tape you've
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created. Due to the non-random access nature of tapes, this method of
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installation requires quite a bit of temporary storage! You should
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expect to require as much temporary storage as you have stuff written
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on tape.
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SPECIAL NOTE: When going to do the installation, the tape must be in
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the drive *before* booting from the boot floppy. The installation
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"probe" may otherwise fail to find it.
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Now create a boot floppy as described in section 0.1 and proceed with
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the installation.
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1.4 Installing over a network using FTP or NFS
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--- ------------------------------------------
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After making a boot floppy as described in the first section, you can
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load the rest of the installation over a network using one of 3 types
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of connections:
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Serial port: SLIP / PPP
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Parallel port: PLIP (using ``laplink'' style cable)
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Ethernet: A standard Ethernet controller (including
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certain PCCARD devices).
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Serial Port
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-----------
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SLIP support is rather primitive, and is limited primarily to
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hard-wired links, such as a serial cable running between two
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computers. The link must be hard-wired because the SLIP installation
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doesn't currently offer a dialing capability. If you need to dial out
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with a modem or otherwise dialog with the link before connecting to
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it, then I recommend that the PPP utility be used instead.
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If you're using PPP, make sure that you have your Internet Service
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Provider's IP address and DNS information handy as you'll need to know
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it fairly early in the installation process. You may also need to
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know your own IP address, though PPP supports dynamic address
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negotiation and may be able to pick up this information directly from
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your ISP if they support it.
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You will also need to know how to use the various "AT commands" for
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dialing out with your particular brand of modem as the PPP dialer
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provides only a very simple terminal emulator.
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Parallel Port
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-------------
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If a hard-wired connection to another FreeBSD or Linux machine is
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available, you might also consider installing over a "laplink"
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style parallel port cable. The data rate over the parallel port
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is much higher than what is typically possible over a serial line
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(up to 50k/sec), thus resulting in a quicker installation. It's not
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typically necessary to use "real" IP addresses when using a
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point-to-point parallel cable in this way and you can generally just
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use RFC 1918 style addresses for the ends of the link (e.g. 10.0.0.1,
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10.0.0.2, etc).
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IMPORTANT NOTE: If you use a Linux machine rather than a FreeBSD
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machine as your PLIP peer, you will also have to specify "link0" in
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the TCP/IP setup screen's ``extra options for ifconfig'' field.
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Ethernet
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--------
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FreeBSD supports most common Ethernet cards, a table of supported
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cards (and their required settings) being provided as part of the
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FreeBSD Hardware Guide (see the Documentation menu on the boot floppy
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or the top level directory of the CDROM).
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You will also need to know your IP address on the network, the
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"netmask" value for your address class and the name of your machine.
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Your system administrator can tell you which values are appropriate to
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your particular network setup. If you will be referring to other
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hosts by name rather than IP address, you'll also need a name server
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and possibly the address of a gateway (if you're using PPP, it's your
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provider's IP address) to use in talking to it.
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If you do not know the answers to these questions then you should
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really probably talk to your system administrator _first_ before
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trying this type of installation! Using a randomly chosen IP address
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or netmask on a live network will almost certainly get you shot at
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dawn.
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Once you have a network connection of some sort working, the
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installation can continue over NFS or FTP.
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1.4.1 NFS installation tips
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----- ---------------------
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NFS installation is fairly straight-forward: Simply copy the
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FreeBSD distribution files you want onto a server somewhere
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and then point the NFS media selection at it.
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If this server supports only "privileged port" access (as is
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generally the default for Sun and Linux workstations), you
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will need to set this option in the Options menu before
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installation can proceed.
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If you have a poor quality Ethernet card which suffers from very
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slow transfer rates, you may also wish to toggle the appropriate
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Options flag.
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In order for NFS installation to work, the server must also support
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"subdir mounts", e.g. if your FreeBSD 2.2 distribution directory
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lives on: ziggy:/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD
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Then ziggy will have to allow the direct mounting of
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/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD, not just /usr or /usr/archive/stuff.
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In FreeBSD's /etc/exports file this is controlled by the
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``-alldirs'' option. Other NFS servers may have different
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conventions. If you are getting `Permission Denied' messages
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from the server then it's likely that you don't have this
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properly enabled!
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1.4.2 FTP Installation tips
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----- ---------------------
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FTP installation may be done from any mirror site containing a
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reasonably up-to-date version of FreeBSD. A full menu of
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reasonable choices for almost any location in the world is
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provided in the FTP site menu during installation.
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If you are installing from some other FTP site not listed in
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this menu, or you are having troubles getting your name server
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configured properly, you can also specify your own URL by
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selecting the ``URL'' choice in that menu. A URL can
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contain a hostname or an IP address, so the following would
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work in the absence of a name server:
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ftp://192.216.191.11/pub/FreeBSD
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There are three FTP installation modes you can use:
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o FTP:
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This method uses the standard "Active" mode for file
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transfers which allows the server to initiate a connection
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to the client. This will not work through most firewalls
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but will often work best with older FTP servers that do
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not support passive mode. If your connection hangs with
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passive mode, try this one!
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o FTP Passive:
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This sets the FTP "Passive" mode which prevents the
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server from opening connections to the client. This
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option is best for users to pass through firewalls that
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do not allow incoming connections on random port
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addresses.
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o FTP via an HTTP proxy:
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This option instructs FreeBSD to use HTTP to connect to a
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proxy for all FTP operations. The proxy will translate
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the requests and send them to the FTP server. This
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allows the user to pass through firewalls that do not
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allow FTP at all, but offer an HTTP proxy. You must
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specify the hostname of the proxy in addition to the FTP
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server.
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In the rare case that you have an FTP proxy that does not go
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through HTTP, you can specify the URL as something like :
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ftp://foo.bar.com:1234/pub/FreeBSD
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Where "1234" is the port number of the proxy ftp server.
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---- End of Installation Guide ---
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