928 lines
34 KiB
Plaintext
928 lines
34 KiB
Plaintext
'\" t
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.\"***************************************************************************
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.\" Copyright (c) 1998,1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc. *
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.\" *
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.\" Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a *
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.\" copy of this software and associated documentation files (the *
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.\" "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including *
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.\" without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, *
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.\" distribute, distribute with modifications, sublicense, and/or sell *
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.\" copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is *
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.\" furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: *
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.\" *
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.\" The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included *
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.\" in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. *
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.\" *
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.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS *
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.\" OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF *
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.\" MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. *
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.\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE ABOVE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, *
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.\" DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR *
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.\" OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR *
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.\" THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. *
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.\" *
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.\" Except as contained in this notice, the name(s) of the above copyright *
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.\" holders shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the *
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.\" sale, use or other dealings in this Software without prior written *
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.\" authorization. *
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.\"***************************************************************************
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.\"
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.\" $Id: ncurses.3x,v 1.46 2000/11/25 21:58:45 tom Exp $
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.hy 0
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.TH ncurses 3X ""
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.ds n 5
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.ds d @TERMINFO@
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.SH NAME
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\fBncurses\fR - CRT screen handling and optimization package
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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\fB#include <curses.h>\fR
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.br
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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The \fBncurses\fR library routines give the user a terminal-independent method
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of updating character screens with reasonable optimization. This
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implementation is ``new curses'' (ncurses) and is the approved replacement for
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4.4BSD classic curses, which has been discontinued.
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The \fBncurses\fR routines emulate the \fBcurses\fR(3X) library of System V
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Release 4 UNIX, and the XPG4 curses standard (XSI curses) but the \fBncurses\fR
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library is freely redistributable in source form. Differences from the SVr4
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curses are summarized under the EXTENSIONS and BUGS sections below and
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described in detail in the EXTENSIONS and BUGS sections of individual man
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pages.
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A program using these routines must be linked with the \fB-lncurses\fR option,
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or (if it has been generated) with the debugging library \fB-lncurses_g\fR.
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(Your system integrator may also have installed these libraries under
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the names \fB-lcurses\fR and \fB-lcurses_g\fR.)
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The ncurses_g library generates trace logs (in a file called 'trace' in the
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current directory) that describe curses actions.
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The \fBncurses\fR package supports: overall screen, window and pad
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manipulation; output to windows and pads; reading terminal input; control over
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terminal and \fBcurses\fR input and output options; environment query
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routines; color manipulation; use of soft label keys; terminfo capabilities;
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and access to low-level terminal-manipulation routines.
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To initialize the routines, the routine \fBinitscr\fR or \fBnewterm\fR
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must be called before any of the other routines that deal with windows
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and screens are used. The routine \fBendwin\fR must be called before
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exiting. To get character-at-a-time input without echoing (most
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interactive, screen oriented programs want this), the following
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sequence should be used:
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\fBinitscr(); cbreak(); noecho();\fR
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Most programs would additionally use the sequence:
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\fBnonl();\fR
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\fBintrflush(stdscr, FALSE);\fR
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\fBkeypad(stdscr, TRUE);\fR
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Before a \fBcurses\fR program is run, the tab stops of the terminal
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should be set and its initialization strings, if defined, must be
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output. This can be done by executing the \fBtput init\fR command
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after the shell environment variable \fBTERM\fR has been exported.
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\fBtset(1)\fR is usually responsible for doing this.
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[See \fBterminfo\fR(\*n) for further details.]
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The \fBncurses\fR library permits manipulation of data structures,
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called \fIwindows\fR, which can be thought of as two-dimensional
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arrays of characters representing all or part of a CRT screen. A
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default window called \fBstdscr\fR, which is the size of the terminal
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screen, is supplied. Others may be created with \fBnewwin\fR.
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Note that \fBcurses\fR does not handle overlapping windows, that's done by
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the \fBpanel\fR(3X) library. This means that you can either use
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\fBstdscr\fR or divide the screen into tiled windows and not using
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\fBstdscr\fR at all. Mixing the two will result in unpredictable, and
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undesired, effects.
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Windows are referred to by variables declared as \fBWINDOW *\fR.
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These data structures are manipulated with routines described here and
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elsewhere in the \fBncurses\fR manual pages. Among which the most basic
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routines are \fBmove\fR and \fBaddch\fR. More general versions of
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these routines are included with names beginning with \fBw\fR,
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allowing the user to specify a window. The routines not beginning
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with \fBw\fR affect \fBstdscr\fR.)
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After using routines to manipulate a window, \fBrefresh\fR is called,
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telling \fBcurses\fR to make the user's CRT screen look like
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\fBstdscr\fR. The characters in a window are actually of type
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\fBchtype\fR, (character and attribute data) so that other information
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about the character may also be stored with each character.
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Special windows called \fIpads\fR may also be manipulated. These are windows
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which are not constrained to the size of the screen and whose contents need not
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be completely displayed. See \fBcurs_pad\fR(3X) for more information.
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In addition to drawing characters on the screen, video attributes and colors
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may be supported, causing the characters to show up in such modes as
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underlined, in reverse video, or in color on terminals that support such
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display enhancements. Line drawing characters may be specified to be output.
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On input, \fBcurses\fR is also able to translate arrow and function keys that
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transmit escape sequences into single values. The video attributes, line
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drawing characters, and input values use names, defined in \fB<curses.h>\fR,
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such as \fBA_REVERSE\fR, \fBACS_HLINE\fR, and \fBKEY_LEFT\fR.
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If the environment variables \fBLINES\fR and \fBCOLUMNS\fR are set, or if the
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program is executing in a window environment, line and column information in
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the environment will override information read by \fIterminfo\fR. This would
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effect a program running in an AT&T 630 layer, for example, where the size of a
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screen is changeable (see \fBENVIRONMENT\fR).
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If the environment variable \fBTERMINFO\fR is defined, any program using
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\fBcurses\fR checks for a local terminal definition before checking in the
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standard place. For example, if \fBTERM\fR is set to \fBatt4424\fR, then the
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compiled terminal definition is found in
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\fB\*d/a/att4424\fR.
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(The \fBa\fR is copied from the first letter of \fBatt4424\fR to avoid
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creation of huge directories.) However, if \fBTERMINFO\fR is set to
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\fB$HOME/myterms\fR, \fBcurses\fR first checks
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\fB$HOME/myterms/a/att4424\fR,
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and if that fails, it then checks
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\fB\*d/a/att4424\fR.
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This is useful for developing experimental definitions or when write
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permission in \fB\*d\fR is not available.
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The integer variables \fBLINES\fR and \fBCOLS\fR are defined in
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\fB<curses.h>\fR and will be filled in by \fBinitscr\fR with the size of the
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screen. The constants \fBTRUE\fR and \fBFALSE\fR have the values \fB1\fR and
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\fB0\fR, respectively.
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The \fBcurses\fR routines also define the \fBWINDOW *\fR variable \fBcurscr\fR
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which is used for certain low-level operations like clearing and redrawing a
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screen containing garbage. The \fBcurscr\fR can be used in only a few
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routines.
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.SS Routine and Argument Names
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Many \fBcurses\fR routines have two or more versions. The routines prefixed
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with \fBw\fR require a window argument. The routines prefixed with \fBp\fR
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require a pad argument. Those without a prefix generally use \fBstdscr\fR.
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The routines prefixed with \fBmv\fR require a \fIy\fR and \fIx\fR
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coordinate to move to before performing the appropriate action. The
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\fBmv\fR routines imply a call to \fBmove\fR before the call to the
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other routine. The coordinate \fIy\fR always refers to the row (of
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the window), and \fIx\fR always refers to the column. The upper
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left-hand corner is always (0,0), not (1,1).
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The routines prefixed with \fBmvw\fR take both a window argument and
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\fIx\fR and \fIy\fR coordinates. The window argument is always
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specified before the coordinates.
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In each case, \fIwin\fR is the window affected, and \fIpad\fR is the
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pad affected; \fIwin\fR and \fIpad\fR are always pointers to type
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\fBWINDOW\fR.
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Option setting routines require a Boolean flag \fIbf\fR with the value
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\fBTRUE\fR or \fBFALSE\fR; \fIbf\fR is always of type \fBbool\fR. The
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variables \fIch\fR and \fIattrs\fR below are always of type
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\fBchtype\fR. The types \fBWINDOW\fR, \fBSCREEN\fR, \fBbool\fR, and
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\fBchtype\fR are defined in \fB<curses.h>\fR. The type \fBTERMINAL\fR
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is defined in \fB<term.h>\fR. All other arguments are integers.
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.SS Routine Name Index
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The following table lists each \fBcurses\fR routine and the name of
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the manual page on which it is described. Routines flagged with `*'
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are ncurses-specific, not described by XPG4 or present in SVr4.
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.TS
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center tab(/);
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l l
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l l .
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\fBcurses\fR Routine Name/Manual Page Name
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=
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COLOR_PAIR/\fBcurs_color\fR(3X)
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PAIR_NUMBER/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
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_nc_tracebits/\fBcurs_trace\fR(3X)*
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_traceattr/\fBcurs_trace\fR(3X)*
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_traceattr2/\fBcurs_trace\fR(3X)*
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_tracechar/\fBcurs_trace\fR(3X)*
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_tracechtype/\fBcurs_trace\fR(3X)*
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_tracechtype2/\fBcurs_trace\fR(3X)*
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_tracedump/\fBcurs_trace\fR(3X)*
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_tracef/\fBcurs_trace\fR(3X)*
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_tracemouse/\fBcurs_trace\fR(3X)*
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addch/\fBcurs_addch\fR(3X)
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addchnstr/\fBcurs_addchstr\fR(3X)
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addchstr/\fBcurs_addchstr\fR(3X)
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addnstr/\fBcurs_addstr\fR(3X)
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addstr/\fBcurs_addstr\fR(3X)
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assume_default_colors/\fBdefault_colors\fR(3X)*
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attr_get/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
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attr_off/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
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attr_on/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
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attr_set/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
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attroff/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
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attron/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
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attrset/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
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baudrate/\fBcurs_termattrs\fR(3X)
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beep/\fBcurs_beep\fR(3X)
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bkgd/\fBcurs_bkgd\fR(3X)
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bkgdset/\fBcurs_bkgd\fR(3X)
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border/\fBcurs_border\fR(3X)
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box/\fBcurs_border\fR(3X)
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can_change_color/\fBcurs_color\fR(3X)
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cbreak/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
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chgat/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
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clear/\fBcurs_clear\fR(3X)
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clearok/\fBcurs_outopts\fR(3X)
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clrtobot/\fBcurs_clear\fR(3X)
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clrtoeol/\fBcurs_clear\fR(3X)
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color_content/\fBcurs_color\fR(3X)
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color_set/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
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copywin/\fBcurs_overlay\fR(3X)
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curs_set/\fBcurs_kernel\fR(3X)
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curses_version/\fBcurs_extend\fR(3X)*
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def_prog_mode/\fBcurs_kernel\fR(3X)
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def_shell_mode/\fBcurs_kernel\fR(3X)
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define_key/\fBdefine_key\fR(3X)*
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del_curterm/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
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delay_output/\fBcurs_util\fR(3X)
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delch/\fBcurs_delch\fR(3X)
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deleteln/\fBcurs_deleteln\fR(3X)
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delscreen/\fBcurs_initscr\fR(3X)
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delwin/\fBcurs_window\fR(3X)
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derwin/\fBcurs_window\fR(3X)
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doupdate/\fBcurs_refresh\fR(3X)
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dupwin/\fBcurs_window\fR(3X)
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echo/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
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echochar/\fBcurs_addch\fR(3X)
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endwin/\fBcurs_initscr\fR(3X)
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erase/\fBcurs_clear\fR(3X)
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erasechar/\fBcurs_termattrs\fR(3X)
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filter/\fBcurs_util\fR(3X)
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flash/\fBcurs_beep\fR(3X)
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flushinp/\fBcurs_util\fR(3X)
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getbegyx/\fBcurs_getyx\fR(3X)
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getbkgd/\fBcurs_bkgd\fR(3X)
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getch/\fBcurs_getch\fR(3X)
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getmaxyx/\fBcurs_getyx\fR(3X)
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getmouse/\fBcurs_mouse\fR(3X)*
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getnstr/\fBcurs_getstr\fR(3X)
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getparyx/\fBcurs_getyx\fR(3X)
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getstr/\fBcurs_getstr\fR(3X)
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getsyx/\fBcurs_kernel\fR(3X)
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getwin/\fBcurs_util\fR(3X)
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getyx/\fBcurs_getyx\fR(3X)
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halfdelay/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
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has_colors/\fBcurs_color\fR(3X)
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has_ic/\fBcurs_termattrs\fR(3X)
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has_il/\fBcurs_termattrs\fR(3X)
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has_key/\fBcurs_getch\fR(3X)*
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hline/\fBcurs_border\fR(3X)
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idcok/\fBcurs_outopts\fR(3X)
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idlok/\fBcurs_outopts\fR(3X)
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immedok/\fBcurs_outopts\fR(3X)
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inch/\fBcurs_inch\fR(3X)
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inchnstr/\fBcurs_inchstr\fR(3X)
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inchstr/\fBcurs_inchstr\fR(3X)
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init_color/\fBcurs_color\fR(3X)
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init_pair/\fBcurs_color\fR(3X)
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initscr/\fBcurs_initscr\fR(3X)
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innstr/\fBcurs_instr\fR(3X)
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insch/\fBcurs_insch\fR(3X)
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insdelln/\fBcurs_deleteln\fR(3X)
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insertln/\fBcurs_deleteln\fR(3X)
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insnstr/\fBcurs_insstr\fR(3X)
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insstr/\fBcurs_insstr\fR(3X)
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instr/\fBcurs_instr\fR(3X)
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intrflush/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
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is_linetouched/\fBcurs_touch\fR(3X)
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is_wintouched/\fBcurs_touch\fR(3X)
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isendwin/\fBcurs_initscr\fR(3X)
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keybound/\fBkeybound\fR(3X)*
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keyname/\fBcurs_util\fR(3X)
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keyok/\fBkeyok\fR(3X)*
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keypad/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
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killchar/\fBcurs_termattrs\fR(3X)
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leaveok/\fBcurs_outopts\fR(3X)
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longname/\fBcurs_termattrs\fR(3X)
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mcprint/\fBcurs_print\fR(3X)*
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meta/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
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mouse_trafo/\fBcurs_mouse\fR(3X)*
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mouseinterval/\fBcurs_mouse\fR(3X)*
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mousemask/\fBcurs_mouse\fR(3X)*
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move/\fBcurs_move\fR(3X)
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mvaddch/\fBcurs_addch\fR(3X)
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mvaddchnstr/\fBcurs_addchstr\fR(3X)
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mvaddchstr/\fBcurs_addchstr\fR(3X)
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mvaddnstr/\fBcurs_addstr\fR(3X)
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mvaddstr/\fBcurs_addstr\fR(3X)
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mvchgat/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
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mvcur/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
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mvdelch/\fBcurs_delch\fR(3X)
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mvderwin/\fBcurs_window\fR(3X)
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mvgetch/\fBcurs_getch\fR(3X)
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mvgetnstr/\fBcurs_getstr\fR(3X)
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mvgetstr/\fBcurs_getstr\fR(3X)
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mvhline/\fBcurs_border\fR(3X)
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mvinch/\fBcurs_inch\fR(3X)
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mvinchnstr/\fBcurs_inchstr\fR(3X)
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mvinchstr/\fBcurs_inchstr\fR(3X)
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mvinnstr/\fBcurs_instr\fR(3X)
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mvinsch/\fBcurs_insch\fR(3X)
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mvinsnstr/\fBcurs_insstr\fR(3X)
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mvinsstr/\fBcurs_insstr\fR(3X)
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mvinstr/\fBcurs_instr\fR(3X)
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mvprintw/\fBcurs_printw\fR(3X)
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mvscanw/\fBcurs_scanw\fR(3X)
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mvvline/\fBcurs_border\fR(3X)
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mvwaddch/\fBcurs_addch\fR(3X)
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mvwaddchnstr/\fBcurs_addchstr\fR(3X)
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mvwaddchstr/\fBcurs_addchstr\fR(3X)
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mvwaddnstr/\fBcurs_addstr\fR(3X)
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mvwaddstr/\fBcurs_addstr\fR(3X)
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mvwchgat/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
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mvwdelch/\fBcurs_delch\fR(3X)
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mvwgetch/\fBcurs_getch\fR(3X)
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mvwgetnstr/\fBcurs_getstr\fR(3X)
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mvwgetstr/\fBcurs_getstr\fR(3X)
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mvwhline/\fBcurs_border\fR(3X)
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mvwin/\fBcurs_window\fR(3X)
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mvwinch/\fBcurs_inch\fR(3X)
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mvwinchnstr/\fBcurs_inchstr\fR(3X)
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mvwinchstr/\fBcurs_inchstr\fR(3X)
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mvwinnstr/\fBcurs_instr\fR(3X)
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mvwinsch/\fBcurs_insch\fR(3X)
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mvwinsnstr/\fBcurs_insstr\fR(3X)
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mvwinsstr/\fBcurs_insstr\fR(3X)
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mvwinstr/\fBcurs_instr\fR(3X)
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mvwprintw/\fBcurs_printw\fR(3X)
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mvwscanw/\fBcurs_scanw\fR(3X)
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mvwvline/\fBcurs_border\fR(3X)
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napms/\fBcurs_kernel\fR(3X)
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newpad/\fBcurs_pad\fR(3X)
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newterm/\fBcurs_initscr\fR(3X)
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newwin/\fBcurs_window\fR(3X)
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nl/\fBcurs_outopts\fR(3X)
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nocbreak/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
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nodelay/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
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noecho/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
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nonl/\fBcurs_outopts\fR(3X)
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noqiflush/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
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noraw/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
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notimeout/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
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overlay/\fBcurs_overlay\fR(3X)
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overwrite/\fBcurs_overlay\fR(3X)
|
|
pair_content/\fBcurs_color\fR(3X)
|
|
pechochar/\fBcurs_pad\fR(3X)
|
|
pnoutrefresh/\fBcurs_pad\fR(3X)
|
|
prefresh/\fBcurs_pad\fR(3X)
|
|
printw/\fBcurs_printw\fR(3X)
|
|
putp/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
|
|
putwin/\fBcurs_util\fR(3X)
|
|
qiflush/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
|
|
raw/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
|
|
redrawwin/\fBcurs_refresh\fR(3X)
|
|
refresh/\fBcurs_refresh\fR(3X)
|
|
reset_prog_mode/\fBcurs_kernel\fR(3X)
|
|
reset_shell_mode/\fBcurs_kernel\fR(3X)
|
|
resetty/\fBcurs_kernel\fR(3X)
|
|
resizeterm/\fBresizeterm\fR(3X)*
|
|
restartterm/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
|
|
ripoffline/\fBcurs_kernel\fR(3X)
|
|
savetty/\fBcurs_kernel\fR(3X)
|
|
scanw/\fBcurs_scanw\fR(3X)
|
|
scr_dump/\fBcurs_scr_dump\fR(3X)
|
|
scr_init/\fBcurs_scr_dump\fR(3X)
|
|
scr_restore/\fBcurs_scr_dump\fR(3X)
|
|
scr_set/\fBcurs_scr_dump\fR(3X)
|
|
scrl/\fBcurs_scroll\fR(3X)
|
|
scroll/\fBcurs_scroll\fR(3X)
|
|
scrollok/\fBcurs_outopts\fR(3X)
|
|
set_curterm/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
|
|
set_term/\fBcurs_initscr\fR(3X)
|
|
setscrreg/\fBcurs_outopts\fR(3X)
|
|
setsyx/\fBcurs_kernel\fR(3X)
|
|
setterm/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
|
|
setupterm/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
|
|
slk_attr/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)*
|
|
slk_attr_off/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
|
|
slk_attr_on/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
|
|
slk_attr_set/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
|
|
slk_attroff/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
|
|
slk_attron/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
|
|
slk_attrset/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
|
|
slk_clear/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
|
|
slk_color/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
|
|
slk_init/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
|
|
slk_label/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
|
|
slk_noutrefresh/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
|
|
slk_refresh/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
|
|
slk_restore/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
|
|
slk_set/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
|
|
slk_touch/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
|
|
standend/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
|
|
standout/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
|
|
start_color/\fBcurs_color\fR(3X)
|
|
subpad/\fBcurs_pad\fR(3X)
|
|
subwin/\fBcurs_window\fR(3X)
|
|
syncok/\fBcurs_window\fR(3X)
|
|
termattrs/\fBcurs_termattrs\fR(3X)
|
|
termname/\fBcurs_termattrs\fR(3X)
|
|
tgetent/\fBcurs_termcap\fR(3X)
|
|
tgetflag/\fBcurs_termcap\fR(3X)
|
|
tgetnum/\fBcurs_termcap\fR(3X)
|
|
tgetstr/\fBcurs_termcap\fR(3X)
|
|
tgoto/\fBcurs_termcap\fR(3X)
|
|
tigetflag/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
|
|
tigetnum/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
|
|
tigetstr/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
|
|
timeout/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
|
|
touchline/\fBcurs_touch\fR(3X)
|
|
touchwin/\fBcurs_touch\fR(3X)
|
|
tparm/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
|
|
tputs/\fBcurs_termcap\fR(3X)
|
|
tputs/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
|
|
trace/\fBcurs_trace\fR(3X)*
|
|
typeahead/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
|
|
unctrl/\fBcurs_util\fR(3X)
|
|
ungetch/\fBcurs_getch\fR(3X)
|
|
ungetmouse/\fBcurs_mouse\fR(3X)*
|
|
untouchwin/\fBcurs_touch\fR(3X)
|
|
use_default_colors/\fBdefault_colors\fR(3X)*
|
|
use_env/\fBcurs_util\fR(3X)
|
|
use_extended_names/\fBcurs_extend\fR(3X)*
|
|
vidattr/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
|
|
vidputs/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
|
|
vline/\fBcurs_border\fR(3X)
|
|
vw_printw/\fBcurs_printw\fR(3X)
|
|
vw_scanw/\fBcurs_scanw\fR(3X)
|
|
vwprintw/\fBcurs_printw\fR(3X)
|
|
vwscanw/\fBcurs_scanw\fR(3X)
|
|
waddch/\fBcurs_addch\fR(3X)
|
|
waddchnstr/\fBcurs_addchstr\fR(3X)
|
|
waddchstr/\fBcurs_addchstr\fR(3X)
|
|
waddnstr/\fBcurs_addstr\fR(3X)
|
|
waddstr/\fBcurs_addstr\fR(3X)
|
|
wattr_get/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
|
|
wattr_off/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
|
|
wattr_on/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
|
|
wattr_set/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
|
|
wattroff/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
|
|
wattron/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
|
|
wattrset/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
|
|
wbkgd/\fBcurs_bkgd\fR(3X)
|
|
wbkgdset/\fBcurs_bkgd\fR(3X)
|
|
wborder/\fBcurs_border\fR(3X)
|
|
wchgat/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
|
|
wclear/\fBcurs_clear\fR(3X)
|
|
wclrtobot/\fBcurs_clear\fR(3X)
|
|
wclrtoeol/\fBcurs_clear\fR(3X)
|
|
wcolor_set/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
|
|
wcursyncup/\fBcurs_window\fR(3X)
|
|
wdelch/\fBcurs_delch\fR(3X)
|
|
wdeleteln/\fBcurs_deleteln\fR(3X)
|
|
wechochar/\fBcurs_addch\fR(3X)
|
|
wenclose/\fBcurs_mouse\fR(3X)*
|
|
werase/\fBcurs_clear\fR(3X)
|
|
wgetch/\fBcurs_getch\fR(3X)
|
|
wgetnstr/\fBcurs_getstr\fR(3X)
|
|
wgetstr/\fBcurs_getstr\fR(3X)
|
|
whline/\fBcurs_border\fR(3X)
|
|
winch/\fBcurs_inch\fR(3X)
|
|
winchnstr/\fBcurs_inchstr\fR(3X)
|
|
winchstr/\fBcurs_inchstr\fR(3X)
|
|
winnstr/\fBcurs_instr\fR(3X)
|
|
winsch/\fBcurs_insch\fR(3X)
|
|
winsdelln/\fBcurs_deleteln\fR(3X)
|
|
winsertln/\fBcurs_deleteln\fR(3X)
|
|
winsnstr/\fBcurs_insstr\fR(3X)
|
|
winsstr/\fBcurs_insstr\fR(3X)
|
|
winstr/\fBcurs_instr\fR(3X)
|
|
wmouse_trafo/\fBcurs_mouse\fR(3X)*
|
|
wmove/\fBcurs_move\fR(3X)
|
|
wnoutrefresh/\fBcurs_refresh\fR(3X)
|
|
wprintw/\fBcurs_printw\fR(3X)
|
|
wredrawln/\fBcurs_refresh\fR(3X)
|
|
wrefresh/\fBcurs_refresh\fR(3X)
|
|
wresize/\fBwresize\fR(3X)*
|
|
wscanw/\fBcurs_scanw\fR(3X)
|
|
wscrl/\fBcurs_scroll\fR(3X)
|
|
wsetscrreg/\fBcurs_outopts\fR(3X)
|
|
wstandend/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
|
|
wstandout/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
|
|
wsyncdown/\fBcurs_window\fR(3X)
|
|
wsyncup/\fBcurs_window\fR(3X)
|
|
wtimeout/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
|
|
wtouchln/\fBcurs_touch\fR(3X)
|
|
wvline/\fBcurs_border\fR(3X)
|
|
.TE
|
|
.SH RETURN VALUE
|
|
Routines that return an integer return \fBERR\fR upon failure and an
|
|
integer value other than \fBERR\fR upon successful completion, unless
|
|
otherwise noted in the routine descriptions.
|
|
|
|
All macros return the value of the \fBw\fR version, except \fBsetscrreg\fR,
|
|
\fBwsetscrreg\fR, \fBgetyx\fR, \fBgetbegyx\fR, \fBgetmaxyx\fR. The return
|
|
values of \fBsetscrreg\fR, \fBwsetscrreg\fR, \fBgetyx\fR, \fBgetbegyx\fR, and
|
|
\fBgetmaxyx\fR are undefined (\fIi\fR.\fIe\fR., these should not be used as the
|
|
right-hand side of assignment statements).
|
|
|
|
Routines that return pointers return \fBNULL\fR on error.
|
|
.SH ENVIRONMENT
|
|
The following environment symbols are useful for customizing the
|
|
runtime behavior of the \fBncurses\fR library. The most important
|
|
ones have been already discussed in detail.
|
|
.TP 5
|
|
BAUDRATE
|
|
The debugging library checks this environment symbol when the application
|
|
has redirected output to a file.
|
|
The symbol's numeric value is used for the baudrate.
|
|
If no value is found \fBncurses\fR uses 9600.
|
|
This allows testers to construct repeatable test-cases
|
|
that take into account costs that depend on baudrate.
|
|
.TP 5
|
|
CC
|
|
When set, change occurrences of the command_character
|
|
(i.e., the \fBcmdch\fP capability)
|
|
of the loaded terminfo entries to the value of this symbol.
|
|
Very few terminfo entries provide this feature.
|
|
.TP 5
|
|
COLUMNS
|
|
Specify the width of the screen in characters.
|
|
Applications running in a windowing environment usually are able to
|
|
obtain the width of the window in which they are executing.
|
|
If neither the $COLUMNS value nor the terminal's screen size is available,
|
|
\fBncurses\fR uses the size which may be specified in the terminfo database
|
|
(i.e., the \fBcols\fR capability).
|
|
|
|
It is important that your application use a correct size for the screen.
|
|
However, this is not always possible because your application may be
|
|
running on a host which does not honor NAWS (Negotiations About Window
|
|
Size), or because you are temporarily running as another user.
|
|
|
|
Either COLUMNS or LINES symbols may be specified independently.
|
|
This is mainly useful to circumvent legacy misfeatures of terminal descriptions,
|
|
e.g., xterm which commonly specifies a 65 line screen.
|
|
For best results, \fBlines\fR and \fBcols\fR should not be specified in
|
|
a terminal description for terminals which are run as emulations.
|
|
|
|
Use the \fBuse_env\fR function to disable this feature.
|
|
.TP 5
|
|
ESCDELAY
|
|
Specifies the total time, in milliseconds, for which ncurses will
|
|
await a character sequence, e.g., a function key.
|
|
The default value, 1000 milliseconds, is enough for most uses.
|
|
However, it is made a variable to accommodate unusual applications.
|
|
|
|
The most common instance where you may wish to change this value
|
|
is to work with slow hosts, e.g., running on a network.
|
|
If the host cannot read characters rapidly enough, it will have the same
|
|
effect as if the terminal did not send characters rapidly enough.
|
|
The library will still see a timeout.
|
|
|
|
Note that xterm mouse events are built up from character sequences
|
|
received from the xterm.
|
|
If your application makes heavy use of multiple-clicking, you may
|
|
wish to lengthen this default value because the timeout applies
|
|
to the composed multi-click event as well as the individual clicks.
|
|
.TP 5
|
|
HOME
|
|
Tells \fBncurses\fR where your home directory is.
|
|
That is where it may read and write auxiliary terminal descriptions:
|
|
|
|
$HOME/.termcap
|
|
.br
|
|
$HOME/.terminfo
|
|
.TP 5
|
|
LINES
|
|
Like COLUMNS, specify the height of the screen in characters.
|
|
See COLUMNS for a detailed description.
|
|
.TP 5
|
|
MOUSE_BUTTONS_123
|
|
This applies only to the OS/2 EMX port.
|
|
It specifies the order of buttons on the mouse.
|
|
OS/2 numbers a 3-button mouse inconsistently from other
|
|
platforms:
|
|
|
|
1 = left
|
|
.br
|
|
2 = right
|
|
.br
|
|
3 = middle.
|
|
|
|
This symbol lets you customize the mouse.
|
|
The symbol must be three numeric digits 1-3 in any order, e.g., 123 or 321.
|
|
If it is not specified, \fBncurses\fR uses 132.
|
|
.TP 5
|
|
NCURSES_NO_PADDING
|
|
Most of the terminal descriptions in the terminfo database are written
|
|
for real "hardware" terminals.
|
|
Many people use terminal emulators
|
|
which run in a windowing environment and use curses-based applications.
|
|
Terminal emulators can duplicate
|
|
all of the important aspects of a hardware terminal, but they do not
|
|
have the same limitations.
|
|
The chief limitation of a hardware terminal from the standpoint
|
|
of your application is the management of dataflow, i.e., timing.
|
|
Unless a hardware terminal is interfaced into a terminal concentrator
|
|
(which does flow control),
|
|
it (or your application) must manage dataflow, preventing overruns.
|
|
The cheapest solution (no hardware cost)
|
|
is for your program to do this by pausing after
|
|
operations that the terminal does slowly, such as clearing the display.
|
|
|
|
As a result, many terminal descriptions (including the vt100)
|
|
have delay times embedded. You may wish to use these descriptions,
|
|
but not want to pay the performance penalty.
|
|
|
|
Set the NCURSES_NO_PADDING symbol to disable all but mandatory
|
|
padding. Mandatory padding is used as a part of special control
|
|
sequences such as \fIflash\fR.
|
|
.TP 5
|
|
NCURSES_NO_SETBUF
|
|
Normally \fBncurses\fR enables buffered output during terminal initialization.
|
|
This is done (as in SVr4 curses) for performance reasons.
|
|
For testing purposes, both of \fBncurses\fR and certain applications,
|
|
this feature is made optional. Setting the NCURSES_NO_SETBUF variable
|
|
disables output buffering, leaving the output in the original (usually
|
|
line buffered) mode.
|
|
.TP 5
|
|
NCURSES_TRACE
|
|
During initialization, the \fBncurses\fR debugging library
|
|
checks the NCURSES_TRACE symbol.
|
|
If it is defined, to a numeric value, \fBncurses\fR calls the \fBtrace\fR
|
|
function, using that value as the argument.
|
|
|
|
The argument values, which are defined in \fBcurses.h\fR, provide several
|
|
types of information.
|
|
When running with traces enabled, your application will write the
|
|
file \fBtrace\fR to the current directory.
|
|
.TP 5
|
|
TERM
|
|
Denotes your terminal type.
|
|
Each terminal type is distinct, though many are similar.
|
|
.TP 5
|
|
TERMCAP
|
|
If the \fBncurses\fR library has been configured with \fItermcap\fR
|
|
support, \fBncurses\fR will check for a terminal's description in
|
|
termcap form if it is not available in the terminfo database.
|
|
|
|
The TERMCAP symbol contains either a terminal description (with
|
|
newlines stripped out),
|
|
or a file name telling where the information denoted by the TERM symbol exists.
|
|
In either case, setting it directs \fBncurses\fR to ignore
|
|
the usual place for this information, e.g., /etc/termcap.
|
|
.TP 5
|
|
TERMINFO
|
|
Overrides the directory in which \fBncurses\fR searches for your terminal
|
|
description.
|
|
This is the simplest, but not the only way to change the list of directories.
|
|
The complete list of directories in order follows:
|
|
.RS
|
|
.TP 3
|
|
-
|
|
the last directory to which \fBncurses\fR wrote, if any, is searched first.
|
|
.TP 3
|
|
-
|
|
the directory specified by the TERMINFO symbol
|
|
.TP 3
|
|
-
|
|
$HOME/.terminfo
|
|
.TP 3
|
|
-
|
|
directories listed in the TERMINFO_DIRS symbol
|
|
.TP 3
|
|
-
|
|
one or more directories whose names are configured and compiled into the
|
|
ncurses library, e.g.,
|
|
@TERMINFO@
|
|
.RE
|
|
.TP 5
|
|
TERMINFO_DIRS
|
|
Specifies a list of directories to search for terminal descriptions.
|
|
The list is separated by colons (i.e., ":") on Unix, semicolons on OS/2 EMX.
|
|
All of the terminal descriptions are in terminfo form, which makes
|
|
a subdirectory named for the first letter of the terminal names therein.
|
|
.TP 5
|
|
TERMPATH
|
|
If TERMCAP does not hold a file name then \fBncurses\fR checks
|
|
the TERMPATH symbol.
|
|
This is a list of filenames separated by spaces or colons (i.e., ":") on Unix, semicolons on OS/2 EMX.
|
|
If the TERMPATH symbol is not set, \fBncurses\fR looks in the files
|
|
/etc/termcap, /usr/share/misc/termcap and $HOME/.termcap, in that order.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The library may be configured to disregard the following variables when the
|
|
current user is the superuser (root), or if the application uses setuid or
|
|
setgid permissions:
|
|
$TERMINFO, $TERMINFO_DIRS, $TERMPATH, as well as $HOME.
|
|
.SH FILES
|
|
.TP 5
|
|
@DATADIR@/tabset
|
|
directory containing initialization files for the terminal capability database
|
|
@TERMINFO@
|
|
terminal capability database
|
|
.SH SEE ALSO
|
|
\fBterminfo\fR(\*n) and 3X pages whose names begin "curs_" for detailed routine
|
|
descriptions.
|
|
.SH EXTENSIONS
|
|
The \fBncurses\fR library can be compiled with an option (\fB-DUSE_GETCAP\fR)
|
|
that falls back to the old-style /etc/termcap file if the terminal setup code
|
|
cannot find a terminfo entry corresponding to \fBTERM\fR. Use of this feature
|
|
is not recommended, as it essentially includes an entire termcap compiler in
|
|
the \fBncurses\fR startup code, at significant cost in core and startup cycles.
|
|
|
|
The \fBncurses\fR library includes facilities for capturing mouse events on
|
|
certain terminals (including xterm). See the \fBcurs_mouse\fR(3X)
|
|
manual page for details.
|
|
|
|
The \fBncurses\fR library includes facilities for responding to window
|
|
resizing events, e.g., when running in an xterm.
|
|
See the \fBresizeterm\fR(3X)
|
|
and \fBwresize\fR(3X) manual pages for details.
|
|
In addition, the library may be configured with a SIGWINCH handler.
|
|
|
|
The \fBncurses\fR library extends the fixed set of function key capabilities
|
|
of terminals by allowing the application designer to define additional
|
|
key sequences at runtime.
|
|
See the \fBdefine_key\fR(3X)
|
|
and \fBkeyok\fR(3X) manual pages for details.
|
|
|
|
The \fBncurses\fR library can exploit the capabilities of terminals which
|
|
implement the ISO-6429 SGR 39 and SGR 49 controls, which allow an application
|
|
to reset the terminal to its original foreground and background colors.
|
|
From the users' perspective, the application is able to draw colored
|
|
text on a background whose color is set independently, providing better
|
|
control over color contrasts.
|
|
See the \fBuse_default_colors\fR(3X) manual page for details.
|
|
|
|
The \fBncurses\fR library includes a function for directing application output
|
|
to a printer attached to the terminal device. See the \fBcurs_print\fR(3X)
|
|
manual page for details.
|
|
.SH PORTABILITY
|
|
The \fBncurses\fR library is intended to be BASE-level conformant with the XSI
|
|
Curses standard. Certain portions of the EXTENDED XSI Curses functionality
|
|
(including color support) are supported. The following EXTENDED XSI Curses
|
|
calls in support of wide (multibyte) characters are not yet implemented:
|
|
\fBadd_wch\fP,
|
|
\fBadd_wchnstr\fP,
|
|
\fBadd_wchstr\fP,
|
|
\fBaddnwstr\fP,
|
|
\fBaddwstr\fP,
|
|
\fBbkgrnd\fP,
|
|
\fBbkgrndset\fP,
|
|
\fBborder_set\fP,
|
|
\fBbox_set\fP,
|
|
\fBecho_wchar\fP,
|
|
\fBerasewchar\fP,
|
|
\fBget_wch\fP,
|
|
\fBget_wstr\fP,
|
|
\fBgetbkgrnd\fP,
|
|
\fBgetcchar\fP,
|
|
\fBgetn_wstr\fP,
|
|
\fBgetwchtype\fP,
|
|
\fBhline_set\fP,
|
|
\fBin_wch\fP,
|
|
\fBin_wchnstr\fP,
|
|
\fBin_wchstr\fP,
|
|
\fBinnwstr\fP,
|
|
\fBins_nwstr\fP,
|
|
\fBins_wch\fP,
|
|
\fBins_wstr\fP,
|
|
\fBinwchnstr\fP,
|
|
\fBinwchstr\fP,
|
|
\fBinwstr\fP,
|
|
\fBkey_name\fP,
|
|
\fBkillwchar\fP,
|
|
\fBmvadd_wch\fP,
|
|
\fBmvadd_wchnstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvadd_wchstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvaddnwstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvaddwstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvget_wch\fP,
|
|
\fBmvget_wstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvgetn_wstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvhline_set\fP,
|
|
\fBmvin_wch\fP,
|
|
\fBmvinnwstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvins_nwstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvins_wch\fP,
|
|
\fBmvins_wstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvinwchnstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvinwchstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvinwchstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvinwstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvvline_set\fP,
|
|
\fBmvwadd_wch\fP,
|
|
\fBmvwadd_wchnstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvwadd_wchstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvwaddnwstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvwaddwstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvwget_ch\fP,
|
|
\fBmvwget_wch\fP,
|
|
\fBmvwget_wstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvwgetn_wstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvwhline_set\fP,
|
|
\fBmvwin_wch\fP,
|
|
\fBmvwin_wchnstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvwin_wchstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvwinnwstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvwins_nwstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvwins_wch\fP,
|
|
\fBmvwins_wstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvwinwchnstr\fP.
|
|
\fBmvwinwstr\fP,
|
|
\fBmvwvline_set\fP,
|
|
\fBpecho_wchar\fP,
|
|
\fBsetcchar\fP,
|
|
\fBslk_wset\fP,
|
|
\fBterm_attrs\fP,
|
|
\fBunget_wch\fP,
|
|
\fBvhline_set\fP,
|
|
\fBvid_attr\fP,
|
|
\fBvid_puts\fP,
|
|
\fBvline_set\fP,
|
|
\fBwadd_wch\fP,
|
|
\fBwadd_wchnstr\fP,
|
|
\fBwadd_wchstr\fP,
|
|
\fBwaddnwstr\fP,
|
|
\fBwaddwstr\fP,
|
|
\fBwaddwstr\fP,
|
|
\fBwbkgrnd\fP,
|
|
\fBwbkgrndset\fP,
|
|
\fBwbkgrndset\fP,
|
|
\fBwborder_set\fP,
|
|
\fBwecho_wchar\fP,
|
|
\fBwecho_wchar\fP,
|
|
\fBwget_wch\fP,
|
|
\fBwget_wstr\fP,
|
|
\fBwgetbkgrnd\fP,
|
|
\fBwgetn_wstr\fP,
|
|
\fBwhline_set\fP,
|
|
\fBwin_wch\fP,
|
|
\fBwin_wchnstr\fP,
|
|
\fBwin_wchstr\fP,
|
|
\fBwinnwstr\fP,
|
|
\fBwins_nwstr\fP,
|
|
\fBwins_wch\fP,
|
|
\fBwins_wstr\fP,
|
|
\fBwinwchnstr\fP,
|
|
\fBwinwchstr\fP,
|
|
\fBwinwstr\fP,
|
|
\fBwunctrl\fP,
|
|
\fBwvline_set\fP,
|
|
.PP
|
|
A small number of local differences (that is, individual differences between
|
|
the XSI Curses and \fBncurses\fR calls) are described in \fBPORTABILITY\fR
|
|
sections of the library man pages.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The routine \fBhas_key\fR is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4. See
|
|
the \fBcurs_getch\fR(3X) manual page for details.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The routine \fBslk_attr\fR is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4. See
|
|
the \fBcurs_slk\fR(3X) manual page for details.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The routines \fBgetmouse\fR, \fBmousemask\fR, \fBungetmouse\fR,
|
|
\fBmouseinterval\fR, and \fBwenclose\fR relating to mouse interfacing are not
|
|
part of XPG4, nor are they present in SVr4. See the \fBcurs_mouse\fR(3X)
|
|
manual page for details.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The routine \fBmcprint\fR was not present in any previous curses
|
|
implementation. See the \fBcurs_print\fR(3X) manual page for details.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The routine \fBwresize\fR is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4. See
|
|
the \fBwresize\fR(3X) manual page for details.
|
|
.PP
|
|
In historic curses versions, delays embedded in the capabilities \fBcr\fR,
|
|
\fBind\fR, \fBcub1\fR, \fBff\fR and \fBtab\fR activated corresponding delay
|
|
bits in the UNIX tty driver. In this implementation, all padding is done by
|
|
NUL sends. This method is slightly more expensive, but narrows the interface
|
|
to the UNIX kernel significantly and increases the package's portability
|
|
correspondingly.
|
|
.PP
|
|
In the XSI standard and SVr4 manual pages, many entry points have prototype
|
|
arguments of the for \fBchar *const\fR (or \fBcchar_t *const\fR, or
|
|
\fBwchar_t *const\fR, or \fBvoid *const\fR). Depending on one's interpretation of the
|
|
ANSI C standard (see section 3.5.4.1), these declarations are either (a)
|
|
meaningless, or (b) meaningless and illegal. The declaration
|
|
\fBconst char *x\fR is a modifiable pointer to unmodifiable data, but
|
|
\fBchar *const x\fR' is
|
|
an unmodifiable pointer to modifiable data. Given that C passes arguments by
|
|
value, \fB<type> *const\fR as a formal type is at best dubious. Some compilers
|
|
choke on the prototypes. Therefore, in this implementation, they have been
|
|
changed to \fBconst <type> *\fR globally.
|
|
.SH NOTES
|
|
The header file \fB<curses.h>\fR automatically includes the header files
|
|
\fB<stdio.h>\fR and \fB<unctrl.h>\fR.
|
|
|
|
If standard output from a \fBncurses\fR program is re-directed to something
|
|
which is not a tty, screen updates will be directed to standard error. This
|
|
was an undocumented feature of AT&T System V Release 3 curses.
|
|
.SH AUTHORS
|
|
Zeyd M. Ben-Halim, Eric S. Raymond, Thomas E. Dickey.
|
|
Based on pcurses by Pavel Curtis.
|
|
.\"#
|
|
.\"# The following sets edit modes for GNU EMACS
|
|
.\"# Local Variables:
|
|
.\"# mode:nroff
|
|
.\"# fill-column:79
|
|
.\"# End:
|