788 lines
16 KiB
Groff
788 lines
16 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd June 5, 1993
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.Dt HIER 7
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm hier
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.Nd layout of file systems
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
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.Bl -tag -width "/stand/"
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.It Pa /
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root directory of the file system
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.It Pa /bin/
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user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
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.It Pa /boot/
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programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width defaults/ -compact
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.It Pa defaults/
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default bootstrapping configuration files; see
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.Xr loader.conf 5
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.It Pa kernel/
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pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
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at boot time).
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.It Pa modules/
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third-party loadable kernel modules;
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see
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.Xr kldstat 8
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.El
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|
.It Pa /cdrom/
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default mount point for CD-ROM drives
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(created by
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.Xr sysinstall 8 )
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.It Pa /compat/
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normally a link to
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.Pa /usr/compat .
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If not, then the
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.Pa /usr/compat
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comments apply
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(created by
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.Xr sysinstall 8 )
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.It Pa /dev/
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block and character device files
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact
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.It Pa fd/
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file descriptor files;
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see
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.Xr \&fd 4
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.El
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|
.It Pa /dist/
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mount point used by
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.Xr sysinstall 8
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.It Pa /etc/
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system configuration files and scripts
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact
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.It Pa defaults/
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default system configuration files;
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|
see
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.Xr rc 8
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|
.It Pa gnats/
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gnats configuration files;
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|
see
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.Xr send-pr 1
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|
.It Pa isdn/
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isdn4bsd configuration files;
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|
see
|
|
.Xr isdnd 8
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|
.It Pa localtime
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local timezone information;
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|
see
|
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.Xr ctime 3
|
|
.It Pa mail/
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|
Sendmail control files
|
|
.It Pa mtree/
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|
mtree configuration files;
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|
see
|
|
.Xr mtree 8
|
|
.It Pa namedb/
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|
named configuration files;
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|
see
|
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.Xr named 8
|
|
.It Pa pam.d/
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configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
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library;
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|
see
|
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.Xr pam 8
|
|
.It Pa periodic/
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|
scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
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.Xr cron 8 ;
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|
see
|
|
.Xr periodic 8
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|
.It Pa ppp/
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ppp configuration files;
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|
see
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.Xr ppp 8
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.It Pa ssl/
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OpenSSL configuration files
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|
.El
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.It Pa /mnt/
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empty directory commonly used by
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system administrators as a temporary mount point
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.It Pa /proc/
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process file system;
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|
see
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.Xr procfs 5 ,
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.Xr mount_procfs 8
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|
.It Pa /root/
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root's HOME directory
|
|
.It Pa /sbin/
|
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system programs and administration utilities
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fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
|
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.It Pa /stand/
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programs used in a standalone environment
|
|
.It Pa /tmp/
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|
temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
|
|
.It Pa /usr/
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contains the majority of user utilities and applications
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|
.Pp
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|
.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact
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|
.It Pa bin/
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|
common utilities, programming tools, and applications
|
|
.It Pa compat/
|
|
files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
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|
such as Linux
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|
(created by
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.Xr sysinstall 8 )
|
|
.It Pa games/
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|
useful and semi-frivolous programs
|
|
.It Pa include/
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|
standard C include files
|
|
.Pp
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|
.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
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|
.It Pa arpa/
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|
C include files for Internet service protocols
|
|
.It Pa cam/
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|
C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
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|
.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
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|
.It Pa scsi/
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|
The SCSI device on top of CAM
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|
.El
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|
.It Pa dev/
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C include files for programming various
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.Fx
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devices
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|
.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
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|
.It Pa ic/
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Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
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hardware circuits
|
|
.It Pa ofw/
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OpenFirmware support
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|
.It Pa ppbus/
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The parallel port bus;
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|
see
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.Xr ppbus 4
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.It Pa usb/
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The USB subsystem
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|
.It Pa wi/
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The
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.Xr wi 4
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WaveLAN driver
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|
.El
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|
.It Pa fs/
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|
.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
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|
.It Pa fdescfs/
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per-process file descriptors file system
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|
.It Pa fifofs/
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|
.St -p1003.1
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FIFOs file system
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|
.It Pa msdosfs/
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MS-DOS file system
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|
.It Pa ntfs/
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NTFS file system
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|
.It Pa nullfs/
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loopback file system
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|
.It Pa nwfs/
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NetWare file system
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|
.It Pa portalfs/
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portal file system
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|
.It Pa procfs/
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process file system
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.It Pa smbfs/
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SMB/CIFS file system
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.It Pa umapfs/
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alternate uid/gid mappings file system
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|
.It Pa unionfs
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|
union file system
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.El
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|
.It Pa g++/
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|
GNU C++ include files
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|
.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
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|
.It Pa std/
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|
GNU C++ libstdc++ include files
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|
.El
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|
.It Pa isc/
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|
ISC utility library libisc include files
|
|
.It Pa isofs/
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
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|
.It Pa cd9660/
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|
iso9660 file system
|
|
.El
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|
.It Pa libmilter/
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|
C include files for libmilter,
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|
the
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|
.Xr sendmail 8
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|
mail filter API
|
|
.It Pa machine/
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|
machine-specific C include files
|
|
.It Pa net/
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|
misc network C include files
|
|
.It Pa netatalk/
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|
Appletalk protocol
|
|
.It Pa netatm/
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|
ATM include files;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr atm 8
|
|
.It Pa netinet/
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|
C include files for Internet standard protocols;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr inet 4
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|
.It Pa netinet6/
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|
C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr inet6 4
|
|
.It Pa netipx/
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|
IPX/SPX protocol stacks
|
|
.It Pa netkey/
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|
kernel key-management service
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|
.It Pa netnatm/
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|
NATM include files;
|
|
see
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|
.Xr natm 4
|
|
.It Pa netsmb/
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|
SMB/CIFS requester
|
|
.It Pa nfs/
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|
C include files for NFS (Network File System)
|
|
.It Pa objc/
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|
Objective C include files
|
|
.It Pa openssl/
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|
OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
|
|
.It Pa pccard/
|
|
PC-CARD controllers
|
|
.It Pa posix4/
|
|
POSIX real-time extensions includes;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr p1003_1b 9
|
|
.It Pa protocols/
|
|
C include files for Berkeley service protocols
|
|
.It Pa readline/
|
|
get a line from a user, with editing;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr readline 3
|
|
.It Pa rpc/
|
|
remote procedure calls;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr rpc 3
|
|
.It Pa rpcsvc/
|
|
definition of RPC service structures; see
|
|
.Xr rpc 3
|
|
.It Pa security/
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|
PAM; see
|
|
.Xr pam 8
|
|
.It Pa sys/
|
|
system C include files (kernel data structures)
|
|
.\" .It Pa tcl/
|
|
.\" Tcl language;
|
|
.\" see
|
|
.\" .Xr Tcl n
|
|
.\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
|
|
.\" .It Pa generic/
|
|
.\" ???
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|
.\" .It Pa unix/
|
|
.\" ???
|
|
.\" .El
|
|
.It Pa ufs/
|
|
C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
|
|
.It Pa ffs/
|
|
Fast file system
|
|
.It Pa ufs/
|
|
UFS file system
|
|
.El
|
|
.It Pa vm/
|
|
virtual memory;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr vmstat 8
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa lib/
|
|
archive libraries
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
|
|
.It Pa aout/
|
|
a.out archive libraries
|
|
.It Pa compat/
|
|
shared libraries for compatibility
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
|
|
.It Pa aout/
|
|
a.out backward compatibility libraries
|
|
.El
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa libdata/
|
|
misc. utility data files
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
|
|
.It Pa doscmd/
|
|
files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.);
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr doscmd 1
|
|
.Bl -tag -width 6n -compact
|
|
.It Pa fonts/
|
|
fonts used by doscmd
|
|
.El
|
|
.It Pa gcc/
|
|
???
|
|
.It Pa ldscripts/
|
|
linker scripts;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr ld 1
|
|
.It Pa lint/
|
|
various prebuilt lint libraries;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr lint 1
|
|
.It Pa msdosfs/
|
|
Character set conversion tables
|
|
.It Pa stallion/
|
|
firmware images for Stallion serial controllers; see
|
|
.Xr stl 4
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa libexec/
|
|
system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
|
|
.It Pa aout/
|
|
utilities to manipulate a.out executables
|
|
.It Pa elf/
|
|
utilities to manipulate ELF executables
|
|
.It Pa lpr/
|
|
utilities and filters for LP print system;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr lpr 1
|
|
.It Pa sendmail/
|
|
the
|
|
.Xr sendmail 8
|
|
binary;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr mailwrapper 8
|
|
.It Pa sm.bin/
|
|
restricted shell for
|
|
.Xr sendmail 8 ;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr smrsh 8
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa local/
|
|
local executables, libraries, etc.
|
|
Also used as the default destination for the
|
|
.Fx
|
|
ports framework.
|
|
Within local/, the general layout sketched out by
|
|
.Nm
|
|
for /usr
|
|
should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/
|
|
rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/),
|
|
and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc).
|
|
.It Pa obj/
|
|
architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree
|
|
.It Pa ports/
|
|
The
|
|
.Fx
|
|
ports collection (optional).
|
|
.It Pa sbin/
|
|
system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
|
|
.It Pa share/
|
|
architecture-independent files
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact
|
|
.It Pa calendar/
|
|
a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr calendar 1
|
|
.It Pa dict/
|
|
word lists;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr look 1
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
|
|
.It Pa freebsd
|
|
.Fx Ns -specific
|
|
terms, proper names, and jargon
|
|
.It Pa words
|
|
common words
|
|
.It Pa web2
|
|
words from Webster's 2nd International
|
|
.It Pa papers/
|
|
reference databases;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr refer 1
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa doc/
|
|
miscellaneous documentation;
|
|
source for most of the printed
|
|
.Bx
|
|
manuals (available
|
|
from the
|
|
.Tn USENIX
|
|
association)
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
|
|
.It Pa FAQ/
|
|
Frequently Asked Questions
|
|
.It Pa IPv6/
|
|
implementation notes for IPv6
|
|
.It Pa bind/
|
|
documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
|
|
.It Pa es/
|
|
Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
|
|
.It Pa handbook/
|
|
.Fx
|
|
Handbook
|
|
.It Pa ja/
|
|
Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
|
|
.It Pa ncurses/
|
|
HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr ncurses 3X
|
|
.It Pa ntp/
|
|
HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
|
|
.It Pa papers/
|
|
UNIX Papers
|
|
.It Pa psd/
|
|
UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
|
|
.It Pa ru/
|
|
Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
|
|
.It Pa smm/
|
|
UNIX System Manager's Manual
|
|
.It Pa tutorials/
|
|
.Fx
|
|
tutorials
|
|
.It Pa usd/
|
|
UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
|
|
.It Pa zh/
|
|
Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa examples/
|
|
various examples for users and programmers
|
|
.It Pa games/
|
|
ASCII text files used by various games
|
|
.It Pa groff_font/
|
|
device description file for device name
|
|
.It Pa info/
|
|
GNU Info hypertext system
|
|
.It Pa isdn/
|
|
ISDN
|
|
.It Pa locale/
|
|
localization files;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr setlocale 3
|
|
.It Pa man/
|
|
manual pages
|
|
.It Pa me/
|
|
macros for use with the me macro package;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr me 7
|
|
.It Pa misc/
|
|
misc system-wide ASCII text files
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
|
|
.It Pa fonts/
|
|
???
|
|
.It Pa pcvtfonts/
|
|
pcvt fonts;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr pcvt 4
|
|
.It Pa termcap
|
|
terminal characteristics database;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr termcap 5
|
|
.El
|
|
.It Pa mk/
|
|
templates for make;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr make 1
|
|
.It Pa nls/
|
|
national language support files;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr mklocale 1
|
|
.It Pa pcvt/
|
|
pcvt documentation and etc examples;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr pcvt 4
|
|
.It Pa sendmail/
|
|
.Xr sendmail 8
|
|
configuration files
|
|
.It Pa skel/
|
|
example . (dot) files for new accounts
|
|
.It Pa syscons/
|
|
files used by syscons;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr syscons 4
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/xx" -compact
|
|
.It Pa fonts/
|
|
console fonts;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr vidcontrol 1
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr vidfont 1
|
|
.It Pa keymaps/
|
|
console keyboard maps;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr kbdcontrol 1
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr kbdmap 1
|
|
.It Pa scrnmaps/
|
|
console screen maps
|
|
.El
|
|
.It Pa tabset/
|
|
tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
|
|
the termcap file;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr termcap 5
|
|
.It Pa tmac/
|
|
text processing macros;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr nroff 1
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr troff 1
|
|
.It Pa vi/
|
|
localization support and utilities for
|
|
.Xr vi 1
|
|
.It Pa zoneinfo/
|
|
timezone configuration information;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr tzfile 5
|
|
.El
|
|
.It Pa src/
|
|
.Bx ,
|
|
third-party, and/or local source files
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
|
|
.It Pa bin/
|
|
source code for files in /bin
|
|
.It Pa contrib/
|
|
source code for contributed software
|
|
.It Pa crypto/
|
|
source code for contributed cryptography software
|
|
.It Pa etc/
|
|
source code for files in /etc
|
|
.It Pa games/
|
|
source code for files in /usr/games
|
|
.It Pa gnu/
|
|
Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
|
|
.It Pa include/
|
|
source code for files in /usr/include
|
|
.It Pa kerberos5/
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build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
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.It Pa lib/
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source code for files in /usr/lib
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.It Pa libexec/
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source code for files in /usr/libexec
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.It Pa release/
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files required to produce a
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.Fx
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release
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.It Pa sbin/
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source code for files in /sbin
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.It Pa secure/
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build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto
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.It Pa share/
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source for files in /usr/share
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.It Pa sys/
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kernel source code
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.It Pa tools/
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tools used for maintenance and testing of
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.Fx
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.It Pa usr.bin/
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source code for files in /usr/bin
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.It Pa usr.sbin/
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source code for files in /usr/sbin
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.El
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.Pp
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.It Pa X11R6/
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X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional).
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.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact
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.It Pa bin/
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X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports).
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.It Pa etc/
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X11R6 configuration files and scripts.
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.It Pa include/
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X11R6 include files.
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.It Pa lib/
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X11R6 libraries.
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.It Pa man/
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X11R6 manual pages.
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.It Pa share/
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architecture-independent files.
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.El
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.El
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.It Pa /var/
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multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
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.It Pa account/
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system accounting files
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
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|
.It Pa acct
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execution accounting file;
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|
see
|
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.Xr acct 5
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.El
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.Pp
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.It Pa at/
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timed command scheduling files;
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|
see
|
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.Xr \&at 1
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.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
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.It Pa jobs/
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directory containing job files
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.It Pa spool/
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directory containing output spool files
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.El
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.Pp
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.It Pa backups/
|
|
misc. backup files
|
|
.It Pa crash/
|
|
default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
|
|
.Xr crash 8
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and
|
|
.Xr savecore 8
|
|
.It Pa cron/
|
|
files used by cron;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr cron 8
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
|
|
.It Pa tabs/
|
|
crontab files;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr crontab 5
|
|
.El
|
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.Pp
|
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.It Pa db/
|
|
misc. automatically generated system-specific database files
|
|
.It Pa empty/
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|
empty directory used by
|
|
.Xr sshd 8
|
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for privilege separation
|
|
.It Pa games/
|
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misc. game status and score files
|
|
.It Pa heimdal/
|
|
kerberos server databases; see
|
|
.Xr kdc 8
|
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.It Pa log/
|
|
misc. system log files
|
|
.Pp
|
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.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
|
|
.It Pa wtmp
|
|
login/logout log;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr wtmp 5
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa mail/
|
|
user mailbox files
|
|
.It Pa msgs/
|
|
system messages database;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr msgs 1
|
|
.It Pa preserve/
|
|
temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
|
|
of an editor;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr \&ex 1
|
|
.It Pa quotas/
|
|
file system quota information files
|
|
.It Pa run/
|
|
system information files describing various info about
|
|
system since it was booted
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
|
|
.It Pa named/
|
|
writable by the
|
|
.Dq bind
|
|
user; see
|
|
.Xr named 8
|
|
.It Pa ppp/
|
|
writable by the
|
|
.Dq network
|
|
group for command connection sockets; see
|
|
.Xr ppp 8
|
|
.It Pa utmp
|
|
database of current users;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr utmp 5
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa rwho/
|
|
rwho data files;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr rwhod 8 ,
|
|
.Xr rwho 1 ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr ruptime 1
|
|
.It Pa spool/
|
|
misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
|
|
.It Pa clientmqueue/
|
|
undelivered submission mail queue;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr sendmail 8
|
|
.It Pa ftp/
|
|
commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
|
|
.It Pa mqueue/
|
|
undelivered mail queue;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr sendmail 8
|
|
.It Pa output/
|
|
line printer spooling directories
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa tmp/
|
|
temporary files that are kept between system reboots
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
|
|
.It Pa vi.recover/
|
|
the directory where recovery files are stored
|
|
.El
|
|
.It Pa yp/
|
|
the NIS maps
|
|
.El
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh NOTES
|
|
This manual page documents the default
|
|
.Fx
|
|
file system layout, but
|
|
the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
|
|
administrator's discretion.
|
|
A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
|
|
this document.
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr apropos 1 ,
|
|
.Xr find 1 ,
|
|
.Xr finger 1 ,
|
|
.Xr grep 1 ,
|
|
.Xr ls 1 ,
|
|
.Xr whatis 1 ,
|
|
.Xr whereis 1 ,
|
|
.Xr which 1 ,
|
|
.Xr fsck 8
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
A
|
|
.Nm
|
|
manual page appeared in
|
|
.At v7 .
|