a route to the gateway and caches it in the route structure. It may happen (if the routing table is screwed) that the gateway route is the same route as the one being modified, in which case a kernel reports EDQUOT. Be more verbose about this: # route add -net 10 192.168.4.65 add net 10: gateway 192.168.4.65 # netstat -rn -finet Routing tables Internet: Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire default 192.168.4.65 UGSc 1 7 rl0 10 192.168.4.65 UGSc 0 0 rl0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 0 178 lo0 192.168.4 link#1 UC 2 0 rl0 => 192.168.4.65 0:d0:b7:16:9c:c6 UHLW 2 0 rl0 1123 Before: # route change -net 10 10.0.0.1 route: writing to routing socket: Disc quota exceeded change net 10: gateway 10.0.0.1: Disc quota exceeded After: # ./route change -net 10 10.0.0.1 route: writing to routing socket: Disc quota exceeded change net 10: gateway 10.0.0.1: gateway uses the same route PR: bin/1093, misc/26833
392 lines
10 KiB
Groff
392 lines
10 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)route.8 8.3 (Berkeley) 3/19/94
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd June 8, 2001
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.Dt ROUTE 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm route
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.Nd manually manipulate the routing tables
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl dnqtv
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.Ar command
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.Oo
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.Op Ar modifiers
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.Ar args
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.Oc
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Nm Route
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is a utility used to manually manipulate the network
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routing tables. It normally is not needed, as a
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system routing table management daemon such as
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.Xr routed 8 ,
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should tend to this task.
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.Pp
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The
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.Nm
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utility supports a limited number of general options,
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but a rich command language, enabling the user to specify
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any arbitrary request that could be delivered via the
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programmatic interface discussed in
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.Xr route 4 .
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.Pp
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The following options are available:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl n
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Bypass attempts to print host and network names symbolically
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when reporting actions. (The process of translating between symbolic
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names and numerical equivalents can be quite time consuming, and
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may require correct operation of the network; thus it may be expedient
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to forget this, especially when attempting to repair networking operations).
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.It Fl v
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(verbose) Print additional details.
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.It Fl q
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Suppress all output.
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.El
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.Pp
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The
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.Nm
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utility provides six commands:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
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.It Cm add
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Add a route.
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.It Cm flush
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Remove all routes.
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.It Cm delete
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Delete a specific route.
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.It Cm change
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Change aspects of a route (such as its gateway).
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.It Cm get
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Lookup and display the route for a destination.
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.It Cm monitor
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Continuously report any changes to the routing information base,
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routing lookup misses, or suspected network partitionings.
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.El
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.Pp
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The monitor command has the syntax:
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.Pp
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.Bd -ragged -offset indent -compact
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.Nm
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.Op Fl n
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.Cm monitor
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The flush command has the syntax:
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.Pp
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.Bd -ragged -offset indent -compact
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.Nm
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.Op Fl n
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.Cm flush
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.Op Ar family
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.Ed
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.Pp
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If the
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.Cm flush
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command is specified,
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.Nm
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will ``flush'' the routing tables of all gateway entries.
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When the address family may is specified by any of the
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.Fl osi ,
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.Fl xns ,
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.Fl atalk ,
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.Fl inet6 ,
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or
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.Fl inet
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modifiers, only routes having destinations with addresses in the
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delineated family will be deleted.
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.Pp
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The other commands have the following syntax:
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.Pp
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.Bd -ragged -offset indent -compact
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.Nm
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.Op Fl n
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.Ar command
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.Op Fl net No \&| Fl host
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.Ar destination gateway
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.Op Ar netmask
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.Ed
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.Pp
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where
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.Ar destination
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is the destination host or network,
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.Ar gateway
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is the next-hop intermediary via which packets should be routed.
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Routes to a particular host may be distinguished from those to
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a network by interpreting the Internet address specified as the
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.Ar destination
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argument.
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The optional modifiers
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.Fl net
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and
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.Fl host
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force the destination to be interpreted as a network or a host, respectively.
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Otherwise, if the
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.Ar destination
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has a
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.Dq local address part
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of
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INADDR_ANY
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.Pq Li 0.0.0.0 ,
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or if the
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.Ar destination
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is the symbolic name of a network, then the route is
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assumed to be to a network; otherwise, it is presumed to be a
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route to a host.
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Optionally, the
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.Ar destination
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could also be specified in the
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.Ar net Ns / Ns Ar bits
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format.
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.Pp
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For example,
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.Li 128.32
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is interpreted as
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.Fl host Li 128.0.0.32 ;
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.Li 128.32.130
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is interpreted as
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.Fl host Li 128.32.0.130 ;
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.Fl net Li 128.32
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is interpreted as
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.Li 128.32.0.0;
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.Fl net Li 128.32.130
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is interpreted as
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.Li 128.32.130.0;
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and
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.Li 192.168.64/20
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is interpreted as
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.Fl net Li 192.168.64 Fl netmask Li 255.255.240.0 .
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.Pp
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A
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.Ar destination
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of
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.Ar default
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is a synonym for
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.Fl net Li 0.0.0.0 ,
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which is the default route.
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.Pp
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If the destination is directly reachable
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via an interface requiring
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no intermediary system to act as a gateway, the
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.Fl interface
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modifier should be specified;
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the gateway given is the address of this host on the common network,
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indicating the interface to be used for transmission.
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Alternately, if the interface is point to point the name of the interface
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itself may be given, in which case the route remains valid even
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if the local or remote addresses change.
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.Pp
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The optional modifiers
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.Fl xns ,
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.Fl osi ,
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.Fl atalk ,
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and
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.Fl link
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specify that all subsequent addresses are in the
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.Tn XNS ,
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.Tn OSI ,
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or
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.Tn AppleTalk
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address families,
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or are specified as link-level addresses,
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and the names must be numeric specifications rather than
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symbolic names.
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.Pp
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The optional
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.Fl netmask
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modifier is intended
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to achieve the effect of an
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.Tn OSI
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.Tn ESIS
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redirect with the netmask option,
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or to manually add subnet routes with
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netmasks different from that of the implied network interface
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(as would otherwise be communicated using the OSPF or ISIS routing protocols).
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One specifies an additional ensuing address parameter
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(to be interpreted as a network mask).
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The implicit network mask generated in the AF_INET case
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can be overridden by making sure this option follows the destination parameter.
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.Pp
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For
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.Dv AF_INET6 ,
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the
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.Fl prefixlen
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qualifier
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is available instead of the
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.Fl mask
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qualifier because non-continuous masks are not allowed in IPv6.
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For example,
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.Fl prefixlen Li 32
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specifies network mask of
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.Li ffff:ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
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to be used.
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The default value of prefixlen is 64 to get along with
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the aggregatable address.
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But 0 is assumed if
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.Cm default
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is specified.
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Note that the qualifier works only for
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.Dv AF_INET6
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address family.
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.Pp
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Routes have associated flags which influence operation of the protocols
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when sending to destinations matched by the routes.
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These flags may be set (or sometimes cleared)
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by indicating the following corresponding modifiers:
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.Bd -literal
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-cloning RTF_CLONING - generates a new route on use
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-xresolve RTF_XRESOLVE - emit mesg on use (for external lookup)
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-iface ~RTF_GATEWAY - destination is directly reachable
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-static RTF_STATIC - manually added route
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-nostatic ~RTF_STATIC - pretend route added by kernel or daemon
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-reject RTF_REJECT - emit an ICMP unreachable when matched
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-blackhole RTF_BLACKHOLE - silently discard pkts (during updates)
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-proto1 RTF_PROTO1 - set protocol specific routing flag #1
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-proto2 RTF_PROTO2 - set protocol specific routing flag #2
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-llinfo RTF_LLINFO - validly translates proto addr to link addr
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The optional modifiers
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.Fl rtt ,
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.Fl rttvar ,
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.Fl sendpipe ,
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.Fl recvpipe ,
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.Fl mtu ,
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.Fl hopcount ,
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.Fl expire ,
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and
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.Fl ssthresh
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provide initial values to quantities maintained in the routing entry
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by transport level protocols, such as TCP or TP4.
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These may be individually locked by preceding each such modifier to
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be locked by
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the
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.Fl lock
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meta-modifier, or one can
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specify that all ensuing metrics may be locked by the
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.Fl lockrest
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meta-modifier.
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.Pp
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In a
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.Cm change
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or
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.Cm add
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command where the destination and gateway are not sufficient to specify
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the route (as in the
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.Tn ISO
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case where several interfaces may have the
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same address), the
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.Fl ifp
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or
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.Fl ifa
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modifiers may be used to determine the interface or interface address.
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.Pp
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All symbolic names specified for a
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.Ar destination
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or
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.Ar gateway
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are looked up first as a host name using
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.Xr gethostbyname 3 .
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If this lookup fails,
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.Xr getnetbyname 3
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is then used to interpret the name as that of a network.
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.Pp
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.Nm Route
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uses a routing socket and the new message types
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RTM_ADD,
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RTM_DELETE,
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RTM_GET,
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and
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RTM_CHANGE.
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As such, only the super-user may modify
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the routing tables.
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.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
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.Bl -diag
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.It "add [host \&| network ] %s: gateway %s flags %x"
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The specified route is being added to the tables. The
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values printed are from the routing table entry supplied
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in the
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.Xr ioctl 2
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call.
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If the gateway address used was not the primary address of the gateway
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(the first one returned by
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.Xr gethostbyname 3 ) ,
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the gateway address is printed numerically as well as symbolically.
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.It "delete [ host \&| network ] %s: gateway %s flags %x"
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As above, but when deleting an entry.
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.It "%s %s done"
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When the
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.Cm flush
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command is specified, each routing table entry deleted
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is indicated with a message of this form.
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.It "Network is unreachable"
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An attempt to add a route failed because the gateway listed was not
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on a directly-connected network.
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The next-hop gateway must be given.
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.It "not in table"
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A delete operation was attempted for an entry which
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wasn't present in the tables.
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.It "routing table overflow"
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An add operation was attempted, but the system was
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low on resources and was unable to allocate memory
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to create the new entry.
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.It "gateway uses the same route"
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A
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.Cm change
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operation resulted in a route whose gateway uses the
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same route as the one being changed.
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The next-hop gateway should be reachable through a different route.
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.El
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.Pp
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The
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.Nm
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utility exits 0 on success or >0 if an error occurred.
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr netintro 4 ,
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.Xr route 4 ,
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.Xr IPXrouted 8 ,
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.Xr routed 8
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.\" .Xr XNSrouted 8
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.\" Xr esis 4 ,
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.Sh HISTORY
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The
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.Nm
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command appeared in
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.Bx 4.2 .
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.Sh BUGS
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The first paragraph may have slightly exaggerated
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.Xr routed 8 Ns 's
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abilities.
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