This release fixes a number of security bugs and has minor new features and bug fixes. Security fixes, from the release notes (https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-9.3): This release contains fixes for a security problem and a memory safety problem. The memory safety problem is not believed to be exploitable, but we report most network-reachable memory faults as security bugs. * ssh-add(1): when adding smartcard keys to ssh-agent(1) with the per-hop destination constraints (ssh-add -h ...) added in OpenSSH 8.9, a logic error prevented the constraints from being communicated to the agent. This resulted in the keys being added without constraints. The common cases of non-smartcard keys and keys without destination constraints are unaffected. This problem was reported by Luci Stanescu. * ssh(1): Portable OpenSSH provides an implementation of the getrrsetbyname(3) function if the standard library does not provide it, for use by the VerifyHostKeyDNS feature. A specifically crafted DNS response could cause this function to perform an out-of-bounds read of adjacent stack data, but this condition does not appear to be exploitable beyond denial-of- service to the ssh(1) client. The getrrsetbyname(3) replacement is only included if the system's standard library lacks this function and portable OpenSSH was not compiled with the ldns library (--with-ldns). getrrsetbyname(3) is only invoked if using VerifyHostKeyDNS to fetch SSHFP records. This problem was found by the Coverity static analyzer. Sponsored by: The FreeBSD Foundation
1053 lines
32 KiB
Groff
1053 lines
32 KiB
Groff
.\"
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.\" Author: Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>
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.\" Copyright (c) 1995 Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>, Espoo, Finland
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.\" All rights reserved
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.\"
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.\" As far as I am concerned, the code I have written for this software
|
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.\" can be used freely for any purpose. Any derived versions of this
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.\" software must be clearly marked as such, and if the derived work is
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.\" incompatible with the protocol description in the RFC file, it must be
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.\" called by a name other than "ssh" or "Secure Shell".
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1999,2000 Markus Friedl. All rights reserved.
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.\" Copyright (c) 1999 Aaron Campbell. All rights reserved.
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.\" Copyright (c) 1999 Theo de Raadt. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
|
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
|
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
|
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
|
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
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.\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
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.\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
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.\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
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.\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
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.\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
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.\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
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.\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" $OpenBSD: sshd.8,v 1.324 2023/02/10 06:39:27 jmc Exp $
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.Dd $Mdocdate: February 10 2023 $
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.Dt SSHD 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
|
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.Nm sshd
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.Nd OpenSSH daemon
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm sshd
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|
.Bk -words
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.Op Fl 46DdeGiqTtV
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|
.Op Fl C Ar connection_spec
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|
.Op Fl c Ar host_certificate_file
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.Op Fl E Ar log_file
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|
.Op Fl f Ar config_file
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|
.Op Fl g Ar login_grace_time
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|
.Op Fl h Ar host_key_file
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.Op Fl o Ar option
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.Op Fl p Ar port
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.Op Fl u Ar len
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.Ek
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
|
|
.Nm
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|
(OpenSSH Daemon) is the daemon program for
|
|
.Xr ssh 1 .
|
|
It provides secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts
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over an insecure network.
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|
.Pp
|
|
.Nm
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|
listens for connections from clients.
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|
It is normally started at boot from
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.Pa /etc/rc.d/sshd .
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|
It forks a new
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daemon for each incoming connection.
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The forked daemons handle
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key exchange, encryption, authentication, command execution,
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and data exchange.
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.Pp
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.Nm
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|
can be configured using command-line options or a configuration file
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|
(by default
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.Xr sshd_config 5 ) ;
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|
command-line options override values specified in the
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|
configuration file.
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|
.Nm
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|
rereads its configuration file when it receives a hangup signal,
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.Dv SIGHUP ,
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|
by executing itself with the name and options it was started with, e.g.\&
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.Pa /usr/sbin/sshd .
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|
.Pp
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|
The options are as follows:
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|
.Bl -tag -width Ds
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|
.It Fl 4
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|
Forces
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|
.Nm
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|
to use IPv4 addresses only.
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.It Fl 6
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Forces
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.Nm
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|
to use IPv6 addresses only.
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|
.It Fl C Ar connection_spec
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|
Specify the connection parameters to use for the
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|
.Fl T
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|
extended test mode.
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|
If provided, any
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|
.Cm Match
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|
directives in the configuration file that would apply are applied before the
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|
configuration is written to standard output.
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|
The connection parameters are supplied as keyword=value pairs and may be
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|
supplied in any order, either with multiple
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|
.Fl C
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|
options or as a comma-separated list.
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|
The keywords are
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|
.Dq addr ,
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|
.Dq user ,
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|
.Dq host ,
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|
.Dq laddr ,
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|
.Dq lport ,
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|
and
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|
.Dq rdomain
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|
and correspond to source address, user, resolved source host name,
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|
local address, local port number and routing domain respectively.
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|
.It Fl c Ar host_certificate_file
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|
Specifies a path to a certificate file to identify
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|
.Nm
|
|
during key exchange.
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|
The certificate file must match a host key file specified using the
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|
.Fl h
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|
option or the
|
|
.Cm HostKey
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|
configuration directive.
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|
.It Fl D
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|
When this option is specified,
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|
.Nm
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|
will not detach and does not become a daemon.
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|
This allows easy monitoring of
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|
.Nm sshd .
|
|
.It Fl d
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|
Debug mode.
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|
The server sends verbose debug output to standard error,
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|
and does not put itself in the background.
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|
The server also will not
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|
.Xr fork 2
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|
and will only process one connection.
|
|
This option is only intended for debugging for the server.
|
|
Multiple
|
|
.Fl d
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|
options increase the debugging level.
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|
Maximum is 3.
|
|
.It Fl E Ar log_file
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|
Append debug logs to
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|
.Ar log_file
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|
instead of the system log.
|
|
.It Fl e
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|
Write debug logs to standard error instead of the system log.
|
|
.It Fl f Ar config_file
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|
Specifies the name of the configuration file.
|
|
The default is
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|
.Pa /etc/ssh/sshd_config .
|
|
.Nm
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|
refuses to start if there is no configuration file.
|
|
.It Fl G
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|
Parse and print configuration file.
|
|
Check the validity of the configuration file, output the effective configuration
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|
to stdout and then exit.
|
|
Optionally,
|
|
.Cm Match
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|
rules may be applied by specifying the connection parameters using one or more
|
|
.Fl C
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|
options.
|
|
.It Fl g Ar login_grace_time
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|
Gives the grace time for clients to authenticate themselves (default
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|
120 seconds).
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|
If the client fails to authenticate the user within
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|
this many seconds, the server disconnects and exits.
|
|
A value of zero indicates no limit.
|
|
.It Fl h Ar host_key_file
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|
Specifies a file from which a host key is read.
|
|
This option must be given if
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|
.Nm
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|
is not run as root (as the normal
|
|
host key files are normally not readable by anyone but root).
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|
The default is
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|
.Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key ,
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|
.Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key
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|
and
|
|
.Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key .
|
|
It is possible to have multiple host key files for
|
|
the different host key algorithms.
|
|
.It Fl i
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|
Specifies that
|
|
.Nm
|
|
is being run from
|
|
.Xr inetd 8 .
|
|
.It Fl o Ar option
|
|
Can be used to give options in the format used in the configuration file.
|
|
This is useful for specifying options for which there is no separate
|
|
command-line flag.
|
|
For full details of the options, and their values, see
|
|
.Xr sshd_config 5 .
|
|
.It Fl p Ar port
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|
Specifies the port on which the server listens for connections
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|
(default 22).
|
|
Multiple port options are permitted.
|
|
Ports specified in the configuration file with the
|
|
.Cm Port
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|
option are ignored when a command-line port is specified.
|
|
Ports specified using the
|
|
.Cm ListenAddress
|
|
option override command-line ports.
|
|
.It Fl q
|
|
Quiet mode.
|
|
Nothing is sent to the system log.
|
|
Normally the beginning,
|
|
authentication, and termination of each connection is logged.
|
|
.It Fl T
|
|
Extended test mode.
|
|
Check the validity of the configuration file, output the effective configuration
|
|
to stdout and then exit.
|
|
Optionally,
|
|
.Cm Match
|
|
rules may be applied by specifying the connection parameters using one or more
|
|
.Fl C
|
|
options.
|
|
This is similar to the
|
|
.Fl G
|
|
flag, but it includes the additional testing performed by the
|
|
.Fl t
|
|
flag.
|
|
.It Fl t
|
|
Test mode.
|
|
Only check the validity of the configuration file and sanity of the keys.
|
|
This is useful for updating
|
|
.Nm
|
|
reliably as configuration options may change.
|
|
.It Fl u Ar len
|
|
This option is used to specify the size of the field
|
|
in the
|
|
.Vt utmp
|
|
structure that holds the remote host name.
|
|
If the resolved host name is longer than
|
|
.Ar len ,
|
|
the dotted decimal value will be used instead.
|
|
This allows hosts with very long host names that
|
|
overflow this field to still be uniquely identified.
|
|
Specifying
|
|
.Fl u0
|
|
indicates that only dotted decimal addresses
|
|
should be put into the
|
|
.Pa utmp
|
|
file.
|
|
.Fl u0
|
|
may also be used to prevent
|
|
.Nm
|
|
from making DNS requests unless the authentication
|
|
mechanism or configuration requires it.
|
|
Authentication mechanisms that may require DNS include
|
|
.Cm HostbasedAuthentication
|
|
and using a
|
|
.Cm from="pattern-list"
|
|
option in a key file.
|
|
Configuration options that require DNS include using a
|
|
USER@HOST pattern in
|
|
.Cm AllowUsers
|
|
or
|
|
.Cm DenyUsers .
|
|
.It Fl V
|
|
Display the version number and exit.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh AUTHENTICATION
|
|
The OpenSSH SSH daemon supports SSH protocol 2 only.
|
|
Each host has a host-specific key,
|
|
used to identify the host.
|
|
Whenever a client connects, the daemon responds with its public
|
|
host key.
|
|
The client compares the
|
|
host key against its own database to verify that it has not changed.
|
|
Forward secrecy is provided through a Diffie-Hellman key agreement.
|
|
This key agreement results in a shared session key.
|
|
The rest of the session is encrypted using a symmetric cipher.
|
|
The client selects the encryption algorithm
|
|
to use from those offered by the server.
|
|
Additionally, session integrity is provided
|
|
through a cryptographic message authentication code (MAC).
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Finally, the server and the client enter an authentication dialog.
|
|
The client tries to authenticate itself using
|
|
host-based authentication,
|
|
public key authentication,
|
|
challenge-response authentication,
|
|
or password authentication.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Regardless of the authentication type, the account is checked to
|
|
ensure that it is accessible. An account is not accessible if it is
|
|
locked, listed in
|
|
.Cm DenyUsers
|
|
or its group is listed in
|
|
.Cm DenyGroups
|
|
\&. The definition of a locked account is system dependent. Some platforms
|
|
have their own account database (eg AIX) and some modify the passwd field (
|
|
.Ql \&*LK\&*
|
|
on Solaris and UnixWare,
|
|
.Ql \&*
|
|
on HP-UX, containing
|
|
.Ql Nologin
|
|
on Tru64,
|
|
a leading
|
|
.Ql \&*LOCKED\&*
|
|
on FreeBSD and a leading
|
|
.Ql \&!
|
|
on most Linuxes).
|
|
If there is a requirement to disable password authentication
|
|
for the account while allowing still public-key, then the passwd field
|
|
should be set to something other than these values (eg
|
|
.Ql NP
|
|
or
|
|
.Ql \&*NP\&*
|
|
).
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If the client successfully authenticates itself, a dialog for
|
|
preparing the session is entered.
|
|
At this time the client may request
|
|
things like allocating a pseudo-tty, forwarding X11 connections,
|
|
forwarding TCP connections, or forwarding the authentication agent
|
|
connection over the secure channel.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
After this, the client either requests an interactive shell or execution
|
|
or a non-interactive command, which
|
|
.Nm
|
|
will execute via the user's shell using its
|
|
.Fl c
|
|
option.
|
|
The sides then enter session mode.
|
|
In this mode, either side may send
|
|
data at any time, and such data is forwarded to/from the shell or
|
|
command on the server side, and the user terminal in the client side.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
When the user program terminates and all forwarded X11 and other
|
|
connections have been closed, the server sends command exit status to
|
|
the client, and both sides exit.
|
|
.Sh LOGIN PROCESS
|
|
When a user successfully logs in,
|
|
.Nm
|
|
does the following:
|
|
.Bl -enum -offset indent
|
|
.It
|
|
If the login is on a tty, and no command has been specified,
|
|
prints last login time and
|
|
.Pa /etc/motd
|
|
(unless prevented in the configuration file or by
|
|
.Pa ~/.hushlogin ;
|
|
see the
|
|
.Sx FILES
|
|
section).
|
|
.It
|
|
If the login is on a tty, records login time.
|
|
.It
|
|
Checks
|
|
.Pa /etc/nologin and
|
|
.Pa /var/run/nologin ;
|
|
if one exists, it prints the contents and quits
|
|
(unless root).
|
|
.It
|
|
Changes to run with normal user privileges.
|
|
.It
|
|
Sets up basic environment.
|
|
.It
|
|
Reads the file
|
|
.Pa ~/.ssh/environment ,
|
|
if it exists, and users are allowed to change their environment.
|
|
See the
|
|
.Cm PermitUserEnvironment
|
|
option in
|
|
.Xr sshd_config 5 .
|
|
.It
|
|
Changes to user's home directory.
|
|
.It
|
|
If
|
|
.Pa ~/.ssh/rc
|
|
exists and the
|
|
.Xr sshd_config 5
|
|
.Cm PermitUserRC
|
|
option is set, runs it; else if
|
|
.Pa /etc/ssh/sshrc
|
|
exists, runs
|
|
it; otherwise runs
|
|
.Xr xauth 1 .
|
|
The
|
|
.Dq rc
|
|
files are given the X11
|
|
authentication protocol and cookie in standard input.
|
|
See
|
|
.Sx SSHRC ,
|
|
below.
|
|
.It
|
|
Runs user's shell or command.
|
|
All commands are run under the user's login shell as specified in the
|
|
system password database.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh SSHRC
|
|
If the file
|
|
.Pa ~/.ssh/rc
|
|
exists,
|
|
.Xr sh 1
|
|
runs it after reading the
|
|
environment files but before starting the user's shell or command.
|
|
It must not produce any output on stdout; stderr must be used
|
|
instead.
|
|
If X11 forwarding is in use, it will receive the "proto cookie" pair in
|
|
its standard input (and
|
|
.Ev DISPLAY
|
|
in its environment).
|
|
The script must call
|
|
.Xr xauth 1
|
|
because
|
|
.Nm
|
|
will not run xauth automatically to add X11 cookies.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The primary purpose of this file is to run any initialization routines
|
|
which may be needed before the user's home directory becomes
|
|
accessible; AFS is a particular example of such an environment.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
This file will probably contain some initialization code followed by
|
|
something similar to:
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset 3n
|
|
if read proto cookie && [ -n "$DISPLAY" ]; then
|
|
if [ `echo $DISPLAY | cut -c1-10` = 'localhost:' ]; then
|
|
# X11UseLocalhost=yes
|
|
echo add unix:`echo $DISPLAY |
|
|
cut -c11-` $proto $cookie
|
|
else
|
|
# X11UseLocalhost=no
|
|
echo add $DISPLAY $proto $cookie
|
|
fi | xauth -q -
|
|
fi
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If this file does not exist,
|
|
.Pa /etc/ssh/sshrc
|
|
is run, and if that
|
|
does not exist either, xauth is used to add the cookie.
|
|
.Sh AUTHORIZED_KEYS FILE FORMAT
|
|
.Cm AuthorizedKeysFile
|
|
specifies the files containing public keys for
|
|
public key authentication;
|
|
if this option is not specified, the default is
|
|
.Pa ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
|
|
and
|
|
.Pa ~/.ssh/authorized_keys2 .
|
|
Each line of the file contains one
|
|
key (empty lines and lines starting with a
|
|
.Ql #
|
|
are ignored as
|
|
comments).
|
|
Public keys consist of the following space-separated fields:
|
|
options, keytype, base64-encoded key, comment.
|
|
The options field is optional.
|
|
The supported key types are:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -item -compact -offset indent
|
|
.It
|
|
sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com
|
|
.It
|
|
ecdsa-sha2-nistp256
|
|
.It
|
|
ecdsa-sha2-nistp384
|
|
.It
|
|
ecdsa-sha2-nistp521
|
|
.It
|
|
sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com
|
|
.It
|
|
ssh-ed25519
|
|
.It
|
|
ssh-dss
|
|
.It
|
|
ssh-rsa
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The comment field is not used for anything (but may be convenient for the
|
|
user to identify the key).
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Note that lines in this file can be several hundred bytes long
|
|
(because of the size of the public key encoding) up to a limit of
|
|
8 kilobytes, which permits RSA keys up to 16 kilobits.
|
|
You don't want to type them in; instead, copy the
|
|
.Pa id_dsa.pub ,
|
|
.Pa id_ecdsa.pub ,
|
|
.Pa id_ecdsa_sk.pub ,
|
|
.Pa id_ed25519.pub ,
|
|
.Pa id_ed25519_sk.pub ,
|
|
or the
|
|
.Pa id_rsa.pub
|
|
file and edit it.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Nm
|
|
enforces a minimum RSA key modulus size of 1024 bits.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The options (if present) consist of comma-separated option
|
|
specifications.
|
|
No spaces are permitted, except within double quotes.
|
|
The following option specifications are supported (note
|
|
that option keywords are case-insensitive):
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Ds
|
|
.It Cm agent-forwarding
|
|
Enable authentication agent forwarding previously disabled by the
|
|
.Cm restrict
|
|
option.
|
|
.It Cm cert-authority
|
|
Specifies that the listed key is a certification authority (CA) that is
|
|
trusted to validate signed certificates for user authentication.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Certificates may encode access restrictions similar to these key options.
|
|
If both certificate restrictions and key options are present, the most
|
|
restrictive union of the two is applied.
|
|
.It Cm command="command"
|
|
Specifies that the command is executed whenever this key is used for
|
|
authentication.
|
|
The command supplied by the user (if any) is ignored.
|
|
The command is run on a pty if the client requests a pty;
|
|
otherwise it is run without a tty.
|
|
If an 8-bit clean channel is required,
|
|
one must not request a pty or should specify
|
|
.Cm no-pty .
|
|
A quote may be included in the command by quoting it with a backslash.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
This option might be useful
|
|
to restrict certain public keys to perform just a specific operation.
|
|
An example might be a key that permits remote backups but nothing else.
|
|
Note that the client may specify TCP and/or X11
|
|
forwarding unless they are explicitly prohibited, e.g. using the
|
|
.Cm restrict
|
|
key option.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The command originally supplied by the client is available in the
|
|
.Ev SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND
|
|
environment variable.
|
|
Note that this option applies to shell, command or subsystem execution.
|
|
Also note that this command may be superseded by a
|
|
.Xr sshd_config 5
|
|
.Cm ForceCommand
|
|
directive.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If a command is specified and a forced-command is embedded in a certificate
|
|
used for authentication, then the certificate will be accepted only if the
|
|
two commands are identical.
|
|
.It Cm environment="NAME=value"
|
|
Specifies that the string is to be added to the environment when
|
|
logging in using this key.
|
|
Environment variables set this way
|
|
override other default environment values.
|
|
Multiple options of this type are permitted.
|
|
Environment processing is disabled by default and is
|
|
controlled via the
|
|
.Cm PermitUserEnvironment
|
|
option.
|
|
.It Cm expiry-time="timespec"
|
|
Specifies a time after which the key will not be accepted.
|
|
The time may be specified as a YYYYMMDD[Z] date or a YYYYMMDDHHMM[SS][Z] time.
|
|
Dates and times will be interpreted in the system time zone unless suffixed
|
|
by a Z character, in which case they will be interpreted in the UTC time zone.
|
|
.It Cm from="pattern-list"
|
|
Specifies that in addition to public key authentication, either the canonical
|
|
name of the remote host or its IP address must be present in the
|
|
comma-separated list of patterns.
|
|
See PATTERNS in
|
|
.Xr ssh_config 5
|
|
for more information on patterns.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
In addition to the wildcard matching that may be applied to hostnames or
|
|
addresses, a
|
|
.Cm from
|
|
stanza may match IP addresses using CIDR address/masklen notation.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The purpose of this option is to optionally increase security: public key
|
|
authentication by itself does not trust the network or name servers or
|
|
anything (but the key); however, if somebody somehow steals the key, the key
|
|
permits an intruder to log in from anywhere in the world.
|
|
This additional option makes using a stolen key more difficult (name
|
|
servers and/or routers would have to be compromised in addition to
|
|
just the key).
|
|
.It Cm no-agent-forwarding
|
|
Forbids authentication agent forwarding when this key is used for
|
|
authentication.
|
|
.It Cm no-port-forwarding
|
|
Forbids TCP forwarding when this key is used for authentication.
|
|
Any port forward requests by the client will return an error.
|
|
This might be used, e.g. in connection with the
|
|
.Cm command
|
|
option.
|
|
.It Cm no-pty
|
|
Prevents tty allocation (a request to allocate a pty will fail).
|
|
.It Cm no-user-rc
|
|
Disables execution of
|
|
.Pa ~/.ssh/rc .
|
|
.It Cm no-X11-forwarding
|
|
Forbids X11 forwarding when this key is used for authentication.
|
|
Any X11 forward requests by the client will return an error.
|
|
.It Cm permitlisten="[host:]port"
|
|
Limit remote port forwarding with the
|
|
.Xr ssh 1
|
|
.Fl R
|
|
option such that it may only listen on the specified host (optional) and port.
|
|
IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing the address in square brackets.
|
|
Multiple
|
|
.Cm permitlisten
|
|
options may be applied separated by commas.
|
|
Hostnames may include wildcards as described in the PATTERNS section in
|
|
.Xr ssh_config 5 .
|
|
A port specification of
|
|
.Cm *
|
|
matches any port.
|
|
Note that the setting of
|
|
.Cm GatewayPorts
|
|
may further restrict listen addresses.
|
|
Note that
|
|
.Xr ssh 1
|
|
will send a hostname of
|
|
.Dq localhost
|
|
if a listen host was not specified when the forwarding was requested, and
|
|
that this name is treated differently to the explicit localhost addresses
|
|
.Dq 127.0.0.1
|
|
and
|
|
.Dq ::1 .
|
|
.It Cm permitopen="host:port"
|
|
Limit local port forwarding with the
|
|
.Xr ssh 1
|
|
.Fl L
|
|
option such that it may only connect to the specified host and port.
|
|
IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing the address in square brackets.
|
|
Multiple
|
|
.Cm permitopen
|
|
options may be applied separated by commas.
|
|
No pattern matching or name lookup is performed on the
|
|
specified hostnames, they must be literal host names and/or addresses.
|
|
A port specification of
|
|
.Cm *
|
|
matches any port.
|
|
.It Cm port-forwarding
|
|
Enable port forwarding previously disabled by the
|
|
.Cm restrict
|
|
option.
|
|
.It Cm principals="principals"
|
|
On a
|
|
.Cm cert-authority
|
|
line, specifies allowed principals for certificate authentication as a
|
|
comma-separated list.
|
|
At least one name from the list must appear in the certificate's
|
|
list of principals for the certificate to be accepted.
|
|
This option is ignored for keys that are not marked as trusted certificate
|
|
signers using the
|
|
.Cm cert-authority
|
|
option.
|
|
.It Cm pty
|
|
Permits tty allocation previously disabled by the
|
|
.Cm restrict
|
|
option.
|
|
.It Cm no-touch-required
|
|
Do not require demonstration of user presence
|
|
for signatures made using this key.
|
|
This option only makes sense for the FIDO authenticator algorithms
|
|
.Cm ecdsa-sk
|
|
and
|
|
.Cm ed25519-sk .
|
|
.It Cm verify-required
|
|
Require that signatures made using this key attest that they verified
|
|
the user, e.g. via a PIN.
|
|
This option only makes sense for the FIDO authenticator algorithms
|
|
.Cm ecdsa-sk
|
|
and
|
|
.Cm ed25519-sk .
|
|
.It Cm restrict
|
|
Enable all restrictions, i.e. disable port, agent and X11 forwarding,
|
|
as well as disabling PTY allocation
|
|
and execution of
|
|
.Pa ~/.ssh/rc .
|
|
If any future restriction capabilities are added to authorized_keys files,
|
|
they will be included in this set.
|
|
.It Cm tunnel="n"
|
|
Force a
|
|
.Xr tun 4
|
|
device on the server.
|
|
Without this option, the next available device will be used if
|
|
the client requests a tunnel.
|
|
.It Cm user-rc
|
|
Enables execution of
|
|
.Pa ~/.ssh/rc
|
|
previously disabled by the
|
|
.Cm restrict
|
|
option.
|
|
.It Cm X11-forwarding
|
|
Permits X11 forwarding previously disabled by the
|
|
.Cm restrict
|
|
option.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
An example authorized_keys file:
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset 3n
|
|
# Comments are allowed at start of line. Blank lines are allowed.
|
|
# Plain key, no restrictions
|
|
ssh-rsa ...
|
|
# Forced command, disable PTY and all forwarding
|
|
restrict,command="dump /home" ssh-rsa ...
|
|
# Restriction of ssh -L forwarding destinations
|
|
permitopen="192.0.2.1:80",permitopen="192.0.2.2:25" ssh-rsa ...
|
|
# Restriction of ssh -R forwarding listeners
|
|
permitlisten="localhost:8080",permitlisten="[::1]:22000" ssh-rsa ...
|
|
# Configuration for tunnel forwarding
|
|
tunnel="0",command="sh /etc/netstart tun0" ssh-rsa ...
|
|
# Override of restriction to allow PTY allocation
|
|
restrict,pty,command="nethack" ssh-rsa ...
|
|
# Allow FIDO key without requiring touch
|
|
no-touch-required sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com ...
|
|
# Require user-verification (e.g. PIN or biometric) for FIDO key
|
|
verify-required sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com ...
|
|
# Trust CA key, allow touch-less FIDO if requested in certificate
|
|
cert-authority,no-touch-required,principals="user_a" ssh-rsa ...
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Sh SSH_KNOWN_HOSTS FILE FORMAT
|
|
The
|
|
.Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts
|
|
and
|
|
.Pa ~/.ssh/known_hosts
|
|
files contain host public keys for all known hosts.
|
|
The global file should
|
|
be prepared by the administrator (optional), and the per-user file is
|
|
maintained automatically: whenever the user connects to an unknown host,
|
|
its key is added to the per-user file.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Each line in these files contains the following fields: marker (optional),
|
|
hostnames, keytype, base64-encoded key, comment.
|
|
The fields are separated by spaces.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The marker is optional, but if it is present then it must be one of
|
|
.Dq @cert-authority ,
|
|
to indicate that the line contains a certification authority (CA) key,
|
|
or
|
|
.Dq @revoked ,
|
|
to indicate that the key contained on the line is revoked and must not ever
|
|
be accepted.
|
|
Only one marker should be used on a key line.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Hostnames is a comma-separated list of patterns
|
|
.Pf ( Ql *
|
|
and
|
|
.Ql \&?
|
|
act as
|
|
wildcards); each pattern in turn is matched against the host name.
|
|
When
|
|
.Nm sshd
|
|
is authenticating a client, such as when using
|
|
.Cm HostbasedAuthentication ,
|
|
this will be the canonical client host name.
|
|
When
|
|
.Xr ssh 1
|
|
is authenticating a server, this will be the host name
|
|
given by the user, the value of the
|
|
.Xr ssh 1
|
|
.Cm HostkeyAlias
|
|
if it was specified, or the canonical server hostname if the
|
|
.Xr ssh 1
|
|
.Cm CanonicalizeHostname
|
|
option was used.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
A pattern may also be preceded by
|
|
.Ql \&!
|
|
to indicate negation: if the host name matches a negated
|
|
pattern, it is not accepted (by that line) even if it matched another
|
|
pattern on the line.
|
|
A hostname or address may optionally be enclosed within
|
|
.Ql \&[
|
|
and
|
|
.Ql \&]
|
|
brackets then followed by
|
|
.Ql \&:
|
|
and a non-standard port number.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Alternately, hostnames may be stored in a hashed form which hides host names
|
|
and addresses should the file's contents be disclosed.
|
|
Hashed hostnames start with a
|
|
.Ql |
|
|
character.
|
|
Only one hashed hostname may appear on a single line and none of the above
|
|
negation or wildcard operators may be applied.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The keytype and base64-encoded key are taken directly from the host key; they
|
|
can be obtained, for example, from
|
|
.Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub .
|
|
The optional comment field continues to the end of the line, and is not used.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Lines starting with
|
|
.Ql #
|
|
and empty lines are ignored as comments.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
When performing host authentication, authentication is accepted if any
|
|
matching line has the proper key; either one that matches exactly or,
|
|
if the server has presented a certificate for authentication, the key
|
|
of the certification authority that signed the certificate.
|
|
For a key to be trusted as a certification authority, it must use the
|
|
.Dq @cert-authority
|
|
marker described above.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The known hosts file also provides a facility to mark keys as revoked,
|
|
for example when it is known that the associated private key has been
|
|
stolen.
|
|
Revoked keys are specified by including the
|
|
.Dq @revoked
|
|
marker at the beginning of the key line, and are never accepted for
|
|
authentication or as certification authorities, but instead will
|
|
produce a warning from
|
|
.Xr ssh 1
|
|
when they are encountered.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
It is permissible (but not
|
|
recommended) to have several lines or different host keys for the same
|
|
names.
|
|
This will inevitably happen when short forms of host names
|
|
from different domains are put in the file.
|
|
It is possible
|
|
that the files contain conflicting information; authentication is
|
|
accepted if valid information can be found from either file.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Note that the lines in these files are typically hundreds of characters
|
|
long, and you definitely don't want to type in the host keys by hand.
|
|
Rather, generate them by a script,
|
|
.Xr ssh-keyscan 1
|
|
or by taking, for example,
|
|
.Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
|
|
and adding the host names at the front.
|
|
.Xr ssh-keygen 1
|
|
also offers some basic automated editing for
|
|
.Pa ~/.ssh/known_hosts
|
|
including removing hosts matching a host name and converting all host
|
|
names to their hashed representations.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
An example ssh_known_hosts file:
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset 3n
|
|
# Comments allowed at start of line
|
|
cvs.example.net,192.0.2.10 ssh-rsa AAAA1234.....=
|
|
# A hashed hostname
|
|
|1|JfKTdBh7rNbXkVAQCRp4OQoPfmI=|USECr3SWf1JUPsms5AqfD5QfxkM= ssh-rsa
|
|
AAAA1234.....=
|
|
# A revoked key
|
|
@revoked * ssh-rsa AAAAB5W...
|
|
# A CA key, accepted for any host in *.mydomain.com or *.mydomain.org
|
|
@cert-authority *.mydomain.org,*.mydomain.com ssh-rsa AAAAB5W...
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Sh FILES
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Ds -compact
|
|
.It Pa ~/.hushlogin
|
|
This file is used to suppress printing the last login time and
|
|
.Pa /etc/motd ,
|
|
if
|
|
.Cm PrintLastLog
|
|
and
|
|
.Cm PrintMotd ,
|
|
respectively,
|
|
are enabled.
|
|
It does not suppress printing of the banner specified by
|
|
.Cm Banner .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa ~/.rhosts
|
|
This file is used for host-based authentication (see
|
|
.Xr ssh 1
|
|
for more information).
|
|
On some machines this file may need to be
|
|
world-readable if the user's home directory is on an NFS partition,
|
|
because
|
|
.Nm
|
|
reads it as root.
|
|
Additionally, this file must be owned by the user,
|
|
and must not have write permissions for anyone else.
|
|
The recommended
|
|
permission for most machines is read/write for the user, and not
|
|
accessible by others.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa ~/.shosts
|
|
This file is used in exactly the same way as
|
|
.Pa .rhosts ,
|
|
but allows host-based authentication without permitting login with
|
|
rlogin/rsh.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa ~/.ssh/
|
|
This directory is the default location for all user-specific configuration
|
|
and authentication information.
|
|
There is no general requirement to keep the entire contents of this directory
|
|
secret, but the recommended permissions are read/write/execute for the user,
|
|
and not accessible by others.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
|
|
Lists the public keys (DSA, ECDSA, Ed25519, RSA)
|
|
that can be used for logging in as this user.
|
|
The format of this file is described above.
|
|
The content of the file is not highly sensitive, but the recommended
|
|
permissions are read/write for the user, and not accessible by others.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If this file, the
|
|
.Pa ~/.ssh
|
|
directory, or the user's home directory are writable
|
|
by other users, then the file could be modified or replaced by unauthorized
|
|
users.
|
|
In this case,
|
|
.Nm
|
|
will not allow it to be used unless the
|
|
.Cm StrictModes
|
|
option has been set to
|
|
.Dq no .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa ~/.ssh/environment
|
|
This file is read into the environment at login (if it exists).
|
|
It can only contain empty lines, comment lines (that start with
|
|
.Ql # ) ,
|
|
and assignment lines of the form name=value.
|
|
The file should be writable
|
|
only by the user; it need not be readable by anyone else.
|
|
Environment processing is disabled by default and is
|
|
controlled via the
|
|
.Cm PermitUserEnvironment
|
|
option.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa ~/.ssh/known_hosts
|
|
Contains a list of host keys for all hosts the user has logged into
|
|
that are not already in the systemwide list of known host keys.
|
|
The format of this file is described above.
|
|
This file should be writable only by root/the owner and
|
|
can, but need not be, world-readable.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa ~/.ssh/rc
|
|
Contains initialization routines to be run before
|
|
the user's home directory becomes accessible.
|
|
This file should be writable only by the user, and need not be
|
|
readable by anyone else.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa /etc/hosts.allow
|
|
.It Pa /etc/hosts.deny
|
|
Access controls that should be enforced by tcp-wrappers are defined here.
|
|
Further details are described in
|
|
.Xr hosts_access 5 .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa /etc/hosts.equiv
|
|
This file is for host-based authentication (see
|
|
.Xr ssh 1 ) .
|
|
It should only be writable by root.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa /etc/moduli
|
|
Contains Diffie-Hellman groups used for the "Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange"
|
|
key exchange method.
|
|
The file format is described in
|
|
.Xr moduli 5 .
|
|
If no usable groups are found in this file then fixed internal groups will
|
|
be used.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa /etc/motd
|
|
See
|
|
.Xr motd 5 .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa /etc/nologin
|
|
If this file exists,
|
|
.Nm
|
|
refuses to let anyone except root log in.
|
|
The contents of the file
|
|
are displayed to anyone trying to log in, and non-root connections are
|
|
refused.
|
|
The file should be world-readable.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa /etc/shosts.equiv
|
|
This file is used in exactly the same way as
|
|
.Pa hosts.equiv ,
|
|
but allows host-based authentication without permitting login with
|
|
rlogin/rsh.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key
|
|
.It Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key
|
|
.It Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
|
|
These files contain the private parts of the host keys.
|
|
These files should only be owned by root, readable only by root, and not
|
|
accessible to others.
|
|
Note that
|
|
.Nm
|
|
does not start if these files are group/world-accessible.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
|
|
.It Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
|
|
.It Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
|
|
These files contain the public parts of the host keys.
|
|
These files should be world-readable but writable only by
|
|
root.
|
|
Their contents should match the respective private parts.
|
|
These files are not
|
|
really used for anything; they are provided for the convenience of
|
|
the user so their contents can be copied to known hosts files.
|
|
These files are created using
|
|
.Xr ssh-keygen 1 .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts
|
|
Systemwide list of known host keys.
|
|
This file should be prepared by the
|
|
system administrator to contain the public host keys of all machines in the
|
|
organization.
|
|
The format of this file is described above.
|
|
This file should be writable only by root/the owner and
|
|
should be world-readable.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa /etc/ssh/sshd_config
|
|
Contains configuration data for
|
|
.Nm sshd .
|
|
The file format and configuration options are described in
|
|
.Xr sshd_config 5 .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa /etc/ssh/sshrc
|
|
Similar to
|
|
.Pa ~/.ssh/rc ,
|
|
it can be used to specify
|
|
machine-specific login-time initializations globally.
|
|
This file should be writable only by root, and should be world-readable.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa /var/empty
|
|
.Xr chroot 2
|
|
directory used by
|
|
.Nm
|
|
during privilege separation in the pre-authentication phase.
|
|
The directory should not contain any files and must be owned by root
|
|
and not group or world-writable.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa /var/run/sshd.pid
|
|
Contains the process ID of the
|
|
.Nm
|
|
listening for connections (if there are several daemons running
|
|
concurrently for different ports, this contains the process ID of the one
|
|
started last).
|
|
The content of this file is not sensitive; it can be world-readable.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr scp 1 ,
|
|
.Xr sftp 1 ,
|
|
.Xr ssh 1 ,
|
|
.Xr ssh-add 1 ,
|
|
.Xr ssh-agent 1 ,
|
|
.Xr ssh-keygen 1 ,
|
|
.Xr ssh-keyscan 1 ,
|
|
.Xr chroot 2 ,
|
|
.Xr hosts_access 5 ,
|
|
.Xr login.conf 5 ,
|
|
.Xr moduli 5 ,
|
|
.Xr sshd_config 5 ,
|
|
.Xr inetd 8 ,
|
|
.Xr sftp-server 8
|
|
.Sh AUTHORS
|
|
OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free
|
|
ssh 1.2.12 release by Tatu Ylonen.
|
|
Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos,
|
|
Theo de Raadt and Dug Song
|
|
removed many bugs, re-added newer features and
|
|
created OpenSSH.
|
|
Markus Friedl contributed the support for SSH
|
|
protocol versions 1.5 and 2.0.
|
|
Niels Provos and Markus Friedl contributed support
|
|
for privilege separation.
|