1130b656e5
This will make a number of things easier in the future, as well as (finally!) avoiding the Id-smashing problem which has plagued developers for so long. Boy, I'm glad we're not using sup anymore. This update would have been insane otherwise.
2349 lines
43 KiB
Plaintext
2349 lines
43 KiB
Plaintext
.\" Copyright (c) 1986, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)intro.me 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.UC 7
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.ll 6.5i
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.lt 6.5i
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.pn 0
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.ds MO 2.27\" version of -me to which this applies
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.nr si 3n
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\".he 'USING NROFF AND \-ME''%'
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.eh 'USD:19-%''Writing Papers with NROFF using \-me'
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.oh 'Writing Papers with NROFF using \-me''USD:19-%'
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.ds U \s-1UNIX\s0
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.ds N \s-1NROFF\s0
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.ds T \s-1TROFF\s0
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.+c
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.(l C
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.sz 14
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.b "Writing Papers with NROFF using \-me"
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.sz
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.sp 2
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.ul
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Eric P. Allman*
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.(f
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*Author's current address:
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Computer Science Division,
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EECS,
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University of California,
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Berkeley, California 94720.
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.)f
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.sp
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Project INGRES
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Electronics Research Laboratory
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University of California, Berkeley
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Berkeley, California 94720
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.)l
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.sp 4
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.pp
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This document describes
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the text processing facilities
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available on the \*U\(dg
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.(f
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\(dg\*U is a trademark
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of AT&T Bell Laboratories
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.)f
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operating system
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via \*N\(dg and the
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\-me
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macro package.
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It is assumed
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that the reader
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already is generally familiar
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with the \*U operating system
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and a text editor
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such as
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.b ex .
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This is intended to be a casual introduction,
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and
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as such not all material is covered.
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In particular,
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many variations and additional features
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of the \-me macro package
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are not explained.
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For a complete discussion of this
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and other issues,
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see
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.ul
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The \-me Reference Manual
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and
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.ul
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The \*N/\*T Reference Manual.
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.pp
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\*N, a computer program
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that runs on the \*U operating system,
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reads an input file
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prepared by the user
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and outputs a formatted paper
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suitable for publication or framing.
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The input consists of
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.i text ,
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or words to be printed,
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and
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.i requests ,
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which give instructions
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to the \*N program
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telling how to format the printed copy.
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.pp
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Section 1
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describes the basics
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of text processing.
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Section 2
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describes the basic requests.
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Section 3
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introduces displays.
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Annotations,
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such as footnotes,
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are handled in
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section 4.
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The more complex requests
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which are not discussed in section 2
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are covered in section 5.
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Finally,
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section 6
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discusses things you will need
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to know
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if you want to typeset documents.
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If you are a novice,
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you probably won't want to read beyond section 4
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until you have tried some of the basic features out.
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.pp
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When you have your raw text ready,
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call the \*N formatter by typing
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as a request to the \*U shell:
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.(b
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nroff \-me \-T\c
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.i "type files"
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.)b
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where
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.i type
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describes the type of terminal
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you are outputting to.
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Common values are
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.b dtc
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for a DTC 300s
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(daisy-wheel type)
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printer and
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.b lpr
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for the line printer.
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If the
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.b \-T
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flag is omitted,
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a
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.q "lowest common denominator"
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terminal is assumed;
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this is good for previewing output
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on most terminals.
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A complete description of options
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to the \*N command can be found in
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.ul
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The \*N/\*T Reference Manual.
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.pp
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The word
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.i argument
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is used in this manual
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to mean a word or number
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which appears on the same line
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as a request
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which modifies the meaning
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of that request.
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|
For example,
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the request
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.(b
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\&.sp
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.)b
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spaces one line,
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but
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.(b
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\&.sp 4
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.)b
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spaces four lines.
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The number
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.b 4
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|
is an
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|
.i argument
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to the
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.b .sp
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|
request
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|
which says to space four lines
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instead of one.
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|
Arguments are separated from the request
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|
and from each other
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by spaces.
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.sh 1 "Basics of Text Processing"
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.pp
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The primary function
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of \*N
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is to
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.i collect
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words from input lines,
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.i fill
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output lines with those words,
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.i justify
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|
the right hand margin by inserting extra spaces
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|
in the line,
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|
and output the result.
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|
For example,
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the input:
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.(b
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Now is the time
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for all good men
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to come to the aid
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of their party.
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Four score and seven
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years ago,...
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.)b
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|
will be read,
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packed onto output lines,
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and justified
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to produce:
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.(b F
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Now is the time
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for all good men
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to come to the aid
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of their party.
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Four score and seven
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years ago,...
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.)b
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|
Sometimes you may want to start a new output line
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even though the line you are on
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is not yet full;
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for example,
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at the end of a paragraph.
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|
To do this
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|
you can cause a
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.i break ,
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|
which
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starts a new output line.
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Some requests
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cause a break automatically,
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as do blank input lines
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and input lines beginning with a space.
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.pp
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|
Not all input lines
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are text to be formatted.
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|
Some of the input lines
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are
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|
.i requests
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|
which describe
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how to format the text.
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|
Requests always have a period
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or an apostrophe
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|
(\c
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|
.q "\|\(aa\|" )
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as the first character
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of the input line.
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|
.pp
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|
The text formatter
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|
also does more complex things,
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such as automatically numbering pages,
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skipping over page folds,
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putting footnotes in the correct place,
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and so forth.
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.pp
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|
I can offer you a few hints
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for preparing text
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for input to \*N.
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First,
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keep the input lines short.
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Short input lines are easier to edit,
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and \*N will pack words onto longer lines
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for you anyhow.
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|
In keeping with this,
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it is helpful
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to begin a new line
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after every period,
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comma,
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or phrase,
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|
since common corrections
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|
are to add or delete sentences
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|
or phrases.
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|
Second,
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|
do not put spaces at the end of lines,
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|
since this can sometimes confuse the \*N
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|
processor.
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|
Third,
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|
do not hyphenate words at the end of lines
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|
(except words that should have hyphens in them,
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|
such as
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|
.q mother-in-law );
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|
\*N is smart enough to hyphenate words
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|
for you as needed,
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|
but is not smart enough
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|
to take hyphens out
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|
and join a word back together.
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|
Also,
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|
words such as
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|
.q mother-in-law
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|
should not be broken
|
|
over a line,
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|
since then you will get a space
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|
where not wanted,
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|
such as
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|
.tr @-
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|
.nh
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|
.q "mother@\ in@law" .
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|
.br
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|
.tr @@
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|
.hy 14
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|
.sh 1 "Basic Requests"
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|
.sh 2 "Paragraphs"
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|
.pp
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|
Paragraphs are begun
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|
by using the
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|
.b .pp
|
|
request.
|
|
For example,
|
|
the input:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.pp
|
|
Now is the time for all good men
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|
to come to the aid of their party.
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|
Four score and seven years ago,...
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|
.)b
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|
produces a blank line
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|
followed by an indented first line.
|
|
The result is:
|
|
.(b F
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|
.ti +\n(piu
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|
Now is the time for all good men
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|
to come to the aid of their party.
|
|
Four score and seven years ago,...
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|
.)b
|
|
.pp
|
|
Notice that the sentences
|
|
of the paragraphs
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|
.i "must not"
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|
begin with a space,
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|
since blank lines
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|
and lines beginning with spaces
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|
cause a break.
|
|
For example,
|
|
if I had typed:
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|
.(b
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|
\&.pp
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|
Now is the time for all good men
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to come to the aid of their party.
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|
Four score and seven years ago,...
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.)b
|
|
The output would be:
|
|
.(b F
|
|
.ti +\n(piu
|
|
Now is the time for all good men
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|
to come to the aid of their party.
|
|
Four score and seven years ago,...
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|
.)b
|
|
A new line begins after the word
|
|
.q men
|
|
because the second line began with a space character.
|
|
.pp
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|
There are many
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|
fancier
|
|
types of paragraphs,
|
|
which will be described later.
|
|
.sh 2 "Headers and Footers"
|
|
.pp
|
|
Arbitrary headers and footers
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|
can be put
|
|
at the top and bottom
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|
of every page.
|
|
Two requests
|
|
of the form
|
|
.b .he \ \c
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|
.i title
|
|
and
|
|
.b .fo \ \c
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|
.i title
|
|
define the titles to put at the head and the foot
|
|
of every page,
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|
respectively.
|
|
The titles are called
|
|
.i three-part
|
|
titles,
|
|
that is,
|
|
there is a left-justified part,
|
|
a centered part,
|
|
and a right-justified part.
|
|
To separate these three parts
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|
the first character of
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|
.i title
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|
(whatever it may be)
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|
is used as a delimiter.
|
|
Any character may be used,
|
|
but
|
|
backslash
|
|
and double quote marks
|
|
should be avoided.
|
|
The percent sign
|
|
is replaced by the current page number
|
|
whenever found in the title.
|
|
For example,
|
|
the input:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.he \(aa\(aa%\(aa\(aa
|
|
\&.fo \(aaJane Jones\(aa\(aaMy Book\(aa
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|
.)b
|
|
results in the page number
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|
centered at the top
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|
of each page,
|
|
.q "Jane Jones"
|
|
in the lower left corner,
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|
and
|
|
.q "My Book"
|
|
in the lower right corner.
|
|
.sh 2 "Double Spacing"
|
|
.pp
|
|
.ls 2
|
|
\*N will double space output text automatically if you
|
|
use the request
|
|
.b ".ls\ 2" ,
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|
as is done in this section.
|
|
You can revert to single spaced mode
|
|
by typing
|
|
.b ".ls\ 1" .
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|
.ls 1
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|
.sh 2 "Page Layout"
|
|
.pp
|
|
A number of requests allow
|
|
you to change the way the printed copy looks,
|
|
sometimes called the
|
|
.i layout
|
|
of the output page.
|
|
Most of these requests adjust the placing
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|
of
|
|
.q "white space"
|
|
(blank lines or spaces).
|
|
In these explanations,
|
|
characters in italics
|
|
should be replaced with values you wish to use;
|
|
bold characters
|
|
represent characters which should actually be typed.
|
|
.pp
|
|
The
|
|
.b .bp
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|
request
|
|
starts a new page.
|
|
.pp
|
|
The request
|
|
.b .sp \ \c
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|
.i N
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|
leaves
|
|
.i N
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|
lines of blank space.
|
|
.i N
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|
can be omitted
|
|
(meaning skip a single line)
|
|
or can be of the form
|
|
.i N \^\c
|
|
.b i
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|
(for
|
|
.i N
|
|
inches)
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|
or
|
|
.i N \^\c
|
|
.b c
|
|
(for
|
|
.i N
|
|
centimeters).
|
|
For example, the input:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.sp 1.5i
|
|
My thoughts on the subject
|
|
\&.sp
|
|
.)b
|
|
leaves one and a half inches of space,
|
|
followed by the line
|
|
.q "My thoughts on the subject" ,
|
|
followed by a single blank line.
|
|
.pp
|
|
The
|
|
.b .in \ \c
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|
.i +N
|
|
request
|
|
changes the amount of white space
|
|
on the left of the page
|
|
(the
|
|
.i indent ).
|
|
The argument
|
|
.i N
|
|
can be of the form
|
|
.b + \c
|
|
.i N
|
|
(meaning leave
|
|
.i N
|
|
spaces more than you are already leaving),
|
|
.b \- \c
|
|
.i N
|
|
(meaning leave less than you do now),
|
|
or just
|
|
.i N
|
|
(meaning leave exactly
|
|
.i N
|
|
spaces).
|
|
.i N
|
|
can be of the form
|
|
.i N \^\c
|
|
.b i
|
|
or
|
|
.i N \^\c
|
|
.b c
|
|
also.
|
|
For example,
|
|
the input:
|
|
.(b
|
|
initial text
|
|
\&.in 5
|
|
some text
|
|
\&.in +1i
|
|
more text
|
|
\&.in \-2c
|
|
final text
|
|
.)b
|
|
produces
|
|
.q "some text"
|
|
indented exactly five spaces
|
|
from the left margin,
|
|
.q "more text"
|
|
indented five spaces
|
|
plus one inch
|
|
from the left margin
|
|
(fifteen spaces
|
|
on a pica typewriter),
|
|
and
|
|
.q "final text"
|
|
indented five spaces
|
|
plus one inch
|
|
minus two centimeters
|
|
from the margin.
|
|
That is,
|
|
the output is:
|
|
.(b
|
|
initial text
|
|
.in +5
|
|
some text
|
|
.in +1i
|
|
more text
|
|
.in -2c
|
|
final text
|
|
.)b
|
|
.pp
|
|
The
|
|
.b .ti \ \c
|
|
.i +N
|
|
(temporary indent)
|
|
request is used like
|
|
.b .in \ \c
|
|
.i +N
|
|
when the indent
|
|
should apply to one line only,
|
|
after which it should revert
|
|
to the previous indent.
|
|
For example,
|
|
the input:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.in 1i
|
|
\&.ti 0
|
|
Ware, James R. The Best of Confucius,
|
|
Halcyon House, 1950.
|
|
An excellent book containing translations of
|
|
most of Confucius\(aa most delightful sayings.
|
|
A definite must for anyone interested in the early foundations
|
|
of Chinese philosophy.
|
|
.)b
|
|
produces:
|
|
.in 1i+\n($iu
|
|
.ti \n($iu
|
|
Ware, James R. The Best of Confucius,
|
|
Halcyon House, 1950.
|
|
An excellent book containing translations of
|
|
most of Confucius' most delightful sayings.
|
|
A definite must for anyone interested in the early foundations
|
|
of Chinese philosophy.
|
|
.pp
|
|
Text lines can be centered
|
|
by using the
|
|
.b .ce
|
|
request.
|
|
The line after the
|
|
.b .ce
|
|
is centered
|
|
(horizontally)
|
|
on the page.
|
|
To center more than one line,
|
|
use
|
|
.b .ce \ \c
|
|
.i N
|
|
(where
|
|
.i N
|
|
is the number of lines to center),
|
|
followed by the
|
|
.i N
|
|
lines.
|
|
If you want to center many lines
|
|
but don't want to count them,
|
|
type:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.ce 1000
|
|
lines to center
|
|
\&.ce 0
|
|
.)b
|
|
The
|
|
.b ".ce\ 0"
|
|
request tells \*N to center zero more lines,
|
|
in other words,
|
|
stop centering.
|
|
.pp
|
|
All of these requests
|
|
cause a break;
|
|
that is,
|
|
they always start
|
|
a new line.
|
|
If you want to start a new line
|
|
without performing any other action,
|
|
use
|
|
.b .br .
|
|
.sh 2 "Underlining"
|
|
.pp
|
|
Text can be underlined
|
|
using the
|
|
.b .ul
|
|
request.
|
|
The
|
|
.b .ul
|
|
request
|
|
causes the next input line
|
|
to be underlined when output.
|
|
You can underline multiple lines
|
|
by stating a count of
|
|
.i input
|
|
lines to underline,
|
|
followed by those lines
|
|
(as with the
|
|
.b .ce
|
|
request).
|
|
For example,
|
|
the input:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.ul 2
|
|
Notice that these two input lines
|
|
are underlined.
|
|
.)b
|
|
will underline those eight words in \*N.
|
|
(In \*T they will be set in italics.)
|
|
.sh 1 "Displays"
|
|
.pp
|
|
Displays are sections of text
|
|
to be set off
|
|
from the body of the paper.
|
|
Major quotes,
|
|
tables,
|
|
and figures
|
|
are types of displays,
|
|
as are all the examples
|
|
used in this document.
|
|
All displays
|
|
except centered blocks
|
|
are output
|
|
single spaced.
|
|
.sh 2 "Major Quotes"
|
|
.pp
|
|
Major quotes
|
|
are quotes which are several lines long,
|
|
and hence are set in from the rest
|
|
of the text
|
|
without quote marks
|
|
around them.
|
|
These can be generated
|
|
using the commands
|
|
.b .(q
|
|
and
|
|
.b .)q
|
|
to surround the quote.
|
|
For example,
|
|
the input:
|
|
.(b
|
|
As Weizenbaum points out:
|
|
\&.(q
|
|
It is said that to explain is to explain away.
|
|
This maxim is nowhere so well fulfilled
|
|
as in the areas of computer programming,...
|
|
\&.)q
|
|
.)b
|
|
generates as output:
|
|
.lp
|
|
As Weizenbaum points out:
|
|
.(q
|
|
It is said that to explain is to explain away.
|
|
This maxim is nowhere so well fulfilled
|
|
as in the areas of computer programming,...
|
|
.)q
|
|
.sh 2 "Lists"
|
|
.pp
|
|
A
|
|
.i list
|
|
is an indented,
|
|
single spaced,
|
|
unfilled display.
|
|
Lists should be used
|
|
when the material to be printed
|
|
should not be filled and justified
|
|
like normal text,
|
|
such as columns of figures
|
|
or the examples used in this paper.
|
|
Lists are surrounded
|
|
by the requests
|
|
.b .(l
|
|
and
|
|
.b .)l .
|
|
For example,
|
|
type:
|
|
.(b
|
|
Alternatives to avoid deadlock are:
|
|
\&.(l
|
|
Lock in a specified order
|
|
Detect deadlock and back out one process
|
|
Lock all resources needed before proceeding
|
|
\&.)l
|
|
.)b
|
|
will produce:
|
|
.br
|
|
Alternatives to avoid deadlock are:
|
|
.(l
|
|
Lock in a specified order
|
|
Detect deadlock and back out one process
|
|
Lock all resources needed before proceeding
|
|
.)l
|
|
.sh 2 "Keeps"
|
|
.pp
|
|
A
|
|
.i keep
|
|
is a display of lines
|
|
which are kept on a single page
|
|
if possible.
|
|
An example of where you would use a keep
|
|
might be a diagram.
|
|
Keeps differ from lists
|
|
in that lists may be broken
|
|
over a page boundary
|
|
whereas keeps will not.
|
|
.pp
|
|
Blocks are the basic kind of keep.
|
|
They begin with the request
|
|
.b .(b
|
|
and end with the request
|
|
.b .)b .
|
|
If there is not room on the current page
|
|
for everything in the block,
|
|
a new page is begun.
|
|
This has the unpleasant effect
|
|
of leaving blank space
|
|
at the bottom of the page.
|
|
When this is not appropriate,
|
|
you can use the alternative,
|
|
called
|
|
.i "floating keeps" .
|
|
.pp
|
|
.i "Floating keeps"
|
|
move relative to the text.
|
|
Hence,
|
|
they are good for things
|
|
which will be referred to
|
|
by name,
|
|
such as
|
|
.q "See figure 3" .
|
|
A floating keep will appear
|
|
at the bottom of the current page
|
|
if it will fit;
|
|
otherwise,
|
|
it will appear at the top
|
|
of the next page.
|
|
Floating keeps begin with the line
|
|
.b .(z
|
|
and end with the line
|
|
.b .)z .
|
|
For an example of a floating keep,
|
|
see figure 1.
|
|
.(z
|
|
.in 1i
|
|
.xl -1i
|
|
.hl
|
|
\&.(z
|
|
\&.hl
|
|
Text of keep to be floated.
|
|
\&.sp
|
|
\&.ce
|
|
Figure 1. Example of a Floating Keep.
|
|
\&.hl
|
|
\&.)z
|
|
.sp
|
|
.ce
|
|
Figure 1. Example of a Floating Keep.
|
|
.hl
|
|
.)z
|
|
The
|
|
.b .hl
|
|
request is used
|
|
to draw a horizontal line
|
|
so that the figure
|
|
stands out from the text.
|
|
.sh 2 "Fancier Displays"
|
|
.pp
|
|
Keeps and lists are normally collected in
|
|
.i nofill
|
|
mode,
|
|
so that they are good for tables and such.
|
|
If you want a display
|
|
in fill mode
|
|
(for text),
|
|
type
|
|
.b ".(l\ F"
|
|
(Throughout this section,
|
|
comments applied to
|
|
.b .(l
|
|
also apply to
|
|
.b .(b
|
|
and
|
|
.b .(z ).
|
|
This kind of display
|
|
will be indented from both margins.
|
|
For example,
|
|
the input:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.(l F
|
|
And now boys and girls,
|
|
a newer, bigger, better toy than ever before!
|
|
Be the first on your block to have your own computer!
|
|
Yes kids, you too can have one of these modern
|
|
data processing devices.
|
|
You too can produce beautifully formatted papers
|
|
without even batting an eye!
|
|
\&.)l
|
|
.)b
|
|
will be output as:
|
|
.(b F
|
|
And now boys and girls,
|
|
a newer, bigger, better toy than ever before!
|
|
Be the first on your block to have your own computer!
|
|
Yes kids, you too can have one of these modern
|
|
data processing devices.
|
|
You too can produce beautifully formatted papers
|
|
without even batting an eye!
|
|
.)b
|
|
.pp
|
|
Lists and blocks are also normally indented
|
|
(floating keeps are normally left justified).
|
|
To get a left-justified list,
|
|
type
|
|
.b ".(l\ L" .
|
|
To get a list centered
|
|
line-for-line,
|
|
type
|
|
.b ".(l C" .
|
|
For example,
|
|
to get a filled,
|
|
left justified list, enter:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.(l L F
|
|
text of block
|
|
\&.)l
|
|
.)b
|
|
The input:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.(l
|
|
first line of unfilled display
|
|
more lines
|
|
\&.)l
|
|
.)b
|
|
produces the indented text:
|
|
.(b
|
|
first line of unfilled display
|
|
more lines
|
|
.)b
|
|
Typing the character
|
|
.b L
|
|
after the
|
|
.b .(l
|
|
request produces the left justified result:
|
|
.(b L
|
|
first line of unfilled display
|
|
more lines
|
|
.)b
|
|
Using
|
|
.b C
|
|
instead of
|
|
.b L
|
|
produces the line-at-a-time centered output:
|
|
.(b C
|
|
first line of unfilled display
|
|
more lines
|
|
.)b
|
|
.pp
|
|
Sometimes it may be
|
|
that you want to center several lines
|
|
as a group,
|
|
rather than centering them
|
|
one line at a time.
|
|
To do this
|
|
use centered blocks,
|
|
which are surrounded by the requests
|
|
.b .(c
|
|
and
|
|
.b .)c .
|
|
All the lines are centered as a unit,
|
|
such that the longest line is centered
|
|
and the rest are
|
|
lined up around that line.
|
|
Notice that lines
|
|
do not move
|
|
relative to each other
|
|
using centered blocks,
|
|
whereas they do
|
|
using the
|
|
.b C
|
|
argument to keeps.
|
|
.pp
|
|
Centered blocks are
|
|
.i not
|
|
keeps,
|
|
and may be used
|
|
in conjunction
|
|
with keeps.
|
|
For example,
|
|
to center a group of lines
|
|
as a unit
|
|
and keep them
|
|
on one page,
|
|
use:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.(b L
|
|
\&.(c
|
|
first line of unfilled display
|
|
more lines
|
|
\&.)c
|
|
\&.)b
|
|
.)b
|
|
to produce:
|
|
.(b L
|
|
.(c
|
|
first line of unfilled display
|
|
more lines
|
|
.)c
|
|
.)b
|
|
If the block requests
|
|
(\c
|
|
.b .(b
|
|
and
|
|
.b .)b )
|
|
had been omitted
|
|
the result would have been the same,
|
|
but with no guarantee
|
|
that the lines of the centered block
|
|
would have all been on one page.
|
|
Note the use of the
|
|
.b L
|
|
argument to
|
|
.b .(b ;
|
|
this causes the centered block
|
|
to center within the entire line
|
|
rather than within the line
|
|
minus the indent.
|
|
Also,
|
|
the center requests
|
|
must
|
|
be nested
|
|
.i inside
|
|
the keep requests.
|
|
.sh 1 "Annotations"
|
|
.pp
|
|
There are a number of requests
|
|
to save text
|
|
for later printing.
|
|
.i Footnotes
|
|
are printed at the bottom of the current page.
|
|
.i "Delayed text"
|
|
is intended to be a variant form
|
|
of footnote;
|
|
the text is printed only
|
|
when explicitly called for,
|
|
such as at the end of each chapter.
|
|
.i Indexes
|
|
are a type of delayed text
|
|
having a tag
|
|
(usually the page number)
|
|
attached to each entry
|
|
after a row of dots.
|
|
Indexes are also saved
|
|
until called for explicitly.
|
|
.sh 2 "Footnotes"
|
|
.pp
|
|
Footnotes begin with the request
|
|
.b .(f
|
|
and end with the request
|
|
.b .)f .
|
|
The current footnote number is maintained
|
|
automatically,
|
|
and can be used by typing \e**,
|
|
to produce a footnote number\**.
|
|
.(f
|
|
\**Like this.
|
|
.)f
|
|
The number is automatically incremented
|
|
after every footnote.
|
|
For example,
|
|
the input:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.(q
|
|
A man who is not upright
|
|
and at the same time is presumptuous;
|
|
one who is not diligent and at the same time is ignorant;
|
|
one who is untruthful and at the same time is incompetent;
|
|
such men I do not count among acquaintances.\e**
|
|
\&.(f
|
|
\e**James R. Ware,
|
|
\&.ul
|
|
The Best of Confucius,
|
|
Halcyon House, 1950.
|
|
Page 77.
|
|
\&.)f
|
|
\&.)q
|
|
.)b
|
|
generates the result:
|
|
.(q
|
|
A man who is not upright
|
|
and at the same time is presumptuous;
|
|
one who is not diligent and at the same time is ignorant;
|
|
one who is untruthful and at the same time is incompetent;
|
|
such men I do not count among acquaintances.\**
|
|
.(f
|
|
\**James R. Ware,
|
|
.ul
|
|
The Best of Confucius,
|
|
Halcyon House, 1950.
|
|
Page 77.
|
|
.)f
|
|
.)q
|
|
It is important
|
|
that the footnote
|
|
appears
|
|
.i inside
|
|
the quote,
|
|
so that you can be sure
|
|
that the footnote
|
|
will appear
|
|
on the same page
|
|
as the quote.
|
|
.sh 2 "Delayed Text"
|
|
.pp
|
|
Delayed text
|
|
is very similar to a footnote
|
|
except that it is printed
|
|
when called for explicitly.
|
|
This allows a list of
|
|
references to
|
|
appear
|
|
(for example)
|
|
at the end of each chapter,
|
|
as is the convention in some disciplines.
|
|
Use
|
|
.b \e*#
|
|
on delayed text
|
|
instead of
|
|
.b \e**
|
|
as on footnotes.
|
|
.pp
|
|
If you are using delayed text
|
|
as your standard reference mechanism,
|
|
you can still use footnotes,
|
|
except that you may want to reference them
|
|
with special characters*
|
|
.(f
|
|
*Such as an asterisk.
|
|
.)f
|
|
rather than numbers.
|
|
.sh 2 "Indexes"
|
|
.pp
|
|
An
|
|
.q index
|
|
(actually more like a table of contents,
|
|
since the entries are not sorted alphabetically)
|
|
resembles delayed text,
|
|
in that it is saved until called for.
|
|
However,
|
|
each entry has the page number
|
|
(or some other tag)
|
|
appended to the last line
|
|
of the index entry
|
|
after a row of dots.
|
|
.pp
|
|
Index entries begin with the request
|
|
.b .(x
|
|
and end with
|
|
.b .)x .
|
|
The
|
|
.b .)x
|
|
request may have a argument,
|
|
which is the value to print
|
|
as the
|
|
.q "page number" .
|
|
It defaults to the current page number.
|
|
If the page number given is an underscore
|
|
(\c
|
|
.q _ )
|
|
no page number
|
|
or line of dots
|
|
is printed at all.
|
|
To get the line of dots
|
|
without a page number,
|
|
type
|
|
.b ".)x """"" ,
|
|
which specifies an explicitly null page number.
|
|
.pp
|
|
The
|
|
.b .xp
|
|
request prints the index.
|
|
.pp
|
|
For example,
|
|
the input:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.(x
|
|
Sealing wax
|
|
\&.)x
|
|
\&.(x
|
|
Cabbages and kings
|
|
\&.)x _
|
|
\&.(x
|
|
Why the sea is boiling hot
|
|
\&.)x 2.5a
|
|
\&.(x
|
|
Whether pigs have wings
|
|
\&.)x ""
|
|
\&.(x
|
|
This is a terribly long index entry, such as might be used
|
|
for a list of illustrations, tables, or figures; I expect it to
|
|
take at least two lines.
|
|
\&.)x
|
|
\&.xp
|
|
.)b
|
|
generates:
|
|
.(x
|
|
Sealing wax
|
|
.)x
|
|
.(x
|
|
Cabbages and kings
|
|
.)x _
|
|
.(x
|
|
Why the sea is boiling hot
|
|
.)x 2.5a
|
|
.(x
|
|
Whether pigs have wings
|
|
.)x ""
|
|
.(x
|
|
This is a terribly long index entry, such as might be used
|
|
for a list of illustrations, tables, or figures; I expect it to
|
|
take at least two lines.
|
|
.)x
|
|
.xp
|
|
.pp
|
|
The
|
|
.b .(x
|
|
request may have a single character
|
|
argument,
|
|
specifying the
|
|
.q name
|
|
of the index;
|
|
the normal index is
|
|
.b x .
|
|
Thus,
|
|
several
|
|
.q indices
|
|
may be maintained simultaneously
|
|
(such as a list of tables, table of contents, etc.).
|
|
.pp
|
|
Notice that the index must be printed
|
|
at the
|
|
.i end
|
|
of the paper,
|
|
rather than at the beginning
|
|
where it will probably appear
|
|
(as a table of contents);
|
|
the pages may have to be physically rearranged
|
|
after printing.
|
|
.sh 1 "Fancier Features"
|
|
.pp
|
|
A large number of fancier requests
|
|
exist,
|
|
notably requests to provide other sorts of paragraphs,
|
|
numbered sections of the form
|
|
.b 1.2.3
|
|
(such as used in this document),
|
|
and multicolumn output.
|
|
.sh 2 "More Paragraphs"
|
|
.pp
|
|
Paragraphs generally start with
|
|
a blank line
|
|
and with the first line
|
|
indented.
|
|
It is possible to get
|
|
left-justified block-style paragraphs
|
|
by using
|
|
.b .lp
|
|
instead of
|
|
.b .pp ,
|
|
as demonstrated by the next paragraph.
|
|
.lp
|
|
Sometimes you want to use paragraphs
|
|
that have the
|
|
.i body
|
|
indented,
|
|
and the first line
|
|
exdented
|
|
(opposite of indented)
|
|
with a label.
|
|
This can be done with the
|
|
.b .ip
|
|
request.
|
|
A word specified on the same line as
|
|
.b .ip
|
|
is printed in the margin,
|
|
and the body is lined up
|
|
at a prespecified position
|
|
(normally five spaces).
|
|
For example,
|
|
the input:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.ip one
|
|
This is the first paragraph.
|
|
Notice how the first line
|
|
of the resulting paragraph lines up
|
|
with the other lines in the paragraph.
|
|
\&.ip two
|
|
And here we are at the second paragraph already.
|
|
You may notice that the argument to \c
|
|
.b .ip
|
|
appears
|
|
in the margin.
|
|
\&.lp
|
|
We can continue text...
|
|
.)b
|
|
produces as output:
|
|
.ip one
|
|
This is the first paragraph.
|
|
Notice how the first line of the resulting paragraph lines up
|
|
with the other lines in the paragraph.
|
|
.ip two
|
|
And here we are at the second paragraph already.
|
|
You may notice that the argument to
|
|
.b .ip
|
|
appears
|
|
in the margin.
|
|
.lp
|
|
We can continue text without starting a new indented
|
|
paragraph
|
|
by using the
|
|
.b .lp
|
|
request.
|
|
.pp
|
|
If you have spaces in the label of a
|
|
.b .ip
|
|
request,
|
|
you must use an
|
|
.q "unpaddable space"
|
|
instead of a regular space.
|
|
This is typed as a backslash character
|
|
(\c
|
|
.q \e )
|
|
followed by a space.
|
|
For example,
|
|
to print the label
|
|
.q "Part 1" ,
|
|
enter:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.ip "Part\e 1"
|
|
.)b
|
|
.pp
|
|
If a label of an indented paragraph
|
|
(that is, the argument to
|
|
.b .ip )
|
|
is longer than the space allocated for the label,
|
|
.b .ip
|
|
will begin a new line after the label.
|
|
For example,
|
|
the input:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.ip longlabel
|
|
This paragraph had a long label.
|
|
The first character of text on the first line
|
|
will not line up with the text on second and subsequent lines,
|
|
although they will line up with each other.
|
|
.)b
|
|
will produce:
|
|
.ip longlabel
|
|
This paragraph had a long label.
|
|
The first character of text on the first line
|
|
will not line up with the text on second and subsequent lines,
|
|
although they will line up with each other.
|
|
.pp
|
|
It is possible to change the size of the label
|
|
by using a second argument
|
|
which is the size of the label.
|
|
For example,
|
|
the above example could be done correctly
|
|
by saying:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.ip longlabel 10
|
|
.)b
|
|
which will make the paragraph indent
|
|
10 spaces for this paragraph only.
|
|
If you have many paragraphs to indent
|
|
all the same amount,
|
|
use the
|
|
.i "number register"
|
|
.b ii .
|
|
For example, to leave one inch of space
|
|
for the label,
|
|
type:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.nr ii 1i
|
|
.)b
|
|
somewhere before the first call to
|
|
.b .ip .
|
|
Refer to the reference manual
|
|
for more information.
|
|
.pp
|
|
If
|
|
.b .ip
|
|
is used
|
|
with no argument at all
|
|
no hanging tag will be printed.
|
|
For example,
|
|
the input:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.ip [a]
|
|
This is the first paragraph of the example.
|
|
We have seen this sort of example before.
|
|
\&.ip
|
|
This paragraph is lined up with the previous paragraph,
|
|
but it has no tag in the margin.
|
|
.)b
|
|
produces as output:
|
|
.ip [a]
|
|
This is the first paragraph of the example.
|
|
We have seen this sort of example before.
|
|
.ip
|
|
This paragraph is lined up with the previous paragraph,
|
|
but it has no tag in the margin.
|
|
.pp
|
|
A special case of
|
|
.b .ip
|
|
is
|
|
.b .np ,
|
|
which automatically
|
|
numbers paragraphs sequentially from 1.
|
|
The numbering is reset at the next
|
|
.b .pp ,
|
|
.b .lp ,
|
|
or
|
|
.b .sh
|
|
(to be described in the next section)
|
|
request.
|
|
For example,
|
|
the input:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.np
|
|
This is the first point.
|
|
\&.np
|
|
This is the second point.
|
|
Points are just regular paragraphs
|
|
which are given sequence numbers automatically
|
|
by the .np request.
|
|
\&.pp
|
|
This paragraph will reset numbering by .np.
|
|
\&.np
|
|
For example,
|
|
we have reverted to numbering from one now.
|
|
.)b
|
|
generates:
|
|
.np
|
|
This is the first point.
|
|
.np
|
|
This is the second point.
|
|
Points are just regular paragraphs
|
|
which are given sequence numbers automatically
|
|
by the .np request.
|
|
.pp
|
|
This paragraph will reset numbering by .np.
|
|
.np
|
|
For example,
|
|
we have reverted to numbering from one now.
|
|
.pp
|
|
The
|
|
.b .bu
|
|
request gives lists of this sort that are identified with
|
|
bullets rather than numbers.
|
|
The paragraphs are also crunched together.
|
|
For example,
|
|
the input:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.bu
|
|
\&One egg yolk
|
|
\&.bu
|
|
\&One tablespoon cream or top milk
|
|
\&.bu
|
|
\&Salt, cayenne, and lemon juice to taste
|
|
\&.bu
|
|
\&A generous two tablespoonfuls of butter
|
|
.)b
|
|
produces\**:
|
|
.(f
|
|
\**By the way,
|
|
if you put the first three ingredients in a heavy, deep pan
|
|
and whisk the ingredients madly over a medium flame
|
|
(never taking your hand off the handle of the pot)
|
|
until the mixture reaches the consistency of custard
|
|
(just a minute or two),
|
|
then mix in the butter off-heat,
|
|
you will have a wonderful Hollandaise sauce.
|
|
.)f
|
|
.bu
|
|
One egg yolk
|
|
.bu
|
|
One tablespoon cream or top milk
|
|
.bu
|
|
Salt, cayenne, and lemon juice to taste
|
|
.bu
|
|
A generous two tablespoonfuls of butter
|
|
.sh 2 "Section Headings"
|
|
.pp
|
|
Section numbers
|
|
(such as the ones used in this document)
|
|
can be automatically generated
|
|
using the
|
|
.b .sh
|
|
request.
|
|
You must tell
|
|
.b .sh
|
|
the
|
|
.i depth
|
|
of the section number
|
|
and a section title.
|
|
The depth
|
|
specifies how many numbers
|
|
are to appear
|
|
(separated by decimal points)
|
|
in the section number.
|
|
For example,
|
|
the section number
|
|
.b 4.2.5
|
|
has a depth of three.
|
|
.pp
|
|
Section numbers
|
|
are incremented
|
|
in a fairly intuitive fashion.
|
|
If you add a number
|
|
(increase the depth),
|
|
the new number starts out
|
|
at one.
|
|
If you subtract section numbers
|
|
(or keep the same number)
|
|
the final number is incremented.
|
|
For example,
|
|
the input:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.sh 1 "The Preprocessor"
|
|
\&.sh 2 "Basic Concepts"
|
|
\&.sh 2 "Control Inputs"
|
|
\&.sh 3
|
|
\&.sh 3
|
|
\&.sh 1 "Code Generation"
|
|
\&.sh 3
|
|
.)b
|
|
produces as output the result:
|
|
.(b
|
|
.b
|
|
1. The Preprocessor
|
|
1.1. Basic Concepts
|
|
1.2. Control Inputs
|
|
1.2.1.
|
|
1.2.2.
|
|
2. Code Generation
|
|
2.1.1.
|
|
.)b
|
|
.pp
|
|
You can specify the section number to begin
|
|
by placing the section number after the section title,
|
|
using spaces instead of dots.
|
|
For example,
|
|
the request:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.sh 3 "Another section" 7 3 4
|
|
.)b
|
|
will begin the section numbered
|
|
.b 7.3.4 ;
|
|
all subsequent
|
|
.b .sh
|
|
requests will number relative to this number.
|
|
.pp
|
|
There are more complex features
|
|
which will cause each section to be indented
|
|
proportionally to the depth of the section.
|
|
For example, if you enter:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.nr si \c
|
|
.i N
|
|
.)b
|
|
each section will be indented by an amount
|
|
.i N .
|
|
.i N
|
|
must have a scaling factor attached,
|
|
that is, it must be of the form
|
|
.i Nx ,
|
|
where
|
|
.i x
|
|
is a character telling what units
|
|
.i N
|
|
is in.
|
|
Common values for
|
|
.i x
|
|
are
|
|
.b i
|
|
for inches,
|
|
.b c
|
|
for centimeters,
|
|
and
|
|
.b n
|
|
for
|
|
.i ens
|
|
(the width of a single character).
|
|
For example,
|
|
to indent each section
|
|
one-half inch,
|
|
type:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.nr si 0.5i
|
|
.)b
|
|
After this,
|
|
sections will be indented by
|
|
one-half inch
|
|
per level of depth in the section number.
|
|
For example,
|
|
this document was produced
|
|
using the request
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.nr si 3n
|
|
.)b
|
|
at the beginning of the input file,
|
|
giving three spaces of indent
|
|
per section depth.
|
|
.pp
|
|
Section headers without automatically generated numbers
|
|
can be done using:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.uh "Title"
|
|
.)b
|
|
which will do a section heading,
|
|
but will put no number on the section.
|
|
.sh 2 "Parts of the Basic Paper"
|
|
.pp
|
|
There are some requests
|
|
which assist in setting up
|
|
papers.
|
|
The
|
|
.b .tp
|
|
request
|
|
initializes for a title page.
|
|
There are no headers or footers
|
|
on a title page,
|
|
and unlike other pages
|
|
you can space down
|
|
and leave blank space
|
|
at the top.
|
|
For example,
|
|
a typical title page might appear as:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.tp
|
|
\&.sp 2i
|
|
\&.(l C
|
|
THE GROWTH OF TOENAILS
|
|
IN UPPER PRIMATES
|
|
\&.sp
|
|
by
|
|
\&.sp
|
|
Frank N. Furter
|
|
\&.)l
|
|
\&.bp
|
|
.)b
|
|
.pp
|
|
The request
|
|
.b .th
|
|
sets up the environment
|
|
of the \*N processor
|
|
to do a thesis,
|
|
using the rules established at Berkeley.
|
|
It defines the correct headers and footers
|
|
(a page number in the upper right hand corner only),
|
|
sets the margins correctly,
|
|
and double spaces.
|
|
.pp
|
|
The
|
|
.b .+c \ \c
|
|
.i T
|
|
request can be used
|
|
to start chapters.
|
|
Each chapter is automatically numbered
|
|
from one,
|
|
and a heading is printed at the top of each chapter
|
|
with the chapter number
|
|
and the chapter name
|
|
.i T .
|
|
For example,
|
|
to begin a chapter called
|
|
.q Conclusions ,
|
|
use the request:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.+c "CONCLUSIONS"
|
|
.)b
|
|
which will produce,
|
|
on a new page,
|
|
the lines
|
|
.(b C
|
|
CHAPTER 5
|
|
CONCLUSIONS
|
|
.)b
|
|
with appropriate spacing for a thesis.
|
|
Also, the header is moved to the foot of the page
|
|
on the first page of a chapter.
|
|
Although the
|
|
.b .+c
|
|
request was not designed to work only with the
|
|
.b .th
|
|
request,
|
|
it is tuned for the format acceptable
|
|
for a PhD thesis
|
|
at Berkeley.
|
|
.pp
|
|
If the
|
|
title parameter
|
|
.i T
|
|
is omitted from the
|
|
.b .+c
|
|
request,
|
|
the result is a chapter with no heading.
|
|
This can also be used at the beginning
|
|
of a paper;
|
|
for example,
|
|
.b .+c
|
|
was used to generate page one
|
|
of this document.
|
|
.pp
|
|
Although
|
|
papers traditionally have the abstract,
|
|
table of contents,
|
|
and so forth at the front of the paper,
|
|
it is more convenient to format
|
|
and print them last
|
|
when using \*N.
|
|
This is so that index entries
|
|
can be collected and then printed
|
|
for the table of contents
|
|
(or whatever).
|
|
At the end of the paper,
|
|
issue the
|
|
.b ".++ P"
|
|
request,
|
|
which begins the preliminary part
|
|
of the paper.
|
|
After issuing this request,
|
|
the
|
|
.b .+c
|
|
request will begin a preliminary section
|
|
of the paper.
|
|
Most notably,
|
|
this prints the page number
|
|
restarted from one
|
|
in lower case Roman numbers.
|
|
.b .+c
|
|
may be used repeatedly
|
|
to begin different parts of the
|
|
front material
|
|
for example,
|
|
the abstract,
|
|
the table of contents,
|
|
acknowledgments,
|
|
list of illustrations,
|
|
etc.
|
|
The request
|
|
.b ".++ B"
|
|
may also be used
|
|
to begin the bibliographic section
|
|
at the end of the paper.
|
|
For example,
|
|
the paper might appear
|
|
as outlined in figure 2.
|
|
(In this figure,
|
|
comments begin with the sequence
|
|
.b \e" .)
|
|
.(z
|
|
.hl
|
|
.if t .in 0.5i
|
|
.if t .ta 2i
|
|
.if n .ta 3i
|
|
\&.th \e" set for thesis mode
|
|
\&.fo \(aa\(aaDRAFT\(aa\(aa \e" define footer for each page
|
|
\&.tp \e" begin title page
|
|
\&.(l C \e" center a large block
|
|
THE GROWTH OF TOENAILS
|
|
IN UPPER PRIMATES
|
|
\&.sp
|
|
by
|
|
\&.sp
|
|
Frank Furter
|
|
\&.)l \e" end centered part
|
|
\&.+c INTRODUCTION \e" begin chapter named "INTRODUCTION"
|
|
\&.(x t \e" make an entry into index `t'
|
|
Introduction
|
|
\&.)x \e" end of index entry
|
|
text of chapter one
|
|
\&.+c "NEXT CHAPTER" \e" begin another chapter
|
|
\&.(x t \e" enter into index `t' again
|
|
Next Chapter
|
|
\&.)x
|
|
text of chapter two
|
|
\&.+c CONCLUSIONS
|
|
\&.(x t
|
|
Conclusions
|
|
\&.)x
|
|
text of chapter three
|
|
\&.++ B \e" begin bibliographic information
|
|
\&.+c BIBLIOGRAPHY \e" begin another `chapter'
|
|
\&.(x t
|
|
Bibliography
|
|
\&.)x
|
|
text of bibliography
|
|
\&.++ P \e" begin preliminary material
|
|
\&.+c "TABLE OF CONTENTS"
|
|
\&.xp t \e" print index `t' collected above
|
|
\&.+c PREFACE \e" begin another preliminary section
|
|
text of preface
|
|
.sp 2
|
|
.in 0
|
|
.ce
|
|
Figure 2. Outline of a Sample Paper
|
|
.hl
|
|
.)z
|
|
.sh 2 "Equations and Tables"
|
|
.pp
|
|
Two special \*U programs exist
|
|
to format special types of material.
|
|
.b Eqn
|
|
and
|
|
.b neqn
|
|
set equations
|
|
for the phototypesetter
|
|
and \*N respectively.
|
|
.b Tbl
|
|
arranges to print
|
|
extremely pretty tables
|
|
in a variety of formats.
|
|
This document will only describe
|
|
the embellishments
|
|
to the standard features;
|
|
consult the reference manuals
|
|
for those processors
|
|
for a description of their use.
|
|
.pp
|
|
The
|
|
.b eqn
|
|
and
|
|
.b neqn
|
|
programs are described fully
|
|
in the document
|
|
.ul
|
|
Typesetting Mathematics \- User's Guide
|
|
by Brian W. Kernighan
|
|
and Lorinda L. Cherry.
|
|
Equations are centered,
|
|
and are kept on one page.
|
|
They are introduced by the
|
|
.b .EQ
|
|
request and terminated by the
|
|
.b .EN
|
|
request.
|
|
.pp
|
|
The
|
|
.b .EQ
|
|
request may take an
|
|
equation number as an
|
|
optional argument,
|
|
which is printed vertically centered
|
|
on the right hand side
|
|
of the equation.
|
|
If the equation becomes too long
|
|
it should be split
|
|
between two lines.
|
|
To do this, type:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.EQ (eq 34)
|
|
text of equation 34
|
|
\&.EN C
|
|
\&.EQ
|
|
continuation of equation 34
|
|
\&.EN
|
|
.)b
|
|
The
|
|
.b C
|
|
on the
|
|
.b .EN
|
|
request
|
|
specifies that the equation
|
|
will be continued.
|
|
.pp
|
|
The
|
|
.b tbl
|
|
program produces tables.
|
|
It is fully described
|
|
(including numerous examples)
|
|
in the document
|
|
.ul
|
|
Tbl \- A Program to Format Tables
|
|
by M. E. Lesk.
|
|
Tables begin with the
|
|
.b .TS
|
|
request
|
|
and end with the
|
|
.b .TE
|
|
request.
|
|
Tables are normally kept on a single page.
|
|
If you have a table which is too big
|
|
to fit on a single page,
|
|
so that you know it will extend
|
|
to several pages,
|
|
begin the table with the request
|
|
.b ".TS\ H"
|
|
and put the request
|
|
.b .TH
|
|
after the part of the table
|
|
which you want
|
|
duplicated at the top of every page
|
|
that the table is printed on.
|
|
For example, a table definition
|
|
for a long table might look like:
|
|
.ds TA \|\h'.4n'\v'-.2n'\s-4\zT\s0\v'.2n'\h'-.4n'\(ci\|
|
|
.if n .ds TA \ \o'-T'\ \"
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.TS H
|
|
c s s
|
|
n n n.
|
|
THE TABLE TITLE
|
|
\&.TH
|
|
text of the table
|
|
\&.TE
|
|
.)b
|
|
.pp
|
|
.sh 2 "Two Column Output"
|
|
.pp
|
|
You can get two column output
|
|
automatically
|
|
by using the request
|
|
.b .2c .
|
|
This causes everything after it
|
|
to be output in two-column form.
|
|
The request
|
|
.b .bc
|
|
will start a new column;
|
|
it differs from
|
|
.b .bp
|
|
in that
|
|
.b .bp
|
|
may leave a totally blank column
|
|
when it starts a new page.
|
|
To revert to single column output,
|
|
use
|
|
.b .1c .
|
|
.sh 2 "Defining Macros"
|
|
.pp
|
|
A
|
|
.i macro
|
|
is a collection of requests and text
|
|
which may be used
|
|
by stating a simple request.
|
|
Macros begin with the line
|
|
.b ".de" \ \c
|
|
.i xx
|
|
(where
|
|
.i xx
|
|
is the name of the macro to be defined)
|
|
and end with the line consisting of two dots.
|
|
After defining the macro,
|
|
stating the line
|
|
.b . \c
|
|
.i xx
|
|
is the same as stating all the other lines.
|
|
For example,
|
|
to define a macro
|
|
that spaces 3 lines
|
|
and then centers the next input line,
|
|
enter:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.de SS
|
|
\&.sp 3
|
|
\&.ce
|
|
\&..
|
|
.)b
|
|
and use it by typing:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.SS
|
|
\&Title Line
|
|
(beginning of text)
|
|
.)b
|
|
.pp
|
|
Macro names may be one or two characters.
|
|
In order to avoid conflicts
|
|
with names in \-me,
|
|
always use upper case letters as names.
|
|
The only names to avoid are
|
|
.b TS ,
|
|
.b TH ,
|
|
.b TE ,
|
|
.b EQ ,
|
|
and
|
|
.b EN .
|
|
.sh 2 "Annotations Inside Keeps"
|
|
.pp
|
|
Sometimes you may want to put
|
|
a footnote
|
|
or index entry inside a keep.
|
|
For example,
|
|
if you want to maintain a
|
|
.q "list of figures"
|
|
you will want to do something like:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.(z
|
|
\&.(c
|
|
text of figure
|
|
\&.)c
|
|
\&.ce
|
|
Figure 5.
|
|
\&.(x f
|
|
Figure 5
|
|
\&.)x
|
|
\&.)z
|
|
.)b
|
|
which you may hope
|
|
will give you a figure
|
|
with a label
|
|
and an entry in the index
|
|
.b f
|
|
(presumably a list of figures index).
|
|
Unfortunately,
|
|
the
|
|
index entry
|
|
is read and interpreted
|
|
when the keep is read,
|
|
not when it is printed,
|
|
so the page number in the index is likely to be wrong.
|
|
The solution is to use the magic string
|
|
.b \e!
|
|
at the beginning of all the lines dealing with the index.
|
|
In other words,
|
|
you should use:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.(z
|
|
\&.(c
|
|
Text of figure
|
|
\&.)c
|
|
\&.ce
|
|
Figure 5.
|
|
\e!.(x f
|
|
\e!Figure 5
|
|
\e!.)x
|
|
\&.)z
|
|
.)b
|
|
which will defer the processing of the index
|
|
until the figure is output.
|
|
This will guarantee
|
|
that the page number in the index
|
|
is correct.
|
|
The same comments apply
|
|
to
|
|
blocks
|
|
(with
|
|
.b .(b
|
|
and
|
|
.b .)b )
|
|
as well.
|
|
.sh 1 "\*T and the Photosetter"
|
|
.pp
|
|
With a little care,
|
|
you can prepare
|
|
documents that
|
|
will print nicely
|
|
on either a regular terminal
|
|
or when phototypeset
|
|
using the \*T formatting program.
|
|
.sh 2 "Fonts"
|
|
.pp
|
|
A
|
|
.i font
|
|
is a style of type.
|
|
There are three fonts
|
|
that are available simultaneously,
|
|
Times Roman,
|
|
Times Italic,
|
|
and Times Bold,
|
|
plus the special math font.
|
|
The normal font is Roman.
|
|
Text which would be underlined in \*N
|
|
with the
|
|
.b .ul
|
|
request
|
|
is set in italics
|
|
in \*T.
|
|
.pp
|
|
There are ways of switching between fonts.
|
|
The requests
|
|
.b .r ,
|
|
.b .i ,
|
|
and
|
|
.b .b
|
|
switch to Roman,
|
|
italic,
|
|
and bold fonts respectively.
|
|
You can set a single word
|
|
in some font
|
|
by typing (for example):
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.i word
|
|
.)b
|
|
which will set
|
|
.i word
|
|
in italics
|
|
but does not affect the surrounding text.
|
|
In \*N,
|
|
italic and bold text
|
|
is underlined.
|
|
.pp
|
|
Notice that if you are setting more than one word
|
|
in whatever font,
|
|
you must surround that word with double quote marks
|
|
(`\|"\|')
|
|
so that it will appear to the \*N processor as a single word.
|
|
The quote marks will not appear in the formatted text.
|
|
If you do want a quote mark to appear,
|
|
you should quote the entire string
|
|
(even if a single word),
|
|
and use
|
|
.i two
|
|
quote marks where you want one to appear.
|
|
For example,
|
|
if you want to produce the text:
|
|
.(b
|
|
.i """Master Control\|"""
|
|
.)b
|
|
in italics, you must type:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.i """Master Control\e|"""
|
|
.)b
|
|
The
|
|
.b \e|
|
|
produces a very narrow space
|
|
so that the
|
|
.q l
|
|
does not overlap the quote sign in \*T,
|
|
like this:
|
|
.(b
|
|
.i """Master Control"""
|
|
.)b
|
|
.pp
|
|
There are also several
|
|
.q pseudo-fonts
|
|
available.
|
|
The input:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.(b
|
|
\&.u underlined
|
|
\&.bi "bold italics"
|
|
\&.bx "words in a box"
|
|
\&.)b
|
|
.)b
|
|
generates
|
|
.(b
|
|
.u underlined
|
|
.bi "bold italics"
|
|
.bx "words in a box"
|
|
.)b
|
|
In \*N these all just underline
|
|
the text.
|
|
Notice that pseudo font requests
|
|
set only the single parameter in the pseudo font;
|
|
ordinary font requests will begin setting all text
|
|
in the special font
|
|
if you do not provide a parameter.
|
|
No more than one word
|
|
should appear
|
|
with these three font requests
|
|
in the middle of lines.
|
|
This is because
|
|
of the way \*T justifies text.
|
|
For example,
|
|
if you were to issue the requests:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.bi "some bold italics"
|
|
and
|
|
\&.bx "words in a box"
|
|
.)b
|
|
in the middle of a line
|
|
\*T would produce
|
|
.bi "some bold italics"
|
|
and
|
|
.bx "words in a box" ,\c
|
|
.if t \p
|
|
.if n \& \"
|
|
.if t which I think you will agree does not look good.
|
|
.if n which would look really lousy in \*T.
|
|
.pp
|
|
The second parameter
|
|
of all font requests
|
|
is set in the original font.
|
|
For example,
|
|
the font request:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.b bold face
|
|
.)b
|
|
generates
|
|
.q bold
|
|
in bold font,
|
|
but sets
|
|
.q face
|
|
in the font of the surrounding text,
|
|
resulting in:
|
|
.(b
|
|
.b bold face.
|
|
.)b
|
|
To set the two words
|
|
.b bold
|
|
and
|
|
.b face
|
|
both in
|
|
.b "bold face" ,
|
|
type:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.b "bold face"
|
|
.)b
|
|
.pp
|
|
You can mix fonts in a word by using the
|
|
special sequence
|
|
.b \ec
|
|
at the end of a line
|
|
to indicate
|
|
.q "continue text processing" ;
|
|
this allows input lines
|
|
to be joined together
|
|
without a space between them.
|
|
For example, the input:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.u under \ec
|
|
\&.i italics
|
|
.)b
|
|
generates
|
|
.u under \c
|
|
.i italics ,
|
|
but if we had typed:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.u under
|
|
\&.i italics
|
|
.)b
|
|
the result would have been
|
|
.u under
|
|
.i italics
|
|
as two words.
|
|
.sh 2 "Point Sizes"
|
|
.pp
|
|
The phototypesetter
|
|
supports different sizes of type,
|
|
measured in points.
|
|
The default point size
|
|
is 10 points
|
|
for most text,
|
|
8 points for footnotes.
|
|
To change the pointsize,
|
|
type:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.sz \c
|
|
.i +N
|
|
.)b
|
|
where
|
|
.i N
|
|
is the size wanted in points.
|
|
The
|
|
.i "vertical spacing"
|
|
(distance between the bottom of most letters
|
|
(the
|
|
.i baseline )
|
|
between adjacent lines)
|
|
is set to be proportional
|
|
to the type size.
|
|
.pp
|
|
These pointsize changes are
|
|
.i temporary !!!
|
|
For example,
|
|
to reset the pointsize of basic text to twelve point, use:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.nr pp 12
|
|
\&.nr sp 12
|
|
\&.nr tp 12
|
|
.)b
|
|
to reset the default pointsize of
|
|
paragraphs,
|
|
section headers,
|
|
and titles respectively.
|
|
If you only want to set the names of sections in a larger pointsize,
|
|
use:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.nr sp 11
|
|
.)b
|
|
alone \*- this sets section titles
|
|
(e.g.,
|
|
.b "Point Sizes"
|
|
above)
|
|
in a larger font than the default.
|
|
.pp
|
|
A single word or phrase can be set in a smaller pointsize
|
|
than the surrounding text
|
|
using the
|
|
.b .sm
|
|
request.
|
|
This is especially convenient for words that are all capitals,
|
|
due to the optical illusion that makes them look even larger
|
|
than they actually are.
|
|
For example:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.sm UNIX
|
|
.)b
|
|
prints as
|
|
.sm UNIX
|
|
rather than
|
|
UNIX.
|
|
.pp
|
|
Warning:
|
|
changing point sizes
|
|
on the phototypesetter
|
|
is a slow mechanical operation.
|
|
On laser printers it may require loading new fonts.
|
|
Size changes
|
|
should be considered carefully.
|
|
.sh 2 "Quotes"
|
|
.pp
|
|
It is conventional when using
|
|
the typesetter to
|
|
use pairs of grave and acute accents
|
|
to generate double quotes,
|
|
rather than the
|
|
double quote character
|
|
(`\|"\|').
|
|
This is because it looks better
|
|
to use grave and acute accents;
|
|
for example, compare
|
|
"quote" to
|
|
``quote''.
|
|
.pp
|
|
In order to make quotes compatible
|
|
between the typesetter and terminals,
|
|
you may use the sequences
|
|
.b \e*(lq
|
|
and
|
|
.b \e*(rq
|
|
to stand for the left and right quote
|
|
respectively.
|
|
These both appear as
|
|
.b """"
|
|
on most terminals,
|
|
but are typeset as
|
|
.b ``
|
|
and
|
|
.b ''
|
|
respectively.
|
|
For example,
|
|
use:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\e*(lqSome things aren\(aat true
|
|
even if they did happen.\e*(rq
|
|
.)b
|
|
to generate the result:
|
|
.(b
|
|
.q "Some things aren't true even if they did happen."
|
|
.)b
|
|
As a shorthand,
|
|
the special font request:
|
|
.(b
|
|
\&.q "quoted text"
|
|
.)b
|
|
will generate
|
|
.q "quoted text" .
|
|
Notice that you must surround
|
|
the material to be quoted
|
|
with double quote marks
|
|
if it is more than one word.
|
|
.sh 0
|
|
.sp 1i
|
|
.b Acknowledgments
|
|
.pp
|
|
I would like to thank
|
|
Bob Epstein,
|
|
Bill Joy,
|
|
and Larry Rowe
|
|
for having the courage
|
|
to use the \-me macros
|
|
to produce non-trivial papers
|
|
during the development stages;
|
|
Ricki Blau,
|
|
Pamela Humphrey,
|
|
and Jim Joyce
|
|
for their help with the documentation phase;
|
|
peter kessler
|
|
for numerous complaints years after I was
|
|
.q done
|
|
with this project,
|
|
most accompanied by fixes
|
|
(hence forcing me to fix several small bugs);
|
|
and the plethora of people who have contributed ideas
|
|
and have given support for the project.
|
|
.sp 1i
|
|
This document was
|
|
.if n \*N'ed
|
|
.if t \*T'ed
|
|
on \*(td
|
|
and applies to version
|
|
\*(MO
|
|
of the \-me macros.
|