458 lines
13 KiB
Groff
458 lines
13 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1992, 1993, 1994
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)symlink.7 8.3 (Berkeley) 3/31/94
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd March 31, 1994
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.Dt SYMLINK 7
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm symlink
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.Nd symbolic link handling
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.Sh SYMBOLIC LINK HANDLING
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Symbolic links are files that act as pointers to other files.
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To understand their behavior, you must first understand how hard links
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work.
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A hard link to a file is indistinguishable from the original file because
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it is a reference to the object underlying the original file name.
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Changes to a file are independent of the name used to reference the
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file.
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Hard links may not refer to directories and may not reference files
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on different filesystems.
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A symbolic link contains the name of the file to which it is linked,
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i.e. it is a pointer to another name, and not to an underlying object.
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For this reason, symbolic links may reference directories and may span
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filesystems.
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.Pp
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Because a symbolic link and its referenced object coexist in the filesystem
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name space, confusion can arise in distinguishing between the link itself
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and the referenced object.
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Historically, commands and system calls have adopted their own link
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following conventions in a somewhat ad-hoc fashion.
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Rules for more a uniform approach, as they are implemented in this system,
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are outlined here.
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It is important that local applications conform to these rules, too,
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so that the user interface can be as consistent as possible.
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.Pp
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Symbolic links are handled either by operating on the link itself,
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or by operating on the object referenced by the link.
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In the latter case,
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an application or system call is said to
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.Dq follow
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the link.
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Symbolic links may reference other symbolic links,
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in which case the links are dereferenced until an object that is
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not a symbolic link is found,
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a symbolic link which references a file which doesn't exist is found,
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or a loop is detected.
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(Loop detection is done by placing an upper limit on the number of
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links that may be followed, and an error results if this limit is
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exceeded.)
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.Pp
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There are three separate areas that need to be discussed.
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They are as follows:
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.Pp
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.Bl -enum -compact -offset indent
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.It
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Symbolic links used as file name arguments for system calls.
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.It
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Symbolic links specified as command line arguments to utilities that
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are not traversing a file tree.
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.It
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Symbolic links encountered by utilities that are traversing a file tree
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(either specified on the command line or encountered as part of the
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file hierarchy walk).
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.El
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.Ss System calls.
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The first area is symbolic links used as file name arguments for
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system calls.
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.Pp
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Except as noted below, all system calls follow symbolic links.
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For example, if there were a symbolic link
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.Dq Li slink
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which pointed to a file named
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.Dq Li afile ,
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the system call
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.Dq Li open("slink" ...\&)
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would return a file descriptor to the file
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.Dq afile .
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.Pp
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There are nine system calls that do not follow links, and which operate
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on the symbolic link itself.
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They are:
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.Xr lchflags 2 ,
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.Xr lchmod 2 ,
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.Xr lchown 2 ,
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.Xr lstat 2 ,
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.Xr lutimes 2 ,
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.Xr readlink 2 ,
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.Xr rename 2 ,
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.Xr rmdir 2 ,
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and
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.Xr unlink 2 .
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Because
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.Xr remove 3
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is an alias for
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.Xr unlink 2 ,
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it also does not follow symbolic links.
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When
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.Xr rmdir 2
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is applied to a symbolic link, it fails with the error
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.Er ENOTDIR .
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.Pp
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The owner and group of an existing symbolic link can be changed by
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means of the
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.Xr lchown 2
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system call.
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The flags, access permissions, owner/group and modification time of
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an existing symbolic link can be changed by means of the
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.Xr lchflags 2 ,
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.Xr lchmod 2 ,
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.Xr lchown 2 ,
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and
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.Xr lutimes 2
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system calls, respectively.
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Of these, only the flags are used by the system;
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the access permissions and ownership are ignored.
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.Pp
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The
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.Bx 4.4
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system differs from historical
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.Bx 4
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systems in that the system call
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.Xr chown 2
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has been changed to follow symbolic links.
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The
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.Xr lchown 2
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system call was added later when the limitations of the new
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.Xr chown 2
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became apparent.
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.Ss Commands not traversing a file tree.
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The second area is symbolic links, specified as command line file
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name arguments, to commands which are not traversing a file tree.
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.Pp
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Except as noted below, commands follow symbolic links named as command
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line arguments.
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For example, if there were a symbolic link
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.Dq Li slink
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which pointed to a file named
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.Dq Li afile ,
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the command
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.Dq Li cat slink
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would display the contents of the file
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.Dq Li afile .
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.Pp
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It is important to realize that this rule includes commands which may
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optionally traverse file trees, e.g. the command
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.Dq Li "chown file"
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is included in this rule, while the command
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.Dq Li "chown -R file"
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is not.
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(The latter is described in the third area, below.)
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.Pp
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If it is explicitly intended that the command operate on the symbolic
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link instead of following the symbolic link, e.g., it is desired that
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.Dq Li "chown slink"
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change the ownership of the file that
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.Dq Li slink
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is, whether it is a symbolic link or not, the
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.Fl h
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option should be used.
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In the above example,
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.Dq Li "chown root slink"
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would change the ownership of the file referenced by
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.Dq Li slink ,
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while
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.Dq Li "chown -h root slink"
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would change the ownership of
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.Dq Li slink
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itself.
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.Pp
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There are four exceptions to this rule.
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The
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.Xr mv 1
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and
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.Xr rm 1
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commands do not follow symbolic links named as arguments,
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but respectively attempt to rename and delete them.
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(Note, if the symbolic link references a file via a relative path,
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moving it to another directory may very well cause it to stop working,
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since the path may no longer be correct.)
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.Pp
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The
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.Xr ls 1
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command is also an exception to this rule.
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For compatibility with historic systems (when
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.Nm ls
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is not doing a tree walk, i.e. the
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.Fl R
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option is not specified),
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the
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.Nm ls
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command follows symbolic links named as arguments if the
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.Fl H
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or
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.Fl L
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option is specified,
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or if the
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.Fl F ,
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.Fl d
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or
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.Fl l
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options are not specified. (The
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.Nm ls
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command is the only command where the
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.Fl H
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and
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.Fl L
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options affect its behavior even though it is not doing a walk of
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a file tree.)
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.Pp
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The
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.Xr file 1
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command is also an exception to this rule.
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The
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.Xr file 1
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command does not follow symbolic links named as argument by default.
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The
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.Xr file 1
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command does follow symbolic links named as argument if
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.Fl L
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option is specified.
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.Pp
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The
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.Bx 4.4
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system differs from historical
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.Bx 4
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systems in that the
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.Nm chown
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and
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.Nm chgrp
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commands follow symbolic links specified on the command line.
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.Ss Commands traversing a file tree.
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The following commands either optionally or always traverse file trees:
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.Xr chflags 1 ,
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.Xr chgrp 1 ,
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.Xr chmod 1 ,
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.Xr cp 1 ,
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.Xr du 1 ,
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.Xr find 1 ,
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.Xr ls 1 ,
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.Xr pax 1 ,
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.Xr rm 1 ,
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.Xr tar 1
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and
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.Xr chown 8 .
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.Pp
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It is important to realize that the following rules apply equally to
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symbolic links encountered during the file tree traversal and symbolic
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links listed as command line arguments.
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.Pp
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The first rule applies to symbolic links that reference files that are
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not of type directory.
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Operations that apply to symbolic links are performed on the links
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themselves, but otherwise the links are ignored.
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.Pp
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The command
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.Dq Li "rm -r slink directory"
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will remove
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.Dq Li slink ,
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as well as any symbolic links encountered in the tree traversal of
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.Dq Li directory ,
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because symbolic links may be removed.
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In no case will
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.Nm rm
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affect the file which
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.Dq Li slink
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references in any way.
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.Pp
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The second rule applies to symbolic links that reference files of type
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directory.
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Symbolic links which reference files of type directory are never
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.Dq followed
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by default.
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This is often referred to as a
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.Dq physical
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walk, as opposed to a
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.Dq logical
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walk (where symbolic links referencing directories are followed).
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.Pp
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As consistently as possible, you can make commands doing a file tree
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walk follow any symbolic links named on the command line, regardless
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of the type of file they reference, by specifying the
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.Fl H
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(for
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.Dq half\-logical )
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flag.
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This flag is intended to make the command line name space look
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like the logical name space.
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(Note, for commands that do not always do file tree traversals, the
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.Fl H
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flag will be ignored if the
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.Fl R
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flag is not also specified.)
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.Pp
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For example, the command
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.Dq Li "chown -HR user slink"
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will traverse the file hierarchy rooted in the file pointed to by
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.Dq Li slink .
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Note, the
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.Fl H
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is not the same as the previously discussed
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.Fl h
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flag.
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The
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.Fl H
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flag causes symbolic links specified on the command line to be
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dereferenced both for the purposes of the action to be performed
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and the tree walk, and it is as if the user had specified the
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name of the file to which the symbolic link pointed.
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.Pp
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As consistently as possible, you can make commands doing a file tree
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walk follow any symbolic links named on the command line, as well as
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any symbolic links encountered during the traversal, regardless of
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the type of file they reference, by specifying the
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.Fl L
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(for
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.Dq logical )
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flag.
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This flag is intended to make the entire name space look like
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the logical name space.
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(Note, for commands that do not always do file tree traversals, the
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.Fl L
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flag will be ignored if the
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.Fl R
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flag is not also specified.)
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.Pp
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For example, the command
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.Dq Li "chown -LR user slink"
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will change the owner of the file referenced by
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.Dq Li slink .
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If
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.Dq Li slink
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references a directory,
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.Nm chown
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will traverse the file hierarchy rooted in the directory that it
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references.
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In addition, if any symbolic links are encountered in any file tree that
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.Nm chown
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traverses, they will be treated in the same fashion as
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.Dq Li slink .
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.Pp
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As consistently as possible, you can specify the default behavior by
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specifying the
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.Fl P
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(for
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.Dq physical )
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flag.
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This flag is intended to make the entire name space look like the
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physical name space.
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.Pp
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For commands that do not by default do file tree traversals, the
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.Fl H ,
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.Fl L
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and
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.Fl P
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flags are ignored if the
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.Fl R
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flag is not also specified.
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In addition, you may specify the
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.Fl H ,
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.Fl L
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and
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.Fl P
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options more than once; the last one specified determines the
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command's behavior.
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This is intended to permit you to alias commands to behave one way
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or the other, and then override that behavior on the command line.
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.Pp
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The
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.Xr ls 1
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and
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.Xr rm 1
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commands have exceptions to these rules.
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The
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.Nm rm
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command operates on the symbolic link, and not the file it references,
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and therefore never follows a symbolic link.
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The
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.Nm rm
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command does not support the
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.Fl H ,
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.Fl L
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or
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.Fl P
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options.
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.Pp
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To maintain compatibility with historic systems,
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the
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.Nm ls
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command acts a little differently. If you do not specify the
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.Fl F ,
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.Fl d
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or
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.Fl l
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options,
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.Nm ls
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will follow symbolic links specified on the command line. If the
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.Fl L
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flag is specified,
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.Nm ls
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follows all symbolic links,
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regardless of their type,
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whether specified on the command line or encountered in the tree walk.
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr chflags 1 ,
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.Xr chgrp 1 ,
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.Xr chmod 1 ,
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.Xr cp 1 ,
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.Xr du 1 ,
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.Xr find 1 ,
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.Xr ln 1 ,
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.Xr ls 1 ,
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.Xr mv 1 ,
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.Xr pax 1 ,
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.Xr rm 1 ,
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.Xr tar 1 ,
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.Xr lchflags 2 ,
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.Xr lchmod 2 ,
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.Xr lchown 2 ,
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.Xr lstat 2 ,
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.Xr lutimes 2 ,
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.Xr readlink 2 ,
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.Xr rename 2 ,
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.Xr symlink 2 ,
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.Xr unlink 2 ,
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.Xr fts 3 ,
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.Xr remove 3 ,
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.Xr chown 8
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