1995 lines
69 KiB
Perl
1995 lines
69 KiB
Perl
.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1986, 1988, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\" @(#)3.t 8.1 (Berkeley) 7/27/93
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.\"
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.ds lq ``
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.ds rq ''
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.ds RH "Upgrading a \*(Ps System
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.ds CF \*(Dy
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.Sh 1 "Upgrading a \*(Ps system"
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.PP
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This section describes the procedure for upgrading a \*(Ps
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system to \*(4B. This procedure may vary according to the version of
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the system running before conversion.
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If you are converting from a
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System V system, some of this section will still apply (in particular,
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the filesystem conversion). However, many of the system configuration
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files are different, and the executable file formats are completely
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incompatible.
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.PP
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In particular be wary when using this information to upgrade
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a \*(Ps HP300 system.
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There are at least four different versions of ``\*(Ps'' out there:
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.IP 1)
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HPBSD 1.x from Utah.
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.br
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This was the original version of \*(Ps for HP300s from which the
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other variants (and \*(4B) are derived.
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It is largely a \*(Ps system with Sun's NFS 3.0 filesystem code and
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some \*(Ps-Tahoe features (e.g. networking code).
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Since the filesystem code is 4.2/4.3 vintage and the filesystem
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hierarchy is largely \*(Ps, most of this section should apply.
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.IP 2)
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MORE/bsd from Mt. Xinu.
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.br
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This is a \*(Ps-Tahoe vintage system with Sun's NFS 4.0 filesystem code
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upgraded with Tahoe UFS features.
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The instructions for \*(Ps-Tahoe should largely apply.
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.IP 3)
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\*(Ps-Reno from CSRG.
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.br
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At least one site bootstrapped HP300 support from the Reno distribution.
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The Reno filesystem code was somewhere between \*(Ps and \*(4B: the VFS switch
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had been added but many of the UFS features (e.g. ``inline'' symlinks)
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were missing.
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The filesystem hierarchy reorganization first appeared in this release.
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Be extremely careful following these instructions if you are
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upgrading from the Reno distribution.
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.IP 4)
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HPBSD 2.0 from Utah.
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.br
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As if things were not bad enough already,
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this release has the \*(4B filesystem and networking code
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as well as some utilities, but still has a \*(Ps hierarchy.
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No filesystem conversions are necessary for this upgrade,
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but files will still need to be moved around.
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.Sh 2 "Installation overview"
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.PP
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If you are running \*(Ps, upgrading your system
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involves replacing your kernel and system utilities.
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In general, there are three possible ways to install a new \*(Bs distribution:
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(1) boot directly from the distribution tape, use it to load new binaries
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onto empty disks, and then merge or restore any existing configuration files
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and filesystems;
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(2) use an existing \*(Ps or later system to extract the root and
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.Pn /usr
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filesystems from the distribution tape,
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boot from the new system, then merge or restore existing
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configuration files and filesystems; or
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(3) extract the sources from the distribution tape onto an existing system,
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and use that system to cross-compile and install \*(4B.
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For this release, the second alternative is strongly advised,
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with the third alternative reserved as a last resort.
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In general, older binaries will continue to run under \*(4B,
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but there are many exceptions that are on the critical path
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for getting the system running.
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Ideally, the new system binaries (root and
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.Pn /usr
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filesystems) should be installed on spare disk partitions,
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then site-specific files should be merged into them.
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Once the new system is up and fully merged, the previous root and
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.Pn /usr
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filesystems can be reused.
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Other existing filesystems can be retained and used,
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except that (as usual) the new
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.Xr fsck
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should be run before they are mounted.
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.PP
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It is \fBSTRONGLY\fP advised that you make full dumps of each filesystem
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before beginning, especially any that you intend to modify in place
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during the merge.
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It is also desirable to run filesystem checks
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of all filesystems to be converted to \*(4B before shutting down.
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This is an excellent time to review your disk configuration
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for possible tuning of the layout.
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Most systems will need to provide a new filesystem for system use
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mounted on
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.Pn /var
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(see below).
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However, the
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.Pn /tmp
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filesystem can be an MFS virtual-memory-resident filesystem,
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potentially freeing an existing disk partition.
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(Additional swap space may be desirable as a consequence.)
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See
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.Xr mount_mfs (8).
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.PP
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The recommended installation procedure includes the following steps.
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The order of these steps will probably vary according to local needs.
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.IP \(bu
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Extract root and
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.Pn /usr
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filesystems from the distribution tapes.
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.IP \(bu
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Extract kernel and/or user-level sources from the distribution tape
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if space permits.
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This can serve as the backup documentation as needed.
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.IP \(bu
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Configure and boot a kernel for the local system.
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This can be delayed if the generic kernel from the distribution
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supports enough hardware to proceed.
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.IP \(bu
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Build a skeletal
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.Pn /var
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filesystem (see
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.Xr mtree (8)).
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.IP \(bu
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Merge site-dependent configuration files from
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.Pn /etc
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and
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.Pn /usr/lib
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into the new
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.Pn /etc
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directory.
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Note that many file formats and contents have changed; see section 3.4
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of this document.
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.IP \(bu
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Copy or merge files from
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.Pn /usr/adm ,
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.Pn /usr/spool ,
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.Pn /usr/preserve ,
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.Pn /usr/lib ,
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and other locations into
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.Pn /var .
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.IP \(bu
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Merge local macros, dictionaries, etc. into
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.Pn /usr/share .
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.IP \(bu
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Merge and update local software to reflect the system changes.
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.IP \(bu
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Take off the rest of the morning, you've earned it!
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.PP
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Section 3.2 lists the files to be saved as part of the conversion process.
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Section 3.3 describes the bootstrap process.
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Section 3.4 discusses the merger of the saved files back into the new system.
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Section 3.5 gives an overview of the major
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bug fixes and changes between \*(Ps and \*(4B.
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Section 3.6 provides general hints on possible problems to be
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aware of when converting from \*(Ps to \*(4B.
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.Sh 2 "Files to save"
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.PP
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The following list enumerates the standard set of files you will want to
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save and suggests directories in which site-specific files should be present.
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This list will likely be augmented with non-standard files you
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have added to your system.
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If you do not have enough space to create parallel
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filesystems, you should create a
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.Xr tar
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image of the following files before the new filesystems are created.
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The rest of this subsection describes where theses files
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have moved and how they have changed.
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.TS
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lfC c l.
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/.cshrc \(dg root csh startup script (moves to \f(CW/root/.cshrc\fP)
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/.login \(dg root csh login script (moves to \f(CW/root/.login\fP)
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/.profile \(dg root sh startup script (moves to \f(CW/root/.profile\fP)
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/.rhosts \(dg for trusted machines and users (moves to \f(CW/root/.rhosts\fP)
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/etc/disktab \(dd in case you changed disk partition sizes
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/etc/fstab * disk configuration data
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/etc/ftpusers \(dg for local additions
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/etc/gettytab \(dd getty database
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/etc/group * group data base
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/etc/hosts \(dg for local host information
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/etc/hosts.equiv \(dg for local host equivalence information
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/etc/hosts.lpd \(dg printer access file
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/etc/inetd.conf * Internet services configuration data
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/etc/named* \(dg named configuration files
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/etc/netstart \(dg network initialization
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/etc/networks \(dg for local network information
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/etc/passwd * user data base
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/etc/printcap * line printer database
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/etc/protocols \(dd in case you added any local protocols
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/etc/rc * for any local additions
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/etc/rc.local * site specific system startup commands
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/etc/remote \(dg auto-dialer configuration
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/etc/services \(dd for local additions
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/etc/shells \(dd list of valid shells
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/etc/syslog.conf * system logger configuration
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/etc/securettys * merged into ttys
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/etc/ttys * terminal line configuration data
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/etc/ttytype * merged into ttys
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/etc/termcap \(dd for any local entries that may have been added
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/lib \(dd for any locally developed language processors
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/usr/dict/* \(dd for local additions to words and papers
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/usr/include/* \(dd for local additions
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/usr/lib/aliases * mail forwarding data base (moves to \f(CW/etc/aliases\fP)
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/usr/lib/crontab * cron daemon data base (moves to \f(CW/etc/crontab\fP)
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/usr/lib/crontab.local * local cron daemon data base (moves to \f(CW/etc/crontab.local\fP)
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/usr/lib/lib*.a \(dg for local libraries
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/usr/lib/mail.rc \(dg system-wide mail(1) initialization (moves to \f(CW/etc/mail.rc\fP)
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/usr/lib/sendmail.cf * sendmail configuration (moves to \f(CW/etc/sendmail.cf\fP)
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/usr/lib/tmac/* \(dd for locally developed troff/nroff macros (moves to \f(CW/usr/share/tmac/*\fP)
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/usr/lib/uucp/* \(dg for local uucp configuration files
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/usr/man/manl * for manual pages for locally developed programs (moves to \f(CW/usr/local/man\fP)
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/usr/spool/* \(dg for current mail, news, uucp files, etc. (moves to \f(CW/var/spool\fP)
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/usr/src/local \(dg for source for locally developed programs
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/sys/conf/HOST \(dg configuration file for your machine (moves to \f(CW/sys/<arch>/conf\fP)
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/sys/conf/files.HOST \(dg list of special files in your kernel (moves to \f(CW/sys/<arch>/conf\fP)
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/*/quotas * filesystem quota files (moves to \f(CW/*/quotas.user\fP)
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.TE
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.DS
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\(dg\|Files that can be used from \*(Ps without change.
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\(dd\|Files that need local changes merged into \*(4B files.
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*\|Files that require special work to merge and are discussed in section 3.4.
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.DE
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.Sh 2 "Installing \*(4B"
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.PP
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The next step is to build a working \*(4B system.
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This can be done by following the steps in section 2 of
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this document for extracting the root and
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.Pn /usr
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filesystems from the distribution tape onto unused disk partitions.
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For the SPARC, the root filesystem dump on the tape could also be
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extracted directly.
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For the HP300 and DECstation, the raw disk image can be copied
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into an unused partition and this partition can then be dumped
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to create an image that can be restored.
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The exact procedure chosen will depend on the disk configuration
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and the number of suitable disk partitions that may be used.
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It is also desirable to run filesystem checks
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of all filesystems to be converted to \*(4B before shutting down.
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In any case, this is an excellent time to review your disk configuration
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for possible tuning of the layout.
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Section 2.5 and
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.Xr config (8)
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are required reading.
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.LP
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The filesystem in \*(4B has been reorganized in an effort to
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meet several goals:
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.IP 1)
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The root filesystem should be small.
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.IP 2)
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There should be a per-architecture centrally-shareable read-only
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.Pn /usr
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filesystem.
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.IP 3)
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Variable per-machine directories should be concentrated below
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a single mount point named
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.Pn /var .
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.IP 4)
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Site-wide machine independent shareable text files should be separated
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from architecture specific binary files and should be concentrated below
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a single mount point named
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.Pn /usr/share .
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.LP
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These goals are realized with the following general layouts.
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The reorganized root filesystem has the following directories:
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.TS
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lfC l.
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/etc (config files)
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/bin (user binaries needed when single-user)
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/sbin (root binaries needed when single-user)
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/local (locally added binaries used only by this machine)
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/tmp (mount point for memory based filesystem)
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/dev (local devices)
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/home (mount point for AMD)
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/var (mount point for per-machine variable directories)
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/usr (mount point for multiuser binaries and files)
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.TE
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.LP
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The reorganized
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.Pn /usr
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filesystem has the following directories:
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.TS
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lfC l.
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/usr/bin (user binaries)
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/usr/contrib (software contributed to \*(4B)
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/usr/games (binaries for games, score files in \f(CW/var\fP)
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/usr/include (standard include files)
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/usr/lib (lib*.a from old \f(CW/usr/lib\fP)
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/usr/libdata (databases from old \f(CW/usr/lib\fP)
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/usr/libexec (executables from old \f(CW/usr/lib\fP)
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/usr/local (locally added binaries used site-wide)
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/usr/old (deprecated binaries)
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/usr/sbin (root binaries)
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/usr/share (mount point for site-wide shared text)
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/usr/src (mount point for sources)
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.TE
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.LP
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The reorganized
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.Pn /usr/share
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filesystem has the following directories:
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.TS
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lfC l.
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/usr/share/calendar (various useful calendar files)
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/usr/share/dict (dictionaries)
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/usr/share/doc (\*(4B manual sources)
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/usr/share/games (games text files)
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/usr/share/groff_font (groff font information)
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/usr/share/man (typeset manual pages)
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/usr/share/misc (dumping ground for random text files)
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/usr/share/mk (templates for \*(4B makefiles)
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/usr/share/skel (template user home directory files)
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/usr/share/tmac (various groff macro packages)
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/usr/share/zoneinfo (information on time zones)
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.TE
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.LP
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The reorganized
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.Pn /var
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filesystem has the following directories:
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.TS
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lfC l.
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/var/account (accounting files, formerly \f(CW/usr/adm\fP)
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/var/at (\fIat\fP\|(1) spooling area)
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/var/backups (backups of system files)
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/var/crash (crash dumps)
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/var/db (system-wide databases, e.g. tags)
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/var/games (score files)
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/var/log (log files)
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/var/mail (users mail)
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/var/obj (hierarchy to build \f(CW/usr/src\fP)
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/var/preserve (preserve area for vi)
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/var/quotas (directory to store quota files)
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/var/run (directory to store *.pid files)
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/var/rwho (rwho databases)
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/var/spool/ftp (home directory for anonymous ftp)
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/var/spool/mqueue (sendmail spooling directory)
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/var/spool/news (news spooling area)
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/var/spool/output (printer spooling area)
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/var/spool/uucp (uucp spooling area)
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/var/tmp (disk-based temporary directory)
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/var/users (root of per-machine user home directories)
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.TE
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.PP
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The \*(4B bootstrap routines pass the identity of the boot device
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through to the kernel.
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The kernel then uses that device as its root filesystem.
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Thus, for example, if you boot from
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.Pn /dev/\*(Dk1a ,
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the kernel will use
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.Pn \*(Dk1a
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as its root filesystem. If
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.Pn /dev/\*(Dk1b
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is configured as a swap partition,
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|
it will be used as the initial swap area,
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|
otherwise the normal primary swap area (\c
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.Pn /dev/\*(Dk0b )
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will be used.
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The \*(4B bootstrap is backward compatible with \*(Ps,
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so you can replace your old bootstrap if you use it
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to boot your first \*(4B kernel.
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However, the \*(Ps bootstrap cannot access \*(4B filesystems,
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so if you plan to convert your filesystems to \*(4B,
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you must install a new bootstrap \fIbefore\fP doing the conversion.
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Note that SPARC users cannot build a \*(4B compatible version
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of the bootstrap, so must \fInot\fP convert their root filesystem
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to the new \*(4B format.
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.PP
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Once you have extracted the \*(4B system and booted from it,
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you will have to build a kernel customized for your configuration.
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If you have any local device drivers,
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they will have to be incorporated into the new kernel.
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See section 4.1.3 and ``Building 4.3BSD UNIX Systems with Config'' (SMM:2).
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.PP
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If converting from \*(Ps, your old filesystems should be converted.
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If you've modified the partition
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|
sizes from the original \*(Ps ones, and are not already using the
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\*(4B disk labels, you will have to modify the default disk partition
|
|
tables in the kernel. Make the necessary table changes and boot
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your custom kernel \fBBEFORE\fP trying to access any of your old
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filesystems! After doing this, if necessary, the remaining filesystems
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may be converted in place by running the \*(4B version of
|
|
.Xr fsck (8)
|
|
on each filesystem and allowing it to make the necessary corrections.
|
|
The new version of
|
|
.Xr fsck
|
|
is more strict about the size of directories than
|
|
the version supplied with \*(Ps.
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|
Thus the first time that it is run on a \*(Ps filesystem,
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it will produce messages of the form:
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|
.DS
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\fBDIRECTORY ...: LENGTH\fP xx \fBNOT MULTIPLE OF 512 (ADJUSTED)\fP
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.DE
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|
Length ``xx'' will be the size of the directory;
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it will be expanded to the next multiple of 512 bytes.
|
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The new
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.Xr fsck
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will also set default \fIinterleave\fP and
|
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\fInpsect\fP (number of physical sectors per track) values on older
|
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filesystems, in which these fields were unused spares; this correction
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|
will produce messages of the form:
|
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.DS
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\fBIMPOSSIBLE INTERLEAVE=0 IN SUPERBLOCK (SET TO DEFAULT)\fP\**
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\fBIMPOSSIBLE NPSECT=0 IN SUPERBLOCK (SET TO DEFAULT)\fP
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.DE
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.FS
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The defaults are to set \fIinterleave\fP to 1 and
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\fInpsect\fP to \fInsect\fP.
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|
This is correct on most drives;
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it affects only performance (usually virtually unmeasurably).
|
|
.FE
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|
Filesystems that have had their interleave and npsect values
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set will be diagnosed by the old
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.Xr fsck
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as having a bad superblock; the old
|
|
.Xr fsck
|
|
will run only if given an alternate superblock
|
|
(\fIfsck \-b32\fP),
|
|
in which case it will re-zero these fields.
|
|
The \*(4B kernel will internally set these fields to their defaults
|
|
if fsck has not done so; again, the \fI\-b32\fP option may be
|
|
necessary for running the old
|
|
.Xr fsck .
|
|
.PP
|
|
In addition, \*(4B removes several limits on filesystem sizes
|
|
that were present in \*(Ps.
|
|
The limited filesystems
|
|
continue to work in \*(4B, but should be converted
|
|
as soon as it is convenient
|
|
by running
|
|
.Xr fsck
|
|
with the \fI\-c 2\fP option.
|
|
The sequence \fIfsck \-p \-c 2\fP will update them all,
|
|
fix the interleave and npsect fields,
|
|
fix any incorrect directory lengths,
|
|
expand maximum uid's and gid's to 32-bits,
|
|
place symbolic links less than 60 bytes into their inode,
|
|
and fill in directory type fields all at once.
|
|
The new filesystem formats are incompatible with older systems.
|
|
If you wish to continue using these filesystems with the older
|
|
systems you should make only the compatible changes using
|
|
\fIfsck \-c 1\fP.
|
|
.Sh 2 "Merging your files from \*(Ps into \*(4B"
|
|
.PP
|
|
When your system is booting reliably and you have the \*(4B root and
|
|
.Pn /usr
|
|
filesystems fully installed you will be ready
|
|
to continue with the next step in the conversion process,
|
|
merging your old files into the new system.
|
|
.PP
|
|
If you saved the files on a
|
|
.Xr tar
|
|
tape, extract them into a scratch directory, say
|
|
.Pn /usr/convert :
|
|
.DS
|
|
\fB#\fP \fImkdir /usr/convert\fP
|
|
\fB#\fP \fIcd /usr/convert\fP
|
|
\fB#\fP \fItar xp\fP
|
|
.DE
|
|
.PP
|
|
The data files marked in the previous table with a dagger (\(dg)
|
|
may be used without change from the previous system.
|
|
Those data files marked with a double dagger (\(dd) have syntax
|
|
changes or substantial enhancements.
|
|
You should start with the \*(4B version and carefully
|
|
integrate any local changes into the new file.
|
|
Usually these local changes can be incorporated
|
|
without conflict into the new file;
|
|
some exceptions are noted below.
|
|
The files marked with an asterisk (*) require
|
|
particular attention and are discussed below.
|
|
.PP
|
|
As described in section 3.3,
|
|
the most immediately obvious change in \*(4B is the reorganization
|
|
of the system filesystems.
|
|
Users of certain recent vendor releases have seen this general organization,
|
|
although \*(4B takes the reorganization a bit further.
|
|
The directories most affected are
|
|
.Pn /etc ,
|
|
that now contains only system configuration files;
|
|
.Pn /var ,
|
|
a new filesystem containing per-system spool and log files; and
|
|
.Pn /usr/share,
|
|
that contains most of the text files shareable across architectures
|
|
such as documentation and macros.
|
|
System administration programs formerly in
|
|
.Pn /etc
|
|
are now found in
|
|
.Pn /sbin
|
|
and
|
|
.Pn /usr/sbin .
|
|
Various programs and data files formerly in
|
|
.Pn /usr/lib
|
|
are now found in
|
|
.Pn /usr/libexec
|
|
and
|
|
.Pn /usr/libdata ,
|
|
respectively.
|
|
Administrative files formerly in
|
|
.Pn /usr/adm
|
|
are in
|
|
.Pn /var/account
|
|
and, similarly, log files are now in
|
|
.Pn /var/log .
|
|
The directory
|
|
.Pn /usr/ucb
|
|
has been merged into
|
|
.Pn /usr/bin ,
|
|
and the sources for programs in
|
|
.Pn /usr/bin
|
|
are in
|
|
.Pn /usr/src/usr.bin .
|
|
Other source directories parallel the destination directories;
|
|
.Pn /usr/src/etc
|
|
has been greatly expanded, and
|
|
.Pn /usr/src/share
|
|
is new.
|
|
The source for the manual pages, in general, are with the source
|
|
code for the applications they document.
|
|
Manual pages not closely corresponding to an application program
|
|
are found in
|
|
.Pn /usr/src/share/man .
|
|
The locations of all man pages is listed in
|
|
.Pn /usr/src/share/man/man0/man[1-8] .
|
|
The manual page
|
|
.Xr hier (7)
|
|
has been updated and made more detailed;
|
|
it is included in the printed documentation.
|
|
You should review it to familiarize yourself with the new layout.
|
|
.PP
|
|
A new utility,
|
|
.Xr mtree (8),
|
|
is provided to build and check filesystem hierarchies
|
|
with the proper contents, owners and permissions.
|
|
Scripts are provided in
|
|
.Pn /etc/mtree
|
|
(and
|
|
.Pn /usr/src/etc/mtree )
|
|
for the root,
|
|
.Pn /usr
|
|
and
|
|
.Pn /var
|
|
filesystems.
|
|
Once a filesystem has been made for
|
|
.Pn /var ,
|
|
.Xr mtree
|
|
can be used to create a directory hierarchy there
|
|
or you can simply use tar to extract the prototype from
|
|
the second file of the distribution tape.
|
|
.Sh 3 "Changes in the \f(CW/etc\fP directory"
|
|
.PP
|
|
The
|
|
.Pn /etc
|
|
directory now contains nearly all the host-specific configuration
|
|
files.
|
|
Note that some file formats have changed,
|
|
and those configuration files containing pathnames are nearly all affected
|
|
by the reorganization.
|
|
See the examples provided in
|
|
.Pn /etc
|
|
(installed from
|
|
.Pn /usr/src/etc )
|
|
as a guide.
|
|
The following table lists some of the local configuration files
|
|
whose locations and/or contents have changed.
|
|
.TS
|
|
l l l
|
|
lfC lfC l.
|
|
\*(Ps and Earlier \*(4B Comments
|
|
_ _ _
|
|
/etc/fstab /etc/fstab new format; see below
|
|
/etc/inetd.conf /etc/inetd.conf pathnames of executables changed
|
|
/etc/printcap /etc/printcap pathnames changed
|
|
/etc/syslog.conf /etc/syslog.conf pathnames of log files changed
|
|
/etc/ttys /etc/ttys pathnames of executables changed
|
|
/etc/passwd /etc/master.passwd new format; see below
|
|
/usr/lib/sendmail.cf /etc/sendmail.cf changed pathnames
|
|
/usr/lib/aliases /etc/aliases may contain changed pathnames
|
|
/etc/*.pid /var/run/*.pid
|
|
|
|
.T&
|
|
l l l
|
|
lfC lfC l.
|
|
New in \*(Ps-Tahoe \*(4B Comments
|
|
_ _ _
|
|
/usr/games/dm.config /etc/dm.conf configuration for games (see \fIdm\fP\|(8))
|
|
/etc/zoneinfo/localtime /etc/localtime timezone configuration
|
|
/etc/zoneinfo /usr/share/zoneinfo timezone configuration
|
|
.TE
|
|
.ne 1.5i
|
|
.TS
|
|
l l l
|
|
lfC lfC l.
|
|
New in \*(4B Comments
|
|
_ _ _
|
|
/etc/aliases.db database version of the aliases file
|
|
/etc/amd-home location database of home directories
|
|
/etc/amd-vol location database of exported filesystems
|
|
/etc/changelist \f(CW/etc/security\fP files to back up
|
|
/etc/csh.cshrc system-wide csh(1) initialization file
|
|
/etc/csh.login system-wide csh(1) login file
|
|
/etc/csh.logout system-wide csh(1) logout file
|
|
/etc/disklabels directory for saving disklabels
|
|
/etc/exports NFS list of export permissions
|
|
/etc/ftpwelcome message displayed for ftp users; see ftpd(8)
|
|
/etc/man.conf lists directories searched by \fIman\fP\|(1)
|
|
/etc/mtree directory for local mtree files; see mtree(8)
|
|
/etc/netgroup NFS group list used in \f(CW/etc/exports\fP
|
|
/etc/pwd.db non-secure hashed user data base file
|
|
/etc/spwd.db secure hashed user data base file
|
|
/etc/security daily system security checker
|
|
.TE
|
|
.PP
|
|
System security changes require adding several new ``well-known'' groups to
|
|
.Pn /etc/group .
|
|
The groups that are needed by the system as distributed are:
|
|
.TS
|
|
l n l.
|
|
name number purpose
|
|
_
|
|
wheel 0 users allowed superuser privilege
|
|
daemon 1 processes that need less than wheel privilege
|
|
kmem 2 read access to kernel memory
|
|
sys 3 access to kernel sources
|
|
tty 4 access to terminals
|
|
operator 5 read access to raw disks
|
|
bin 7 group for system binaries
|
|
news 8 group for news
|
|
wsrc 9 write access to sources
|
|
games 13 access to games
|
|
staff 20 system staff
|
|
guest 31 system guests
|
|
nobody 39 the least privileged group
|
|
utmp 45 access to utmp files
|
|
dialer 117 access to remote ports and dialers
|
|
.TE
|
|
Only users in the ``wheel'' group are permitted to
|
|
.Xr su
|
|
to ``root''.
|
|
Most programs that manage directories in
|
|
.Pn /var/spool
|
|
now run set-group-id to ``daemon'' so that users cannot
|
|
directly access the files in the spool directories.
|
|
The special files that access kernel memory,
|
|
.Pn /dev/kmem
|
|
and
|
|
.Pn /dev/mem ,
|
|
are made readable only by group ``kmem''.
|
|
Standard system programs that require this access are
|
|
made set-group-id to that group.
|
|
The group ``sys'' is intended to control access to kernel sources,
|
|
and other sources belong to group ``wsrc.''
|
|
Rather than make user terminals writable by all users,
|
|
they are now placed in group ``tty'' and made only group writable.
|
|
Programs that should legitimately have access to write on user terminals
|
|
such as
|
|
.Xr talkd
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr write
|
|
now run set-group-id to ``tty''.
|
|
The ``operator'' group controls access to disks.
|
|
By default, disks are readable by group ``operator'',
|
|
so that programs such as
|
|
.Xr dump
|
|
can access the filesystem information without being set-user-id to ``root''.
|
|
The
|
|
.Xr shutdown (8)
|
|
program is executable only by group operator
|
|
and is setuid to root so that members of group operator may shut down
|
|
the system without root access.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The ownership and modes of some directories have changed.
|
|
The
|
|
.Xr at
|
|
programs now run set-user-id ``root'' instead of ``daemon.''
|
|
Also, the uucp directory no longer needs to be publicly writable,
|
|
as
|
|
.Xr tip
|
|
reverts to privileged status to remove its lock files.
|
|
After copying your version of
|
|
.Pn /var/spool ,
|
|
you should do:
|
|
.DS
|
|
\fB#\fP \fIchown \-R root /var/spool/at\fP
|
|
\fB#\fP \fIchown \-R uucp:daemon /var/spool/uucp\fP
|
|
\fB#\fP \fIchmod \-R o\-w /var/spool/uucp\fP
|
|
.DE
|
|
.PP
|
|
The format of the cron table,
|
|
.Pn /etc/crontab ,
|
|
has been changed to specify the user-id that should be used to run a process.
|
|
The userid ``nobody'' is frequently useful for non-privileged programs.
|
|
Local changes are now put in a separate file,
|
|
.Pn /etc/crontab.local .
|
|
.PP
|
|
Some of the commands previously in
|
|
.Pn /etc/rc.local
|
|
have been moved to
|
|
.Pn /etc/rc ;
|
|
several new functions are now handled by
|
|
.Pn /etc/rc ,
|
|
.Pn /etc/netstart
|
|
and
|
|
.Pn /etc/rc.local .
|
|
You should look closely at the prototype version of these files
|
|
and read the manual pages for the commands contained in it
|
|
before trying to merge your local copy.
|
|
Note in particular that
|
|
.Xr ifconfig
|
|
has had many changes,
|
|
and that host names are now fully specified as domain-style names
|
|
(e.g., vangogh.CS.Berkeley.EDU) for the benefit of the name server.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Some of the commands previously in
|
|
.Pn /etc/daily
|
|
have been moved to
|
|
.Pn /etc/security ,
|
|
and several new functions have been added to
|
|
.Pn /etc/security
|
|
to do nightly security checks on the system.
|
|
The script
|
|
.Pn /etc/daily
|
|
runs
|
|
.Pn /etc/security
|
|
each night, and mails the output to the super-user.
|
|
Some of the checks done by
|
|
.Pn /etc/security
|
|
are:
|
|
.DS
|
|
\(bu Syntax errors in the password and group files.
|
|
\(bu Duplicate user and group names and id's.
|
|
\(bu Dangerous search paths and umask values for the superuser.
|
|
\(bu Dangerous values in various initialization files.
|
|
\(bu Dangerous .rhosts files.
|
|
\(bu Dangerous directory and file ownership or permissions.
|
|
\(bu Globally exported filesystems.
|
|
\(bu Dangerous owners or permissions for special devices.
|
|
.DE
|
|
In addition, it reports any changes to setuid and setgid files, special
|
|
devices, or the files in
|
|
.Pn /etc/changelist
|
|
since the last run of
|
|
.Pn /etc/security .
|
|
Backup copies of the files are saved in
|
|
.Pn /var/backups .
|
|
Finally, the system binaries are checksummed and their permissions
|
|
validated against the
|
|
.Xr mtree (8)
|
|
specifications in
|
|
.Pn /etc/mtree .
|
|
.PP
|
|
The C-library and system binaries on the distribution tape
|
|
are compiled with new versions of
|
|
.Xr gethostbyname
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr gethostbyaddr
|
|
that use the name server,
|
|
.Xr named (8).
|
|
If you have only a small network and are not connected
|
|
to a large network, you can use the distributed library routines without
|
|
any problems; they use a linear scan of the host table
|
|
.Pn /etc/hosts
|
|
if the name server is not running.
|
|
If you are on the Internet or have a large local network,
|
|
it is recommend that you set up
|
|
and use the name server.
|
|
For instructions on how to set up the necessary configuration files,
|
|
refer to ``Name Server Operations Guide for BIND'' (SMM:10).
|
|
Several programs rely on the host name returned by
|
|
.Xr gethostname
|
|
to determine the local domain name.
|
|
.PP
|
|
If you are using the name server, your
|
|
.Xr sendmail
|
|
configuration file will need some updates to accommodate it.
|
|
See the ``Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide'' (SMM:8) and
|
|
the sample
|
|
.Xr sendmail
|
|
configuration files in
|
|
.Pn /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf .
|
|
The aliases file,
|
|
.Pn /etc/aliases
|
|
has also been changed to add certain well-known addresses.
|
|
.Sh 3 "Shadow password files"
|
|
.PP
|
|
The password file format adds change and expiration fields
|
|
and its location has changed to protect
|
|
the encrypted passwords stored there.
|
|
The actual password file is now stored in
|
|
.Pn /etc/master.passwd .
|
|
The hashed dbm password files do not contain encrypted passwords,
|
|
but contain the file offset to the entry with the password in
|
|
.Pn /etc/master.passwd
|
|
(that is readable only by root).
|
|
Thus, the
|
|
.Fn getpwnam
|
|
and
|
|
.Fn getpwuid
|
|
functions will no longer return an encrypted password string to non-root
|
|
callers.
|
|
An old-style passwd file is created in
|
|
.Pn /etc/passwd
|
|
by the
|
|
.Xr vipw (8)
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr pwd_mkdb (8)
|
|
programs.
|
|
See also
|
|
.Xr passwd (5).
|
|
.PP
|
|
Several new users have also been added to the group of ``well-known'' users in
|
|
.Pn /etc/passwd .
|
|
The current list is:
|
|
.DS
|
|
.TS
|
|
l c.
|
|
name number
|
|
_
|
|
root 0
|
|
daemon 1
|
|
operator 2
|
|
bin 3
|
|
games 7
|
|
uucp 66
|
|
nobody 32767
|
|
.TE
|
|
.DE
|
|
The ``daemon'' user is used for daemon processes that
|
|
do not need root privileges.
|
|
The ``operator'' user-id is used as an account for dumpers
|
|
so that they can log in without having the root password.
|
|
By placing them in the ``operator'' group,
|
|
they can get read access to the disks.
|
|
The ``uucp'' login has existed long before \*(4B,
|
|
and is noted here just to provide a common user-id.
|
|
The password entry ``nobody'' has been added to specify
|
|
the user with least privilege. The ``games'' user is a pseudo-user
|
|
that controls access to game programs.
|
|
.PP
|
|
After installing your updated password file, you must run
|
|
.Xr pwd_mkdb (8)
|
|
to create the password database.
|
|
Note that
|
|
.Xr pwd_mkdb (8)
|
|
is run whenever
|
|
.Xr vipw (8)
|
|
is run.
|
|
.Sh 3 "The \f(CW/var\fP filesystem"
|
|
.PP
|
|
The spooling directories saved on tape may be restored in their
|
|
eventual resting places without too much concern. Be sure to
|
|
use the `\-p' option to
|
|
.Xr tar (1)
|
|
so that files are recreated with the same file modes.
|
|
The following commands provide a guide for copying spool and log files from
|
|
an existing system into a new
|
|
.Pn /var
|
|
filesystem.
|
|
At least the following directories should already exist on
|
|
.Pn /var :
|
|
.Pn output ,
|
|
.Pn log ,
|
|
.Pn backups
|
|
and
|
|
.Pn db .
|
|
.LP
|
|
.DS
|
|
.ft CW
|
|
SRC=/oldroot/usr
|
|
|
|
cd $SRC; tar cf - msgs preserve | (cd /var && tar xpf -)
|
|
.DE
|
|
.DS
|
|
.ft CW
|
|
# copy $SRC/spool to /var
|
|
cd $SRC/spool
|
|
tar cf - at mail rwho | (cd /var && tar xpf -)
|
|
tar cf - ftp mqueue news secretmail uucp uucppublic | \e
|
|
(cd /var/spool && tar xpf -)
|
|
.DE
|
|
.DS
|
|
.ft CW
|
|
# everything else in spool is probably a printer area
|
|
mkdir .save
|
|
mv at ftp mail mqueue rwho secretmail uucp uucppublic .save
|
|
tar cf - * | (cd /var/spool/output && tar xpf -)
|
|
mv .save/* .
|
|
rmdir .save
|
|
.DE
|
|
.DS
|
|
.ft CW
|
|
cd /var/spool/mqueue
|
|
mv syslog.7 /var/log/maillog.7
|
|
mv syslog.6 /var/log/maillog.6
|
|
mv syslog.5 /var/log/maillog.5
|
|
mv syslog.4 /var/log/maillog.4
|
|
mv syslog.3 /var/log/maillog.3
|
|
mv syslog.2 /var/log/maillog.2
|
|
mv syslog.1 /var/log/maillog.1
|
|
mv syslog.0 /var/log/maillog.0
|
|
mv syslog /var/log/maillog
|
|
.DE
|
|
.DS
|
|
.ft CW
|
|
# move $SRC/adm to /var
|
|
cd $SRC/adm
|
|
tar cf - . | (cd /var/account && tar xpf -)
|
|
cd /var/account
|
|
rm -f msgbuf
|
|
mv messages messages.[0-9] ../log
|
|
mv wtmp wtmp.[0-9] ../log
|
|
mv lastlog ../log
|
|
.DE
|
|
.Sh 2 "Bug fixes and changes between \*(Ps and \*(4B"
|
|
.PP
|
|
The major new facilities available in the \*(4B release are
|
|
a new virtual memory system,
|
|
the addition of ISO/OSI networking support,
|
|
a new virtual filesystem interface supporting filesystem stacking,
|
|
a freely redistributable implementation of NFS,
|
|
a log-structured filesystem,
|
|
enhancement of the local filesystems to support
|
|
files and filesystems that are up to 2^63 bytes in size,
|
|
enhanced security and system management support,
|
|
and the conversion to and addition of the IEEE Std1003.1 (``POSIX'')
|
|
facilities and many of the IEEE Std1003.2 facilities.
|
|
In addition, many new utilities and additions to the C
|
|
library are present as well.
|
|
The kernel sources have been reorganized to collect all machine-dependent
|
|
files for each architecture under one directory,
|
|
and most of the machine-independent code is now free of code
|
|
conditional on specific machines.
|
|
The user structure and process structure have been reorganized
|
|
to eliminate the statically-mapped user structure and to make most
|
|
of the process resources shareable by multiple processes.
|
|
The system and include files have been converted to be compatible
|
|
with ANSI C, including function prototypes for most of the exported
|
|
functions.
|
|
There are numerous other changes throughout the system.
|
|
.Sh 3 "Changes to the kernel"
|
|
.PP
|
|
This release includes several important structural kernel changes.
|
|
The kernel uses a new internal system call convention;
|
|
the use of global (``u-dot'') variables for parameters and error returns
|
|
has been eliminated,
|
|
and interrupted system calls no longer abort using non-local goto's (longjmp's).
|
|
A new sleep interface separates signal handling from scheduling priority,
|
|
returning characteristic errors to abort or restart the current system call.
|
|
This sleep call also passes a string describing the process state,
|
|
that is used by the ps(1) program.
|
|
The old sleep interface can be used only for non-interruptible sleeps.
|
|
The sleep interface (\fItsleep\fP) can be used at any priority,
|
|
but is only interruptible if the PCATCH flag is set.
|
|
When interrupted, \fItsleep\fP returns EINTR or ERESTART.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Many data structures that were previously statically allocated
|
|
are now allocated dynamically.
|
|
These structures include mount entries, file entries,
|
|
user open file descriptors, the process entries, the vnode table,
|
|
the name cache, and the quota structures.
|
|
.PP
|
|
To protect against indiscriminate reading or writing of kernel
|
|
memory, all writing and most reading of kernel data structures
|
|
must be done using a new ``sysctl'' interface.
|
|
The information to be accessed is described through an extensible
|
|
``Management Information Base'' (MIB) style name,
|
|
described as a dotted set of components.
|
|
A new utility,
|
|
.Xr sysctl (8),
|
|
retrieves kernel state and allows processes with appropriate
|
|
privilege to set kernel state.
|
|
.Sh 3 "Security"
|
|
.PP
|
|
The kernel runs with four different levels of security.
|
|
Any superuser process can raise the security level, but only
|
|
.Fn init (8)
|
|
can lower it.
|
|
Security levels are defined as follows:
|
|
.IP \-1
|
|
Permanently insecure mode \- always run system in level 0 mode.
|
|
.IP " 0"
|
|
Insecure mode \- immutable and append-only flags may be turned off.
|
|
All devices may be read or written subject to their permissions.
|
|
.IP " 1"
|
|
Secure mode \- immutable and append-only flags may not be cleared;
|
|
disks for mounted filesystems,
|
|
.Pn /dev/mem ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Pn /dev/kmem
|
|
are read-only.
|
|
.IP " 2"
|
|
Highly secure mode \- same as secure mode, plus disks are always
|
|
read-only whether mounted or not.
|
|
This level precludes tampering with filesystems by unmounting them,
|
|
but also inhibits running
|
|
.Xr newfs (8)
|
|
while the system is multi-user.
|
|
See
|
|
.Xr chflags (1)
|
|
and the \-\fBo\fP option to
|
|
.Xr ls (1)
|
|
for information on setting and displaying the immutable and append-only
|
|
flags.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Normally, the system runs in level 0 mode while single user
|
|
and in level 1 mode while multiuser.
|
|
If the level 2 mode is desired while running multiuser,
|
|
it can be set in the startup script
|
|
.Pn /etc/rc
|
|
using
|
|
.Xr sysctl (1).
|
|
If it is desired to run the system in level 0 mode while multiuser,
|
|
the administrator must build a kernel with the variable
|
|
.Li securelevel
|
|
in the kernel source file
|
|
.Pn /sys/kern/kern_sysctl.c
|
|
initialized to \-1.
|
|
.Sh 4 "Virtual memory changes"
|
|
.PP
|
|
The new virtual memory implementation is derived from the Mach
|
|
operating system developed at Carnegie-Mellon,
|
|
and was ported to the BSD kernel at the University of Utah.
|
|
It is based on the 2.0 release of Mach
|
|
(with some bug fixes from the 2.5 and 3.0 releases)
|
|
and retains many of its essential features such as
|
|
the separation of the machine dependent and independent layers
|
|
(the ``pmap'' interface),
|
|
efficient memory utilization using copy-on-write
|
|
and other lazy-evaluation techniques,
|
|
and support for large, sparse address spaces.
|
|
It does not include the ``external pager'' interface instead using
|
|
a primitive internal pager interface.
|
|
The Mach virtual memory system call interface has been replaced with the
|
|
``mmap''-based interface described in the ``Berkeley Software
|
|
Architecture Manual'' (see UNIX Programmer's Manual,
|
|
Supplementary Documents, PSD:5).
|
|
The interface is similar to the interfaces shipped
|
|
by several commercial vendors such as Sun, USL, and Convex Computer Corp.
|
|
The integration of the new virtual memory is functionally complete,
|
|
but still has serious performance problems under heavy memory load.
|
|
The internal kernel interfaces have not yet been completed
|
|
and the memory pool and buffer cache have not been merged.
|
|
Some additional caveats:
|
|
.IP \(bu
|
|
Since the code is based on the 2.0 release of Mach,
|
|
bugs and misfeatures of the BSD version should not be considered
|
|
short-comings of the current Mach virtual memory system.
|
|
.IP \(bu
|
|
Because of the disjoint virtual memory (page) and IO (buffer) caches,
|
|
it is possible to see inconsistencies if using both the mmap and
|
|
read/write interfaces on the same file simultaneously.
|
|
.IP \(bu
|
|
Swap space is allocated on-demand rather than up front and no
|
|
allocation checks are performed so it is possible to over-commit
|
|
memory and eventually deadlock.
|
|
.IP \(bu
|
|
The semantics of the
|
|
.Xr vfork (2)
|
|
system call are slightly different.
|
|
The synchronization between parent and child is preserved,
|
|
but the memory sharing aspect is not.
|
|
In practice this has been enough for backward compatibility,
|
|
but newer code should just use
|
|
.Xr fork (2).
|
|
.Sh 4 "Networking additions and changes"
|
|
.PP
|
|
The ISO/OSI Networking consists of a kernel implementation of
|
|
transport class 4 (TP-4),
|
|
connectionless networking protocol (CLNP),
|
|
and 802.3-based link-level support (hardware-compatible with Ethernet\**).
|
|
.FS
|
|
Ethernet is a trademark of the Xerox Corporation.
|
|
.FE
|
|
We also include support for ISO Connection-Oriented Network Service,
|
|
X.25, TP-0.
|
|
The session and presentation layers are provided outside
|
|
the kernel using the ISO Development Environment by Marshall Rose,
|
|
that is available via anonymous FTP
|
|
(but is not included on the distribution tape).
|
|
Included in this development environment are file
|
|
transfer and management (FTAM), virtual terminals (VT),
|
|
a directory services implementation (X.500),
|
|
and miscellaneous other utilities.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Kernel support for the ISO OSI protocols is enabled with the ISO option
|
|
in the kernel configuration file.
|
|
The
|
|
.Xr iso (4)
|
|
manual page describes the protocols and addressing;
|
|
see also
|
|
.Xr clnp (4),
|
|
.Xr tp (4)
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr cltp (4).
|
|
The OSI equivalent to ARP is ESIS (End System to Intermediate System Routing
|
|
Protocol); running this protocol is mandatory, however one can manually add
|
|
translations for machines that do not participate by use of the
|
|
.Xr route (8)
|
|
command.
|
|
Additional information is provided in the manual page describing
|
|
.Xr esis (4).
|
|
.PP
|
|
The command
|
|
.Xr route (8)
|
|
has a new syntax and several new capabilities:
|
|
it can install routes with a specified destination and mask,
|
|
and can change route characteristics such as hop count, packet size
|
|
and window size.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Several important enhancements have been added to the TCP/IP
|
|
protocols including TCP header prediction and
|
|
serial line IP (SLIP) with header compression.
|
|
The routing implementation has been completely rewritten
|
|
to use a hierarchical routing tree with a mask per route
|
|
to support the arbitrary levels of routing found in the ISO protocols.
|
|
The routing table also stores and caches route characteristics
|
|
to speed the adaptation of the throughput and congestion avoidance
|
|
algorithms.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The format of the
|
|
.I sockaddr
|
|
structure (the structure used to describe a generic network address with an
|
|
address family and family-specific data)
|
|
has changed from previous releases,
|
|
as have the address family-specific versions of this structure.
|
|
The
|
|
.I sa_family
|
|
family field has been split into a length,
|
|
.Pn sa_len ,
|
|
and a family,
|
|
.Pn sa_family .
|
|
System calls that pass a
|
|
.I sockaddr
|
|
structure into the kernel (e.g.
|
|
.Fn sendto
|
|
and
|
|
.Fn connect )
|
|
have a separate parameter that specifies the
|
|
.I sockaddr
|
|
length, and thus it is not necessary to fill in the
|
|
.I sa_len
|
|
field for those system calls.
|
|
System calls that pass a
|
|
.I sockaddr
|
|
structure back from the kernel (e.g.
|
|
.Fn recvfrom
|
|
and
|
|
.Fn accept )
|
|
receive a completely filled-in
|
|
.I sockaddr
|
|
structure, thus the length field is valid.
|
|
Because this would not work for old binaries,
|
|
the new library uses a different system call number.
|
|
Thus, most networking programs compiled under \*(4B are incompatible
|
|
with older systems.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Although this change is mostly source and binary compatible
|
|
with old programs, there are three exceptions.
|
|
Programs with statically initialized
|
|
.I sockaddr
|
|
structures
|
|
(usually the Internet form, a
|
|
.I sockaddr_in )
|
|
are not compatible.
|
|
Generally, such programs should be changed to fill in the structure
|
|
at run time, as C allows no way to initialize a structure without
|
|
assuming the order and number of fields.
|
|
Also, programs with use structures to describe a network packet format
|
|
that contain embedded
|
|
.I sockaddr
|
|
structures also require change; a definition of an
|
|
.I osockaddr
|
|
structure is provided for this purpose.
|
|
Finally, programs that use the
|
|
.Sm SIOCGIFCONF
|
|
ioctl to get a complete list of interface addresses
|
|
need to check the
|
|
.I sa_len
|
|
field when iterating through the array of addresses returned,
|
|
as not all the structures returned have the same length
|
|
(this variance in length is nearly guaranteed by the presence of link-layer
|
|
address structures).
|
|
.Sh 4 "Additions and changes to filesystems"
|
|
.PP
|
|
The \*(4B distribution contains most of the interfaces
|
|
specified in the IEEE Std1003.1 system interface standard.
|
|
Filesystem additions include IEEE Std1003.1 FIFOs,
|
|
byte-range file locking, and saved user and group identifiers.
|
|
.PP
|
|
A new virtual filesystem interface has been added to the
|
|
kernel to support multiple filesystems.
|
|
In comparison with other interfaces,
|
|
the Berkeley interface has been structured for more efficient support
|
|
of filesystems that maintain state (such as the local filesystem).
|
|
The interface has been extended with support for stackable
|
|
filesystems done at UCLA.
|
|
These extensions allow for filesystems to be layered on top of each
|
|
other and allow new vnode operations to be added without requiring
|
|
changes to existing filesystem implementations.
|
|
For example,
|
|
the umap filesystem (see
|
|
.Xr mount_umap (8))
|
|
is used to mount a sub-tree of an existing filesystem
|
|
that uses a different set of uids and gids than the local system.
|
|
Such a filesystem could be mounted from a remote site via NFS or it
|
|
could be a filesystem on removable media brought from some foreign
|
|
location that uses a different password file.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Other new filesystems that may be stacked include the loopback filesystem
|
|
.Xr mount_lofs (8),
|
|
and the kernel filesystem
|
|
.Xr mount_kernfs (8).
|
|
.PP
|
|
The buffer cache in the kernel is now organized as a file block cache
|
|
rather than a device block cache.
|
|
As a consequence, cached blocks from a file
|
|
and from the corresponding block device would no longer be kept consistent.
|
|
The block device thus has little remaining value.
|
|
Three changes have been made for these reasons:
|
|
.IP 1)
|
|
block devices may not be opened while they are mounted,
|
|
and may not be mounted while open, so that the two versions of cached
|
|
file blocks cannot be created,
|
|
.IP 2)
|
|
filesystem checks of the root now use the raw device
|
|
to access the root filesystem, and
|
|
.IP 3)
|
|
the root filesystem is initially mounted read-only
|
|
so that nothing can be written back to disk during or after change to
|
|
the raw filesystem by
|
|
.Xr fsck .
|
|
.LP
|
|
The root filesystem may be made writable while in single-user mode
|
|
with the command:
|
|
.DS
|
|
.ft CW
|
|
mount \-uw /
|
|
.DE
|
|
The mount command has an option to update the flags on a mounted filesystem,
|
|
including the ability to upgrade a filesystem from read-only to read-write
|
|
or downgrade it from read-write to read-only.
|
|
.PP
|
|
In addition to the local ``fast filesystem'',
|
|
we have added an implementation of the network filesystem (NFS)
|
|
that fully interoperates with the NFS shipped by Sun and its licensees.
|
|
Because our NFS implementation was implemented
|
|
by Rick Macklem of the University of Guelph
|
|
using only the publicly available NFS specification,
|
|
it does not require a license from Sun to use in source or binary form.
|
|
By default it runs over UDP to be compatible with Sun's implementation.
|
|
However, it can be configured on a per-mount basis to run over TCP.
|
|
Using TCP allows it to be used quickly and efficiently through
|
|
gateways and over long-haul networks.
|
|
Using an extended protocol, it supports Leases to allow a limited
|
|
callback mechanism that greatly reduces the network traffic necessary
|
|
to maintain cache consistency between the server and its clients.
|
|
Its use will be familiar to users of other implementations of NFS.
|
|
See the manual pages
|
|
.Xr mount (8),
|
|
.Xr mountd (8),
|
|
.Xr fstab (5),
|
|
.Xr exports (5),
|
|
.Xr netgroup (5),
|
|
.Xr nfsd (8),
|
|
.Xr nfsiod (8),
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr nfssvc (8).
|
|
and the document ``The 4.4BSD NFS Implementation'' (SMM:6)
|
|
for further information.
|
|
The format of
|
|
.Pn /etc/fstab
|
|
has changed from previous \*(Bs releases
|
|
to a blank-separated format to allow colons in pathnames.
|
|
.PP
|
|
A new local filesystem, the log-structured filesystem (LFS),
|
|
has been added to the system.
|
|
It provides near disk-speed output and fast crash recovery.
|
|
This work is based, in part, on the LFS filesystem created
|
|
for the Sprite operating system at Berkeley.
|
|
While the kernel implementation is almost complete,
|
|
only some of the utilities to support the
|
|
filesystem have been written,
|
|
so we do not recommend it for production use.
|
|
See
|
|
.Xr newlfs (8),
|
|
.Xr mount_lfs (8)
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr lfs_cleanerd (8)
|
|
for more information.
|
|
For an in-depth description of the implementation and performance
|
|
characteristics of log-structured filesystems in general,
|
|
and this one in particular, see Dr. Margo Seltzer's doctoral thesis,
|
|
available from the University of California Computer Science Department.
|
|
.PP
|
|
We have also added a memory-based filesystem that runs in
|
|
pageable memory, allowing large temporary filesystems without
|
|
requiring dedicated physical memory.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The local ``fast filesystem'' has been enhanced to do
|
|
clustering that allows large pieces of files to be
|
|
allocated contiguously resulting in near doubling
|
|
of filesystem throughput.
|
|
The filesystem interface has been extended to allow
|
|
files and filesystems to grow to 2^63 bytes in size.
|
|
The quota system has been rewritten to support both
|
|
user and group quotas (simultaneously if desired).
|
|
Quota expiration is based on time rather than
|
|
the previous metric of number of logins over quota.
|
|
This change makes quotas more useful on fileservers
|
|
onto which users seldom login.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The system security has been greatly enhanced by the
|
|
addition of additional file flags that permit a file to be
|
|
marked as immutable or append only.
|
|
Once set, these flags can only be cleared by the super-user
|
|
when the system is running in insecure mode (normally, single-user).
|
|
In addition to the immutable and append-only flags,
|
|
the filesystem supports a new user-settable flag ``nodump''.
|
|
(File flags are set using the
|
|
.Xr chflags (1)
|
|
utility.)
|
|
When set on a file,
|
|
.Xr dump (8)
|
|
will omit the file from incremental backups
|
|
but retain them on full backups.
|
|
See the ``-h'' flag to
|
|
.Xr dump (8)
|
|
for details on how to change this default.
|
|
The ``nodump'' flag is usually set on core dumps,
|
|
system crash dumps, and object files generated by the compiler.
|
|
Note that the flag is not preserved when files are copied
|
|
so that installing an object file will cause it to be preserved.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The filesystem format used in \*(4B has several additions.
|
|
Directory entries have an additional field,
|
|
.Pn d_type ,
|
|
that identifies the type of the entry
|
|
(normally found in the
|
|
.Pn st_mode
|
|
field of the
|
|
.Pn stat
|
|
structure).
|
|
This field is particularly useful for identifying
|
|
directories without the need to use
|
|
.Xr stat (2).
|
|
.PP
|
|
Short (less than sixty byte) symbolic links are now stored
|
|
in the inode itself rather than in a separate data block.
|
|
This saves disk space and makes access of symbolic links faster.
|
|
Short symbolic links are not given a special type,
|
|
so a user-level application is unaware of their special treatment.
|
|
Unlike pre-\*(4B systems, symbolic links do
|
|
not have an owner, group, access mode, times, etc.
|
|
Instead, these attributes are taken from the directory that contains the link.
|
|
The only attributes returned from an
|
|
.Xr lstat (2)
|
|
that refer to the symbolic link itself are the file type (S_IFLNK),
|
|
size, blocks, and link count (always 1).
|
|
.PP
|
|
An implementation of an auto-mounter daemon,
|
|
.Xr amd ,
|
|
was contributed by Jan-Simon Pendry of the
|
|
Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine.
|
|
See the document ``AMD \- The 4.4BSD Automounter'' (SMM:13)
|
|
for further information.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The directory
|
|
.Pn /dev/fd
|
|
contains special files
|
|
.Pn 0
|
|
through
|
|
.Pn 63
|
|
that, when opened, duplicate the corresponding file descriptor.
|
|
The names
|
|
.Pn /dev/stdin ,
|
|
.Pn /dev/stdout
|
|
and
|
|
.Pn /dev/stderr
|
|
refer to file descriptors 0, 1 and 2.
|
|
See
|
|
.Xr fd (4)
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr mount_fdesc (8)
|
|
for more information.
|
|
.Sh 4 "POSIX terminal driver changes"
|
|
.PP
|
|
The \*(4B system uses the IEEE P1003.1 (POSIX.1) terminal interface
|
|
rather than the previous \*(Bs terminal interface.
|
|
The terminal driver is similar to the System V terminal driver
|
|
with the addition of the necessary extensions to get the
|
|
functionality previously available in the \*(Ps terminal driver.
|
|
Both the old
|
|
.Xr ioctl
|
|
calls and old options to
|
|
.Xr stty (1)
|
|
are emulated.
|
|
This emulation is expected to be unavailable in many vendors releases,
|
|
so conversion to the new interface is encouraged.
|
|
.PP
|
|
\*(4B also adds the IEEE Std1003.1 job control interface,
|
|
that is similar to the \*(Ps job control interface,
|
|
but adds a security model that was missing in the
|
|
\*(Ps job control implementation.
|
|
A new system call,
|
|
.Fn setsid ,
|
|
creates a job-control session consisting of a single process
|
|
group with one member, the caller, that becomes a session leader.
|
|
Only a session leader may acquire a controlling terminal.
|
|
This is done explicitly via a
|
|
.Sm TIOCSCTTY
|
|
.Fn ioctl
|
|
call, not implicitly by an
|
|
.Fn open
|
|
call.
|
|
The call fails if the terminal is in use.
|
|
Programs that allocate controlling terminals (or pseudo-terminals)
|
|
require change to work in this environment.
|
|
The versions of
|
|
.Xr xterm
|
|
provided in the X11R5 release includes the necessary changes.
|
|
New library routines are available for allocating and initializing
|
|
pseudo-terminals and other terminals as controlling terminal; see
|
|
.Pn /usr/src/lib/libutil/pty.c
|
|
and
|
|
.Pn /usr/src/lib/libutil/login_tty.c .
|
|
.PP
|
|
The POSIX job control model formalizes the previous conventions
|
|
used in setting up a process group.
|
|
Unfortunately, this requires that changes be made in a defined order
|
|
and with some synchronization that were not necessary in the past.
|
|
Older job control shells (csh, ksh) will generally not operate correctly
|
|
with the new system.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Most of the other kernel interfaces have been changed to correspond
|
|
with the POSIX.1 interface, although that work is not complete.
|
|
See the relevant manual pages and the IEEE POSIX standard.
|
|
.Sh 4 "Native operating system compatibility"
|
|
.PP
|
|
Both the HP300 and SPARC ports feature the ability to run binaries
|
|
built for the native operating system (HP-UX or SunOS) by emulating
|
|
their system calls.
|
|
Building an HP300 kernel with the HPUXCOMPAT and COMPAT_OHPUX options
|
|
or a SPARC kernel with the COMPAT_SUNOS option will enable this feature
|
|
(on by default in the generic kernel provided in the root filesystem image).
|
|
Though this native operating system compatibility was provided by the
|
|
developers as needed for their purposes and is by no means complete,
|
|
it is complete enough to run several non-trivial applications including
|
|
those that require HP-UX or SunOS shared libraries.
|
|
For example, the vendor supplied X11 server and windowing environment
|
|
can be used on both the HP300 and SPARC.
|
|
.PP
|
|
It is important to remember that merely copying over a native binary
|
|
and executing it (or executing it directly across NFS) does not imply
|
|
that it will run.
|
|
All but the most trivial of applications are likely to require access
|
|
to auxiliary files that do not exist under \*(4B (e.g.
|
|
.Pn /etc/ld.so.cache )
|
|
or have a slightly different format (e.g.
|
|
.Pn /etc/passwd ).
|
|
However, by using system call tracing and
|
|
through creative use of symlinks,
|
|
many problems can be tracked down and corrected.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The DECstation port also has code for ULTRIX emulation
|
|
(kernel option ULTRIXCOMPAT, not compiled into the generic kernel)
|
|
but it was used primarily for initially bootstrapping the port and
|
|
has not been used since.
|
|
Hence, some work may be required to make it generally useful.
|
|
.Sh 3 "Changes to the utilities"
|
|
.PP
|
|
We have been tracking the IEEE Std1003.2 shell and utility work
|
|
and have included prototypes of many of the proposed utilities
|
|
based on draft 12 of the POSIX.2 Shell and Utilities document.
|
|
Because most of the traditional utilities have been replaced
|
|
with implementations conformant to the POSIX standards,
|
|
you should realize that the utility software may not be as stable,
|
|
reliable or well documented as in traditional Berkeley releases.
|
|
In particular, almost the entire manual suite has been rewritten to
|
|
reflect the POSIX defined interfaces, and in some instances
|
|
it does not correctly reflect the current state of the software.
|
|
It is also worth noting that, in rewriting this software, we have generally
|
|
been rewarded with significant performance improvements.
|
|
Most of the libraries and header files have been converted
|
|
to be compliant with ANSI C.
|
|
The shipped compiler (gcc) is a superset of ANSI C,
|
|
but supports traditional C as a command-line option.
|
|
The system libraries and utilities all compile
|
|
with either ANSI or traditional C.
|
|
.Sh 4 "Make and Makefiles"
|
|
.PP
|
|
This release uses a completely new version of the
|
|
.Xr make
|
|
program derived from the
|
|
.Xr pmake
|
|
program developed by the Sprite project at Berkeley.
|
|
It supports existing makefiles, although certain incorrect makefiles
|
|
may fail.
|
|
The makefiles for the \*(4B sources make extensive use of the new
|
|
facilities, especially conditionals and file inclusion, and are thus
|
|
completely incompatible with older versions of
|
|
.Xr make
|
|
(but nearly all the makefiles are now trivial!).
|
|
The standard include files for
|
|
.Xr make
|
|
are in
|
|
.Pn /usr/share/mk .
|
|
There is a
|
|
.Pn bsd.README
|
|
file in
|
|
.Pn /usr/src/share/mk .
|
|
.PP
|
|
Another global change supported by the new
|
|
.Xr make
|
|
is designed to allow multiple architectures to share a copy of the sources.
|
|
If a subdirectory named
|
|
.Pn obj
|
|
is present in the current directory,
|
|
.Xr make
|
|
descends into that directory and creates all object and other files there.
|
|
We use this by building a directory hierarchy in
|
|
.Pn /var/obj
|
|
that parallels
|
|
.Pn /usr/src .
|
|
We then create the
|
|
.Pn obj
|
|
subdirectories in
|
|
.Pn /usr/src
|
|
as symbolic links to the corresponding directories in
|
|
.Pn /var/obj .
|
|
(This step is automated.
|
|
The command ``make obj'' in
|
|
.Pn /usr/src
|
|
builds both the local symlink and the shadow directory,
|
|
using
|
|
.Pn /usr/obj ,
|
|
that may be a symbolic link, as the root of the shadow tree.
|
|
The use of
|
|
.Pn /usr/obj
|
|
is for historic reasons only, and the system make configuration files in
|
|
.Pn /usr/share/mk
|
|
can trivially be modified to use
|
|
.Pn /var/obj
|
|
instead.)
|
|
We have one
|
|
.Pn /var/obj
|
|
hierarchy on the local system, and another on each
|
|
system that shares the source filesystem.
|
|
All the sources in
|
|
.Pn /usr/src
|
|
except for
|
|
.Pn /usr/src/contrib
|
|
and portions of
|
|
.Pn /usr/src/old
|
|
have been converted to use the new make and
|
|
.Pn obj
|
|
subdirectories;
|
|
this change allows compilation for multiple
|
|
architectures from the same source tree
|
|
(that may be mounted read-only).
|
|
.Sh 4 "Kerberos"
|
|
.PP
|
|
The Kerberos authentication system designed by MIT (version 5)
|
|
is included in this release.
|
|
See
|
|
.Xr kerberos (8)
|
|
for a general introduction.
|
|
Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) can use Kerberos
|
|
at the system administrator's discretion.
|
|
If it is configured,
|
|
apps such as
|
|
.Xr login (1),
|
|
.Xr passwd (1),
|
|
.Xr ftp (1)
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr ssh (1)
|
|
can use it automatically.
|
|
The file
|
|
Each system needs the file
|
|
.Pn /etc/krb5.conf
|
|
to set its realm and local servers,
|
|
and a private key stored in
|
|
.Pn /etc/krb5.keytab
|
|
(see
|
|
.Xr ktutil (8)).
|
|
The Kerberos server should be set up on a single,
|
|
physically secure,
|
|
server machine.
|
|
Users and hosts may be added and modified with
|
|
.Xr kadmin (8).
|
|
.PP
|
|
Note that the password-changing program
|
|
.Xr passwd (1)
|
|
can change the Kerberos password,
|
|
if configured by the administrator using PAM.
|
|
The
|
|
.Li \-l
|
|
option to
|
|
.Xr passwd (1)
|
|
changes the ``local'' password if one exists.
|
|
.Sh 4 "Timezone support"
|
|
.PP
|
|
The timezone conversion code in the C library uses data files installed in
|
|
.Pn /usr/share/zoneinfo
|
|
to convert from ``GMT'' to various timezones. The data file for the default
|
|
timezone for the system should be copied to
|
|
.Pn /etc/localtime .
|
|
Other timezones can be selected by setting the TZ environment variable.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The data files initially installed in
|
|
.Pn /usr/share/zoneinfo
|
|
include corrections for leap seconds since the beginning of 1970.
|
|
Thus, they assume that the
|
|
kernel will increment the time at a constant rate during a leap second;
|
|
that is, time just keeps on ticking. The conversion routines will then
|
|
name a leap second 23:59:60. For purists, this effectively means that
|
|
the kernel maintains TAI (International Atomic Time) rather than UTC
|
|
(Coordinated Universal Time, aka GMT).
|
|
.PP
|
|
For systems that run current NTP (Network Time Protocol) implementations
|
|
or that wish to conform to the letter of the POSIX.1 law, it is possible
|
|
to rebuild the timezone data files so that leap seconds are not counted.
|
|
(NTP causes the time to jump over a leap second, and POSIX effectively
|
|
requires the clock to be reset by hand when a leap second occurs.
|
|
In this mode, the kernel effectively runs UTC rather than TAI.)
|
|
.PP
|
|
The data files without leap second information
|
|
are constructed from the source directory,
|
|
.Pn /usr/src/share/zoneinfo .
|
|
Change the variable REDO in Makefile
|
|
from ``right'' to ``posix'', and then do
|
|
.DS
|
|
make obj (if necessary)
|
|
make
|
|
make install
|
|
.DE
|
|
.PP
|
|
You will then need to copy the correct default zone file to
|
|
.Pn /etc/localtime ,
|
|
as the old one would still have used leap seconds, and because the Makefile
|
|
installs a default
|
|
.Pn /etc/localtime
|
|
each time ``make install'' is done.
|
|
.PP
|
|
It is possible to install both sets of timezone data files. This results
|
|
in subdirectories
|
|
.Pn /usr/share/zoneinfo/right
|
|
and
|
|
.Pn /usr/share/zoneinfo/posix .
|
|
Each contain a complete set of zone files.
|
|
See
|
|
.Pn /usr/src/share/zoneinfo/Makefile
|
|
for details.
|
|
.Sh 4 "Additions and changes to the libraries"
|
|
.PP
|
|
Notable additions to the libraries include functions to traverse a
|
|
filesystem hierarchy, database interfaces to btree and hashing functions,
|
|
a new, faster implementation of stdio and a radix and merge sort
|
|
functions.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The
|
|
.Xr fts (3)
|
|
functions will do either physical or logical traversal of
|
|
a file hierarchy as well as handle essentially infinite depth
|
|
filesystems and filesystems with cycles.
|
|
All the utilities in \*(4B which traverse file hierarchies
|
|
have been converted to use
|
|
.Xr fts (3).
|
|
The conversion has always resulted in a significant performance
|
|
gain, often of four or five to one in system time.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The
|
|
.Xr dbopen (3)
|
|
functions are intended to be a family of database access methods.
|
|
Currently, they consist of
|
|
.Xr hash (3),
|
|
an extensible, dynamic hashing scheme,
|
|
.Xr btree (3),
|
|
a sorted, balanced tree structure (B+tree's), and
|
|
.Xr recno (3),
|
|
a flat-file interface for fixed or variable length records
|
|
referenced by logical record number.
|
|
Each of the access methods stores associated key/data pairs and
|
|
uses the same record oriented interface for access.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The
|
|
.Xr qsort (3)
|
|
function has been rewritten for additional performance.
|
|
In addition, three new types of sorting functions,
|
|
.Xr heapsort (3),
|
|
.Xr mergesort (3)
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr radixsort (3)
|
|
have been added to the system.
|
|
The
|
|
.Xr mergesort
|
|
function is optimized for data with pre-existing order,
|
|
in which case it usually significantly outperforms
|
|
.Xr qsort .
|
|
The
|
|
.Xr radixsort (3)
|
|
functions are variants of most-significant-byte radix sorting.
|
|
They take time linear to the number of bytes to be
|
|
sorted, usually significantly outperforming
|
|
.Xr qsort
|
|
on data that can be sorted in this fashion.
|
|
An implementation of the POSIX 1003.2 standard
|
|
.Xr sort (1),
|
|
based on
|
|
.Xr radixsort ,
|
|
is included in
|
|
.Pn /usr/src/contrib/sort .
|
|
.PP
|
|
Some additional comments about the \*(4B C library:
|
|
.IP \(bu
|
|
The floating point support in the C library has been replaced
|
|
and is now accurate.
|
|
.IP \(bu
|
|
The C functions specified by both ANSI C, POSIX 1003.1 and
|
|
1003.2 are now part of the C library.
|
|
This includes support for file name matching, shell globbing
|
|
and both basic and extended regular expressions.
|
|
.IP \(bu
|
|
ANSI C multibyte and wide character support has been integrated.
|
|
The rune functionality from the Bell Labs' Plan 9 system is provided
|
|
as well.
|
|
.IP \(bu
|
|
The
|
|
.Xr termcap (3)
|
|
functions have been generalized and replaced with a general
|
|
purpose interface named
|
|
.Xr getcap (3).
|
|
.IP \(bu
|
|
The
|
|
.Xr stdio (3)
|
|
routines have been replaced, and are usually much faster.
|
|
In addition, the
|
|
.Xr funopen (3)
|
|
interface permits applications to provide their own I/O stream
|
|
function support.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The
|
|
.Xr curses (3)
|
|
library has been largely rewritten.
|
|
Important additional features include support for scrolling and
|
|
.Xr termios (3).
|
|
.PP
|
|
An application front-end editing library, named libedit, has been
|
|
added to the system.
|
|
.PP
|
|
A superset implementation of the SunOS kernel memory interface library,
|
|
libkvm, has been integrated into the system.
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Sh 4 "Additions and changes to other utilities"
|
|
.PP
|
|
There are many new utilities, offering many new capabilities,
|
|
in \*(4B.
|
|
Skimming through the section 1 and section 8 manual pages is sure
|
|
to be useful.
|
|
The additions to the utility suite include greatly enhanced versions of
|
|
programs that display system status information, implementations of
|
|
various traditional tools described in the IEEE Std1003.2 standard,
|
|
new tools not previous available on Berkeley UNIX systems,
|
|
and many others.
|
|
Also, with only a very few exceptions, all the utilities from
|
|
\*(Ps that included proprietary source code have been replaced,
|
|
and their \*(4B counterparts are freely redistributable.
|
|
Normally, this replacement resulted in significant performance
|
|
improvements and the increase of the limits imposed on data by
|
|
the utility as well.
|
|
.PP
|
|
A summary of specific additions and changes are as follows:
|
|
.TS
|
|
lfC l.
|
|
amd An auto-mounter implementation.
|
|
ar Replacement of the historic archive format with a new one.
|
|
awk Replaced by gawk; see /usr/src/old/awk for the historic version.
|
|
bdes Utility implementing DES modes of operation described in FIPS PUB 81.
|
|
calendar Addition of an interface for system calendars.
|
|
cap_mkdb Utility for building hashed versions of termcap style databases.
|
|
cc Replacement of pcc with gcc suite.
|
|
chflags A utility for setting the per-file user and system flags.
|
|
chfn An editor based replacement for changing user information.
|
|
chpass An editor based replacement for changing user information.
|
|
chsh An editor based replacement for changing user information.
|
|
cksum The POSIX 1003.2 checksum utility; compatible with sum.
|
|
column A columnar text formatting utility.
|
|
cp POSIX 1003.2 compatible, able to copy special files.
|
|
csh Freely redistributable and 8-bit clean.
|
|
date User specified formats added.
|
|
dd New EBCDIC conversion tables, major performance improvements.
|
|
dev_mkdb Hashed interface to devices.
|
|
dm Dungeon master.
|
|
find Several new options and primaries, major performance improvements.
|
|
fstat Utility displaying information on files open on the system.
|
|
ftpd Connection logging added.
|
|
hexdump A binary dump utility, superseding od.
|
|
id The POSIX 1003.2 user identification utility.
|
|
inetd Tcpmux added.
|
|
jot A text formatting utility.
|
|
kdump A system-call tracing facility.
|
|
ktrace A system-call tracing facility.
|
|
kvm_mkdb Hashed interface to the kernel name list.
|
|
lam A text formatting utility.
|
|
lex A new, freely redistributable, significantly faster version.
|
|
locate A database of the system files, by name, constructed weekly.
|
|
logname The POSIX 1003.2 user identification utility.
|
|
mail.local New local mail delivery agent, replacing mail.
|
|
make Replaced with a new, more powerful make, supporting include files.
|
|
man Added support for man page location configuration.
|
|
mkdep A new utility for generating make dependency lists.
|
|
mkfifo The POSIX 1003.2 FIFO creation utility.
|
|
mtree A new utility for mapping file hierarchies to a file.
|
|
nfsstat An NFS statistics utility.
|
|
nvi A freely redistributable replacement for the ex/vi editors.
|
|
pax The POSIX 1003.2 replacement for cpio and tar.
|
|
printf The POSIX 1003.2 replacement for echo.
|
|
roff Replaced by groff; see /usr/src/old/roff for the historic versions.
|
|
rs New utility for text formatting.
|
|
shar An archive building utility.
|
|
sysctl MIB-style interface to system state.
|
|
tcopy Fast tape-to-tape copying and verification.
|
|
touch Time and file reference specifications.
|
|
tput The POSIX 1003.2 terminal display utility.
|
|
tr Addition of character classes.
|
|
uname The POSIX 1003.2 system identification utility.
|
|
vis A filter for converting and displaying non-printable characters.
|
|
xargs The POSIX 1003.2 argument list constructor utility.
|
|
yacc A new, freely redistributable, significantly faster version.
|
|
.TE
|
|
.PP
|
|
The new versions of
|
|
.Xr lex (1)
|
|
(``flex'') and
|
|
.Xr yacc (1)
|
|
(``zoo'') should be installed early on if attempting to
|
|
cross-compile \*(4B on another system.
|
|
Note that the new
|
|
.Xr lex
|
|
program is not completely backward compatible with historic versions of
|
|
.Xr lex ,
|
|
although it is believed that all documented features are supported.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The
|
|
.Xr find
|
|
utility has two new options that are important to be aware of if you
|
|
intend to use NFS.
|
|
The ``fstype'' and ``prune'' options can be used together to prevent
|
|
find from crossing NFS mount points.
|
|
See
|
|
.Pn /etc/daily
|
|
for an example of their use.
|
|
.Sh 2 "Hints on converting from \*(Ps to \*(4B"
|
|
.PP
|
|
This section summarizes changes between
|
|
\*(Ps and \*(4B that are likely to
|
|
cause difficulty in doing the conversion.
|
|
It does not include changes in the network;
|
|
see section 5 for information on setting up the network.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Since the stat st_size field is now 64-bits instead of 32,
|
|
doing something like:
|
|
.DS
|
|
.ft CW
|
|
foo(st.st_size);
|
|
.DE
|
|
and then (improperly) defining foo with an ``int'' or ``long'' parameter:
|
|
.DS
|
|
.ft CW
|
|
foo(size)
|
|
int size;
|
|
{
|
|
...
|
|
}
|
|
.DE
|
|
will fail miserably (well, it might work on a little endian machine).
|
|
This problem showed up in
|
|
.Xr emacs (1)
|
|
as well as several other programs.
|
|
A related problem is improperly casting (or failing to cast)
|
|
the second argument to
|
|
.Xr lseek (2),
|
|
.Xr truncate (2),
|
|
or
|
|
.Xr ftruncate (2)
|
|
ala:
|
|
.DS
|
|
.ft CW
|
|
lseek(fd, (long)off, 0);
|
|
.DE
|
|
or
|
|
.DS
|
|
.ft CW
|
|
lseek(fd, 0, 0);
|
|
.DE
|
|
The best solution is to include
|
|
.Pn <unistd.h>
|
|
which has prototypes that catch these types of errors.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Determining the ``namelen'' parameter for a
|
|
.Xr connect (2)
|
|
call on a unix domain socket should use the ``SUN_LEN'' macro from
|
|
.Pn <sys/un.h> .
|
|
One old way that was used:
|
|
.DS
|
|
.ft CW
|
|
addrlen = strlen(unaddr.sun_path) + sizeof(unaddr.sun_family);
|
|
.DE
|
|
no longer works as there is an additional
|
|
.Pn sun_len
|
|
field.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The kernel's limit on the number of open files has been
|
|
increased from 20 to 64.
|
|
It is now possible to change this limit almost arbitrarily.
|
|
The standard I/O library
|
|
autoconfigures to the kernel limit.
|
|
Note that file (``_iob'') entries may be allocated by
|
|
.Xr malloc
|
|
from
|
|
.Xr fopen ;
|
|
this allocation has been known to cause problems with programs
|
|
that use their own memory allocators.
|
|
Memory allocation does not occur until after 20 files have been opened
|
|
by the standard I/O library.
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Xr Select
|
|
can be used with more than 32 descriptors
|
|
by using arrays of \fBint\fPs for the bit fields rather than single \fBint\fPs.
|
|
Programs that used
|
|
.Xr getdtablesize
|
|
as their first argument to
|
|
.Xr select
|
|
will no longer work correctly.
|
|
Usually the program can be modified to correctly specify the number
|
|
of bits in an \fBint\fP.
|
|
Alternatively the program can be modified to use an array of \fBint\fPs.
|
|
There are a set of macros available in
|
|
.Pn <sys/types.h>
|
|
to simplify this.
|
|
See
|
|
.Xr select (2).
|
|
.PP
|
|
Old core files will not be intelligible by the current debuggers
|
|
because of numerous changes to the user structure
|
|
and because the kernel stack has been enlarged.
|
|
The
|
|
.Xr a.out
|
|
header that was in the user structure is no longer present.
|
|
Locally-written debuggers that try to check the magic number
|
|
will need to be changed.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Files may not be deleted from directories having the ``sticky'' (ISVTX) bit
|
|
set in their modes
|
|
except by the owner of the file or of the directory, or by the superuser.
|
|
This is primarily to protect users' files in publicly-writable directories
|
|
such as
|
|
.Pn /tmp
|
|
and
|
|
.Pn /var/tmp .
|
|
All publicly-writable directories should have their ``sticky'' bits set
|
|
with ``chmod +t.''
|
|
.PP
|
|
The following two sections contain additional notes about
|
|
changes in \*(4B that affect the installation of local files;
|
|
be sure to read them as well.
|