331 lines
10 KiB
Plaintext
331 lines
10 KiB
Plaintext
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=pod
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=head1 NAME
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pkcs12 - PKCS#12 file utility
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=head1 SYNOPSIS
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B<openssl> B<pkcs12>
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[B<-export>]
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[B<-chain>]
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[B<-inkey filename>]
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[B<-certfile filename>]
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[B<-name name>]
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[B<-caname name>]
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[B<-in filename>]
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[B<-out filename>]
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[B<-noout>]
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[B<-nomacver>]
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[B<-nocerts>]
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[B<-clcerts>]
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[B<-cacerts>]
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[B<-nokeys>]
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[B<-info>]
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[B<-des>]
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[B<-des3>]
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[B<-idea>]
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[B<-nodes>]
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[B<-noiter>]
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[B<-maciter>]
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[B<-twopass>]
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[B<-descert>]
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[B<-certpbe>]
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[B<-keypbe>]
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[B<-keyex>]
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[B<-keysig>]
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[B<-password arg>]
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[B<-passin arg>]
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[B<-passout arg>]
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[B<-rand file(s)>]
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=head1 DESCRIPTION
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The B<pkcs12> command allows PKCS#12 files (sometimes referred to as
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PFX files) to be created and parsed. PKCS#12 files are used by several
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programs including Netscape, MSIE and MS Outlook.
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=head1 COMMAND OPTIONS
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There are a lot of options the meaning of some depends of whether a PKCS#12 file
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is being created or parsed. By default a PKCS#12 file is parsed a PKCS#12
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file can be created by using the B<-export> option (see below).
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=head1 PARSING OPTIONS
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=over 4
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=item B<-in filename>
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This specifies filename of the PKCS#12 file to be parsed. Standard input is used
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by default.
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=item B<-out filename>
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The filename to write certificates and private keys to, standard output by default.
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They are all written in PEM format.
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=item B<-pass arg>, B<-passin arg>
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the PKCS#12 file (i.e. input file) password source. For more information about the
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format of B<arg> see the B<PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS> section in
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L<openssl(1)|openssl(1)>.
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=item B<-passout arg>
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pass phrase source to encrypt any outputed private keys with. For more information
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about the format of B<arg> see the B<PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS> section in
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L<openssl(1)|openssl(1)>.
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=item B<-noout>
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this option inhibits output of the keys and certificates to the output file version
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of the PKCS#12 file.
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=item B<-clcerts>
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only output client certificates (not CA certificates).
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=item B<-cacerts>
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only output CA certificates (not client certificates).
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=item B<-nocerts>
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no certificates at all will be output.
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=item B<-nokeys>
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no private keys will be output.
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=item B<-info>
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output additional information about the PKCS#12 file structure, algorithms used and
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iteration counts.
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=item B<-des>
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use DES to encrypt private keys before outputting.
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=item B<-des3>
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use triple DES to encrypt private keys before outputting, this is the default.
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=item B<-idea>
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use IDEA to encrypt private keys before outputting.
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=item B<-nodes>
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don't encrypt the private keys at all.
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=item B<-nomacver>
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don't attempt to verify the integrity MAC before reading the file.
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=item B<-twopass>
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prompt for separate integrity and encryption passwords: most software
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always assumes these are the same so this option will render such
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PKCS#12 files unreadable.
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=back
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=head1 FILE CREATION OPTIONS
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=over 4
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=item B<-export>
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This option specifies that a PKCS#12 file will be created rather than
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parsed.
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=item B<-out filename>
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This specifies filename to write the PKCS#12 file to. Standard output is used
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by default.
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=item B<-in filename>
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The filename to read certificates and private keys from, standard input by default.
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They must all be in PEM format. The order doesn't matter but one private key and
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its corresponding certificate should be present. If additional certificates are
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present they will also be included in the PKCS#12 file.
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=item B<-inkey filename>
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file to read private key from. If not present then a private key must be present
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in the input file.
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=item B<-name friendlyname>
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This specifies the "friendly name" for the certificate and private key. This name
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is typically displayed in list boxes by software importing the file.
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=item B<-certfile filename>
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A filename to read additional certificates from.
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=item B<-caname friendlyname>
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This specifies the "friendly name" for other certificates. This option may be
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used multiple times to specify names for all certificates in the order they
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appear. Netscape ignores friendly names on other certificates whereas MSIE
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displays them.
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=item B<-pass arg>, B<-passout arg>
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the PKCS#12 file (i.e. output file) password source. For more information about
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the format of B<arg> see the B<PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS> section in
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L<openssl(1)|openssl(1)>.
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=item B<-passin password>
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pass phrase source to decrypt any input private keys with. For more information
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about the format of B<arg> see the B<PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS> section in
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L<openssl(1)|openssl(1)>.
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=item B<-chain>
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if this option is present then an attempt is made to include the entire
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certificate chain of the user certificate. The standard CA store is used
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for this search. If the search fails it is considered a fatal error.
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=item B<-descert>
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encrypt the certificate using triple DES, this may render the PKCS#12
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file unreadable by some "export grade" software. By default the private
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key is encrypted using triple DES and the certificate using 40 bit RC2.
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=item B<-keypbe alg>, B<-certpbe alg>
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these options allow the algorithm used to encrypt the private key and
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certificates to be selected. Although any PKCS#5 v1.5 or PKCS#12 algorithms
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can be selected it is advisable only to use PKCS#12 algorithms. See the list
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in the B<NOTES> section for more information.
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=item B<-keyex|-keysig>
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specifies that the private key is to be used for key exchange or just signing.
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This option is only interpreted by MSIE and similar MS software. Normally
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"export grade" software will only allow 512 bit RSA keys to be used for
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encryption purposes but arbitrary length keys for signing. The B<-keysig>
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option marks the key for signing only. Signing only keys can be used for
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S/MIME signing, authenticode (ActiveX control signing) and SSL client
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authentication, however due to a bug only MSIE 5.0 and later support
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the use of signing only keys for SSL client authentication.
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=item B<-nomaciter>, B<-noiter>
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these options affect the iteration counts on the MAC and key algorithms.
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Unless you wish to produce files compatible with MSIE 4.0 you should leave
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these options alone.
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To discourage attacks by using large dictionaries of common passwords the
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algorithm that derives keys from passwords can have an iteration count applied
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to it: this causes a certain part of the algorithm to be repeated and slows it
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down. The MAC is used to check the file integrity but since it will normally
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have the same password as the keys and certificates it could also be attacked.
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By default both MAC and encryption iteration counts are set to 2048, using
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these options the MAC and encryption iteration counts can be set to 1, since
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this reduces the file security you should not use these options unless you
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really have to. Most software supports both MAC and key iteration counts.
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MSIE 4.0 doesn't support MAC iteration counts so it needs the B<-nomaciter>
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option.
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=item B<-maciter>
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This option is included for compatibility with previous versions, it used
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to be needed to use MAC iterations counts but they are now used by default.
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=item B<-rand file(s)>
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a file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
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generator, or an EGD socket (see L<RAND_egd(3)|RAND_egd(3)>).
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Multiple files can be specified separated by a OS-dependent character.
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The separator is B<;> for MS-Windows, B<,> for OpenVMS, and B<:> for
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all others.
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=back
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=head1 NOTES
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Although there are a large number of options most of them are very rarely
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used. For PKCS#12 file parsing only B<-in> and B<-out> need to be used
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for PKCS#12 file creation B<-export> and B<-name> are also used.
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If none of the B<-clcerts>, B<-cacerts> or B<-nocerts> options are present
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then all certificates will be output in the order they appear in the input
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PKCS#12 files. There is no guarantee that the first certificate present is
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the one corresponding to the private key. Certain software which requires
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a private key and certificate and assumes the first certificate in the
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file is the one corresponding to the private key: this may not always
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be the case. Using the B<-clcerts> option will solve this problem by only
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outputting the certificate corresponding to the private key. If the CA
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certificates are required then they can be output to a separate file using
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the B<-nokeys -cacerts> options to just output CA certificates.
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The B<-keypbe> and B<-certpbe> algorithms allow the precise encryption
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algorithms for private keys and certificates to be specified. Normally
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the defaults are fine but occasionally software can't handle triple DES
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encrypted private keys, then the option B<-keypbe PBE-SHA1-RC2-40> can
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be used to reduce the private key encryption to 40 bit RC2. A complete
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description of all algorithms is contained in the B<pkcs8> manual page.
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=head1 EXAMPLES
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Parse a PKCS#12 file and output it to a file:
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openssl pkcs12 -in file.p12 -out file.pem
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Output only client certificates to a file:
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openssl pkcs12 -in file.p12 -clcerts -out file.pem
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Don't encrypt the private key:
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openssl pkcs12 -in file.p12 -out file.pem -nodes
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Print some info about a PKCS#12 file:
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openssl pkcs12 -in file.p12 -info -noout
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Create a PKCS#12 file:
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openssl pkcs12 -export -in file.pem -out file.p12 -name "My Certificate"
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Include some extra certificates:
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openssl pkcs12 -export -in file.pem -out file.p12 -name "My Certificate" \
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-certfile othercerts.pem
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=head1 BUGS
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Some would argue that the PKCS#12 standard is one big bug :-)
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Versions of OpenSSL before 0.9.6a had a bug in the PKCS#12 key generation
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routines. Under rare circumstances this could produce a PKCS#12 file encrypted
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with an invalid key. As a result some PKCS#12 files which triggered this bug
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from other implementations (MSIE or Netscape) could not be decrypted
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by OpenSSL and similarly OpenSSL could produce PKCS#12 files which could
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not be decrypted by other implementations. The chances of producing such
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a file are relatively small: less than 1 in 256.
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A side effect of fixing this bug is that any old invalidly encrypted PKCS#12
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files cannot no longer be parsed by the fixed version. Under such circumstances
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the B<pkcs12> utility will report that the MAC is OK but fail with a decryption
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error when extracting private keys.
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This problem can be resolved by extracting the private keys and certificates
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from the PKCS#12 file using an older version of OpenSSL and recreating the PKCS#12
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file from the keys and certificates using a newer version of OpenSSL. For example:
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old-openssl -in bad.p12 -out keycerts.pem
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openssl -in keycerts.pem -export -name "My PKCS#12 file" -out fixed.p12
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=head1 SEE ALSO
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L<pkcs8(1)|pkcs8(1)>
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