461 lines
11 KiB
Groff
461 lines
11 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 2010 Ed Schouten <ed@FreeBSD.org>
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd January 8, 2010
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.Os
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.Dt GETUTXENT 3
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm endutxent ,
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.Nm getutxent ,
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.Nm getutxid ,
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.Nm getutxline ,
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.Nm getutxuser ,
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.Nm pututxline ,
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.Nm setutxdb ,
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.Nm setutxent
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.Nd user accounting database functions
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.Sh LIBRARY
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.Lb libc
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.In utmpx.h
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.Ft void
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.Fn endutxent "void"
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.Ft struct utmpx *
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.Fn getutxent "void"
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.Ft struct utmpx *
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.Fn getutxid "const struct utmpx *id"
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.Ft struct utmpx *
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.Fn getutxline "const struct utmpx *line"
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.Ft struct utmpx *
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.Fn getutxuser "const char *user"
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.Ft struct utmpx *
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.Fn pututxline "const struct utmpx *utmpx"
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.Ft int
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.Fn setutxdb "int type" "const char *file"
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.Ft void
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.Fn setutxent "void"
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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These functions operate on the user accounting database which stores
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records of various system activities, such as user login and logouts,
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but also system startups and shutdowns and modifications to the system's
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clock.
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The system stores these records in three databases, each having a
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different purpose:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Pa /var/run/utx.active
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Log of currently active user login sessions.
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This file is similar to the traditional
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.Pa utmp
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file.
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This file only contains process related entries, such as user login and
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logout records.
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.It Pa /var/log/utx.lastlogin
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Log of last user login entries per user.
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This file is similar to the traditional
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.Pa lastlog
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file.
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This file only contains user login records for users who have at least
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logged in once.
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.It Pa /var/log/utx.log
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Log of all entries, sorted by date of addition.
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This file is similar to the traditional
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.Pa wtmp
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file.
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This file may contain any type of record described below.
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.El
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.Pp
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Each entry in these databases is defined by the structure
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.Vt utmpx
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found in the include file
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.In utmpx.h :
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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struct utmpx {
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short ut_type; /* Type of entry. */
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struct timeval ut_tv; /* Time entry was made. */
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char ut_id[]; /* Record identifier. */
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pid_t ut_pid; /* Process ID. */
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char ut_user[]; /* User login name. */
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char ut_line[]; /* Device name. */
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char ut_host[]; /* Remote hostname. */
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};
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The
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.Fa ut_type
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field indicates the type of the log entry, which can have one of the
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following values:
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.Bl -tag -width LOGIN_PROCESS
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.It Dv EMPTY
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No valid user accounting information.
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.It Dv BOOT_TIME
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Identifies time of system boot.
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.It Dv SHUTDOWN_TIME
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Identifies time of system shutdown.
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.It Dv OLD_TIME
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Identifies time when system clock changed.
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.It Dv NEW_TIME
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Identifies time after system clock changed.
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.It Dv USER_PROCESS
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Identifies a process.
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.It Dv INIT_PROCESS
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Identifies a process spawned by the init process.
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.It Dv LOGIN_PROCESS
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Identifies the session leader of a logged-in user.
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.It Dv DEAD_PROCESS
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Identifies a session leader who has exited.
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.El
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.Pp
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Entries of type
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.Dv INIT_PROCESS
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and
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.Dv LOGIN_PROCESS
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are not processed by this implementation.
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.Pp
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Other fields inside the structure are:
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.Bl -tag -width ut_user
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.It Fa ut_tv
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The time the event occured.
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This field is used for all types of entries, except
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.Dv EMPTY .
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.It Fa ut_id
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An identifier that is used to refer to the entry.
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This identifier can be used to remove or replace a login entry by
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writing a new entry to the database containing the same value for
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.Fa ut_id .
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This field is only applicable to entries of type
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.Dv USER_PROCESS ,
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.Dv INIT_PROCESS ,
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.Dv LOGIN_PROCESS
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and
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.Dv DEAD_PROCESS .
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.It Fa ut_pid
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The process identifier of the session leader of the login session.
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This field is only applicable to entries of type
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.Dv USER_PROCESS ,
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.Dv INIT_PROCESS ,
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.Dv LOGIN_PROCESS
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and
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.Dv DEAD_PROCESS .
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.It Fa ut_user
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The user login name corresponding with the login session.
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This field is only applicable to entries of type
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.Dv USER_PROCESS
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and
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.Dv INIT_PROCESS .
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For
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.Dv INIT_PROCESS
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entries this entry typically contains the name of the login process.
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.It Fa ut_line
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The name of the TTY character device, without the leading
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.Pa /dev/
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prefix, corresponding with the device used to facilitate the user login
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session.
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If no TTY character device is used, this field is left blank.
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This field is only applicable to entries of type
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.Dv USER_PROCESS
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and
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.Dv LOGIN_PROCESS .
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.It Fa ut_host
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The network hostname of the remote system, connecting to perform a user
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login.
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If the user login session is not performed across a network, this field
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is left blank.
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This field is only applicable to entries of type
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.Dv USER_PROCESS .
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.El
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.Pp
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This implementation guarantees all inapplicable fields are discarded.
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The
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.Fa ut_user ,
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.Fa ut_line
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and
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.Fa ut_host
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fields of the structure returned by the library functions are also
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guaranteed to be null-terminated in this implementation.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fn getutxent
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function can be used to read the next entry from the user accounting
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database.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fn getutxid
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function searches for the next entry in the database of which the
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behaviour is based on the
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.Fa ut_type
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field of
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.Fa id .
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If
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.Fa ut_type
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has a value of
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.Dv BOOT_TIME ,
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.Dv SHUTDOWN_TIME ,
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.Dv OLD_TIME
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or
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.Dv NEW_TIME ,
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it will return the next entry whose
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.Fa ut_type
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has an equal value.
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If
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.Fa ut_type
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has a value of
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.Dv USER_PROCESS ,
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.Dv INIT_PROCESS ,
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.Dv LOGIN_PROCESS
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or
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.Dv DEAD_PROCESS ,
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it will return the next entry whose
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.Fa ut_type
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has one of the previously mentioned values and whose
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.Fa ut_id
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is equal.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fn getutxline
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function searches for the next entry in the database whose
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.Fa ut_type
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has a value of
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.Dv USER_PROCESS
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or
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.Dv LOGIN_PROCESS
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and whose
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.Fa ut_line
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is equal to the the same field in
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.Fa line .
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.Pp
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The
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.Fn getutxuser
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function searches for the next entry in the database whose
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.Fa ut_type
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has a value of
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.Dv USER_PROCESS
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and whose
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.Fa ut_user
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is equal to
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.Fa user .
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.Pp
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The previously mentioned functions will automatically try to open the
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user accounting database if not already done so.
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The
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.Fn setutxdb
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and
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.Fn setutxent
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functions allow the database to be opened manually, causing the offset
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within the user accounting database to be rewound.
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The
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.Fn endutxent
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function closes the database.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fn setutxent
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database always opens the active sessions database.
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The
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.Fn setutxdb
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function opens the database identified by
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.Fa type ,
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whose value is either
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.Dv UTXDB_ACTIVE ,
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.Dv UTXDB_LASTLOGIN
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or
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.Dv UTXDB_LOG .
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It will open a custom file with filename
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.Fa file
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instead of the system-default if
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.Fa file
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is not null.
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Care must be taken that when using a custom filename,
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.Fa type
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still has to match with the actual format, since each database may use
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its own file format.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fn pututxline
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function writes record
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.Fa utmpx
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to the system-default user accounting databases.
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The value of
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.Fa ut_type
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determines which databases are modified.
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.Pp
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Entries of type
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.Dv BOOT_TIME ,
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.Dv SHUTDOWN_TIME ,
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.Dv OLD_TIME
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and
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.Dv NEW_TIME
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will only be written to
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.Pa /var/log/utx.log .
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.Pp
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Entries of type
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.Dv USER_PROCESS
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will also be written to
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.Pa /var/run/utx.active
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and
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.Pa /var/log/utx.lastlogin .
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.Pp
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Entries of type
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.Dv DEAD_PROCESS
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will only be written to
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.Pa /var/log/utx.log
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and
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.Pa /var/run/utx.active
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if a corresponding
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.Dv USER_PROCESS ,
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.Dv INIT_PROCESS
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or
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.Dv LOGIN_PROCESS
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entry whose
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.Fa ut_id
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is equal has been found in the latter.
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.Pp
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In addition, entries of type
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.Dv BOOT_TIME
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and
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.Dv SHUTDOWN_TIME
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will cause all entries in
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.Pa /var/run/utx.active
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to be discarded.
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.Pp
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All entries whose type has not been mentioned previously, are discarded
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by this implementation of
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.Fn pututxline .
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This implementation also ignores the value of
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.Fa ut_tv .
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.Sh RETURN VALUES
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The
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.Fn getutxent ,
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.Fn getutxid ,
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.Fn getutxline ,
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and
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.Fn getutxuser
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functions return a pointer to an
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.Vt utmpx
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structure that matches the mentioned constraints on success or
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.Dv NULL
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when reaching the end-of-file or when an error occurs.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fn pututxline
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function returns a pointer to an
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.Vt utmpx
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structure containing a copy of the structure written to disk upon
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success.
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It returns
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.Dv NULL
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when the provided
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.Vt utmpx
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is invalid.
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This may be because
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.Fa ut_type
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is invalid or
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.Fa ut_type
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has a value of
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.Dv DEAD_PROCESS
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and an entry with an identifier with a value equal to the field
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.Fa ut_id
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was not found.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fn setutxdb
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function returns 0 if the user accounting database was opened
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successfully.
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Otherwise, -1 is returned and the global variable
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.Va errno
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is set to indicate the error.
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.Sh ERRORS
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In addition to the error conditions described in
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.Xr fopen 3 ,
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the
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.Fn setutxdb
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function can generate the following errors:
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.Bl -tag -width Er
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.It Bq Er EINVAL
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The
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.Fa type
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argument contains a value not supported by this implementation.
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.It Bq Er EFTYPE
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The file format is invalid.
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.El
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr last 1 ,
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.Xr write 1 ,
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.Xr wtmpcvt 1 ,
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.Xr getpid 2 ,
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.Xr gettimeofday 2 ,
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.Xr tty 4 ,
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.Xr ac 8 ,
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.Xr newsyslog 8
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.Sh STANDARDS
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The
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.Fn endutxent ,
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.Fn getutxent ,
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.Fn getutxid ,
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.Fn getutxline
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and
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.Fn setutxent
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functions are expected to conform to
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.St -p1003.1-2008 .
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.Pp
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The
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.Fn pututxline
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function deviates from the standard by writing its records to multiple
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database files, depending on its
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.Fa ut_type .
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This prevents the need for special utility functions to update the other
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databases, such as the
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.Fn updwtmpx
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function which is often available in other implementations.
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It also tries to replace
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.Dv DEAD_PROCESS
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entries in the active sessions database when storing
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.Dv USER_PROCESS
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entries and no entry with the same value for
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.Fa ut_id
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has been found.
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The standard always requires a new entry to be allocated, which could
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cause an unbounded growth of the database.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fn getutxuser
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and
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.Fn setutxdb
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functions,
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the
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.Fa ut_host
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field of the
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.Vt utmpx
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structure and
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.Dv SHUTDOWN_TIME
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are extensions.
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.Sh HISTORY
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These functions appeared in
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.Fx 9.0 .
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They replaced the
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.In utmp.h
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interface.
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.Sh AUTHORS
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.An Ed Schouten Aq ed@FreeBSD.org
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