986 lines
46 KiB
Plaintext
986 lines
46 KiB
Plaintext
This is groff, produced by makeinfo version 4.3d from ./groff.texinfo.
|
||
|
||
This manual documents GNU `troff' version 1.19.
|
||
|
||
Copyright (C) 1994-2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 Free Software Foundation,
|
||
Inc.
|
||
|
||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
|
||
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
|
||
Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
|
||
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
|
||
being `A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
|
||
below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
|
||
`GNU Free Documentation License."
|
||
|
||
(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: `You have freedom to copy and
|
||
modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by
|
||
the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development."
|
||
|
||
INFO-DIR-SECTION Typesetting
|
||
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
|
||
* Groff: (groff). The GNU troff document formatting system.
|
||
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
|
||
|
||
|
||
File: groff, Node: DESC File Format, Next: Font File Format, Prev: Font Files, Up: Font Files
|
||
|
||
`DESC' File Format
|
||
------------------
|
||
|
||
The `DESC' file can contain the following types of line. Except for
|
||
the `charset' keyword which must comes last (if at all), the order of
|
||
the lines is not important.
|
||
|
||
`res N'
|
||
There are N machine units per inch.
|
||
|
||
`hor N'
|
||
The horizontal resolution is N machine units. All horizontal
|
||
quantities are rounded to be multiples of this value.
|
||
|
||
`vert N'
|
||
The vertical resolution is N machine units. All vertical
|
||
quantities are rounded to be multiples of this value.
|
||
|
||
`sizescale N'
|
||
The scale factor for point sizes. By default this has a value
|
||
of 1. One scaled point is equal to one point/N. The arguments to
|
||
the `unitwidth' and `sizes' commands are given in scaled points.
|
||
*Note Fractional Type Sizes::, for more information.
|
||
|
||
`unitwidth N'
|
||
Quantities in the font files are given in machine units for fonts
|
||
whose point size is N scaled points.
|
||
|
||
`prepro PROGRAM'
|
||
Call PROGRAM as a preprocessor. Currently, this keyword is used
|
||
by `groff' with option `-Thtml' only.
|
||
|
||
`postpro PROGRAM'
|
||
Call PROGRAM as a postprocessor. For example, the line
|
||
|
||
|
||
postpro grodvi
|
||
|
||
in the file `devdvi/DESC' makes `groff' call `grodvi' if option
|
||
`-Tdvi' is given (and `-Z' isn't used).
|
||
|
||
`tcommand'
|
||
This means that the postprocessor can handle the `t' and `u'
|
||
intermediate output commands.
|
||
|
||
`sizes S1 S2 ... SN 0'
|
||
This means that the device has fonts at S1, S2, ... SN scaled
|
||
points. The list of sizes must be terminated by 0 (this is digit
|
||
zero). Each SI can also be a range of sizes M-N. The list can
|
||
extend over more than one line.
|
||
|
||
`styles S1 S2 ... SM'
|
||
The first M font positions are associated with styles S1 ... SM.
|
||
|
||
`fonts N F1 F2 F3 ... FN'
|
||
Fonts F1 ... FN are mounted in the font positions M+1, ..., M+N
|
||
where M is the number of styles. This command may extend over
|
||
more than one line. A font name of 0 means no font is mounted on
|
||
the corresponding font position.
|
||
|
||
`family FAM'
|
||
The default font family is FAM.
|
||
|
||
`use_charnames_in_special'
|
||
This command indicates that `gtroff' should encode special
|
||
characters inside special commands. Currently, this is only used
|
||
by the HTML output device. *Note Postprocessor Access::.
|
||
|
||
`papersize STRING ...'
|
||
Select a paper size. Valid values for STRING are the ISO paper
|
||
types `A0'-`A7', `B0'-`B7', `C0'-`C7', `D0'-`D7', `DL', and the US
|
||
paper types `letter', `legal', `tabloid', `ledger', `statement',
|
||
`executive', `com10', and `monarch'. Case is not significant for
|
||
STRING if it holds predefined paper types. Alternatively, STRING
|
||
can be a file name (e.g. `/etc/papersize'); if the file can be
|
||
opened, `groff' reads the first line and tests for the above paper
|
||
sizes. Finally, STRING can be a custom paper size in the format
|
||
`LENGTH,WIDTH' (no spaces before and after the comma). Both
|
||
LENGTH and WIDTH must have a unit appended; valid values are `i'
|
||
for inches, `C' for centimeters, `p' for points, and `P' for
|
||
picas. Example: `12c,235p'. An argument which starts with a
|
||
digit is always treated as a custom paper format. `papersize'
|
||
sets both the vertical and horizontal dimension of the output
|
||
medium.
|
||
|
||
More than one argument can be specified; `groff' scans from left to
|
||
right and uses the first valid paper specification.
|
||
|
||
`pass_filenames'
|
||
Tell `gtroff' to emit the name of the source file currently being
|
||
processed. This is achieved by the intermediate output command
|
||
`F'. Currently, this is only used by the HTML output device.
|
||
|
||
`print PROGRAM'
|
||
Use PROGRAM as a spooler program for printing. If omitted, the
|
||
`-l' and `-L' options of `groff' are ignored.
|
||
|
||
`charset'
|
||
This line and everything following in the file are ignored. It is
|
||
allowed for the sake of backwards compatibility.
|
||
|
||
The `res', `unitwidth', `fonts', and `sizes' lines are mandatory.
|
||
Other commands are ignored by `gtroff' but may be used by
|
||
postprocessors to store arbitrary information about the device in the
|
||
`DESC' file.
|
||
|
||
Here a list of obsolete keywords which are recognized by `groff' but
|
||
completely ignored: `spare1', `spare2', `biggestfont'.
|
||
|
||
|
||
File: groff, Node: Font File Format, Prev: DESC File Format, Up: Font Files
|
||
|
||
Font File Format
|
||
----------------
|
||
|
||
A "font file", also (and probably better) called a "font description
|
||
file", has two sections. The first section is a sequence of lines each
|
||
containing a sequence of blank delimited words; the first word in the
|
||
line is a key, and subsequent words give a value for that key.
|
||
|
||
`name F'
|
||
The name of the font is F.
|
||
|
||
`spacewidth N'
|
||
The normal width of a space is N.
|
||
|
||
`slant N'
|
||
The glyphs of the font have a slant of N degrees. (Positive means
|
||
forward.)
|
||
|
||
`ligatures LIG1 LIG2 ... LIGN [0]'
|
||
Glyphs LIG1, LIG2, ..., LIGN are ligatures; possible ligatures are
|
||
`ff', `fi', `fl', `ffi' and `ffl'. For backwards compatibility,
|
||
the list of ligatures may be terminated with a 0. The list of
|
||
ligatures may not extend over more than one line.
|
||
|
||
`special'
|
||
The font is "special"; this means that when a glyph is requested
|
||
that is not present in the current font, it is searched for in any
|
||
special fonts that are mounted.
|
||
|
||
Other commands are ignored by `gtroff' but may be used by
|
||
postprocessors to store arbitrary information about the font in the font
|
||
file.
|
||
|
||
The first section can contain comments which start with the `#'
|
||
character and extend to the end of a line.
|
||
|
||
The second section contains one or two subsections. It must contain
|
||
a `charset' subsection and it may also contain a `kernpairs'
|
||
subsection. These subsections can appear in any order. Each
|
||
subsection starts with a word on a line by itself.
|
||
|
||
The word `charset' starts the character set subsection.(1) (*note
|
||
Font File Format-Footnote-1::) The `charset' line is followed by a
|
||
sequence of lines. Each line gives information for one glyph. A line
|
||
comprises a number of fields separated by blanks or tabs. The format is
|
||
|
||
NAME METRICS TYPE CODE [ENTITY-NAME] [`--' COMMENT]
|
||
|
||
NAME identifies the glyph name(2) (*note Font File Format-Footnote-2::):
|
||
If NAME is a single character C then it corresponds to the `gtroff'
|
||
input character C; if it is of the form `\C' where C is a single
|
||
character, then it corresponds to the special character `\[C]';
|
||
otherwise it corresponds to the special character `\[NAME]'. If it is
|
||
exactly two characters XX it can be entered as `\(XX'. Note that
|
||
single-letter special characters can't be accessed as `\C'; the only
|
||
exception is `\-' which is identical to `\[-]'.
|
||
|
||
`gtroff' supports 8-bit input characters; however some utilities
|
||
have difficulties with eight-bit characters. For this reason, there is
|
||
a convention that the entity name `charN' is equivalent to the single
|
||
input character whose code is N. For example, `char163' would be
|
||
equivalent to the character with code 163 which is the pounds sterling
|
||
sign in the ISO Latin-1 character set. You shouldn't use `charN'
|
||
entities in font description files since they are related to input, not
|
||
output. Otherwise, you get hard-coded connections between input and
|
||
output encoding which prevents use of different (input) character sets.
|
||
|
||
The name `---' is special and indicates that the glyph is unnamed;
|
||
such glyphs can only be used by means of the `\N' escape sequence in
|
||
`gtroff'.
|
||
|
||
The TYPE field gives the glyph type:
|
||
|
||
`1'
|
||
the glyph has a descender, for example, `p';
|
||
|
||
`2'
|
||
the glyph has an ascender, for example, `b';
|
||
|
||
`3'
|
||
the glyph has both an ascender and a descender, for example, `('.
|
||
|
||
The CODE field gives the code which the postprocessor uses to print
|
||
the glyph. The glyph can also be input to `gtroff' using this code by
|
||
means of the `\N' escape sequence. CODE can be any integer. If it
|
||
starts with `0' it is interpreted as octal; if it starts with `0x' or
|
||
`0X' it is interpreted as hexadecimal. Note, however, that the `\N'
|
||
escape sequence only accepts a decimal integer.
|
||
|
||
The ENTITY-NAME field gives an ASCII string identifying the glyph
|
||
which the postprocessor uses to print the `gtroff' glyph NAME. This
|
||
field is optional and has been introduced so that the HTML device
|
||
driver can encode its character set. For example, the glyph `\[Po]' is
|
||
represented as `£' in HTML 4.0.
|
||
|
||
Anything on the line after the ENTITY-NAME field resp. after `--'
|
||
will be ignored.
|
||
|
||
The METRICS field has the form:
|
||
|
||
WIDTH[`,'HEIGHT[`,'DEPTH[`,'ITALIC-CORRECTION
|
||
[`,'LEFT-ITALIC-CORRECTION[`,'SUBSCRIPT-CORRECTION]]]]]
|
||
|
||
There must not be any spaces between these subfields (it has been split
|
||
here into two lines for better legibility only). Missing subfields are
|
||
assumed to be 0. The subfields are all decimal integers. Since there
|
||
is no associated binary format, these values are not required to fit
|
||
into a variable of type `char' as they are in `ditroff'. The WIDTH
|
||
subfield gives the width of the glyph. The HEIGHT subfield gives the
|
||
height of the glyph (upwards is positive); if a glyph does not extend
|
||
above the baseline, it should be given a zero height, rather than a
|
||
negative height. The DEPTH subfield gives the depth of the glyph, that
|
||
is, the distance from the baseline to the lowest point below the
|
||
baseline to which the glyph extends (downwards is positive); if a glyph
|
||
does not extend below the baseline, it should be given a zero depth,
|
||
rather than a negative depth. The ITALIC-CORRECTION subfield gives the
|
||
amount of space that should be added after the glyph when it is
|
||
immediately to be followed by a glyph from a roman font. The
|
||
LEFT-ITALIC-CORRECTION subfield gives the amount of space that should
|
||
be added before the glyph when it is immediately to be preceded by a
|
||
glyph from a roman font. The SUBSCRIPT-CORRECTION gives the amount of
|
||
space that should be added after a glyph before adding a subscript.
|
||
This should be less than the italic correction.
|
||
|
||
A line in the `charset' section can also have the format
|
||
|
||
|
||
NAME "
|
||
|
||
This indicates that NAME is just another name for the glyph mentioned
|
||
in the preceding line.
|
||
|
||
The word `kernpairs' starts the kernpairs section. This contains a
|
||
sequence of lines of the form:
|
||
|
||
|
||
C1 C2 N
|
||
|
||
This means that when glyph C1 appears next to glyph C2 the space
|
||
between them should be increased by N. Most entries in the kernpairs
|
||
section have a negative value for N.
|
||
|
||
|
||
File: groff, Node: Font File Format-Footnotes, Up: Font File Format
|
||
|
||
(1) This keyword is misnamed since it starts a list of ordered
|
||
glyphs, not characters.
|
||
|
||
(2) The distinction between input, characters, and output, glyphs,
|
||
is not clearly separated in the terminology of `groff'; for example,
|
||
the `char' request should be called `glyph' since it defines an output
|
||
entity.
|
||
|
||
|
||
File: groff, Node: Installation, Next: Copying This Manual, Prev: File formats, Up: Top
|
||
|
||
Installation
|
||
************
|
||
|
||
|
||
File: groff, Node: Copying This Manual, Next: Request Index, Prev: Installation, Up: Top
|
||
|
||
Copying This Manual
|
||
*******************
|
||
|
||
* Menu:
|
||
|
||
* GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual.
|
||
|
||
|
||
File: groff, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying This Manual
|
||
|
||
GNU Free Documentation License
|
||
==============================
|
||
|
||
Version 1.1, March 2000
|
||
Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
|
||
|
||
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
|
||
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
|
||
|
||
0. PREAMBLE
|
||
|
||
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
|
||
written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
|
||
the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
|
||
modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily,
|
||
this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
|
||
credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
|
||
modifications made by others.
|
||
|
||
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
|
||
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
|
||
It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
|
||
license designed for free software.
|
||
|
||
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
|
||
free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
|
||
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
|
||
that the software does. But this License is not limited to
|
||
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
|
||
of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
|
||
We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
|
||
instruction or reference.
|
||
|
||
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
|
||
|
||
This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
|
||
notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
|
||
under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to
|
||
any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee,
|
||
and is addressed as "you".
|
||
|
||
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
|
||
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
|
||
modifications and/or translated into another language.
|
||
|
||
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter
|
||
section of the Document that deals exclusively with the
|
||
relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the
|
||
Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains
|
||
nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject.
|
||
(For example, if the Document is in part a textbook of
|
||
mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.)
|
||
The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with
|
||
the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial,
|
||
philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
|
||
|
||
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
|
||
titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
|
||
the notice that says that the Document is released under this
|
||
License.
|
||
|
||
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
|
||
listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
|
||
that says that the Document is released under this License.
|
||
|
||
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
|
||
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
|
||
general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly
|
||
and straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
|
||
composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
|
||
widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
|
||
text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
|
||
formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an
|
||
otherwise Transparent file format whose markup has been designed
|
||
to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not
|
||
Transparent. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
|
||
|
||
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
|
||
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
|
||
SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
|
||
standard-conforming simple HTML designed for human modification.
|
||
Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that
|
||
can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML
|
||
or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
|
||
available, and the machine-generated HTML produced by some word
|
||
processors for output purposes only.
|
||
|
||
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
|
||
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
|
||
material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
|
||
works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
|
||
Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
|
||
work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
|
||
|
||
2. VERBATIM COPYING
|
||
|
||
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
|
||
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
|
||
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
|
||
applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
|
||
add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
|
||
may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
|
||
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
|
||
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
|
||
distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
|
||
the conditions in section 3.
|
||
|
||
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
|
||
and you may publicly display copies.
|
||
|
||
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
|
||
|
||
If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than
|
||
100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you
|
||
must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly,
|
||
all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
|
||
Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
|
||
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
|
||
front cover must present the full title with all words of the
|
||
title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material
|
||
on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the
|
||
covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
|
||
satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
|
||
other respects.
|
||
|
||
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
|
||
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
|
||
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
|
||
adjacent pages.
|
||
|
||
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
|
||
numbering more than 100, you must either include a
|
||
machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
|
||
state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly-accessible
|
||
computer-network location containing a complete Transparent copy
|
||
of the Document, free of added material, which the general
|
||
network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
|
||
charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the
|
||
latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
|
||
begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
|
||
this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
|
||
location until at least one year after the last time you
|
||
distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
|
||
retailers) of that edition to the public.
|
||
|
||
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
|
||
the Document well before redistributing any large number of
|
||
copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
|
||
version of the Document.
|
||
|
||
4. MODIFICATIONS
|
||
|
||
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
|
||
under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
|
||
release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
|
||
the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
|
||
licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
|
||
whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these
|
||
things in the Modified Version:
|
||
|
||
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
|
||
distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
|
||
previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed
|
||
in the History section of the Document). You may use the
|
||
same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
|
||
that version gives permission.
|
||
|
||
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
|
||
entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
|
||
the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
|
||
principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
|
||
authors, if it has less than five).
|
||
|
||
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
|
||
Modified Version, as the publisher.
|
||
|
||
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
|
||
|
||
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
|
||
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
|
||
|
||
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
|
||
notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
|
||
Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
|
||
the Addendum below.
|
||
|
||
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
|
||
Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
|
||
license notice.
|
||
|
||
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
|
||
|
||
I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and
|
||
add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
|
||
authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
|
||
the Title Page. If there is no section entitled "History" in
|
||
the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
|
||
and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
|
||
then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
|
||
the previous sentence.
|
||
|
||
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
|
||
for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
|
||
likewise the network locations given in the Document for
|
||
previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in
|
||
the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a
|
||
work that was published at least four years before the
|
||
Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
|
||
it refers to gives permission.
|
||
|
||
K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgments" or "Dedications",
|
||
preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all
|
||
the substance and tone of each of the contributor
|
||
acknowledgments and/or dedications given therein.
|
||
|
||
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
|
||
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
|
||
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
|
||
titles.
|
||
|
||
M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
|
||
may not be included in the Modified Version.
|
||
|
||
N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to
|
||
conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
|
||
|
||
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
|
||
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
|
||
material copied from the Document, you may at your option
|
||
designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
|
||
add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
|
||
Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
|
||
other section titles.
|
||
|
||
You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
|
||
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
|
||
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
|
||
has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
|
||
definition of a standard.
|
||
|
||
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
|
||
and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
|
||
of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
|
||
passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
|
||
added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the
|
||
Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
|
||
previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
|
||
you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
|
||
replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
|
||
publisher that added the old one.
|
||
|
||
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
|
||
License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
|
||
assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
|
||
|
||
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
|
||
|
||
You may combine the Document with other documents released under
|
||
this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
|
||
modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
|
||
all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
|
||
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
|
||
combined work in its license notice.
|
||
|
||
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
|
||
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
|
||
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
|
||
but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
|
||
by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
|
||
original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
|
||
unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
|
||
the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
|
||
combined work.
|
||
|
||
In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled
|
||
"History" in the various original documents, forming one section
|
||
entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled
|
||
"Acknowledgments", and any sections entitled "Dedications". You
|
||
must delete all sections entitled "Endorsements."
|
||
|
||
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
|
||
|
||
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
|
||
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
|
||
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
|
||
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
|
||
rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
|
||
documents in all other respects.
|
||
|
||
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
|
||
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
|
||
a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
|
||
this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
|
||
that document.
|
||
|
||
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
|
||
|
||
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
|
||
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
|
||
a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a
|
||
Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation
|
||
copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is
|
||
called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the
|
||
other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on
|
||
account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves
|
||
derivative works of the Document.
|
||
|
||
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
|
||
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one
|
||
quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be
|
||
placed on covers that surround only the Document within the
|
||
aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole
|
||
aggregate.
|
||
|
||
8. TRANSLATION
|
||
|
||
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
|
||
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
|
||
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
|
||
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
|
||
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
|
||
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
|
||
translation of this License provided that you also include the
|
||
original English version of this License. In case of a
|
||
disagreement between the translation and the original English
|
||
version of this License, the original English version will prevail.
|
||
|
||
9. TERMINATION
|
||
|
||
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
|
||
except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other
|
||
attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
|
||
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
|
||
License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
|
||
from you under this License will not have their licenses
|
||
terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
|
||
|
||
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
|
||
|
||
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
|
||
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
|
||
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
|
||
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
|
||
`http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
|
||
|
||
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
|
||
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
|
||
version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
|
||
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
|
||
that specified version or of any later version that has been
|
||
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
|
||
the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
|
||
you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
|
||
Free Software Foundation.
|
||
|
||
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
|
||
----------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
|
||
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
|
||
notices just after the title page:
|
||
|
||
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
|
||
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
||
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
||
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
||
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
|
||
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
|
||
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
|
||
Free Documentation License''.
|
||
|
||
If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
|
||
instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover
|
||
Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being
|
||
LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
|
||
|
||
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
|
||
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
|
||
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
|
||
permit their use in free software.
|
||
|
||
|
||
File: groff, Node: Request Index, Next: Escape Index, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top
|
||
|
||
Request Index
|
||
*************
|
||
|
||
Requests appear without the leading control character (normally
|
||
either `.' or `'').
|
||
|
||
* Menu:
|
||
|
||
* ab: Debugging.
|
||
* ad: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
||
* af: Assigning Formats.
|
||
* aln: Setting Registers.
|
||
* als: Strings.
|
||
* am: Writing Macros.
|
||
* am1: Writing Macros.
|
||
* ami: Writing Macros.
|
||
* as: Strings.
|
||
* as1: Strings.
|
||
* asciify: Diversions.
|
||
* backtrace: Debugging.
|
||
* bd: Artificial Fonts.
|
||
* blm: Blank Line Traps.
|
||
* box: Diversions.
|
||
* boxa: Diversions.
|
||
* bp: Page Control.
|
||
* br: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
||
* break: while.
|
||
* brp: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
||
* c2: Character Translations.
|
||
* cc: Character Translations.
|
||
* ce: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
||
* cf: I/O.
|
||
* cflags: Using Symbols.
|
||
* ch: Page Location Traps.
|
||
* char: Using Symbols.
|
||
* chop: Strings.
|
||
* close: I/O.
|
||
* color: Colors.
|
||
* composite: Using Symbols.
|
||
* continue: while.
|
||
* cp: Implementation Differences.
|
||
* cs: Artificial Fonts.
|
||
* cu: Artificial Fonts.
|
||
* da: Diversions.
|
||
* de: Writing Macros.
|
||
* de1: Writing Macros.
|
||
* defcolor: Colors.
|
||
* dei: Writing Macros.
|
||
* di: Diversions.
|
||
* do: Implementation Differences.
|
||
* ds: Strings.
|
||
* ds1: Strings.
|
||
* dt: Diversion Traps.
|
||
* ec: Character Translations.
|
||
* ecr: Character Translations.
|
||
* ecs: Character Translations.
|
||
* el: if-else.
|
||
* em: End-of-input Traps.
|
||
* eo: Character Translations.
|
||
* ev: Environments.
|
||
* evc: Environments.
|
||
* ex: Debugging.
|
||
* fam: Font Families.
|
||
* fc: Fields.
|
||
* fchar: Using Symbols.
|
||
* fi: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
||
* fl: Debugging.
|
||
* fp: Font Positions.
|
||
* fschar: Using Symbols.
|
||
* fspecial: Special Fonts.
|
||
* ft <1>: Font Positions.
|
||
* ft: Changing Fonts.
|
||
* ftr: Changing Fonts.
|
||
* hc: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
||
* hcode: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
||
* hla: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
||
* hlm: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
||
* hpf: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
||
* hpfa: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
||
* hpfcode: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
||
* hw: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
||
* hy: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
||
* hym: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
||
* hys: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
||
* ie: if-else.
|
||
* if: if-else.
|
||
* ig: Comments.
|
||
* in: Line Layout.
|
||
* it: Input Line Traps.
|
||
* itc: Input Line Traps.
|
||
* kern: Ligatures and Kerning.
|
||
* lc: Leaders.
|
||
* length: Strings.
|
||
* lf: Debugging.
|
||
* lg: Ligatures and Kerning.
|
||
* linetabs: Tabs and Fields.
|
||
* ll: Line Layout.
|
||
* ls: Manipulating Spacing.
|
||
* lt: Page Layout.
|
||
* mc: Miscellaneous.
|
||
* mk: Page Motions.
|
||
* mso: I/O.
|
||
* na: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
||
* ne: Page Control.
|
||
* nf: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
||
* nh: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
||
* nm: Miscellaneous.
|
||
* nn: Miscellaneous.
|
||
* nop: if-else.
|
||
* nr <1>: Auto-increment.
|
||
* nr: Setting Registers.
|
||
* nroff: Troff and Nroff Mode.
|
||
* ns: Manipulating Spacing.
|
||
* nx: I/O.
|
||
* open: I/O.
|
||
* opena: I/O.
|
||
* os: Page Control.
|
||
* output: Diversions.
|
||
* pc: Page Layout.
|
||
* pi: I/O.
|
||
* pl: Page Layout.
|
||
* pm: Debugging.
|
||
* pn: Page Layout.
|
||
* pnr: Debugging.
|
||
* po: Line Layout.
|
||
* ps: Changing Type Sizes.
|
||
* psbb: Miscellaneous.
|
||
* pso: I/O.
|
||
* ptr: Debugging.
|
||
* pvs: Changing Type Sizes.
|
||
* rchar: Using Symbols.
|
||
* rd: I/O.
|
||
* return: Writing Macros.
|
||
* rfschar: Using Symbols.
|
||
* rj: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
||
* rm: Strings.
|
||
* rn: Strings.
|
||
* rnn: Setting Registers.
|
||
* rr: Setting Registers.
|
||
* rs: Manipulating Spacing.
|
||
* rt: Page Motions.
|
||
* schar: Using Symbols.
|
||
* shc: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
||
* shift: Parameters.
|
||
* sizes: Changing Type Sizes.
|
||
* so: I/O.
|
||
* sp: Manipulating Spacing.
|
||
* special: Special Fonts.
|
||
* spreadwarn: Debugging.
|
||
* ss: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
||
* sty: Font Families.
|
||
* substring: Strings.
|
||
* sv: Page Control.
|
||
* sy: I/O.
|
||
* ta: Tabs and Fields.
|
||
* tc: Tabs and Fields.
|
||
* ti: Line Layout.
|
||
* tkf: Ligatures and Kerning.
|
||
* tl: Page Layout.
|
||
* tm: Debugging.
|
||
* tm1: Debugging.
|
||
* tmc: Debugging.
|
||
* tr: Character Translations.
|
||
* trf: I/O.
|
||
* trin: Character Translations.
|
||
* trnt: Character Translations.
|
||
* troff: Troff and Nroff Mode.
|
||
* uf: Artificial Fonts.
|
||
* ul: Artificial Fonts.
|
||
* unformat: Diversions.
|
||
* vpt: Page Location Traps.
|
||
* vs: Changing Type Sizes.
|
||
* warn: Debugging.
|
||
* warnscale: Debugging.
|
||
* wh: Page Location Traps.
|
||
* while: while.
|
||
* write: I/O.
|
||
* writec: I/O.
|
||
* writem: I/O.
|
||
|
||
|
||
File: groff, Node: Escape Index, Next: Operator Index, Prev: Request Index, Up: Top
|
||
|
||
Escape Index
|
||
************
|
||
|
||
Any escape sequence `\X' with X not in the list below emits a
|
||
warning, printing glyph X.
|
||
|
||
* Menu:
|
||
|
||
* \: Using Symbols.
|
||
* \!: Diversions.
|
||
* \": Comments.
|
||
* \#: Comments.
|
||
* \$: Parameters.
|
||
* \$*: Parameters.
|
||
* \$0: Parameters.
|
||
* \$@: Parameters.
|
||
* \%: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
||
* \&: Ligatures and Kerning.
|
||
* \': Using Symbols.
|
||
* \): Ligatures and Kerning.
|
||
* \*: Strings.
|
||
* \,: Ligatures and Kerning.
|
||
* \-: Using Symbols.
|
||
* \.: Character Translations.
|
||
* \/: Ligatures and Kerning.
|
||
* \0: Page Motions.
|
||
* \<colon>: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
||
* \<RET>: Line Control.
|
||
* \<SP>: Page Motions.
|
||
* \?: Diversions.
|
||
* \\: Character Translations.
|
||
* \^: Page Motions.
|
||
* \`: Using Symbols.
|
||
* \a: Leaders.
|
||
* \A: Identifiers.
|
||
* \b: Drawing Requests.
|
||
* \B: Expressions.
|
||
* \C: Using Symbols.
|
||
* \c: Line Control.
|
||
* \D: Drawing Requests.
|
||
* \d: Page Motions.
|
||
* \E: Character Translations.
|
||
* \e: Character Translations.
|
||
* \f: Font Positions.
|
||
* \F: Font Families.
|
||
* \f: Changing Fonts.
|
||
* \g: Assigning Formats.
|
||
* \h: Page Motions.
|
||
* \H: Artificial Fonts.
|
||
* \k: Page Motions.
|
||
* \L: Drawing Requests.
|
||
* \l: Drawing Requests.
|
||
* \M: Colors.
|
||
* \m: Colors.
|
||
* \N: Using Symbols.
|
||
* \n <1>: Auto-increment.
|
||
* \n: Interpolating Registers.
|
||
* \O: Suppressing output.
|
||
* \o: Page Motions.
|
||
* \p: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
||
* \r: Page Motions.
|
||
* \R: Setting Registers.
|
||
* \s: Changing Type Sizes.
|
||
* \S: Artificial Fonts.
|
||
* \t: Tabs and Fields.
|
||
* \u: Page Motions.
|
||
* \V: I/O.
|
||
* \v: Page Motions.
|
||
* \w: Page Motions.
|
||
* \X: Postprocessor Access.
|
||
* \x: Manipulating Spacing.
|
||
* \Y: Postprocessor Access.
|
||
* \Z: Page Motions.
|
||
* \z: Page Motions.
|
||
* \{: if-else.
|
||
* \|: Page Motions.
|
||
* \}: if-else.
|
||
* \~: Page Motions.
|
||
|
||
|
||
File: groff, Node: Operator Index, Next: Register Index, Prev: Escape Index, Up: Top
|
||
|
||
Operator Index
|
||
**************
|
||
|
||
* Menu:
|
||
|
||
* !: Expressions.
|
||
* %: Expressions.
|
||
* &: Expressions.
|
||
* (: Expressions.
|
||
* ): Expressions.
|
||
* *: Expressions.
|
||
* +: Expressions.
|
||
* -: Expressions.
|
||
* /: Expressions.
|
||
* <: Expressions.
|
||
* <=: Expressions.
|
||
* <?: Expressions.
|
||
* <colon>: Expressions.
|
||
* =: Expressions.
|
||
* ==: Expressions.
|
||
* >: Expressions.
|
||
* >=: Expressions.
|
||
* >?: Expressions.
|
||
|