202 lines
6.1 KiB
Groff
202 lines
6.1 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1994
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" This code is derived from software donated to Berkeley by
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.\" Jan-Simon Pendry.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)mount_union.8 8.6 (Berkeley) 3/27/94
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.\"
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.Dd March 27, 1994
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.Dt MOUNT_UNION 8
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.Os BSD 4.4
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm mount_union
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.Nd mount union filesystems
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm mount_union
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.Op Fl br
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.Op Fl o Ar options
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.Ar directory
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.Ar uniondir
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm mount_union
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command
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attaches
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.Ar directory
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above
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.Ar uniondir
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in such a way that the contents of both directory trees remain visible.
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By default,
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.Ar directory
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becomes the
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.Em upper
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layer and
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.Ar uniondir
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becomes the
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.Em lower
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layer.
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.Pp
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The options are as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl b
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Invert the default position, so that
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.Ar directory
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becomes the lower layer and
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.Ar uniondir
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becomes the upper layer.
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However,
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.Ar uniondir
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remains the mount point.
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.It Fl o
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Options are specified with a
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.Fl o
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flag followed by a comma separated string of options.
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See the
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.Xr mount 8
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man page for possible options and their meanings.
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.It Fl r
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Hide the lower layer completely in the same way as mounting with
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.Xr mount_null 8 .
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.El
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.Pp
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To enforce filesystem security, the user mounting the filesystem
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must be superuser or else have write permission on the mounted-on
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directory.
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.Pp
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Filenames are looked up in the upper layer and then in the
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lower layer.
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If a directory is found in the lower layer, and there is no entry
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in the upper layer, then a
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.Em shadow
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directory will be created in the upper layer.
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It will be owned by the user who originally did the union mount,
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with mode
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.Dq rwxrwxrwx
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(0777) modified by the umask in effect at that time.
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.Pp
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If a file exists in the upper layer then there is no way to access
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a file with the same name in the lower layer.
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If necessary, a combination of loopback and union mounts can be made
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which will still allow the lower files to be accessed by a different
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pathname.
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.Pp
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Except in the case of a directory,
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access to an object is granted via the normal filesystem access checks.
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For directories, the current user must have access to both the upper
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and lower directories (should they both exist).
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.Pp
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Requests to create or modify objects in
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.Ar uniondir
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are passed to the upper layer with the exception of a few special cases.
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An attempt to open for writing a file which exists in the lower layer
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causes a copy of the
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.Em entire
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file to be made to the upper layer, and then for the upper layer copy
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to be opened.
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Similarly, an attempt to truncate a lower layer file to zero length
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causes an empty file to be created in the upper layer.
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Any other operation which would ultimately require modification to
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the lower layer fails with
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.Dv EROFS .
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.Pp
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The union filesystem manipulates the namespace, rather than
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individual filesystems.
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The union operation applies recursively down the directory tree
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now rooted at
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.Ar uniondir .
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Thus any filesystems which are mounted under
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.Ar uniondir
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will take part in the union operation.
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This differs from the
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.Em union
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option to
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.Xr mount 8
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which only applies the union operation to the mount point itself,
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and then only for lookups.
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.Sh EXAMPLES
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The commands
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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mount -t cd9660 -o ro /dev/cd0a /usr/src
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mount -t union -o /var/obj /usr/src
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.Ed
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.Pp
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mount the CD-ROM drive
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.Pa /dev/cd0a
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on
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.Pa /usr/src
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and then attaches
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.Pa /var/obj
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on top.
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For most purposes the effect of this is to make the
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source tree appear writable
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even though it is stored on a CD-ROM.
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.Pp
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The command
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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mount -t union -o -b /sys $HOME/sys
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.Ed
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.Pp
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attaches the system source tree below the
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.Pa sys
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directory in the user's home directory.
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This allows individual users to make private changes
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to the source, and build new kernels, without those
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changes becoming visible to other users.
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Note that the files in the lower layer remain
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accessible via
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.Pa /sys .
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr intro 2 ,
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.Xr mount 2 ,
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.Xr unmount 2 ,
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.Xr fstab 5 ,
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.Xr mount 8 ,
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.Xr mount_null 8
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.Sh BUGS
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Without whiteout support from the filesystem backing the upper layer,
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there is no way that delete and rename operations on lower layer
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objects can be done.
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.Dv EROFS
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is returned for this kind of operations along with any others
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which would make modifications to the lower layer, such as
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.Xr chmod 1 .
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.Pp
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Running
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.Xr find 1
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over a union tree has the side-effect of creating
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a tree of shadow directories in the upper layer.
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.Sh HISTORY
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The
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.Nm mount_union
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command first appeared in
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.Bx 4.4 .
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