279 lines
10 KiB
Plaintext
279 lines
10 KiB
Plaintext
This fortune brought to you by:
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$FreeBSD$
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%
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Having trouble using FTP through a firewall? Try setting the environment
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variable FTP_PASSIVE_MODE to yes, and see ftp(1) for more details.
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%
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By pressing "Scroll Lock" you can use the arrow keys to scroll backward
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through the console output. Press "Scroll Lock" again to turn it off.
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%
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Want colour in your directory listings? Use "ls -G". "ls -F" is also useful,
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and they can be combined as "ls -FG".
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%
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If you need to ask a question on the FreeBSD-questions mailing list then
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http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/\
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freebsd-questions/index.html
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contains lots of useful advice to help you get the best results.
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%
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If you'd like to keep track of applications in the FreeBSD ports tree, take a
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look at FreshPorts;
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http://www.freshports.org/
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%
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To search for files that match a particular name, use find(1); for example
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find / -name "*GENERIC*" -ls
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will search '/', and all subdirectories, for files with 'GENERIC' in the name.
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-- Stephen Hilton <nospam@hiltonbsd.com>
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%
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In tcsh, you can `set autolist' to have the shell automatically show
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all the possible matches when doing filename/directory expansion.
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-- Giorgos Keramidas <keramida@ceid.upatras.gr>
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%
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You can `set autologout = 30' to have tcsh log you off automatically
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if you leave the shell idle for more than 30 seconds.
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-- Giorgos Keramidas <keramida@ceid.upatras.gr>
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%
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If you `set filec' (file completion) in tcsh and write a part of the
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filename, pressing TAB will show you the available choices when there
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is more than one, or complete the filename if there's only one match.
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-- Giorgos Keramidas <keramida@ceid.upatras.gr>
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%
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You can press up-arrow or down-arrow to walk through a list of
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previous commands in tcsh.
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-- Giorgos Keramidas <keramida@ceid.upatras.gr>
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%
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You can disable tcsh's terminal beep if you `set nobeep'.
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-- Giorgos Keramidas <keramida@ceid.upatras.gr>
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%
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If you `set watch (0 any any)' in tcsh, you will be notified when
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someone logs in or out of your system.
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-- Giorgos Keramidas <keramida@ceid.upatras.gr>
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%
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Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%m %# '
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-- Giorgos Keramidas <keramida@ceid.upatras.gr>
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%
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Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%n@%m%# '
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-- Giorgos Keramidas <keramida@ceid.upatras.gr>
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%
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Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%n@%m:%~%# '
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-- Giorgos Keramidas <keramida@ceid.upatras.gr>
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%
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Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%n@%m:%/%# '
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-- Giorgos Keramidas <keramida@ceid.upatras.gr>
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%
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Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '[%B%m%b] %B%~%b%# '
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%
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Simple tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%# '
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-- Giorgos Keramidas <keramida@ceid.upatras.gr>
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%
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If you want df(1) and other commands to display disk sizes in
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kilobytes instead of 512-byte blocks, set BLOCKSIZE in your
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environment to 'K'.
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-- Giorgos Keramidas <keramida@ceid.upatras.gr>
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%
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To change an environment variable in tcsh you use: setenv NAME "value"
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where NAME is the name of the variable and "value" its new value.
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-- Giorgos Keramidas <keramida@ceid.upatras.gr>
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%
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To change an environment variable in /bin/sh use:
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$ VARIABLE="value"
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$ export VARIABLE
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-- Giorgos Keramidas <keramida@ceid.upatras.gr>
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%
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/etc/make.conf contains overrides to /etc/defaults/make.conf, which
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controls the options used to compile software on this system.
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%
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To do a fast search for a file, try
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locate filename
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locate uses a database that is updated every saturday (assuming your computer
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is running FreeBSD at the time) to quickly find files based on name only.
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-- Eivind Eklund <eivind@FreeBSD.org>
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%
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In order to search for a string in some files, use 'grep' like this:
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grep "string" filename1 [filename2 filename3 ...]
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This will print out the lines in the files that contain the string. grep can
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also do a lot more advanced searches - type 'man grep' for details.
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-- Eivind Eklund <eivind@FreeBSD.org>
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%
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You can use the 'fetch' command to retrieve files over ftp or http.
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fetch http://www.freebsd.org/index.html
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will download the front page of the FreeBSD web site.
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-- Eivind Eklund <eivind@FreeBSD.org>
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%
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In order to make fetch (the FreeBSD downloading tool) ask for
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username/password when it encounter a password-protected web page, you can set
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the environment variable HTTP_AUTH to 'basic:*'.
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-- Eivind Eklund <eivind@FreeBSD.org>
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%
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You can permanently set environment variables for your shell by putting them
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in a startup file for the shell. The name of the startup file varies
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depending on the shell - csh and tcsh uses .cshrc, bash uses .bashrc, zsh uses
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.zshrc, ksh uses .kshrc, and the Bourne shell (/bin/sh) uses .profile (and
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through a little bit of trickery in .profile also .shrc)
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Other shells will often also read .profile
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-- Eivind Eklund <eivind@FreeBSD.org>
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%
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If you are running xterm, the default TERM variable will be 'xterm'. If you
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set this environment variable to 'xterm-color' instead, a lot of programs will
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use colors. You can do this by
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TERM=xterm-color; export TERM
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in Bourne-derived shells, and
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setenv TERM xterm-color
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in csh-derived shells.
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-- Eivind Eklund <eivind@FreeBSD.org>
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%
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If you accidently drop into /bin/sh (e.g, due to a computer failure where you
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end up in single user mode), you can make the cursor keys work by typing
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set -E
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The E represents the initial E in Emacs (for emacs keys).
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-- Eivind Eklund <eivind@FreeBSD.org>
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%
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If you do not want to get beeps in X11 (X Windows), you can turn them off with
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xset b off
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-- Eivind Eklund <eivind@FreeBSD.org>
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%
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You can look through a file in a nice text-based interface by typing
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less filename
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-- Eivind Eklund <eivind@FreeBSD.org>
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%
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The default editor in FreeBSD is vi, which is efficient to use when you have
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learned it, but somewhat user-unfriendly. To use ee (an easier but less
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powerful editor) instead, set the environment variable EDITOR to /usr/bin/ee
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-- Eivind Eklund <eivind@FreeBSD.org>
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%
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If you accidently end up inside vi, you can quit it by pressing Escape, colon
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(:), q (q), bang (!) and pressing return.
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-- Eivind Eklund <eivind@FreeBSD.org>
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%
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You can use aliases to decrease the amount of typing you need to do to get
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commands you commonly use. Examples of fairly popular aliases include (in
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bourne shell style, as in /bin/sh, bash, ksh, and zsh):
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alias lf="ls -FA"
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alias ll="ls -lA"
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alias su="su -m"
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In csh or tcsh, these would be
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alias lf ls -FA
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alias ll ls -lA
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alias su su -m
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To remove an alias, you can usually use 'unalias aliasname'. To list all
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aliases, you can usually type just 'alias'.
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-- Eivind Eklund <eivind@FreeBSD.org>
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%
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In order to support national characters for european languages in tools like
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less without creating other nationalisation aspects, set the environment
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variable LC_ALL to 'en_US.ISO8859-1'.
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-- Eivind Eklund <eivind@FreeBSD.org>
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%
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You can search for documentation on a keyword by typing
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apropos keyword
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-- Eivind Eklund <eivind@FreeBSD.org>
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%
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Man pages are divided into section depending on topic. There are 9 different
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sections numbered from 1 (General Commands) to 9 (Kernel Developer's Manual).
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You can get an introduction to each topic by typing
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man <number> intro
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In other words, to get the intro to general commands, type
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man 1 intro
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-- Eivind Eklund <eivind@FreeBSD.org>
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%
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FreeBSD is started up by the program 'init'. The first thing init does when
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starting multiuser mode (ie, starting the computer up for normal use) is to
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run the shell script /etc/rc. By reading /etc/rc, you can learn a lot about
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how the system is put together, which again will make you more confident about
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what happens when you do something with it.
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-- Eivind Eklund <eivind@FreeBSD.org>
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%
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If you want to play CDs with FreeBSD, a utility for this is already included.
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Type 'cdcontrol' then 'help' to learn more. (You may need to set the CDROM
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environment variable in order to make cdcontrol want to start.)
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-- Eivind Eklund <eivind@FreeBSD.org>
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%
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If you have a CD-ROM drive in your machine, you can make the CD-ROM that is
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presently inserted available by typing 'mount /cdrom' as root. The CD-ROM
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will be available under /cdrom/. Remember to do 'unmount /cdrom' before
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removing the CD-ROM (it will usually not be possible to remove the CD-ROM
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without doing this.)
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Note: This tip may not work in all configurations.
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-- Eivind Eklund <eivind@FreeBSD.org>
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%
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You can install extra packages for FreeBSD by using the ports system.
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If you have installed it, you can download, compile, and install software by
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just typing
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# cd /usr/ports/<category>/<portname>
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# make install && make clean
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as root. The ports infrastructure will download the software, change it so
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it works on FreeBSD, compile it, install it, register the installation so it
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will be possible to automatically uninstall it, and clean out the temporary
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working space it used. You can remove an installed port you decide you do not
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want after all by typing
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# cd /usr/ports/<category>/<portname>
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# make deinstall
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as root.
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-- Eivind Eklund <eivind@FreeBSD.org>
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%
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Nice bash prompt: PS1='(\[$(tput md)\]\t <\w>\[$(tput me)\]) $(echo $?) \$ '
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-- Mathieu <mathieu@hal.interactionvirtuelle.com>
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%
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To see the output from when your computer started, run dmesg(8). If it has
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been replaced with other messages, look at /var/run/dmesg.boot.
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-- Francisco Reyes <lists@natserv.com>
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%
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You can use "whereis" to locate standard binary, manual page and source
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directories for the specified programs. This can be particularly handy
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when you are trying to find where in the ports tree an application is.
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Try "whereis netscape" and "whereis whereis".
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-- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr>
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%
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You can press Ctrl-D to quickly exit from a shell, or logout from a
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login shell.
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-- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr>
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%
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You can use "pkg_info" to see a list of packages you have installed.
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-- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr>
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%
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You can change the video mode on all consoles by adding something like
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the following to /etc/rc.conf:
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allscreens="80x30"
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You can use "vidcontrol -i mode | grep T" for a list of supported text
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modes.
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-- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr>
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%
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Any user that is a member of the wheel group can use "su -" to simulate
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a root login. You can add a user to the wheel group by editing /etc/group.
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-- -- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr>
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