FreeBSD 5.1-RELEASE and later: - newfs(8) will now create UFS2 file systems unless UFS1 is specifically requested (-O1). To do this, I just twiddled the Oflag default. - sysinstall(8) will now select UFS2 as the default layout for new file systems unless specifically requested (use '1' and '2' to change the file system layout in the disk labeler). To do this, I inverted the ufs2 flag into a ufs1 flag, since ufs2 is now the default and ufs1 is the edge case. There's a slight semantic change in the key behavior: '2' no longer toggles, it changes the selection to UFS2. This is very similar to a patch David O'Brien sent me at one point, and that I couldn't find. Approved by: re (telecon) Reviewed by: mckusick, phk, bmah
247 lines
7.9 KiB
Groff
247 lines
7.9 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1994
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)newfs.8 8.6 (Berkeley) 5/3/95
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd May 18, 2002
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.Dt NEWFS 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm newfs ,
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.Nd construct a new UFS1/UFS2 file system
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl NU
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.Op Fl L Ar volname
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.Op Fl O Ar filesystem-type
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.Op Fl S Ar sector-size
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.Op Fl T Ar disktype
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.Op Fl a Ar maxcontig
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.Op Fl b Ar block-size
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.Op Fl c Ar blocks-per-cylinder-group
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.Op Fl d Ar max-extent-size
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.Op Fl e Ar maxbpg
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.Op Fl f Ar frag-size
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.Op Fl g Ar avgfilesize
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.Op Fl h Ar avgfpdir
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.Op Fl i Ar bytes
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.Op Fl m Ar free-space
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.Op Fl o Ar optimization
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.Op Fl s Ar size
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.Ar special
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm
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utility is used to initialize and clear file systems before first use.
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Before running
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.Nm
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the disk must be labeled using
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.Xr disklabel 8 .
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The
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.Nm
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utility builds a file system on the specified special file.
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(We often refer to the
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.Dq special file
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as the
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.Dq disk ,
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although the special file need not be a physical disk.
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In fact, it need not even be special.)
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Typically the defaults are reasonable, however
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.Nm
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has numerous options to allow the defaults to be selectively overridden.
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.Pp
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The following options define the general layout policies:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl L Ar volname
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Add a volume label to the new file system.
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.It Fl N
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Cause the file system parameters to be printed out
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without really creating the file system.
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.It Fl O Ar filesystem-type
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Use 1 to specify that a UFS1 format file system be built;
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use 2 to specify that a UFS2 format file system be built.
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The default format is UFS2.
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.It Fl T Ar disktype
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For backward compatibility.
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.It Fl U
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Enables soft updates on the new file system.
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.It Fl a Ar maxcontig
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Specify the maximum number of contiguous blocks that will be
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laid out before forcing a rotational delay.
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The default value is 16.
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See
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.Xr tunefs 8
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for more details on how to set this option.
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.It Fl b Ar block-size
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The block size of the file system, in bytes.
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It must be a power of 2.
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The
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default size is 16384 bytes, and the smallest allowable size is 4096 bytes.
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The optimal block:fragment ratio is 8:1.
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Other ratios are possible, but are not recommended,
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and may produce poor results.
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.It Fl c Ar blocks-per-cylinder-group
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The number of blocks per cylinder group in a file system.
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The default is to compute the maximum allowed by the other parameters.
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This value is
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dependent on a number of other parameters, in particular the block size
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and the number of bytes per inode.
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.It Fl d Ar max-extent-size
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The file system may choose to store large files using extents.
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This parameter specifies the largest extent size that may be used.
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It is presently limited to its default value which is 16 times
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the file system blocksize.
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.It Fl e Ar maxbpg
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Indicate the maximum number of blocks any single file can
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allocate out of a cylinder group before it is forced to begin
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allocating blocks from another cylinder group.
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The default is about one quarter of the total blocks in a cylinder group.
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See
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.Xr tunefs 8
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for more details on how to set this option.
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.It Fl f Ar frag-size
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The fragment size of the file system in bytes.
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It must be a power of two
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ranging in value between
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.Ar blocksize Ns /8
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and
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.Ar blocksize .
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The default is 2048 bytes.
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.It Fl g Ar avgfilesize
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The expected average file size for the file system.
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.It Fl h Ar avgfpdir
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The expected average number of files per directory on the file system.
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.It Fl i Ar bytes
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Specify the density of inodes in the file system.
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The default is to create an inode for every
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.Pq 4 * Ar frag-size
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bytes of data space.
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If fewer inodes are desired, a larger number should be used;
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to create more inodes a smaller number should be given.
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One inode is required for each distinct file, so this value effectively
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specifies the average file size on the file system.
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.It Fl m Ar free-space
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The percentage of space reserved from normal users; the minimum free
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space threshold.
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The default value used is
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defined by
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.Dv MINFREE
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from
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.Aq Pa ufs/ffs/fs.h ,
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currently 8%.
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See
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.Xr tunefs 8
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for more details on how to set this option.
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.It Fl o Ar optimization
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.Cm ( space
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or
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.Cm time ) .
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The file system can either be instructed to try to minimize the time spent
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allocating blocks, or to try to minimize the space fragmentation on the disk.
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If the value of minfree (see above) is less than 8%,
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the default is to optimize for
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.Cm space ;
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if the value of minfree is greater than or equal to 8%,
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the default is to optimize for
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.Cm time .
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See
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.Xr tunefs 8
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for more details on how to set this option.
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.It Fl s Ar size
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The size of the file system in sectors.
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This value defaults to the size of the
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raw partition specified in
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.Ar special
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(in other words,
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.Nm
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will use the entire partition for the file system).
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.El
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.Pp
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The following options override the standard sizes for the disk geometry.
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Their default values are taken from the disk label.
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Changing these defaults is useful only when using
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.Nm
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to build a file system whose raw image will eventually be used on a
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different type of disk than the one on which it is initially created
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(for example on a write-once disk).
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Note that changing any of these values from their defaults will make
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it impossible for
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.Xr fsck 8
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to find the alternate superblocks if the standard superblock is lost.
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl S Ar sector-size
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The size of a sector in bytes (almost never anything but 512).
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.El
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.Sh EXAMPLES
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.Dl newfs /dev/ad3s1a
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.Pp
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Creates a new ufs file system on
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.Pa ad3s1a .
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The
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.Nm
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utility will use a block size of 16384 bytes, a fragment size of 2048 bytes
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and the largest possible number of blocks per cylinders group.
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These values tend to produce better performance for most applications
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than the historical defaults
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(8192 byte block size and 1024 byte fragment size).
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This large fragment size may lead to much wasted space
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on file systems that contain many small files.
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr fdformat 1 ,
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.Xr disktab 5 ,
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.Xr fs 5 ,
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.Xr camcontrol 8 ,
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.Xr disklabel 8 ,
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.Xr diskpart 8 ,
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.Xr dumpfs 8 ,
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.Xr fsck 8 ,
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.Xr mount 8 ,
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.Xr tunefs 8 ,
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.Xr vinum 8
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.Rs
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.%A M. McKusick
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.%A W. Joy
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.%A S. Leffler
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.%A R. Fabry
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.%T A Fast File System for UNIX
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.%J ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2
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.%V 3
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.%P pp 181-197
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.%D August 1984
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.%O (reprinted in the BSD System Manager's Manual)
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.Re
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.Sh HISTORY
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The
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.Nm
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utility appeared in
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.Bx 4.2 .
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