125 lines
5.6 KiB
Raku
125 lines
5.6 KiB
Raku
.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1986, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)9.t 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93
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.\"
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.nr H2 1
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.\".ds RH "Protocol/network-interface
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.br
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.ne 2i
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.NH
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\s+2Protocol/network-interface interface\s0
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.PP
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The lowest layer in the set of protocols which comprise a
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protocol family must interface itself to one or more network
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interfaces in order to transmit and receive
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packets. It is assumed that
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any routing decisions have been made before handing a packet
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to a network interface, in fact this is absolutely necessary
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in order to locate any interface at all (unless, of course,
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one uses a single ``hardwired'' interface). There are two
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cases with which to be concerned, transmission of a packet
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and receipt of a packet; each will be considered separately.
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.NH 2
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Packet transmission
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.PP
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Assuming a protocol has a handle on an interface, \fIifp\fP,
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a (struct ifnet\ *),
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it transmits a fully formatted packet with the following call,
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.DS
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error = (*ifp->if_output)(ifp, m, dst)
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int error; struct ifnet *ifp; struct mbuf *m; struct sockaddr *dst;
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.DE
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The output routine for the network interface transmits the packet
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\fIm\fP to the \fIdst\fP address, or returns an error indication
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(a UNIX error number). In reality transmission may
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not be immediate or successful; normally the output
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routine simply queues the packet on its send queue and primes
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an interrupt driven routine to actually transmit the packet.
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For unreliable media, such as the Ethernet, ``successful''
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transmission simply means that the packet has been placed on the cable
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without a collision. On the other hand, an 1822 interface guarantees
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proper delivery or an error indication for each message transmitted.
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The model employed in the networking system attaches no promises
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of delivery to the packets handed to a network interface, and thus
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corresponds more closely to the Ethernet. Errors returned by the
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output routine are only those that can be detected immediately,
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and are normally trivial in nature (no buffer space,
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address format not handled, etc.).
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No indication is received if errors are detected after the call has returned.
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.NH 2
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Packet reception
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.PP
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Each protocol family must have one or more ``lowest level'' protocols.
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These protocols deal with internetwork addressing and are responsible
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for the delivery of incoming packets to the proper protocol processing
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modules. In the PUP model [Boggs78] these protocols are termed Level
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1 protocols,
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in the ISO model, network layer protocols. In this system each such
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protocol module has an input packet queue assigned to it. Incoming
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packets received by a network interface are queued for the protocol
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module, and a VAX software interrupt is posted to initiate processing.
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.PP
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Three macros are available for queuing and dequeuing packets:
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.IP "IF_ENQUEUE(ifq, m)"
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.br
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This places the packet \fIm\fP at the tail of the queue \fIifq\fP.
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.IP "IF_DEQUEUE(ifq, m)"
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.br
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This places a pointer to the packet at the head of queue \fIifq\fP
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in \fIm\fP
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and removes the packet from the queue.
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A zero value will be returned in \fIm\fP if the queue is empty.
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.IP "IF_DEQUEUEIF(ifq, m, ifp)"
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.br
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Like IF_DEQUEUE, this removes the next packet from the head of a queue
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and returns it in \fIm\fP.
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A pointer to the interface on which the packet was received
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is placed in \fIifp\fP, a (struct ifnet\ *).
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.IP "IF_PREPEND(ifq, m)"
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.br
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This places the packet \fIm\fP at the head of the queue \fIifq\fP.
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.PP
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Each queue has a maximum length associated with it as a simple form
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of congestion control. The macro IF_QFULL(ifq) returns 1 if the queue
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is filled, in which case the macro IF_DROP(ifq) should be used to
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increment the count of the number of packets dropped, and the offending
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packet is dropped. For example, the following code fragment is commonly
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found in a network interface's input routine,
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.DS
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._f
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if (IF_QFULL(inq)) {
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IF_DROP(inq);
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m_freem(m);
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} else
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IF_ENQUEUE(inq, m);
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.DE
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